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Fire is a natural phenomenon that has played a critical role in transforming the environment and maintaining biodiversity at a global scale. However, the plants in some habitats have not developed strategies for recovery from fire or have not adapted to the changes taking place in their fire regimes. Maps showing ecological vulnerability to fires could contribute to environmental management policies in the face of global change scenarios. The main objective of this study is to assess and map ecological vulnerability to fires on a global scale. To this end, we created ecological value and post-fire regeneration delay indices on the basis of existing global databases. Two ecological value indices were identified: biological distinction and conservation status. For the post-fire regeneration delay index, various factors were taken into account, including the type of fire regime, the increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires, and the potential soil erosion they can cause. These indices were combined by means of a qualitative cross-tabulation to create a new index evaluating ecological vulnerability to fire. The results showed that global ecological value could be reduced by as much as 50 % due to fire perturbation of poorly adapted ecosystems. The terrestrial biomes most affected are the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest, tundra, mangroves, tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, and tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests., This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (grant no. RTI2018- 097538-B-I00) and the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (grant no. PRE2019-089208).

As business events flourish in diverse markets, the emphasis on experience needs to be tempered with sustainable operations. Through interviews with exhibition events sector stakeholders, this research examines the adoption of green practices in the Chinese context. The study adopts a stakeholder perspective to examine the multiple relationships that influence the choice and implementation of green practices in the exhibition events sector, examining motivations and barriers to the adoption of these practices. Leveraging on the regenerative paradigm, which positions sustainability as an acceptable but insufficient course of action for a long-term future, the study delves into the sector's receptivity toward regenerative practices as a radical improvement of green practices. The findings suggest that the challenge to innovate in green practices into the realm of regeneration is firmly considered a government-level directive. Moreover, there remains a lack of whole-of-place perspective in the current green practices, which is contrary to the regenerative paradigm. By extending the study beyond sustainability into regeneration, this research contributes to the literature on event management and its environmental impacts, challenging the exhibition events sector to adopt green practices that not only mitigate but actively remediate their impacts on the world they operate in.

Heat-integrated water network synthesis (HIWNS) has received considerable attention for the advantages of reducing water and energy consumptions. HIWNS is effective in water and energy sustainability. Mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) is usually applied in HIWNS. In this work, a novel nonlinear programming (NLP) was proposed for HIWNS by considering wastewater reuse and wastewater regeneration reuse. Integer variables are changed to non-linear equation by the methods for identifying stream roles and denoting the existence of process matches. The model is tested by examples with single and multiple regeneration unit problems. The testing results showed that the NLP is an alternative method for HIWNS with wastewater reuse and regeneration reuse.

In naturally regenerated managed forests, silvicultural methods leverage timing and intensity of harvesting activities to align with species-specific reproduction mechanisms. With contemporary emphasis on complex stand structure and diverse composition, there is uncertainty in the continued use of timber-oriented management practices in meeting evolving objectives. In the northern hardwood region of North America, contemporary theory is that selection regeneration systems result in homogenization of structure and composition through increasing dominance of Acer saccharum Marsh. Given the coupling of soils and vegetation in northern hardwoods, trends in site conditions that may be more resilient and (or) facilitative to community diversity may be of value to silviculturists. Remote-sensing products and inventory records were integrated to assess tree communities across site variables in northern Michigan, USA. The results reveal that composition is stabilized by local landforms and that diversity increases with hydrologic catchment area. Time since treatment (1–54 years) appeared negatively correlated with catchment area, reflecting lowlands with high diversity not managed or harvested infrequently, due to equipment access and operational logistics. Broad interpretations of selection regeneration systems may be invalidated by the influence of site conditions not previously accounted for, and the results highlight a novel technique to capture the effect of topography on species assemblages.

