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International audience; The crucial role of manganese(III) species in the oxidative and catalytic reactivity of manganese oxides have been widely reported. However, the direct activation of radical precursors by Mn(III) oxides is still a matter of discussion. In this work, the ability of Mn(III)-bearing oxide (Mn2O3) for activation of peroxydisulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was evaluated and compared using caffeine (CAF) as a model pollutant. Complete CAF removal was achieved with 5 mM of PS or PMS after 8 h of reaction time, whereas 48% of mineralization was obtained after 70 h of reaction when PMS was used as oxidant. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping (EPR) and radical scavenging experiments showed that the sulfate radical (SO4•–) was the dominant radical in the Mn2O3/PMS system. In comparison, a non-radical mechanism such as Mn2O3 surface-activated PS promoted the removal of CAF in the system of Mn2O3/PS. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses enabled the detection of main degradation products and the proposition of the CAF degradation pathways. Investigations in the real sewage treatment plant water showed that the decrease of CAF removal observed in wastewater as compared to pure water can be alleviated by increasing the Mn2O3 dosage. These findings highlight the great ability of Mn-species in PS or PMS activation in different water matrices, which have important implications for the development of novel wastewater treatment technologies.

Background: Infectious gastroenteritis is a risk factor for the development of post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome (PI-IBS). Recent clinical studies reported a higher prevalence of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis in IBS patients. Using a rat model, we investigated the possible association between Blastocystis infection, colonic hypersensitivity (CHS), behavioral disturbances and gut microbiota changes. Methods: Rats were orally infected with Blastocystis subtype 4 (ST4) cysts, isolated from human stool samples. Colonic sensitivity was assessed by colorectal distension and animal behavior with an automatic behavior recognition system (PhenoTyper), the Elevated Plus Maze test and the Forced Swimming tests. Feces were collected at different time points after infection to study microbiota composition by 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing and for short-chain fatty acid (SFCA) analysis. Results: Blastocystis-infected animals had non-inflammatory CHS with increased serine protease activity. Infection was also associated with anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Analysis of fecal microbiota composition showed an increase in bacterial richness associated with altered microbiota composition. These changes included an increase in the relative abundance of Oscillospira and a decrease in Clostridium, which seem to be associated with lower levels of SCFAs in the feces from infected rats. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that experimental infection of rats with Blastocystis mimics IBS symptoms with the establishment of CHS related to microbiota and metabolic shifts.

The objective was to investigate the effects of feed restriction on concentrations of selected milk metabolites in mid-lactation Holstein and Montbéliarde cows and to explore their correlations with energy balance and classic plasma and milk indicators of nutritional status. Eight Holstein and 10 Montbéliarde cows (165 ± 21 d in milk) underwent 6 d of feed restriction during which feed allowance was reduced to meet 50% of their net energy for lactation (NEL) requirements. The experiment was divided in 4 periods: control (CON; d −3 to −1), restriction (RES; d 1 to 6), wk 1 (W1; d 7 to 13), and wk 2 (W2; d 14 to 18) after refeeding at ad libitum intake. Intake, milk production, energy balance and plasma metabolites were used to validate the feed restriction model. Concentrations of 7 milk metabolites: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitrate, glutamate, uric acid, and free amino groups were measured in morning milk samples, and fatty acids were measured in pooled p.m. and a.m. samples. Feed restriction induced a negative energy balance (−42.5 ± 4.4 MJ/d), increased plasma nonesterified fatty acids and BHB, and decreased plasma glucose concentrations. Feed restriction increased milk glucose-6-phosphate and isocitrate (+38% and +39%, respectively) and decreased milk BHB, glucose, glutamate, uric acid and free amino group concentrations (−20%, −57%, −65%, −42%, and −14%, respectively), compared with pre- restriction. Milk concentrations of medium-chain fatty acids (e.g., sum of C10 to C15) decreased and those of long chain (e.g., 18:0, cis-9 18:1) increased during restriction. Breed differences were not detected for the majority of variables. All studied milk metabolites were significantly correlated with energy balance (Spearman correlation = 0.48, 0.63, −0.31, −0.45, and 0.61 for BHB, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitrate, and glutamate, respectively). Milk glucose and glutamate showed the strongest correlations with plasma metabolites and milk FA associated with lipomobilization. These results suggest that milk metabolites may be used as noninvasive indicators of negative energy balance and metabolic status of dairy cows.

Deficiencies in methyl-donor molecules (folate, B12 vitamin), DNA methylation alteration and high prevalence of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are frequently observed in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. AIEC bacteria adhere to the enterocytes through abnormally expressed carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) glycoprotein on host cells. This work aims at studying the relationship between methyl-donor molecules and AIEC-induced intestinal inflammatory response. CEABAC10 mice, a mouse model of CD, were fed a control or Methyl-donor Supplemented diet (MS diet). CEACAM6 promoter was hypermethylated in intestinal epithelial cells from mice fed an MS diet, which was associated with a significant decrease in CEACAM6 expression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of anti-microbial peptides, increase in HSP70 gene family expression and a decreased expression of inflammatory marker Calprotectin upon MS diet, associated to a lower ability of AIEC bacteria to colonize gut mucosa. We observed in a cohort of CD patients that serum folate concentration was inversely correlated to Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity and to fecal inflammatory markers. This study demonstrates that methyl-donor supplementation through the diet induces a specific intestinal micro-environment limiting pathobiont colonization of the gut. Clinicians may wish to consider methyl-donor supplementation for methyl-donor deficient CD patients.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; The most common approach to mitigation of lake eutrophication is reduction of phosphorus emissions, in particular by changing farm management. This reduction can be combined with landscaping retention structures upstream of the lake, the analyses of which the paper is based on. The management of these structures currently focuses on maximising the quantity of phosphorus trapped, regardless of lake dynamics. This paper adapts a dynamical model of lake phosphorus to examine the effects of these phosphorus retention structures. We highlight two effects: first, a structure that traps some of the phosphorus load before it reaches the lake reduces the amount of phosphorus in lake water. Second, some retention structures slow down lake phosphorus dynamics in a way that may perversely slow lake restoration. We propose a cleaning strategy that maximises the chances of restoring a lake to an oligotrophic condition. We demonstrate our model with a real-world case study.

International audience; This paper investigates and compares the neutroninduced soft-error tolerance effectiveness of five classical attitude estimation (AE) processing approaches that are typically embedded in inertial navigation systems of autonomous things. Results of 14-MeV and thermal neutron radiation testing campaigns indicate that all the AE approaches-implemented without protection mechanisms-can be critically perturbed by single event upsets (SEUs), recovering themselves after a few seconds if sensors' measurements are continuously provided. Moreover, Kalman filter-based AE approaches presented better effectivenesses in tolerating SEUs than AE based on gradient descent.

International audience; Over the last two centuries, rivers worldwide have been affected by human interventions, including dams, river training, and gravel mining. Such actions have often involved river fragmentation and sediment starvation. In this regard, gravel augmentation is an increasingly common restoration practice for mitigating sediment starvation in gravel-bed rivers. However, uncertainties remain on how to better implement and design such operations. This is the case for the Rhône River at Péage-de-Roussillon, France, where 6885 m3 of gravels were augmented in 2017. This work raised some concerns from river managers about the potential threat posed to a downstream reservoir from the arrival of the sediment, and explains why they were interested in the timeframe of sediment propagation, and travel distances and velocities of the augmented sediment. To answer these questions, we propose a modelling framework for simulating the long-term downstream propagation of a pulse of augmented sediment, with this framework being based on a combination of particle tracking data collected in the field and bedload transport capacity estimates. This workflow allowed us to successfully model propagation of gravels along the study reach, and provided useful information on how the sediment wave would behave over the long term. We believe that the methodology proposed in this study has much potential for exploring and investigating the kinematics of sediment wave propagation in gravel-bed rivers.

