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Introduction: Eclampsia is a life threatening emergency condition that remains a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. It is one of the causes of preventable maternal mortality. There are specific risks for the mother as this condition lead to seizure and may cause woman to lose consciousness and if the fetus is not delivered, this condition can cause the death of the mother and or the fetus. This study was conducted to evaluate the fetomaternal outcome in eclampsia. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study done at National Medical College Teaching Hospital from 1st February 2021 to 31st January 2022. Ethical approval was obtained from IRC (regd no. F-NMC/518/076-77). During the study period 1496 women delivered. Out of this, 44 patients with generalized tonic-clonic convulsions during pregnancy / labour / within 7 days of delivery were included in the study criteria. The data analyzed included various maternal parameters, fetal parameters and pregnancy outcomes. Result: Among 1496, 44 patients (2.94%) developed eclampsia, 38.63% in age group of < 20 years, 59.09% were primigravida, 84.09% unbooked, 63.63% presented with antepartum eclampsia, delivered by caesarean 63.63%. There was 2.26% maternal mortality due to cerebrovascular accident. Perinatal mortality was 11.36% which included stillbirth 6.81%nand neonatal death 4.54%. Conclusion: Regular antenatal checkup, early detection of disease, timely referral, and early initiation and treatment in patients with eclampsia improve outcomes. Treatment of these patients should be carried out in tertiary care centers where intensive care units, NICU facilities, and multidisciplinary units are available.

Objective: To review the types and total number of ocular surgeries performed at Tertiary Care Hospital in two consecutive years i.e.,2020 & 2021. This study will also indicate the pattern of ophthalmic diseases in the catchment area of the hospital. Methods: It was retrospective study. Study center was Tertiary Care Hospital. Study duration was two years i.e., 1-1-2020 to 31-12-2021.Data was obtained from eye department of Tertiary Care Hospital. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS version 25. Tables and graphs were made which presented total number and percentage of all data. Results: Only one ocular surgery i.e., enucleation was carried out in 2020 upon a female 31 years of age. In next year total number of ophthalmic surgeries performed was 60. 66.6 % surgeries were performed due to cataract. 60% of males were operated for cataract and 40% were females. 53.3 % of total surgeries were performed upon females . 10% of total surgeries were performed for squint, predominantly in females, 83.3 % of total squint surgeries. 60% of patients belonged to age group of 60-75years. Conclusion: Number of surgeries carried out in 2020 was only one. In 2021 it increased upto 60 surgeries. How to cite: Bhatti SA, Choudry TA, Asif M, Mushtaq R, Asif H. A Review of Ocular Surgeries Performed in 2020 and 2021 at Tertiary Care Hospital. Esculapio - JSIMS 2022;18(04):248-252

Introduction: Placental thickness (PT) plays vital role when the menstrual age is not known. The present study was undertaken to calculate the Placental thickness at level of insertion of umbilical cord and correlate it with gestational age and fetal weight, subsequently establishing a nomogram for Placental thickness at different age of gestations. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 antenatal women from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation with singleton pregnancy and with no high-risk factor were included in the study from October 2021 to July 2022. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee (Ref. F-NMC/541/078-79). A detailed history was taken from all the patients. Basic antenatal investigations, clinical and ultrasonography examination were done. Results: In present study the mean age group of pregnant women was 23.92 ± 4.456 years with mean age of gestation to be 28.18 ± 7.450 weeks. Most common location of placenta is found to be Anterior (32%). There is very strong correlation between placental thickness with gestational age r=0.987 and estimated fetal weight r=0.873. P-value was 0.001 in both. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic measurement of Placental thickness, gestational age and estimated fetal weight play a vital role in antenatal care. Thus, with advancing gestational age; placental thickness measurement can be an additional tool to determine gestational age and fetal weight. Any deviation from normal value can prompt to any developing abnormalities.

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Background: Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are considered to be the most serious health problems for animals and humans. This issue prompts veterinarians and researchers to adopt better preventive and control strategies. Therefore, this study aims to develop hybridoma vaccine against Hylomma dromedarii infesting Camelus dromedaries. Methods: Myeloma cell culture was administered to the immunized mouse in order to produce hybridomas cells. These cells were then emulsified with Montanide ISA-51 adjuvant. Two doses of the prepared anti-tick vaccine were administered intradermally to camels with an interval of five weeks. The humoral response of experimental animals was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: There was a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in immune responses in tick counts and molting capacity. Overall, 85% efficacy of the developed vaccine was recorded. It is concluded that hybridoma based vaccine is effective in controlling H. dromedarii infestation against camels.

Asprosin, a novel glucogenic adipokine, plays a complex role in central nervous tissue, peripheral tissues and other organs. It is involved in glucose metabolism, appetite, insulin resistance, cell apoptosis etc. This study aimed to find relationship between asprosin and other insulin resistance related-hormones in neonates of preeclamptic mothers. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 42 neonates of preeclamptic pregnant mothers and 42 neonates of healthy pregnant mothers. Samples were taken from placentas at the time of delivery and were processed for estimation of asprosin, insulin, C-peptide and glucose hormones. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Normality of the data was checked and Independent t-test was applied. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. P-values of asprosin, insulin, C-peptide, glucose and HOMA-IR index were 0.020, 0.550, 0.360, 0.310 and 0.740, respectively when compared between neonates of preeclamptic pregnant mothers and healthy pregnant mothers.