Given the cultural and environmental potential presented by historical water infrastructures in urban contexts, this article states the evidence of a not much documented urban phenomenon in Portugal, the refurbishment of water heritage protected areas motivated by European-based regeneration projects. By employing a case-study design, four good practices -placed in Evora, Lisbon, Braga and Guimaraes-are chosen to enlighten this growing and aware trend. The assets located there -the Agua de Prata Aqueduct, the Aguas Livres Aqueduct, the Sete Fontes water-supply system and the Zona de Couros industrial area, respectively-are geographical, historical and culturally characterised, while the projects that concern them are documented by visiting the areas and analysing the available sources. Then, open-data platforms and heritage protection decrees are processed to graphically code the topography, hydrology, urban land use, infrastructures, landmarks and protected areas, employing QGIS free software for Geographic Information Systems. As a result, the four practices are documented, discussed and compared. A table assesses and summarises their pre-existing and currently added values and a series of diagrams illustrates the landscape changes generated. These graphics validate the practices and update the status of the assets, enhancing the rediscovery of the existing landscapes and showing the main challenges and future opportunities faced by these areas.

Deeply deoxygenated bio-oil with ∼1 wt% oxygen is produced in ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis applying an unmodified HZSM-5 with good regeneration performance.

Murray-Darling Freshwater Research CentreMDFRC item.Continuous centrifugation and tangential flow ultrafiltration were used to size-fractionate and concentrate suspended particles from various turbid rivers of south-eastern Australia. These preparative steps produced highly concentrated samples, but the high load of suspended solids (up to 3.28 gl-1) did not interfere with the determination of phosphatase activity with an enzyme assay using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. Phosphomonoesterase activity was an order of magnitude greater than phosphodiesterase activity; acid, neutral and alkaline phosphatases were detected. Most neutral (pH 7.5) and alkaline (pH 9.0) phosphatase activity was in the 0.2 - 1 mum size fraction: the next most active fractions were usually the 1-25 mum and the 100,000 daltons - 0.2 mum classes. Activity associated with free enzymes (i.e., that in the 10,000 - 100,000 daltons fraction) was usually low. Similar profiles were obtained with p-nitrophenyl phosphate and methylumbelliferyl phosphate substrates. Across the various size fractions within each river-water sample, phosphatase activity was usually more highly correlated with organic-matter content than with dry-matter content. Phosphatase activity was poorly related to chlorophyll-a contents. Phosphatase-producing bacteria were detected in all particulate fractions. The high activity in the 0.2 - 1 mum size fraction of turbid rivers might, therefore, be a function of either phosphatases associated with planktonic bacteria, or phosphatases adsorbed to the organic coating of suspended inorganic particles. In the coarser fractions, the additional contribution of attached bacteria cannot be excluded.

Biomass procured from forests affected by natural disturbances as a bioenergy source is increasingly considered in the context of climate change mitigation. By comparing clearcuts with and without biomass procurement, we aimed to determine the effects of biomass extraction performed alongside lumber harvesting on regeneration density, number of planting microsites, forest renewal costs, and carbon fluxes, in harvested boreal stands affected by spruce budworm. The results showed that biomass procurement increased regeneration density and number of planting microsites. Reduction of downed woody debris due to biomass procurement lowered site preparation costs by 282.07 $CAN·ha−1, equivalent to 14.45 $CAN per oven-dry metric ton (odmt−1) of harvested biomass. Product value from biomass processing had to reach from 13.90 to 76.84 $CAN·odmt−1 to make biomass procurement operations profitable. Since biomass procurement significantly increased stocking and reduced the amount of decaying debris, it also reduced cumulative CO2 emissions relative to scenarios without biomass procurement. However, ensuring forest renewal through site preparation and plantation per se, irrespective of biomass procurement, played a more important role for carbon sequestration and net balance. Integrating biomass harvesting with silviculture could have significant ecological and financial impacts on forest management while supporting mitigation efforts against climate change.