International audience; Hydraulic structures, such as groyne fields, were commonly used to channelize European and North American rivers, thus forming engineered margins on the edges of the active channel. On the Rhône River (France), which was corrected with dike fields (classical groyne fields and specific ones closed with a longitudinal submersible dike; i.e., closed fields) and equipped with numerous dams (mid-twentieth century), the engineered margins have mostly been filled with fine sediments and become terrestrial. On the 11 km bypassed studied reach (middle Rhône), 55.6 ha in 167 dike fields (i.e., 75 % of the cumulated surface) have been subject to terrestrialization (i.e., the transformation of aquatic areas into terrestrial ones). Our study aimed to understand the trajectory of dike fields that serve as both drivers (e.g., inducing in-dike fine sediment trapping) and witnesses (e.g., informing the diversion impact) of hydrosedimentary changes. We combined geohistorical analyses (aerial photographs, riverbed elevations, and water levels) and GIS modeling, as well as topographic and ground-penetrating radar surveys (GPR), to emphasize the terrestrialization patterns and hierarchize the drivers and processes involved. We obtained a classification of diachronic patterns (five types) that highlight local recurrences and specificities (inherited forms) in the terrestrialization trajectory. Topographic and GPR surveys complemented our data, shedding light on the main characteristics of sediment deposits (volumes, thicknesses) and structural units. We also determined that the contribution to terrestrialization of phase 1 (channelized state; 1900s–1970s) is lower than that of phase 2 (channelized and bypassed state; 1970s–2000s), at 42 % (23.4 ha) and 58 % (32.2 ha), respectively. In phase 1, fine sediment deposition leads to deposit construction, triggered by the dike field setting, which shapes spaces with reduced shear stresses. The riverbed incision (induced by channelization) is shallow on this reach, so its contribution (by lowering the water level) is considered negligible. In phase 2, terrestrialization is mainly provoked by the diversion-induced drop in water level that has caused the retraction of the active channel and promoted its abandoned edges as new terrestrial margins. Understanding the evolution of these ecotones made it possible to adjust our recommendations in terms of management and restoration. It also highlights the relevance of strategic dike field reconnections to support the river by recreating gradients of hydrological connectivity (which are favorable to habitat diversity).

International audience; Related with, on the one hand, the imperatives of transition linked to global changes, and on the other hand, the games of stakeholders which are being recomposed in the territories, the construction of territorial quality is today at a turning point. The “basket of goods” must now be analyzed with regard to complex relational dynamics, in support of the invention and mobilization of various forms of collective intelligence that reveal different relationships to resources. We hypothesize that collective intelligence plays a key role in the trajectories of baskets of goods, by making it possible to understand and guide the process of emergence and valuation of resources, no longer in an economic way, but in a way of specification through social and ecological solidarities. The qualitative and comparative analysis of two groups in France shows that collective intelligence influences the emergence and sustainability of the basket of goods at three levels: in the construction of new forms of territorial qualities and associated rents, in the redefinition of relationships with the living and in the ability to act in the territories. That is why, the relational, cognitive and territorial dynamics are strong levers for the necessary transformation of food systems towards sustainability.; En lien étroit avec, d’une part, les impératifs de transition liés aux changements globaux, et d’autre part, des jeux d’acteurs qui se recomposent dans les territoires, la construction de la qualité territoriale est aujourd'hui à un tournant. Le « panier de biens » doit désormais être analysé au regard de dynamiques relationnelles complexes, en appui à l’invention et la mobilisation de diverses formes d’intelligence collective qui révèlent des rapports aux ressources différents. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que l’intelligence collective joue un rôle clé dans les trajectoires de paniers de biens, en permettant de comprendre et d’orienter le processus d'émergence et de valorisation des ressources, non plus dans une logique économique, mais dans une logique de spécification par les solidarités sociales et écologiques. L’analyse qualitative et comparée de deux collectifs en France montre que l’intelligence collective influence l’émergence et la pérennisation du panier de biens à trois niveaux : dans la construction de nouvelles formes de qualités territoriales et des rentes associées, dans la redéfinition des rapports au vivant et dans la capacité à agir dans les territoires. En cela, les dynamiques relationnelles, cognitives et territoriales sont des leviers solides pour la transformation nécessaires des systèmes alimentaires vers la durabilité.; Em estreita ligação, por um lado, aos imperativos de transição ligados às mudanças globais e, por outro, aos jogos de atores que se recompõem nos territórios, a construção da qualidade territorial encontra-se hoje num ponto de viragem. A “cesta de bens” deve agora ser analisada à luz de dinâmicas relacionais complexas, em apoio à invenção e mobilização de várias formas de inteligência coletiva que revelam diferentes relações com os recursos. Partimos da hipótese de que a inteligência coletiva desempenha um papel fundamental nas trajetórias das cestas de bens, ao possibilitar compreender e orientar o processo de emergência e valorização dos recursos, não mais somente em uma lógica econômica, mas em uma lógica de especificação via solidariedades sociais e ecológicas. A análise qualitativa e comparativa de dois coletivos na França demonstra que a inteligência coletiva influencia a emergência e sustentabilidade da cesta de bens em três níveis: na construção de novas formas de qualidades territoriais e rendas associadas, na redefinição das relações com os seres vivos e na capacidade de agir nos territórios. A este respeito, as dinâmicas relacionais, cognitivas e territoriais são fortes alavancas para a necessária transformação dos sistemas alimentares no sentido da sustentabilidade.

Multimodal merging encompasses the ability to localize stimuli based on imprecise information sampled through individual senses such as sight and hearing. Merging decisions are standardly described using Bayesian models that fit behaviors over many trials, encapsulated in a probability distribution. We introduce a novel computational model based on dynamic neural fields able to simulate decision dynamics and generate localization decisions, trial by trial, adapting to varying degrees of discrepancy between audio and visual stimulations. Neural fields are commonly used to model neural processes at a mesoscopic scale—for instance, neurophysiological activity in the superior colliculus. Our model is fit to human psychophysical data of the ventriloquist effect, additionally testing the influence of retinotopic projection onto the superior colliculus and providing a quantitative performance comparison to the Bayesian reference model. While models perform equally on average, a qualitative analysis of free parameters in our model allows insights into the dynamics of the decision and the individual variations in perception caused by noise. We finally show that the increase in the number of free parameters does not result in overfitting and that the parameter space may be either reduced to fit specific criteria or exploited to perform well on more demanding tasks in the future. Indeed, beyond decision or localization tasks, our model opens the door to the simulation of behavioral dynamics, as well as saccade generation driven by multimodal stimulation.

International audience; Agricultural abandonment followed by vegetation succession is a major land-use and land-cover (LULC) change in Europe. Such dynamic has critical consequences on biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (EDS). Understanding the perceptions of succession and its effects by local stakeholders is crucial for sound landscape planning. This study addressed these issues, focusing on a territory in the Massif Central region of France where multiple LULC changes have occurred in the last decades, including abandonment. We aim at identifying stakeholders’ perceptions and their drivers regarding old fields as well as the subsequent post-cultural vegetation stages from partial open shrublands to forests. We conducted 29 semi-structured interviews centered on LULC changes with three groups of stakeholders: local decision-makers, land managers, farmers. The terminology used to refer to old fields and the ES and EDS associated with them were recorded along with a thematic analysis. Results revealed the wide range of words and expressions used to refer to old fields, together with inconsistencies between terminology and vegetation stages. ES and EDS associated to old fields varied between stakeholder groups, but were essentially regulating and cultural services. The thematic analysis demonstrated that old fields are considered as a degradation compared to traditional agriculture and a loss of human control on vegetation. Old fields are also perceived as natural ecosystems which persist in front of other LULC changes like artificialization and land use intensification. Those findings show that abandonment should be considered in relation to other LULC changes for land planning decisions? and to the plurality of perceptions of old fields.

International audience

International audience; Numerical modelling of tephra fallout is a fast-developing research area in volcanology. Several models are currently available both to forecast the dispersion of volcanic particles in the atmosphere and to calculate the particles deposited at different locations on the ground. Data from these simulations can then be used both to manage volcanic crises (e.g., protect air traffic) or perform long-term hazard assessment studies (e.g., through hazard maps). Given the importance of these tasks, it is important that each model is thoroughly tested in order to assess advantages and limitations, and to provide useful information for quantifying the model uncertainty. In this study we tested the coupled PLUME-MoM/HYSPLIT models by applying them to the Puyehue–Cordon Caulle 2011 sub-Plinian eruption. More specifically, we tested new features recently introduced in these well-established models (ash aggregation, external water addition, and settling velocity models), we implemented a new inversion procedure, and we performed a parametric analysis. Our main results reaffirm the pivotal role played by mass eruption rate on the final deposit and show that some choices for the input parameters of the model can lead to the large overestimation in total deposited mass (which can be reduced with our inversion procedure). The parametric analysis suggests a most likely value of the mass eruption rate in the range 2.0–6.3 × 106 kg/s. More studies with a similar approach would be advisable in order to provide final users with useful indications about the parameters that should be carefully evaluated before being used as input for this kind of model.

International audience; Riparian corridors play an important role for the maintenance of regional biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Riparian forests are even the only semi-natural vegetation strips remaining in many agricultural or urbanised landscapes. In such landscapes, the spatial continuity of riparian vegetation is frequently broken by the construction of stabilisation structures engineered for erosion control. Here, we examined the effects of different riverbank stabilisation structures—fascines (soil bioengineering), ripraps (hard engineering), and mixed-technique (lower-bank ripraps with upper-bank plantings)—on the structural connectivity of their respective riverbanks. We first revisited previously studied stabilisation structures to extend their vegetation sampling to their adjacent riverbanks. Then, for each type of stabilisation structure, we compared community composition, richness and abundance of native and invasive alien species (IAS), and cover of vegetation strata (herbaceous, shrub and tree) between stabilised embankments and their upstream and downstream banks. Results indicated that, although the composition of fascine banks differed from that of their adjacent riverbanks, they fitted nicely in the structural continuity of their riparian surroundings. Differences were likely explained by the proportion of fast-growing woody species (e.g. willows) planted in fascines, which also induced strong reductions in IAS richness and abundances; i.e. propagule “sinks”. Conversely, ripraps broke the structural continuity of riverbanks and were heavily dominated by IAS while mixed-technique banks displayed intermediate characteristics. Consequently, we argued that fascines may be the riverbank stabilisation structures displaying highest ecological benefits in terms of habitat quality and connectivity and should be preferred over the other investigated engineering techniques.

