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La obesidad es uno de los problemas de salud más importantes a nivel mundial debido a su relación con numerosas patologías como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la hipertensión y el aumento importante en el riesgo cardiovascular. La base del tratamiento es la dieta y el ejercicio físico, pero en muchos casos no es sufi ciente y es necesario combinarlo con tratamiento farmacológico. Recientemente se ha retirado sibutramina del mercado por lo que sólo se dispone de orlistat, que no está exento de contraindicaciones y efectos secundarios. Ante esta situación, se ha vuelto a retomar el tratamiento fi toterápico, aunque, en muchas ocasiones, con numerosas dudas. Esta revisión pretende aportar la información necesaria sobre las principales plantas utilizadas en este tratamiento.

La obesidad es uno de los problemas de salud más importantes a nivel mundial debido a su relación con numerosas patologías como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la hipertensión y el aumento importante en el riesgo cardiovascular. La base del tratamiento es la dieta y el ejercicio físico, pero en muchos casos no es suficiente y es necesario combinarlo con tratamiento farmacológico. Recientemente se ha retirado sibutramina del mercado por lo que sólo se dispone de orlistat, que no está exento de contraindicaciones y efectos secundarios. Ante esta situación, se ha vuelto a retomar el tratamiento fitoterápico, aunque, en muchas ocasiones, con numerosas dudas. Esta revisión pretende aportar la información necesaria sobre las principales plantas utilizadas en este tratamiento.

Sexo: mujer. Edad: 72 años. Patología: diabetes tipo 2. Tratamiento: insulina glargina e insulina glulisina y también con hipolipemiantes (ezetimiba y atorvastatina 10 mg).

Stressors play a defining role in youth development and, in particular, in adolescent psychological and behavioral adaptation. However, the nature of stressors experienced during adolescence has not been reviewed or investigated comprehensively. To bridge this gap, this investigation conducted a systematic review of adolescent stressors reported in the literature (Study 1, N = 18 studies) and a content analysis of self-reported stressors (Study 2, N = 1,568 adolescents, Mean age = 15.5 years, 41.5% female adolescents). The results converged in the identification of negative stressors (i.e., health issues, parental conflicts, issues with parents, teachers, peers or friends, romantic issues, concerns about the future and school) and positive stressors (i.e., leisure time, finding oneself, school or other accomplishments, social acquisitions, receiving help, romance and friendship, birth and good time in the family), which are highly occurring and highly intense among adolescents. Overall, these findings can guide researchers and practitioners towards developing efficient stressors measures, integrative theories on adolescent stress and development, as well as effective interventions targeting specific stress processes in the domains of education, criminology and psychopathology., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Although emotion regulation has been proposed to be crucial for empathy, investigations on emotion regulation have been primarily limited to intrapersonal processes, leaving the interpersonal processes of self-regulation rather unexplored. Moreover, studies showed that emotion regulation and empathy are related with increased autonomic activation. How emotion regulation and empathy are related at the autonomic level, and more specifically during differently valenced social situations remains an open question. Healthy adults viewed a series of short videos illustrating a target who was expressing positive, negative, or no emotions during a social situation (Positive, Negative, or Neutral Social Scenes). Prior to each video, participants were instructed to reappraise their own emotions (Up-regulation, Down-regulation, or No-regulation). To assess autonomic activation, RR intervals (RRI), high frequency (HF) components of heart rate variability (HRV), and electrodermal activity phasic responses (EDRs) were calculated. Situational empathy was measured through a visual analogue scale. Participants rated how empathic they felt for a specific target. Up- and Down-regulation were related to an increase and a decrease in situational empathy and an increase in RRI and HF, respectively, compared to the control condition (No-regulation). This suggests increased activity of the parasympathetic branch during emotion regulation of situational empathic responses. Positive compared to Negative Social Scenes were associated with decreased situational empathy, in addition to a slightly but non-significantly increased HF. Altogether, this study demonstrates that emotion regulation may be associated with changes in situational empathy and autonomic responses, preferentially dominated by the parasympathetic branch and possibly reflecting an increase of regulatory processes. Furthermore, the current study provides evidence that empathy for different emotional valences is associated with distinct changes in situational empathy and autonomic responses., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Executive functioning (EF) undergoes marked developmental improvements during the early school years. Given the crucial role of EF in learning and school adjustment, it is important to document the factors that bolster the development of executive competence, especially during a period of growth. Although substantial evidence suggests that parent-child relationships relate to EF, few longitudinal studies have examined the parental antecedents of EF developmental trajectories during the school years. Accordingly, this multiyear longitudinal study (N = 102) explored the respective roles of early mother-child attachment security and maternal autonomy support in the prediction of patterns of growth in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning skills across Grades 2 to 4. Multilevel growth curve analyses revealed a unique positive relation between attachment security and all EF skills, whereas autonomy support was mainly independently associated with initial planning performance. These findings provide further suggestion for a global contribution of secure attachment relationships to children's executive competence and highlight the importance of supporting children's autonomy to foster the emergence of more complex EF abilities such as planning. This study also supports the relevance of considering multiple aspects of parent-child relationships to delineate how early caregiving experiences contribute to children's EF development., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)