Most factories employ an amine gas sweetening process to remove sulfur compounds. During this process, heat‐stable amine salt (HSAS) is generated, which reduces process efficiency. Ion exchange resin and electrodialysis reclamation methods are employed for HSAS removal. However, the equipment cost, electricity, water, and raw material consumption of each unit vary according to the amount of HSAS reclaimed; thus, it is necessary to consider the cost. In this study, we compared the techno‐economic aspects of the amine regeneration process for individual HSAS reclaiming units, developed process models to predict operation costs, and verified our simulation results by comparing actual operation and design data. The proposed mathematical models can be employed to calculate various costs incurred during amine regeneration with HSAS reclaiming units. The economic crossover point is derived at 36.6111 kg‐mol/d by utilizing the models. This enables economically feasible units to be identified based on the amount of HSAS reclaimed.

How seedling mortality and browsing affects species composition of regenerating forests has been mostly studied on a small scale. Yet, large-scale analyses based on extensive data are essential for robust prediction of species composition in young forests. In this study, we used a dataset from a national inventory of young forests (1-4 metres in height) to investigate the species composition of young forests across Sweden. We found that most of the regenerated forest area (almost 90%) was planted with Norway spruce (southern Sweden) and Scots pine (northern Sweden). Regeneration of Norway spruce was generally relatively successful but as a consequence of seedling mortality and browsing, almost 40% of the area regenerated with Scots pine will probably not develop into pine-dominated stands. Thus, low survival of Scots pine seedlings and trees can profoundly change the trajectory of species composition of the young forest from what was originally intended, and a large proportion of the young stands may develop into mixtures of conifers and broadleaves. While such mixtures may benefit certain biodiversity and ecosystem services, a loss of Scots pine dominated stands may also have adverse impacts on the economic returns as well as pine-dependent biodiversity and recreational values.

The Himalayan birch (Betulautilis D. Don), also known as Bhojpatra in India, is one of the Himalayan region's most important ethnobotanicaltreelinespecies. It aids in the preservation of the Himalaya's fragile environment by preventing soil erosion and conserving the rest of the flora and wildlife below the treelinezone.Betulautilis has been identified for medical (anticancer, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory) and ethno botanical relevance by several ethnic and non-ethnic communities living in the Himalaya and elsewhere, in addition to several ecological benefits.The bark of the Betula tree has long been used to write old manuscripts.It may also be used as a packing material, is waterproof, can be used to roof dwellings, umbrellas, and other items.The historical usage of B. utilis, as well as recent overharvesting to suit community and commercial demands, have put strain on the species natural populations. B. utilis faces numerous threats, including overharvesting, deforestation, erosion, grazing, global warming, and disease attack.Thus, it has been categorized as Critically Endangeredspecies.The main problem of the mountain forestsislack of adequateregenerationprocess. Very little information on population dynamics, regeneration, and physiology and seed germination is available from different parts of the country but no any systematic study has been done so far on multipurpose timberline tree species of Indian Himalayan Region. As a result, it's critical to keep an eye on these sensitive places and keystone species for future changes caused by climate or anthropogenic pressure, especially in locations where baseline data is scarce. The ease and suitability of propagation methods for this species is also not well documented in the literature. With these limitations in mind, the current study aims to document the status of Betulautilis regeneration in the Indian Himalayan region.

Long jack (Eurycoma longifolia) is a medicinal plant that has become a common target for exploitation, leading to a population decline in natural forests. This study aimed to determine the stand structure and regeneration status of E. longifolia tree habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam Forest, Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. The research was performed through vegetation analysis using a purposive sampling technique with a randomized sample plot based on the presence of E. longifolia. A total of 181 plots were established in this study. The results showed that the horizontal structure of tree species in the research area had an inverted J-shape pattern, indicating that the number of trees decreased as the diameter increased. The vertical structure showed that all strata were found in the research location, dominated by stratum C. This condition indicated that the forest was in good condition. The regeneration status of 48 species in the location showed different categories. Thirty species (62.50%) were classified as good regeneration, ten species (18.75%) as new regeneration, and four species (8.30%) as poor and no regeneration. The high proportion of trees with good regeneration showed that the forest community could survive despite environmental or anthropogenic stress. Keywords: long jack (Eurycoma longifolia), regeneration, species composition, vegetation structure

The Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis D. Don) an essential tree species due to its ecological and social importance in the himalayan region. The study assessed the effect of environmental factors on habitat, growth, and regeneration patterns of the Himalayan Birch at the Royal Botanical Park, Lampelri, Bhutan . Two vertical transects with a spacing of 75 m were laid across the altitudinal gradient. A total of 10 circular sample plots were laid on each transect with a plot size of 12.62 m for trees, 3.57 m for regeneration, and 0.57 m for ground cover vegetation. A total of 119 vascular plant species under 45 families were recorded in 20 survey plots. The Spearman rho’s correlation showed strong negative correlation between the species abundance and temperature (rs=- .83) and positive correlation with the species count and altitude (rs = .83). The species richness in the study area showed an initial increase up to certain with elevation and then decreased with further increase in elevation. The importance value index (IVI) of tree species showed Tsuga dumosa as the most dominant species. Betula utilis indicated an increasing density with an increase in elevation. The regeneration of Betula utilis was poor as it was mostly found in a sapling stage. From a total of 43 tree species regenerating, 13.95% showed good regeneration, 34.88% fair, 23.25% poor, and 4.65% without regeneration. The remaining 23.25% seems to be either reappearing or immigrating.

This article unravels the factors of affective dynamics that shape and sustain waterfront regeneration while critically examining the essence and influence of megaprojects. It examines why and how ...

Effects of forest fire on the regeneration potential of trees at Olokemeji Forest Reserve was established in this study. The Olokemeji fire experimental plot was selected at the reserve. The site was divided into three plots; late fire treatment was applied to Plot A, Early fire treatment was also applied to Plot B and no fire treatment at plot C (Control plot). The diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree height (m) of the tree species in the plots were assessed prior and post fire treatment. The regeneration potential of the selected plots after burning were assessed through the occurrence of saplings and seedlings obtained. The highest basal area (m2) were found in plot C followed by plot B and Plot C with mean value of 0.64, 0.55 and 0.30 m2 respectively. The number of stems per plot ranged from 25 to 67. The regeneration potentials of the three plots were found to be noteworthy. Early and late year fire regime adopted had both positive and negative effect on the regeneration potentials of tree species. This study has established the effect and relevance of fire on forest and wildlife management. It’s therefore recommended in this study that Prescribed or controlled burning should be encouraged as appropriate sivilcultural management tool for stimulating basal area growth, natural regeneration, production of tree species seedlings and saplings.

Climate change is modifying the dynamics of forests and threatens the supply of ecosystem services from managed forests. In response, managers are developing climate-adapted strategies, mostly focusing on changes in abiotic conditions. Ungulate populations, however, also impact forest integrity and productivity, and the effects of ungulate browsing likely interact with the effects of climate change. This raises the issue of whether climate-adapted strategies will be compatible with abundant ungulate populations. Here, we endeavour to (1) review if/how climate-adapted strategies currently consider ungulates and (2) to highlight how browsing could affect the success of these strategies, using a systematic mapping protocol and available knowledge of ungulate browsing. We identified 57 references discussing climate-adapted forest management that mentioned ungulates, almost exclusively in boreal and temperate forests. The majority (35/57) of these considered browsing to be a threat to climate adaptation. Ungulates could especially prevent the achievement of changes in tree species composition or forest state desired to increase forest resilience. Browsing could also interact with the success of proposed climate-adapted approaches (e.g., nature-based silvicultural approaches and assisted migration), based on known effects of browsing. Potential interactions between large ungulate populations and climate-adapted forest management are sometimes considered but are not a large part of adaptation strategies. More empirical and modeling data would be beneficial, especially on the interactive effect of climate variables and browsing on tree regeneration. Without this, the climate-adapted strategies implemented today could result in future regeneration failures and exacerbate the pressure on forests.