International audience; Blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with poly- (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PE- DOT:PSS) were investigated for the preparation of electrically conductive films using melt-state extrusion processing techniques. High molecular weight PEO is selected as a melting carrier to enable the extrusion processing of PEDOT:PSS. A drop-casting technique from aqueous solutions is first investigated to produce model PEO/PEDOT:PSS blends and identify the influence of relevant parameters on the final electronic conductivity. A low percolation threshold (approximately 9 wt % PEDOT:PSS into PEO) and high electronic conductivities (10−1000 S/cm) are detected. These performances are correlated to homogeneous blend morphologies and miscibility effects arising from strong PEO/PSS interactions detected by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Storage time and water ionic content have negative impacts on the electronic conductivity. The procedure was then adapted to prepare PEO-rich blends using twin-screw extrusion at 120 °C. A strong negative impact of the thermomechanical treatment was attested for PEO/PEDOT:PSS blends due to phase segregation phenomena induced by extrusion. However, an acidic post-treatment on extruded and molded thin films efficiently restored high electronic conductivities up to 4 S/cm for PEO-rich blends with 40 wt % PEDOT:PSS due to the removal of insulating phases. Such thermoplastic materials were found to be competitive with traditional thermoplastic solutions and thus represent efficient candidates for the development of thermoplastic electrodes using conventional and advanced processing technologies of the plastic industry.

International audience; Aging is the most important risk factor for the onset of several chronic diseases and functional decline. Understanding the interplays between biological aging and the biology of diseases and functional loss as well as integrating a function-centered approach to the care pathway of older adults are crucial steps towards the elaboration of preventive strategies (both pharmacological and non-pharmacological) against the onset and severity of burdensome chronic conditions during aging. In order to tackle these two crucial challenges, ie, how both the manipulation of biological aging and the implementation of a function-centered care pathway (the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) model of the World Health Organization) may contribute to the trajectories of healthy aging, a new initiative on Gerosciences was built: the INSPIRE research program. The present article describes the scientific background on which the foundations of the INSPIRE program have been constructed and provides the general lines of this initiative that involves researchers from basic and translational science, clinical gerontology, geriatrics and primary care, and public health.

International audience; Strongyle infection is an important issue in horse breeding. It impairs horse health and performance, with young horses being the most sensitive. Strongyle control has long relied on the systematic use of chemical treatments. However, expanding anthelmintic resistance among strongyles calls for alternative options. Mixed grazing is assumed to reduce strongyle load on the pasture as the result of a dilution effect. This has been shown in small ruminants grazing with cattle, but the putative benefits of co-grazing between horses and cattle have not yet been evaluated. Here, we conducted field surveys and face-to-face interviews on 44 farms from two contrasted saddle-horse production areas, Normandy and northern Massif Central, to compare equine strongyle management practices between specialized systems and mixed horse-cattle systems. Our goals were (i) to quantify breeders' awareness of the putative benefits associated with the co-grazing of horses and cattle, (ii) to establish whether mixed farming was associated with different strongyle management strategies and (iii) to test whether strongyle egg excretion was reduced in horses grazed with beef cattle. Every breeder relied on systematic calendar treatments, and only 8 out of the 23 mixed breeders were aware that co-grazing of horses with cattle could be used as part of their strongyle control strategy. Management practices were similar across both systems in Normandy. In Massif Central, mixed breeders formed a distinct cluster from their specialized counterparts: deworming was less frequent and stocking density was higher in mixed farms, while specialized breeders seemed more willing to integrate herd and plot management into control strategies. Faecal egg counts measured in horses from Massif Central were significantly reduced when horses were grazed with cattle. This was the result of an increased reliance on macrocyclic lactones in mixed farms (P < 0.01) and a significant dilution effect (P < 0.01). When considering a subsample of horses treated with macrocyclic lactones only, young horses grazed with cattle had 50% fewer strongyle eggs excreted in their faeces than horses grazed in equine-only pastures (P < 0.01). This is the first evidence of the benefits of mixed grazing with cattle as an alternative to control strongyle infection in horses, although this promising alternative remains largely unknown by horse breeders.

International audience; HSP90 is a major molecular chaperone that helps both folding and stabilization of various client proteins often implicated in growth control and cell survival such as kinases and transcription factors. However, among HSP90 clients are also found numerous oncoproteins and, through its assistance to them, HSP90 has consequently been reported as a promising anticancer target. Several ligand chemotypes, including resorcinol type ligands, were found to inhibit HSP90, most of them in an ATP competitive manner. Binding of some of these ligands modify significantly the NMR spectrum of the HSP90 ATP binding domain compared to the apo protein spectrum, hampering assignment transfer from the previously assigned human HSP90 apo state. Here we report the assignment of the 1HN, 15N, 13C', 13Cα, 13Cβ, 1Hmethyl, and 13Cmethyl chemical shifts of the 29 kDa HSP90 N-terminal domain bound to a long residence time resorcinol type inhibitor: 5-[4-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-N-furan-2-ylmethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-N-methyl-benzamide. 92% of the backbone resonances and 100% of the [1H, 13C]-resonances of Aβ, Mε, Tγ, Lδ2, Vγ2 and Iδ1 methyl groups were successfully assigned, including for the first time the assignment of the segment covering the nucleotide/drug binding site. Secondary structure predictions based on the NMR assignment reveal a structural rearrangement of HSP90 N-terminal domain upon ligand binding. The long residence time ligand induces the formation of a continuous helix covering the ligand binding site of HSP90 N-terminal domain accounting for the large differences observed in the NMR spectra between the apo and bound proteins.

International audience; This paper outlines the synthesis and application of a sustainable composite for the photo-Fenton-like degradation of caffeine, bisphenol A, and simazine. The phase, morphology, optical and magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated by different characterization techniques. The composite of Fe2.5Co0.3Zn0.2O4 and copper-chromium layered double hydroxide (CuCr-LDH) was determined to be the most favorable photocatalyst in the photo-Fenton-like process when compared with Fe3O4, Fe2.5Co0.3Zn0.2O4, CuCr-LDH, and Fe3O4/CuCr-LDH composite. Studying the efficiency of the photo-Fenton-like degradation process in the presence of the Fe2.5Co0.3Zn0.2O4/CuCr-LDH composite revealed a degradation rate constant of caffeine twice more than the sum of those obtained for the individual processes. This ascribes to the synergistic effect by which the photo-generated electron-hole from the catalyst and the efficient reduction of Fe3+, Cu2+, etc. during the photo-Fenton-like reaction is accelerated. Moreover, under the optimal condition and after 120 min of heterogenous photo-Fenton-like process at natural pH, > 90% of pollutants mixture was decomposed. The experiments fulfilled in near-real conditions demonstrated I) the high stability and magnetically recoverability of the photocatalyst and II) the proper degradation performance of the applied heterogenous photo-Fenton-process in the removal of pollutant mixture in different water bodies and in the presence of chloride and bicarbonate ions.photo-Fenton-like process at natural pH, > 90% of pollutants mixture was decomposed. The experiments fulfilledin near-real conditions demonstrated I) the high stability and magnetically recoverability of the photocatalys

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal vector-borne disease that affects both humans and animals. In the Mediterranean Basin, the primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. are mainly rodents and canids. Lipidomic approaches have allowed scientists to establish Leishmania spp. lipid profiles for the identification of cell stage specific biomarkers, drug mechanisms of action, and host immune response. Using an in silico approach of global network interaction between genes involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis followed by the GC-MS approach, we were able to characterize the fatty acid profiles of L. major derived from human and rodent hosts. Our results revealed that the lipid profile of L. major showed similarities and differences with those already reported for other Leishmania species. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. FA composition of rodent parasites was characterized by a lower abundance of the precursor C18:2(n-6). One of the rodent clones, which also expressed the lowest lipid abundance in PL and TAG, was the least sensitive clone to the miltefosine drug and has the lowest infection efficiency. Our findings suggest that the lipid composition variation may explain the response of the parasite toward treatment and their ability to infect their host.