Objective: To evaluate the changes caused by Ramadan fasting on body weight and serum leptin level in normal, overweight and obese individuals. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from June to July 2014 among individuals who fasted throughout the month of Ramadan and had no known chronic disease. All individuals were categorized according to Body Mass Index (BMI) categories for Asians, i.e., normal weight (18.5-22.9 Kg/m2), overweight (23-24.9 Kg/m2) and obese (>25Kg/m2). Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were obtained at irst day of Ramadan (Pre Ramadan) and during the last week of Ramadan (Post Ramadan). Leptin hormone was analyzed by Human ELISA kit. Paired t-test was used for comparison, pvalues

Objectives: The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of fasting during Ramadan on plasma adiponectin and TNF-α levels. Methods: This is a cross sectional study, conducted at Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST), Karachi, comprising a total of 55 (50%) females and 55 (50%) males whose ages ranged between 20 and 40 years, and fasted during Ramadan (June-July 2014) were enrolled in the study. Subjects were separated into normal weight, overweight and obese males and females. Anthropometric measurements and Fasting venous blood samples were taken at first and last (29th) day of Ramadan. Plasma adiponectin and TNF-alpha levels were assayed with ELISA kits. All values were calculated and presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. P values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Results: Body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2) in over-weight and obese male subjects exhibited considerable reduction (P

Objectives: The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of fasting during Ramadan on plasma adiponectin and TNF-α levels. Methods: This is a cross sectional study, conducted at Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST), Karachi, comprising a total of 55 (50%) females and 55 (50%) males whose ages ranged between 20 and 40 years, and fasted during Ramadan (June-July 2014) were enrolled in the study. Subjects were separated into normal weight, overweight and obese males and females. Anthropometric measurements and Fasting venous blood samples were taken at first and last (29th) day of Ramadan. Plasma adiponectin and TNF-alpha levels were assayed with ELISA kits. All values were calculated and presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. P values < 0.05 were accepted as significant. Results: Body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2) in over-weight and obese male subjects exhibited considerable reduction (P

Background: The present study was planned to investigate the level of cholesterol in obese/non-obese (normal) individuals according to their body mass index (BMI) and age in different population residing in Karachi. Aim: Comparison of serum cholesterol values of obese with normal subjects and comparison of BMI of obese and normal individuals. Methods: Selection of obese subjects was according to the WHO (1998) criteria. A total of 40 subjects 18 - 55 years of age participated in the study, among which 30 subjects (Mean Age = 29.47 ± 1.99) were obese (Mean BMI = 35.41 ± 0.878) and 10 were controls with Mean age = 21.00 ± 0.547 and BMI = 19.96 ± 0.432. An overnight fasting blood sample was obtained and serum total Cholesterol (T-CH) level was estimated. Results: Obese persons having Mean T-CH = 202.6 ± 14.3 and controls having Mean T-CH = 173.3 ± 14.0. The data were further divided into males and females. Obese females were 11 with their BMI 31.836 ± 0.21, mean age ranged at 28.73 ± 4.04 and T-CH 191.8 ± 21.8, while that of control females were 6 in number with their BMI ranged at 19.183 ± 0.507, age 21.000 ± 0.894 and Cholester 148.7 ± 16.0 in controls. Total numbers of obese males were 19 with their BMI ranged at 37.49 ± 1.14, age ranged at 29.89 ± 2.19 and cholesterol level ranged at 208.89 ± 19.1. Control males were 4 in number with their BMI ranged at 21.125 ± 0.075, age 21.250 ± 0.479 and their T-CH 128.7 ± 8.72. Conclusion: The results of current study have reflected that BMI and total cholesterol concentration are higher in obese subjects.

Diabetes mellitus or hypoinsulinemia was induced successfully in the male dwarf goats aged be-tween 2 - 3 years with 2 consecutive administrations of streptozotocin. A comparable group of intact control goats was also maintained. In ruminants including goats unlike non-ruminants, insulin generally displays ineffectiveness or resistance in their biochemical setup to facilitate gluco-neogenesis, the only source of glucose in these animals. In present study almost in the absence of insulin through induced hypoinsulinemia the effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (30 μg/kg body weight) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (2.5 μg/kg body weight) on circulatory glucose and different fatty acid fractions were studied in insulin resistant ruminant model. Fatty acid fractions were estimated by gas chromatography. Both TRH and TSH administration lowered glycemia in insulin deficient goats compared to the controls but significantly with TSH dose only. In intact goats the detectable circulating long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) fractions of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid were undetected except linoleic acid in the hypoinsulinemic state, however were found restored following TRH and TSH administrations and some of LCFAs; stearic (6417%), oleic (1676%) and linoleic acid (1225%) increased exceptionally with TSH dose. In Intact goats however the hormones variedly increased the fractions. The volatile fatty acid fractions (VFAs) of formic, acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, iso-caproic, n-caproic and heptanoic acid were detected in the goats. The most VFAs fractions markedly increased in hypoinsulinemic goats compared to the control goats following TRH and TSH infusion. These results have indicated that endogenously stimulated thyroid hormones with TRH and TSH in insulin deficient state inhibit the mechanisms of utilizing the fatty acids in glucose production. Therefore the study reveals thyroid hormones inhibitory effects on gluconeogenesis in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