In the recent period of fast economic development, population growth and demands, and changing lifestyles, most outdated regions in metropolitan centers have faced many difficulties in making the required adjustments and adaptations to current needs and changes. This paper looks at the role of community participation in urban regeneration projects and reviving run-down areas and how it can be used to help localities in economic as well as social renewal without changing the identity of the area. The urban regeneration of a Railway Staff Neighbourhood (N.F., B. Colony) in the district of Kamrup Metropolitan, Assam, North-Eastern India, is the subject of this research. The paper also aims at an urban reuse idea to develop a regenerative approach as a countermeasure to urban degradation, with a strategy that involves community engagement in the project. The research was based on numerous site visits and interviewing various stakeholder groups, particularly the local community, at all levels. The study examines a new experience in the neighbourhood in establishing an alternative use of the abandoned quarters based on addressing the community and the problems faced by them. Keywords: Community participation; Urban regeneration; Sustainable development; Railway neighbourhood

This study aims at the formulation of a regeneration model for traditional artisans in Indonesia. The model is expected to be a solution for the degeneration problem, the declining interest of the younger generation to learn and to continue tradition art business, mainly batik. The research was conducted specifically on the community of batik artisans in Girilayu, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. This study is a qualitative one using ethnographic approach method to collect the data. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used to design and to formulate the alternatives and to determine the right model. Furthermore, the formulation of the model was implemented and analyzed for the effectiveness as well as the impact that may occur. This study formulates a model for the regeneration of batik artisans in Indonesia. This study found some regeneration gaps in the form of inconsistency in sustainable activities of batik artisans’ generation which has caused the degeneration.

The territory of Slovakia is rich in places with an ironworks history, which formed important urban and economic centers in the past. The valuable urban-architectural settlements emerged due to favorable geographical conditions, availability of forest and water resources. Currently, these important historical spots find themselves in the regions suffering from lack of job opportunities and low level of life quality. The research work deals with one of the most important 19th century‘s Slovak ironworks, its urban and architectural values ​​in the setting, and regenerative activities involving development activities to preserve the constantly overlooked part of Horehronie‘s cultural heritage. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge about the ironwork complex, to present its current state and research, which has stimulated interest in the protection of so far degrading industrial heritage. The result of this work is to show potential of industrial heritage in regional development and tourism, which is an opportunity to strengthen the region identity, its competitiveness, as well as to the potential of industrial heritage in regional development and tourism, which is an opportunity to strengthen the region identity, its competitiveness, and improve the socio-economic conditions of its inhabitants.

Across North America, forests dominated by Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak), a moderately shade-tolerant tree species, are undergoing successional replacement by shade-tolerant competitors. Under closed canopies, Q. rubra seedlings are unable to compete with these shade-tolerant species and do not recruit to upper forest strata. In Europe, natural regeneration of introduced Q. rubra is often successful despite the absence of fire, which promotes regeneration in the native range. Considering that understorey light availability is a major factor affecting recruitment of seedlings, we hypothesized that Q. rubra seedlings are more shade tolerant in the introduced range than in the native range. Morphological traits and biomass allocation patterns of seedlings indicative of shade tolerance were compared for Q. rubra and three co-occurring native species in two closed-canopy forests in the native range (Ontario, Canada) and introduced range (Baden-Wurttemburg, Germany). In the native range, Q. rubra allocated a greater proportion of biomass to roots, while in the introduced range, growth and allocation patterns favored the development of leaves. Q. rubra seedlings had greater annual increases in height, diameter and biomass in the introduced range. Q. rubra seedlings in the introduced range were also younger; however, they had a mean area per leaf and a total leaf area per seedling that were five times greater than seedlings in the native range. Such differences in morphological traits and allocation patterns support the hypothesis that Q. rubra expresses greater shade tolerance in the introduced range, and that natural regeneration of Q. rubra is not as limited by shade as in the native range. The ability of Q. rubra seedlings to grow faster under closed canopies in Europe may explain the discrepancy in regeneration success of this species in native and introduced ranges. Future research should confirm findings of this study over a greater geographical range in native and introduced ecosystems, and examine the genetic and environmental bases of observed differences in plant traits.