International audience; Alterations in brain/gut/microbiota axis are linked to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) physiopathology. Upon gastrointestinal infection, chronic abdominal pain and anxio-depressive comorbidities may persist despite pathogen clearance leading to Post-Infectious IBS (PI-IBS). This study assesses the influence of tryptophan metabolism, and particularly the microbiota-induced AhR expression, on intestinal homeostasis disturbance following gastroenteritis resolution, and evaluates the efficacy of IL-22 cytokine vectorization on PI-IBS symptoms. The Citrobacter rodentium infection model in C57BL6/ J mice was used to mimic Enterobacteria gastroenteritis. Intestinal homeostasis was evaluated as lowgrade inflammation, permeability, mucosa-associated microbiota composition, and colonic sensitivity. Cognitive performances and emotional state of animals were assessed using several tests. Tryptophan metabolism was analyzed by targeted metabolomics. AhR activity was evaluated using a luciferase reporter assay method. One Lactococcus lactis strain carrying an eukaryotic expression plasmid for murine IL-22 (L. lactis IL−22) was used to induce IL-22 production in mouse colonic mucosa. C. rodentiuminfected mice exhibited persistent colonic hypersensitivity and cognitive impairments and anxiety-like behaviors after pathogen clearance. These post-infectious disorders were associated with low-grade inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, decrease of Lactobacillaceae abundance associated with the colonic layer, and increase of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). During post-infection period, the indole pathway and AhR activity were decreased due to a reduction of tryptophol production. Treatment with L. lactis IL−22 restored gut permeability and normalized colonic sensitivity, restored cognitive performances and decreased anxiety-like behaviors. Data from the video-tracking system suggested an upgrade of welfare for mice receiving the L.lactis IL−22 strain. Our findings revealed that AhR/IL-22 signaling pathway is altered in a preclinical PI-IBS model. IL-22 delivering alleviate PI-IBS symptoms as colonic hypersensitivity, cognitive impairments, and anxiety-like behaviors by acting on intestinal mucosa integrity. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway could be developed to treat IBS patients suffering from chronic abdominal pain and associated well-being disorders.

Mocho-Choshuenco volcano has produced several highly explosive eruptions during its history, which make it one of the most hazardous volcanoes in the southern volcanic zone of Chile, although it is still relatively little studied to date. We present a geochemical study of the products of the sub-Plinian, andesitic, Enco eruption that occurred about 1600 years ago. We determined the major and trace elements compositions, as well as the volatile (H2O, CO2, Cl, and S) contents of melt inclusions trapped in minerals (olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene) using electron microprobe, ion microprobe (SIMS), and 3D confocal Raman mapping. Though the whole-rock composition of the Enco magma is andesitic (60.2 ± 1.1 wt.% SiO2), the melt inclusions have SiO2 contents ranging from 50.3 to 67.3 wt.%, following the magmatic series of Mocho-Choshuenco, and the compositions of the most mafic melt inclusions are close to those of the most mafic erupted magmas. Geochemical modeling indicates that mixing occurred between a mafic magma and an andesitic-to-dacitic magma. Glass analysis revealed typical parental arc magma values for H2O (2.6–3.8 wt.%), S (116–1936 ppm), and Cl (620–1439 ppm). However, CO2 contents are very high in some melt inclusions with concentrations above 4000 ppm (measured in the glass), suggesting trapping depths > ~ 17–22 km. Presence of solid carbonates inside inclusion-hosted bubbles clearly indicates that the CO2 contents measured in the glass phase were minimum values. We conclude that a CO2-rich basaltic magma ascended and mixed with a shallower andesitic magma. The magma cooled and exsolved high amounts of CO2, which may have dramatically increased the pressure and triggered the highly explosive Enco eruption.

International audience; An extrinsic cohesive zone model with a novel unload–reload behaviour is developed in the framework of non-smooth mechanics. The model is extended to include the effects of dynamics with impact, and is discretised in such a way that it can be written as a Linear Complementarity Problem (LCP). This LCP is proved to be well-posed, and to respect the discrete energy balance of the system. Finally, the LCP system is validated numerically, in both statics and dynamics, by simple test cases, and more involved finite element simulations that correspond to standard test geometries in the literature. The results correspond well with those of other authors, while also demonstrating the simulations’ ability to resolve with relatively large time steps while respecting the energetic balance.

International audience; Riverine ecosystems form a dendritic network in which landscape and catchment-scale properties influence freshwater community structure. Placed in a restoration framework, this suggests that regional drivers can overrule the benefit of measures aiming at improving local habitat quality. Disentangling the relative influence of local and regional drivers on freshwater communities is thus crucial for ecosystem management and restoration. Along riverbanks, soil bioengineering is often used to both control erosion and improve ecological conditions. Soil bioengineering techniques aim at copying naturally functioning riverbank models and can thus be viewed as riparian ecosystem restoration. Nevertheless, these techniques are mostly designed at the local scale and are implemented in a broad range of rivers. This implies large variations in regional drivers, which may greatly influence the response of freshwater communities to restoration efforts. We studied 37 riverbanks, from civil engineering to soil bioengineering, plus natural willow stands, in the foothills of the Alps and Jura Mountains, and assessed the relative influence of local (terrestrial and aquatic habitat conditions) and regional (water quality, hydrological context and land cover composition) drivers on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Using multivariate GLM and structural equation modelling, we investigated variations in the taxonomic and functional composition and in the diversity of native, exotic, shredder and scraper taxa to both set of drivers. Our results showed that soil bioengineering improved local habitat conditions, with an increase in the vegetation density and in the aquatic habitat quality. These changes directly influenced functional composition but indirectly diversity patterns. Instead, we found that native and shredder species richness increased between civil engineered and soil bioengineered structures, suggesting a positive effect of vegetated riverbanks on other local abiotic factors (i.e. shade, water temperature, organic matter supply). Our results also showed that macroinvertebrates were more influenced by regional than by local drivers. Thus, the hydrological context best explained the composition of taxa feeding habits and variation in taxa diversity, with larger abundance and richness of scrapers and shredders in small headwater streams. Land cover ranked second in explaining variation in functional composition. Also, the diversity of natives, scrapers and shredders increased as the proportion of predominantly urban landscapes decreased. Finally, the abundance of scraper and native species increased with water quality, while the richness of exotic species decreased. Overall, these results highlight the hierarchical structure of local and regional drivers on freshwater communities. Along river networks, catchment-scale properties and landscape attributes are major drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Soil bioengineering improves habitat quality and as such appears to be a good compromise solution to control erosion and support freshwater communities, even though this nature-based solution cannot solve anthropogenic pressures at larger scales. To improve the efficiency of restoration efforts, integrated approaches accounting for both local and regional drivers remains a priority.

International audience; Dietary fibers have well-known beneficial effects on human health, but their anti-infectious properties against human enteric pathogens have been poorly investigated. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main agent of travelers’ diarrhea, against which targeted preventive strategies are currently lacking. ETEC pathogenesis relies on multiple virulence factors allowing interactions with the intestinal mucosal layer and toxins triggering the onset of diarrheal symptoms. Here, we used complementary in vitro assays to study the antagonistic properties of eight fiber-containing products from cereals, legumes or microbes against the prototypical human ETEC strain H10407. Inhibitory effects of these products on the pathogen were tested through growth, toxin production and mucus/cell adhesion inhibition assays. None of the tested compounds inhibited ETEC strain H10407 growth, while lentil extract was able to decrease heat labile toxin (LT) concentration in culture media. Lentil extract and specific yeast cell walls also interfered with ETEC strain H10407 adhesion to mucin beads and human intestinal cells. These results constitute a first step in the use of dietary fibers as a nutritional strategy to prevent ETEC infection. Further work will be dedicated to the study of fiber/ETEC interactions within a complex gut microbial background.

Background The sequencing of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been a methodological challenge for many years owing to its large size (15.5 Gb), repeat content, and hexaploidy. Many initiatives aiming at obtaining a reference genome of cultivar Chinese Spring have been launched in the past years and it was achieved in 2018 as the result of a huge effort to combine short-read sequencing with many other resources. Reference-quality genome assemblies were then produced for other accessions, but the rapid evolution of sequencing technologies offers opportunities to reach high-quality standards at lower cost. Results Here, we report on an optimized procedure based on long reads produced on the Oxford Nanopore Technology PromethION device to assemble the genome of the French bread wheat cultivar Renan. Conclusions We provide the most contiguous chromosome-scale assembly of a bread wheat genome to date. Coupled with an annotation based on RNA-sequencing data, this resource will be valuable for the crop community and will facilitate the rapid selection of agronomically important traits. We also provide a framework to generate high-quality assemblies of complex genomes using ONT.