A total of 64 male obese subjects were randomized to observe the effect of 40 g of walnut in daily breakfast on lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI), total Cholesterol (CHO), Triglyceride (TG) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in obese male subjects of various ethnics i.e. Baloch (B), Pathan (P), Hazara (H) and Punjabi (PU) residing in Quetta region of Balochistan for this purpose four weeks controlled study was designed. A batch of 32 obese male subjects 8 from each ethnic group as a control and another batch of 32 obese males 8 from each ethnic group as treated were selected. Twelve hour fasting blood samples a day after stoppage of walnut were taken from obese control and obese treated subjects. Daily walnut consumption in obese male subjects evidently demonstrated reduced BMI in all ethnic groups. Walnut supplementation in obese exhibited significant reduction in cholesterol level in Baloch (P 0.01), H (P lipid level.

The present study was designed to analyze organochlorine pesticide residues in the blood samples of the residents of Karachi. Biochemical and hematological parameters were tested thoroughly for changes as a result of organochlorine residues. In the blood samples which were drawn from both genders, organochlorine compounds like α-endosulfan (1.565 mg/kg) and β-endosulfan (1.233 mg/kg) were found in higher quantities and were the most frequently detected compounds. Average concentrations of the detected compounds (mg/kg) were: HCH (0.819); Cyclodienes (2.839); Diphenylaliphatics (0.240). An evident finding was the alteration in enzyme activity in higher residue samples. Levels of GPT, GOT, ALP, Choline-esterase and γ-GT were tested in all samples and observed major shifts in the upper and lower limits in high residue samples as compared with the normal values. Analysis of the blood parameters were carried out thoroughly and checked the levels of TLC, RBC, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Platelets and differential leucocytes (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Monocytes) but found no distinct changes and hence no convincing relation was observed. Results of the present investigation of OCs in different blood sera indicated that bioconcentration and biomagnification of these chemicals were common phenomena in the population of Karachi city and this may be accountable for a variety of diseases and health hazards.

The effect of exercise on BMI and plasma lipid profile has been investigated in hypertensive females of four ethnic groups of Baloch (B), Pathan (P), Hazara (H) and Punjabi (PU). A total of 32 females, i.e. 8 from each group as control and another batch of 32 females’ in similar distribution followed prescribed exercise protocol for ten weeks. After the trial fasting blood samples were collected from controlled group and exercised subjects. Exercise manifested significant decrement in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in P, H and PU groups and of Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) in all the ethnic sub-populations. Marked and significant decrease of total cholesterol in all the ethnic groups was observed and the lowering of LDL cholesterol was also found in most except Pathan sub-population. Striking and significant rise of HDL of the exercising females was observed in all ethnic sub-populations. Triglyceride levels were considerably and significantly lowered in B, P, and H subjects. The beneficial effects of exercise on blood pressure and plasma lipids in female hypertensive subjects have been clearly demonstrated.

Four week controlled study was designed to observe the effect of 40 g of walnut in daily breakfast on Body Mass Index (BMI), total Cholesterol (CHO), Triglyceride (TG) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in obese female subjects of various ethnics, i.e. Baloch (B), Pathan (P), Hazara (H) and Punjabi (PU) residing in Quetta region of Balochistan. A batch of 32 obese female subjects, 8 from each ethnic group as a control and another batch of 32 obese females 8 from each ethnic group as treated were selected. Twelve hour fasting blood samples a day after stoppage of walnut were taken from obese control and obese treated subjects. Daily walnut consumption demonstrated considerable drop in body weight in all ethnic groups residing in Quetta locality. Marked and statically significant reduction in total cholesterol was noticed in all ethnic groups i.e. 3.6% (p

Standardized measurements of blood pressure, height and weight were obtained in 8-11 years old children, attending school in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 427 individuals (219 boys and 208 girls). The blood pressure was measured by auscultatory method. To calculate the body mass index (BMI), the weight (kg) of each subject was divided by the square of the subject's height. Association between various variables and blood pressure was judged through correlation coefficient. The net and joint effect of selected variables on blood pressure variability was calculated using simple/multiple regression. The correlation coefficients with that of systolic blood pressure were 0.365, 0.427 and 0.341 whereas these were 0.397, 0.430 and 0.320 for diastolic blood pressure. Height had a regression coefficient of 0.475 mmHg/cm with systolic pressure and 0.419 mmHg/cm with diastolic blood pressure. Weight had a regression coefficient of 0.878 mmHg/kg and 0.717 mmHg/kg with systolic and diastolic pressure respectively whereas BMI had a regression coefficient of 2.35 mmHg/BMI unit with systolic pressure and 1.79 mmHg/BMI unit with diastolic blood pressure.