Purpose In line with various scientific papers warning against an inconsistent use of this adjective for food qualification, the purpose of this paper is to point out the sweeping assertion that “local” equates to “ecological”. Design/methodology/approach Looking beyond the measurement of carbon emissions to assess impacts on the environment, this paper addresses ecological issues in terms of interactions with the environment. To this end, it enhances an under-the-skin approach that goes through “local” fruit and vegetables to look into seed management and plant breeding practices. Findings This method, tested with 2 vegetative species – apple and potato – on 12 case studies in Europe, allows to build a typology that discriminates between: producing food without reproducing plants, grafting trees and storing tubers for maintaining landraces, and sowing seeds to restart the breeding process from the early beginning, trying in this way to enhance the capacity of plants to better fit with their environment. The typology matches a gradient that describes various degrees of intensity of environment–society relationships, from disconnection to adaptation – conceived on the one hand as already stabilized and on the other hand as still evolving. Research limitations/implications This analytical framework sheds light on contradictions that many local food networks have to face while yearning for a recognition by a geographical indication. Originality/value The paper argues that vegetal material might be a fruitful research object for tracking the controversies that unfold along the construction of local food products. It discusses social constructivist approaches of terroir while advocating for a materialist approach.

The greater horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)is among the most widespread bat species in Europe but it has experienced severe declines, especially in Northern Europe. This species is listed Near Threatened in the EuropeanIUCN Red List of Threatened Animalsand it is considered to be highly sensitive to human activities and particularly to habitat fragmentation. Therefore, understanding the population boundaries and demographic history of populations of this species is of primary importance to assess relevant conservation strategies. In this study, we used 17 microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity, the genetic structure and the demographic history ofR. ferrumequinumcolonies in the Western European part of its distribution. We found high levels of genetic diversity and large population size on the European mainland and lower estimates in England and Northern France. Analyses of clustering and isolation by distance showed a barrier effect of the Channel and potentially of the Mediterranean Sea onR. ferrumequinumbat dispersal. Conversely, we could not reveal any gene flow disruption from both sides of the Western Pyrenees. These results provide important information to improve the delineation ofR. ferrumequinummanagement units in its western range. We suggest that a large management unit corresponding to the European mainland population must be considered. Particular attention should be given to mating territories as they seem to play a key role in maintaining the high levels of genetic mixing between colonies. Smaller management units corresponding to English and Northern France colonies must also be implemented. These insular or peripheral colonies could be at higher risk of extinction in a near future.

International audience; This study evaluates binding discs based on 3-mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica gel for the selective sampling of selenite (Sew) using Diffusive Gradients in Thin films sampler (DGT). Selv accumulation was quantitative and selective over Sew and followed the theoretical linear accumulation with the exposure time up to 0.7 pg. The sampling was not affected by ionic strength variations down to 10-2 mol L-1 (as NaNO3) but Sew accumulation was found to decrease significantly for pH greater than 5 and was nearly zero at pH 9. Both the limited accumulation range and the pH dependence were unexpected because they have not been reported in the literature related to the Se"' trapping by thiol-based solid phases. Our experiments showed that after Sew was bound to thiol functional groups, a further pH-dependent reaction occurred with free thiols, resulting in the reduction of Sew into elemental selenium (Se) followed by its release and back-diffusion through the DGT sampler. Unfortunately, such a reversible accumulation is incompatible with the implementation of the mercapto-functionalized silica binding phase in DGT devices for Sew selective sampling.

International audience; A pendulum, which can oscillate in two directions, is subjected to a generalized external force. A non-smooth absorber is coupled to the pendulum with an arbitrary location and orientation. The equations of the system are derived and are treated with a multiple scale method. At fast time scale, the topology of the slow invariant manifold is described with its stable and unstable zones. The equilibrium and singular points of the system are detected at the first slow time scale. The responses of the main system, given as a function of the frequency of the external force, show reductions of the vibration levels. The analytic predictions are compared by direct numerical time integration of the equations of the system. They illustrate the operationality of the non-smooth absorber in several cases.

WOS:000459164000001; International audience; Ambient radiofrequency (RF) energy scavenging has been recently addressed with a wide range of studies to provide alternative powering for low-power applications. However, due to the low power level of the ambient electromagnetic field, the efficiency of the latter systems is still below expectations. Multipath in the environment may be considered and antenna diversity is then a solution for quasi-omnidirectional RF reception to reach a higher probability of receiving energy in a realistic situation. A 3D flexible antenna diversity, which can be integrated into the rectangular packaging, is proposed in order to take advantage of system packaging form. The angle and polarization diversity antenna was designed on flexible substrate in order to achieve the flexibility and low-cost. This design overcomes the low performance of the substrate while maintaining a compact, high isolation, and good radiation efficiency of the antenna. An indoor experimental setup was carried out to compare different rectenna configurations. The measurement results validate the principle and demonstrate the performance of the 3D flexible diversity system. The probability measurements were carried out under precise conditions in indoor scenarios and the results in comparison with statistic models confirmed the performance of the system in such low power conditions.

International audience; A process intensification study for the full hydrogenation of bio-derived platform molecule squalene (SQE) into squalane (SQA), using commercial heterogeneous Pd catalysts and Pd supported on carbon nanotubes (CNT) is reported. Pd/CNT shows a substantial improvement of the catalytic activity for the total hydrogenation of SQE into SQA thanks to cooperativities between Pd nanoparticles and single atoms simultaneously present on the CNT. However, the stirred reactor's productivity, scalability, and operability are limited by the exothermicity of the reaction (ΔrH = − 765 kJ.mol−1). The implementation of the Pd/CNT catalyst in flow was then studied after coating this catalyst on metallic open cell foams. Using the foam-based milli-reactor's characteristics, including high mass and heat transfer rates and safety, fully reduced SQA (>99 %) was obtained at 180 °C and 30 bar of H2 for a contact time of 1.45 min with a space–time yield of 68 molSQA.molPd−1.min−1. Finally, a scale-up strategy (7 fold) was successfully attempted in a commercially available pilot-scale reactor that meets further seamless scale-up requirements. A production capacity of 2 kg per day using a commercial intensified reactor with a reacting volume of 43.2 mL was obtained under mild conditions (120 °C and 30 bar of H2).

co-auteur étranger; International audience; The monitoring of the frequency, intensity/magnitude and dynamics of explosive events at volcanoes in a state of unrest is key to surveying and forecasting their activity. Thermal and visual video observations of eruptive phenomena, and their correlation with data from deformation and seismic networks, are often limited by technical constraints including lack of time synchronisation, data volumes and power consumption. Several solutions are currently available and here we present an instrument designed for the permanent and real-time observation of volcanic explosive events in the visible and thermal infrared wavelengths, the output of which can be fully synchronised with ancillary monitoring data. Our system (VIGIA: visual and infrared ground-based imagery analyser) follows an edge computing approach whereby information is processed on-site, and periodic reports are sent to the local observatory and the system “decides” when to acquire high-temporal resolution data so as to capture key explosive events. As a permanent installation, VIGIA enables the continuous, long-term and time-synchronised observation of volcanic activity while reducing power consumption and data volumes. We suggest that VIGIA-style instruments could provide useful scientific and monitoring information, and provide here the key details of the components, assembly, and code so that observatories can replicate the system and build their own VIGIA at minimal cost. We use the Reventador volcano, in Ecuador, as a case study to present the capabilities of the instrument.

International audience; The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feed restriction on mammary miRNAs and coding gene expression in midlactation cows. Five Holstein cows and 6 Montbé liarde cows underwent 6 days of feed restriction, during which feed allowance was reduced to meet 50% of their net energy for lactation requirements. Mammary biopsies were performed before and at the end of the restriction period. Mammary miRNA and mRNA analyses were performed using high-throughput sequencing and microarray analyses, respectively. Feed restriction induced a negative energy balance and decreased milk production and fat and protein yields in both breeds. Feed restriction modified the expression of 27 miRNAs and 374 mRNAs in mammary glands from Holstein cows, whereas no significant miRNA change was observed in Montbé liarde cows. Among the 27 differentially expressed miRNAs, 8 miRNAs were associated with dairy QTL. Analysis of target genes indicate that the 8 most abundantly expressed miRNAs control transcripts related to lipid metabolism, mammary remodeling and stress response. A comparison between the mRNAs targeted by the 8 most strongly expressed miRNAs and 374 differentially expressed mRNAs identified 59 mRNAs in common. The bioinformatic analyses of these 59 mRNAs revealed their implication in lipid metabolism and endothelial cell proliferation. These effects of feed restriction on mammary miRNAs and mRNAs observed in Holstein cows suggest a potential role of miRNAs in mammary structure and lipid biosynthesis that could explain changes in milk production and composition.

International audience; This paper presents the formulation of a finite element enclosing a specific internal mechanical equilibrium in order to model cable-based structures in dynamics conditions. It is based on the concept of macro finite element which allows embedding complex mechanical systems solved inside the element boundaries. A significant advantage is to allow an easy implementation within classical commercial codes. The proposed macro finite element describes a cable interacting with a sliding object assimilated to a punctual mass where friction can be accounted for. The dynamic response is described by a model developed within the framework of the DEM (Discrete Element Method) where geometrical nonlinearity (large displacements) is considered. A model combining the proposed macro finite element and a classical linear truss finite element is presented in order to validate its implementation. Finally, illustrative examples are presented. First, a cable yarning system is considered. The effect of friction and of the bending stiffness of the posts on the overall kinematics and force within the system are explored. Then the vulnerability of a cable-stayed bridge to earthquake is explored accounting for guy ropes failure.

International audience; Genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) stimulate the generation of energy and biomass to promote tumor development. However, the efficacy of the translation process is finely regulated by stress sensors, themselves often controlled by nutrient availability and chemotoxic agents. Yet, the crosstalk between therapeutic treatment and glucose availability on cell mass generation remains understudied. Herein, we investigated the impact of pemetrexed (PEM) treatment, a first-line agent for NSCLC, on protein synthesis, depending on high or low glucose availability. PEM treatment drastically repressed cell mass and translation when glucose was abundant. Surprisingly, inhibition of protein synthesis caused by low glucose levels was partially dampened upon co-treatment with PEM. Moreover, PEM counteracted the elevation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signal produced upon low glucose availability, providing a molecular explanation for the differential impact of the drug on translation according to glucose levels. Collectively, these data indicate that the ERS constitutes a molecular crosstalk between microenvironmental stressors, contributing to translation reprogramming and proteostasis plasticity.

International audience; Trophic interactions are central in understanding ecosystem processes and the management of natural ecosystems but are frequently complex to estimate. To address this issue, body size has been shown to be a useful trait to reconstruct species interactions, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. An allometric niche model (aNM) considering body size as a niche trait is proposed to predict trophic interactions in temperate freshwater ecosystems. The aNM calibration was based on 26 ubiquitous freshwater species with known minimal and maximum prey body sizes that permitted the establishment of prey body size ranges for vertebrate and invertebrate consumers. The aNM inferences were validated for 13 empirical freshwater food webs, and the model was applied to an extensive inventory of 474 species (spanning six orders of body size magnitude) from the largest natural French lake (Lake Bourget). This application permitted to strengthen the aNM validation with predator-prey mass ratio comparisons, predicted diet analyses, and allowed the exploration of the lake food web structure. The aNM provided appreciable intrinsic validity (specificity = 87 +/- 12%, sensitivity = 59 +/- 29%, accuracy = 81 +/- 10%), and departures among inferred and empirical trophic interactions were explained by foraging specificities or limited sampling of stomach contents. In Lake Bourget, 26,037 trophic links were inferred. Predator-prey mass ratios for vertebrates and invertebrates were consistent with those empirically established and were occasionally higher for invertebrates as the aNM considers small prey (e.g., bacteria) as possible resources for invertebrates. The inferred diets for three species selected for their well-known foraging ecology also revealed plausible outcomes of the aNM. The nested structure of the lake food web was determined by highlighting different topologies among the benthic and the pelagic food sub-webs and the role of top predator fish in the coupling of both food sub-webs. Due to the large number of species inventories available worldwide for freshwater ecosystems anchored in the ecological monitoring, the aNM may represent a valuable tool for both ecologists and managers to address complementary facets of applied biodiversity studies (e.g., reconstruct highly resolved food webs, predict pressures on important species or new interactions with invasive species).

International audience; Regime shifts are major reorganization of ecological processes, creating new sets of mechanisms that drive the new ecological regime. Such rearrangements can affect how and how much the system responds to pressures other than those that created the shift (interactive carryover). Lake Geneva still exhibits high levels of productivity despite reductions in phosphorus to its reference baseline; the continued high productivity is likely due to the synergistic effects of climate change. We tested whether the contemporary Lake Geneva plankton community response to air temperature, one symptom of climate change, differed from the responses to past changes in air temperature. We used paleoecology to quantify the changes in plankton communities, as a proxy of general ecological changes, over the past 1500 years. Our results show that from 563 AD (beginning of the record) to the twentieth century, the cladoceran assemblage remained stable, despite climate variability of 3 °C in air temperature. The plankton community of Lake Geneva appeared to shift for the first time in the 1500 year record in 1946, and dynamic linear models suggested that 1958–1961 was a critical transition period when the ecosystem changed state. Littoral species were lost, and the assemblage became dominated by pelagic species. The shift took place around the beginning of the current long-term monitoring program, when local perturbations (eutrophication) were escalating. Our results suggest that eutrophication acted as a switch towards a lake more vulnerable to climate change.

Domain Adaptation aims at benefiting from a labeled dataset drawn from a source distribution to learn a model from examples generated from a different but related target distribution. Creating a domain-invariant representation between the two source and target domains is the most widely technique used. A simple and robust way to perform this task consists in (i) representing the two domains by subspaces described by their respective eigenvectors and (ii) seeking a mapping function which aligns them. In this paper, we propose to use Optimal Transport (OT) and its associated Wassertein distance to perform this alignment. While the idea of using OT in domain adaptation is not new, the original contribution of this paper is two-fold: (i) we derive a generalization bound on the target error involving several Wassertein distances. This prompts us to optimize the ground metric of OT to reduce the target risk; (ii) from this theoretical analysis, we design an algorithm (MLOT) which optimizes a Mahalanobis distance leading to a transportation plan that adapts better. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this original approach.

International audience; Background : The Geroscience field focuses on the core biological mechanisms of aging, which are involved in the onset of age-related diseases, as well as declines in intrinsic capacity (IC) (body functions) leading to dependency. A better understanding on how to measure the true age of an individual or biological aging is an essential step that may lead to the definition of putative markers capable of predicting healthy aging. Objectives : The main objective of the INStitute for Prevention healthy aging and medicine Rejuvenative (INSPIRE) Platform initiative is to build a program for Geroscience and healthy aging research going from animal models to humans and the health care system. The specific aim of the INSPIRE human translational cohort (INSPIRE-T cohort) is to gather clinical, digital and imaging data, and perform relevant and extensive biobanking to allow basic and translational research on humans.Methods : The INSPIRE-T cohort consists in a population study comprising 1000 individuals in Toulouse and surrounding areas (France) of different ages (20 years or over - no upper limit for age) and functional capacity levels (from robustness to frailty, and even dependency) with follow-up over 10 years. Diversified data are collected annually in research facilities or at home according to standardized procedures. Between two annual visits, IC domains are monitored every 4-month by using the ICOPE Monitor app developed in collaboration with WHO. Once IC decline is confirmed, participants will have a clinical assessment and blood sampling to investigate markers of aging at the time IC declines are detected. Biospecimens include blood, urine, saliva, and dental plaque that are collected from all subjects at baseline and then, annually. Nasopharyngeal swabs and cutaneous surface samples are collected in a large subgroup of subjects every two years. Feces, hair bulb and skin biopsy are collected optionally at the baseline visit and will be performed again during the longitudinal follow up.Expected Results : Recruitment started on October 2019 and is expected to last for two years. Bio-resources collected and explored in the INSPIRE-T cohort will be available for academic and industry partners aiming to identify robust (set of) markers of aging, age-related diseases and IC evolution that could be pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically targetable. The INSPIRE-T will also aim to develop an integrative approach to explore the use of innovative technologies and a new, function and person-centered health care pathway that will promote a healthy aging.Electronic Supplementary Material.Supplementary material : is available for this article at 10.14283/jfa.2020.38 and is accessible for authorized users.

International audience; In 2010, the concept of data lake emerged as an alternative to data warehouses for big data management. Data lakes follow a schema-on-read approach to provide rich and flexible analyses. However, although trendy in both the industry and academia, the concept of data lake is still maturing, and there are still few methodological approaches to data lake design. Thus, we introduce a new approach to design a data lake and propose an extensive metadata system to activate richer features than those usually supported in data lake approaches. We implement our approach in the AUDAL data lake, where we jointly exploit both textual documents and tabular data, in contrast with structured and/or semi-structured data typically processed in data lakes from the literature. Furthermore, we also innovate by leveraging metadata to activate both data retrieval and content analysis, including Text-OLAP and SQL querying. Finally, we show the feasibility of our approach using a real-word use case on the one hand, and a benchmark on the other hand.

International audience; Intensive agriculture uses increasingly large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers to increase yields because nitrogen is one of the limiting factor of plant growth. Plants are in direct competition with denitrifying bacteria for nitrate, but biological denitrification inhibition (BDI) is a strategy developed by some plants in which procyanidins are produced that inhibit denitrification. This phenomenon increases the available nitrate in the soil. Previous results showed that the addition of procyanidins to lettuce fields allowed effective BDI and increased soil nitrate and plant growth. However, agriculture is performed in different soils, and the action of procyanidins could depend on the type of soil. In this study, we tested the effect of procyanidin amendment on lettuce growth in two types of soils: loamy sand and sandy clay loam. Our results show that in both soils, the addition of procyanidins causes inhibition of denitrification, an increase in available nitrate, counter-selection of denitrification communities and a gain in plant mass without modification of the soil structure. This study highlights a sustainable agricultural method effective in a variety of soils.

International audience; This research compared the response of dairy cows and goats in terms of digestive processes (enteric methane [CH4] emissions, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility), and of feeding behavior to diets supplemented with various lipids known to modulate differently milk fat concentration between species. Four Holstein cows and four Alpine goats were fed a diet based on grassland hay and concentrate in a 45:55 ratio (on DM basis) containing no additional lipid (control), or supplemented with corn oil (5% dry matter intake [DMI]) and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5 % DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 28 days. Dairy performances (intake, milk production and composition), digestive parameters (total tract digestibility, fermentation), and feeding behavior were measured from day 19 to day 24, during which cows and goats stayed in individual respiration chambers for quantification of enteric CH4 emissions. Compared to the control, milk fat concentration differed between all diets in cows, being the highest with HPO (+10.7 %), intermediate with MAP (-16.0 %), and the lowest with COS (-44.4 %), whereas only MAP decreased the milk fat concentration in goats (-18.0 %). Goats had more eating bouts per day, spent less time eating and ruminating (min/[g DMI/kg body weight]). Cows also differed from goats in their ruminal fermentation parameters: a higher total volatile fatty acid concentration with more acetate and less butyrate, whereas a higher ammonia (NH3) concentration was observed for goats which was in agreement with a 7 times larger total protozoal population. Enteric CH4 yield (expressed per unit of intake), CH4 intensity (expressed per unit of milk) and total tract digestibility did not differ in dairy cows and goats fed diets supplemented with various lipids. Only COS significantly reduced CH4 yield and CH4 intensity in both species (overall average, -28 % in g/kg DMI, -27 % in % gross energy intake, and -31 % in g/kg milk) compared to other diets. The lower CH4 yield for COS is in agreement with the higher ruminal propionate proportion (+50.0 % and +22.4 % than control for cows and goats, respectively). The mitigating effect on methanogenesis and changes in ruminal fermentation parameters and total tract digestibility of fiber observed for both species with COS was accompanied in goats by an adaptation of their feeding behavior that counterbalanced the negative digestive interaction of the lipid- and starch-rich diet inducing milk fat depression in cows. In conclusion, cows and goats specific behavior contribute to the observed differences in dairy performances to milk fat depressing diets.

International audience; Cyclic water vole population explosions can be controlled in some European countries with anticoagulant rodenticides leading sometimes to wildlife poisonings due to the toxin's tissue persistence. Here, we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of rodenticide residues in voles and we explored potential ways of improving the mass application of these agents based on the concept of stereoisomers.We demonstrated the dramatic persistence of bromadiolone in vole tissues with a hepatic half-life of about 10-30 days, while the tissue persistence of chlorophacinone is rather short with a hepatic half-life of about one day. The dramatic persistence of bromadiolone is due to the trans-isomer group (the major compound in bromadiolone), while the cis-isomer group has a short half-life. Because of resistance to chlorophacinone, the cisbromadiolone isomers may constitute an excellent compromise between efficacy and ecotoxicological risk to control voles. A mathematical model is proposed to favor the development of baits mixed with cis-isomer groups.

The present paper concerns the oxide layer thickness determination of oxidized metals in the case where an optical interference phenomenon occurs due to multiple reflections inside the oxide layer. The paper focuses on anodized titanium but can be extended to the layer thickness determination of any material composed of a non-absorbing layer over an absorbing substrate. It establishes theoretical formulae to compute the oxide layer thickness from the positions of the local extrema of the material reflectance spectra. In contrast with many publications these formulae take into account the air/oxide and oxide/metal interfaces’ electromagnetic phase-shift. They make also the distinction between TE-, TM- and non-polarized light and are valid for all incidence angles. By applying these formulae to simulated reflectance spectra with known oxide thicknesses, we show that neglecting the interface phase-shift is not appropriate for determining the oxide thickness of samples with thin oxide thicknesses, with for example a relative error on the thickness higher than 85% for a 20 nm thick layer for normally incident light. When the interface phase-shift is taken into account this relative error goes down to 3%. Nevertheless the light polarization has to be carefully selected for incidence angles close to the Brewster angle of the air/oxide interface. This paper shows also that the relative error on the oxide thickness determination is relatively well correlated with the relative standard deviation characterizing the discrepancy of the oxide thickness values obtained from different positions of extrema. The typical behavior with polarization and incidence angle of this standard deviation predicted by the theoretical study is in good agreement with the experimental behavior observed for anodized titanium samples.

Background Chromatin organizes DNA and regulates its transcriptional activity through epigenetic modifications. Heterochromatic regions of the genome are generally transcriptionally silent, while euchromatin is more prone to transcription. During DNA replication, both genetic information and chromatin modifications must be faithfully passed on to daughter strands. There is evidence that DNA polymerases play a role in transcriptional silencing, but the extent of their contribution and how it relates to heterochromatin maintenance is unclear. Results We isolate a strong hypomorphic Arabidopsis thaliana mutant of the POL2A catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon and show that POL2A is required to stabilize heterochromatin silencing genome-wide, likely by preventing replicative stress. We reveal that POL2A inhibits DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation. Hence, the release of heterochromatin silencing in POL2A-deficient mutants paradoxically occurs in a chromatin context of increased levels of these two repressive epigenetic marks. At the nuclear level, the POL2A defect is associated with fragmentation of heterochromatin. Conclusion These results indicate that POL2A is critical to heterochromatin structure and function, and that unhindered replisome progression is required for the faithful propagation of DNA methylation throughout the cell cycle.

International audience; The Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake occurred on 30 October 2016, along the Mt Vettore fault (Central Apennines, Italy), it was the largest earthquake of the 2016-2017 seismic sequence that started 2 months earlier with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake (24 August). To detect potential slow slip during the sequence, we produced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series using 12- to 6-day repeat cycles of Sentinel-1A/1B images. Time series indicates that centimeter-scale surface displacements took place during the 10 weeks following the Norcia earthquake. Two areas of subsidence are detected: one in the Castelluccio basin (hanging wall of the Mt Vettore fault) and one in the southern extent of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture, near an inherited thrust. Poroelastic and viscoelastic models are unable to explain these displacements. In the Castelluccio basin, the displacement reaches 13.2 +/- 1.4 mm in the ascending line of sight on 6 January 2017. South of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture (a zone between the Norcia and Amatrice earthquakes), the postseismic surface displacements affect a smaller area but reach 35.5 +/- 1.7 mm in ascending line of sight by January 2017 and follow a logarithmic temporal decay consistent with postseismic afterslip. Our analysis suggests that the structurally complex area located south of the Norcia rupture (30 October) is characterized by a conditionally stable frictional regime. This geometrical and frictional barrier likely halted rupture propagation during the Amatrice (24 August) and Norcia (30 October) earthquakes at shallow depth (

Self-organization of metallic nanoparticles in a medium is an efficient and a low-cost way to produce plasmonic systems that can be used for applications to active colour display, image encoding, and security. Such nanocomposite systems must be synthesized in form of stable films which could be coated on any kind of surface for laser processing. This doctoral thesis focuses on laser‐induced self‐organization of nanocomposite thin films of silver and mesoporous titania.In this work, we first investigate synthesizing mesoporous TiO2 thin films using hydrolytic process, which is easy to implement, to provide crystallized films starting at 100°C. First activation energies in mesoporous TiO2 films using Raman spectroscopy in combination with the phonon quantum confinement model are reported in this work. Further, growth mechanisms of nanocrystals in mesoporous TiO2 films are investigated in form of ellipsometric measurements highlighting its effect on film porosity and crystallinity with annealing temperature.The second study demonstrates fabrication of different nanocomposite structures using femtosecond laser scanning technique, triggering growth and self-organization of silver nanoparticles inside porous amorphous titania matrix giving rise to plasmonic dichroic colours. Further investigation on the parametric study of such nanocomposites gives rise to different nanostructures at two different scan speed regimes, which are formed at the surface and are embedded below due to excitation of surface and the guided modes. The flexibility of this laser-based marking technology also allows to fabricate hybrid nanostructures composed of different adjacent nanostructure types, interlaced to cover large areas. An extension of this study is concluded on plastic/flexible substrates to encode diffractive printed images. Here surface nanostructures (LIPSS) are formed by using the control of laser polarization and thus grating orientation, which is used to encode grey-level images that can be observed in diffraction modes.Further, this study is concluded by producing three image multiplexing which can be observed in three selected modes of observation under white light in reflection with non-polarized light and transmission between polarizers for two different polarization angles. This is due to the fact that the film birefringence and dichroism can be controlled to produce unprecedented colour gamuts for multiplexing. Such smart laser processing on nanocomposite thin films gives rise to artistic and security applications by encoding different images up to three under same area., L'auto-organisation de nanoparticules métalliques dans un support est un moyen efficace et peu coûteux de produire des systèmes plasmoniques pouvant être utilisés pour des applications d'affichage couleur actif, de codage d'image et de sécurité. De tels systèmes nanocomposites doivent être synthétisés sous forme de films stables qui pourraient être enduits sur tout type de surface pour un traitement laser. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l 'auto - organisation induite par laser de couches minces nanocomposites d' argent et d 'oxyde de titane mésoporeux.Dans ce travail, nous étudions d'abord la synthèse de couches minces mésoporeuses de TiO2 à l'aide d'un processus hydrolytique, facile à mettre en œuvre, pour fournir des films cristallisés à partir de 100 ° C. sont rapportés dans ce travail. En outre, les mécanismes de croissance des nanocristaux dans les films mésoporeux de TiO2 sont étudiés sous la forme de mesures ellipsométriques mettant en évidence son effet sur la porosité et la cristallinité du film avec la température de recuit.La deuxième étude démontre la fabrication de différentes structures nanocomposites à l'aide de la technique de balayage laser femtoseconde, déclenchant la croissance et l'auto-organisation de nanoparticules d'argent à l'intérieur d'une matrice de titane amorphe poreuse donnant lieu à des couleurs dichroïques plasmoniques. Une recherche plus approfondie sur l'étude paramétrique de ces nanocomposites donne lieu à différentes nanostructures à deux régimes de vitesse de balayage différents, qui se forment à la surface et sont noyées en dessous en raison de l'excitation de la surface et des modes guidés. La flexibilité de cette technologie de marquage laser permet également de fabriquer des nanostructures hybrides composées de différents types de nanostructures adjacentes, entrelacées pour couvrir de grandes surfaces. Une extension de cette étude est conclue sur des substrats plastiques / flexibles pour encoder des images imprimées diffractives. Ici, les nanostructures de surface (LIPSS) sont formées en utilisant le contrôle de la polarisation du laser et donc de l'orientation du réseau, qui est utilisé pour coder des images de niveau de gris qui peuvent être observées dans les modes de diffraction.De plus, cette étude se conclut en produisant trois multiplexages d'images qui peuvent être observés dans trois modes sélectionnés d'observation sous lumière blanche en réflexion avec lumière non polarisée et transmission entre polariseurs pour deux angles de polarisation différents. Cela est dû au fait que la biréfringence et le dichroïsme du film peuvent être contrôlés pour produire des gammes de couleurs sans précédent pour le multiplexage. Un tel traitement laser intelligent sur des films minces nanocomposites donne lieu à des applications artistiques et de sécurité en codant différentes images jusqu'à trois sous la même zone.

Self-organization of metallic nanoparticles in a medium is an efficient and a low-cost way to produce plasmonic systems that can be used for applications to active colour display, image encoding, and security. Such nanocomposite systems must be synthesized in form of stable films which could be coated on any kind of surface for laser processing. This doctoral thesis focuses on laser‐induced self‐organization of nanocomposite thin films of silver and mesoporous titania.In this work, we first investigate synthesizing mesoporous TiO2 thin films using hydrolytic process, which is easy to implement, to provide crystallized films starting at 100°C. First activation energies in mesoporous TiO2 films using Raman spectroscopy in combination with the phonon quantum confinement model are reported in this work. Further, growth mechanisms of nanocrystals in mesoporous TiO2 films are investigated in form of ellipsometric measurements highlighting its effect on film porosity and crystallinity with annealing temperature.The second study demonstrates fabrication of different nanocomposite structures using femtosecond laser scanning technique, triggering growth and self-organization of silver nanoparticles inside porous amorphous titania matrix giving rise to plasmonic dichroic colours. Further investigation on the parametric study of such nanocomposites gives rise to different nanostructures at two different scan speed regimes, which are formed at the surface and are embedded below due to excitation of surface and the guided modes. The flexibility of this laser-based marking technology also allows to fabricate hybrid nanostructures composed of different adjacent nanostructure types, interlaced to cover large areas. An extension of this study is concluded on plastic/flexible substrates to encode diffractive printed images. Here surface nanostructures (LIPSS) are formed by using the control of laser polarization and thus grating orientation, which is used to encode grey-level images that can be observed in diffraction modes.Further, this study is concluded by producing three image multiplexing which can be observed in three selected modes of observation under white light in reflection with non-polarized light and transmission between polarizers for two different polarization angles. This is due to the fact that the film birefringence and dichroism can be controlled to produce unprecedented colour gamuts for multiplexing. Such smart laser processing on nanocomposite thin films gives rise to artistic and security applications by encoding different images up to three under same area.; L'auto-organisation de nanoparticules métalliques dans un support est un moyen efficace et peu coûteux de produire des systèmes plasmoniques qui peuvent être utilisés pour des applications d'affichage couleur actif, de codage d'image et de sécurité. De tels systèmes nanocomposites doivent être synthétisés sous forme de films stables qui pourraient être enduits sur tout type de surface pour un traitement laser. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'auto-organisation induite par laser de films minces nanocomposites d'argent et d'oxyde de titane mésoporeux.Dans ce travail, nous étudions d'abord la synthèse de films minces mésoporeux de TiO2 en utilisant un procédé hydrolytique, qui est facile à mettre en œuvre, pour fournir des films cristallisés à partir de 100 ° C. Les premières énergies d'activation dans des films de TiO2 mésoporeux utilisant la spectroscopie Raman en combinaison avec le modèle de confinement quantique des phonons sont rapportées dans ce travail. En outre, les mécanismes de croissance des nanocristaux dans les films mésoporeux de TiO2 sont étudiés sous la forme de mesures ellipsométriques mettant en évidence son effet sur la porosité et la cristallinité du film avec la température de recuit.La deuxième étude démontre la fabrication de différentes structures nanocomposites à l'aide de la technique de balayage laser femtoseconde, déclenchant la croissance et l'auto-organisation de nanoparticules d'argent à l'intérieur d'une matrice de titane amorphe poreuse donnant lieu à des couleurs dichroïques plasmoniques. Une recherche plus approfondie sur l'étude paramétrique de ces nanocomposites donne lieu à différentes nanostructures à deux régimes de vitesse de balayage différents, qui se forment à la surface et sont noyées en dessous en raison de l'excitation de la surface et des modes guidés. La flexibilité de cette technologie de marquage laser permet également de fabriquer des nanostructures hybrides composées de différents types de nanostructures adjacentes, entrelacées pour couvrir de grandes surfaces. Une extension de cette étude est conclue sur des substrats plastiques / flexibles pour encoder des images imprimées diffractives. Ici, les nanostructures de surface (LIPSS) sont formées en utilisant le contrôle de la polarisation du laser et donc de l'orientation du réseau, qui est utilisé pour coder des images de niveau de gris qui peuvent être observées dans les modes de diffraction.De plus, cette étude se conclut en produisant trois multiplexages d'images qui peuvent être observés dans trois modes sélectionnés d'observation sous lumière blanche en réflexion avec lumière non polarisée et transmission entre polariseurs pour deux angles de polarisation différents. Cela est dû au fait que la biréfringence et le dichroïsme du film peuvent être contrôlés pour produire des gammes de couleurs sans précédent pour le multiplexage. Un tel traitement laser intelligent sur des films minces nanocomposites donne lieu à des applications artistiques et de sécurité en codant différentes images jusqu'à trois sous la même zone.

Background & Aims Although HBV is a major cause of death in Africa, its genetic variability has been poorly documented. This study aimed to address whether HBV genotype and surface gene variants are associated with HBV-related liver disease in The Gambia. Methods We conducted a case-control study nested in the Prevention of Liver Fibrosis and Cancer in Africa programme. Consecutive treatment-naive patients with chronic HBV infection and detectable viral load were recruited: 211 controls with no significant liver disease and 91 cases (56 cirrhosis and 35 HCC cases). HBV genotypes and surface gene variants were determined by Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing (NGS) in serum DNA. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-specific codon 249 TP53 mutation was determined by NGS in circulating cell-free plasma DNA. Results In phylogenetic analysis, 85% of individuals carried HBV genotype E, 14% genotype A, and 1% A/E recombinant viruses. Surface gene variants were more frequently observed in cases (43% and 57% in cirrhosis and HCC cases, respectively) than controls (25%; p 2,000 IU/ml (OR 22.7 [8.0–64.9]), HBsAg levels, Graphical abstract, Highlights • The rarer HBV genotype A (vs. E) is associated with a higher risk of HCC (odds ratio 5.2). • A genotype-independent deletion hotspot was found in the preS2 domain (preS2Δ38–55). • PreS2Δ38–55 was significantly associated with HCC and is an independent risk factor.