Understanding naturally occurring pine regeneration dynamics in response to thinning and burning treatments is necessary not only to measure the longevity of the restoration or fuels treatment, but also to assess how well regeneration meets forest sustainability guidelines and whether natural regeneration is sufficient for maintaining a sustainable forest structure and composition. A synthesis review was carried out on the effects of mechanical thinning and prescribed burn treatments on natural pine regeneration response in frequent-fire ponderosa pine forests across the western United States. The focus was on site-specific variability in pine regeneration dynamics, temporal trends in regeneration presence and abundance, and response to treatment as described in the current literature using 29 studies that met our evidence-based review protocols. Data showed that the effects of thinning and burning treatments on regeneration depended on time since treatment. Mechanical thinning, prescribed burning, and thinning plus burn treatments all increased seedling density, but there was high variability among sites and studies. There were mixed results in the short-term ( 20 years) concluded that stands can return to pre-treatment densities in terms of total trees per hectare and forest floor duff levels when there are no maintenance treatments applied. Several studies showed the average ponderosa pine seedling presence, survival and growth found in today’s forests to be at a high density; this combined with missed fire cycles could contribute to future fire risk and reduce the efficacy of maintaining fuel reduction goals.

In sub-mammalian vertebrates like fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, new neurons are produced during the entire lifespan. This capacity diminishes considerably in birds and even more in mammals where it persists only in the olfactory system and hippocampal dentate gyrus. Adult neurogenesis declines even more drastically in nonhuman primates and recent evidence shows that this is basically extinct in humans. Why should such seemingly useful capacity diminish during primate evolution? It has been proposed that this occurs because of the need to retain acquired complex knowledge in stable populations of neurons and their synaptic connections during many decades of human life. In this review, we will assess critically the claim of significant adult neurogenesis in humans and show how current evidence strongly indicates that humans lack this trait. In addition, we will discuss the allegation of many rodent studies that adult neurogenesis is involved in psychiatric diseases and that it is a potential mechanism for human neuron replacement and regeneration. We argue that these reports, which usually neglect significant structural and functional species-specific differences, mislead the general population into believing that there might be a cure for a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases as well as stroke and brain trauma by genesis of new neurons and their incorporation into existing synaptic circuitry.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T09:47:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Wet grasslands from the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) are open-canopy vegetation dominated by subshrubs and herbaceous plants. Although they frequently occur between gallery forests and savannas, tree species are rarely observed colonising these grasslands. Here, seed germination and seedling development of Cerrado trees under waterlogging conditions were evaluated in order to elucidate how soil waterlogging constrains tree regeneration in tropical wet grasslands. We used seeds of 11 representative Cerrado tree species that have different requirements for soil moisture (non-flooded v. flooded environments). Short periods (15 days) of waterlogging drastically decreased or inhibited germination and seedling development in four species, whereas long periods (30-45 days) of waterlogging reduced or inhibited germination and seedling development in 6 of the 11 species. As expected, we found fewer waterlogging-resistant seeds associated with those species from non-flooded environments. By contrast, more waterlogging-resistant seeds were associated with species that eventually or typically occur in flooded environments. Our results suggest that soil waterlogging is an important environmental filter constraining tree recruitment in tropical wet grasslands. However, some species can overcome this environmental filter by possessing waterlogging-resistant seeds or avoid it by establishing in less waterlogged locations. Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP

Regeneration is an internationally popular policy for improving distressed neighbourhoods dominated by large social housing developments. Stimulating employment is often touted as a secondary benefit, but this claim has rarely been evaluated convincingly. In 2003, Glasgow City Council transferred ownership of its entire social housing stock to the Glasgow Housing Association and over £4 billion was invested in physical repairs, social services and other regeneration activities. Using a linked census database of individuals (Scottish Longitudinal Study), we evaluate the causal effect of the Stock Transfer on employment in Glasgow through a quasi-experimental design that exploits idiosyncrasies and changes in Glasgow’s administrative boundaries. We find that the Stock Transfer had a positive effect on employment for Glasgow residents who were not living in transferred social housing stock. We establish that this effect was mainly accomplished through the local employment multiplier effect of capital spending rather than through any other programmatic elements of the Stock Transfer. Exploratory analysis shows heterogeneous effects: individuals who were over 21, female, living with dependent children and with less education were less likely to benefit from the intervention. We did not find significant subgroup effects by neighbourhood deprivation.

The role of green infrastructure (GI) in regenerating brownfield sites has not yet been widely recognised in Japan. In contrast, post-industrial countries in Europe and North America have introduce...

The majority of animal phyla have species that can regenerate. Comparing regeneration across animals can reconstruct the molecular and cellular evolutionary history of this process. Recent studies have revealed some similarity in regeneration mechanisms, but rigorous comparative methods are needed to assess whether these resemblances are ancestral pathways (homology) or are the result of convergent evolution (homoplasy). This review aims to provide a framework for comparing regeneration across animals, focusing on gene regulatory networks (GRNs), which are substrates for assessing process homology. The homology of the wound-induced activation of Wnt signaling and of adult stem cells provides examples of ongoing studies of regeneration that enable comparisons in a GRN framework. Expanding the study of regeneration GRNs in currently studied species and broadening taxonomic sampling for these approaches will identify processes that are unifying principles of regeneration biology across animals. These insights are important both for evolutionary studies of regeneration and for human regenerative medicine.

Boswellia dalzielii Hutch., an African frankincense tree, is a socio-economically important aromatic and medicinal tree. It is currently threatened by uncontrolled exploitation, and therefore requires action to ensure its sustainable management. This study assessed the population structure and regeneration of its natural stands across three land use types in Burkina Faso: woodlands, fallows and farmlands. Sixty, fifty and fifty 50 m × 20 m plots were established respectively in woodlands, fallows and farmlands. All the plots were surveyed for adult tree (dbh ≥ 5 cm) density, dbh, total height and health conditions. Data on regeneration density (dbh 50%) of regenerating plants were suckers and no seedling regeneration was found in farmlands. The distribution of trees in diameter classes was J-shaped in woodlands, bell-shaped in farmlands and positive asymmetric in fallows, indicating recruitment bottlenecks. We found that 80.18% of individuals encountered were unhealthy. Intensive debarking and cutting were the main threats to the species and no conservation strategy was in place in the study region. We suggest measures to reduce intensive debarking and cutting, which should contribute to better management of the species.

We assessed natural regeneration of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) using the data collected from the Escambia Experimental Forest in southern Alabama. Fifteen years after the regeneration control, natural regeneration of longleaf pine remained patchy across a wide range of site and stand conditions; slightly more than half of all plots contained regeneration, but the density of seedlings and saplings varied significantly. The abundance of seedlings ≤1-year-old was positively related to stand age and time since last fire, but negatively related to overstory basal area. The abundance of seedlings and saplings was positively related to stand age, but negatively related to time since last fire and overstory basal area. The probability of achieving at least 15 000 seedlings·ha–1 that are older than 1 year but less than 1 m tall and at least 1250 saplings·ha–1 that are over 1 m tall was, respectively, positively related to the ratio of time since last fire to overstory basal area and the ratio of quadratic mean diameter to site index. A longer fire interval (> 2 to 3 years) should be adopted to naturally regenerate longleaf. We did not find clear zones of exclusion present in natural regeneration even though overstory trees, seedlings, and saplings tended to be repulsive spatially and >80% grass stage seedlings and saplings occurred outside tree crowns.

Restoration of natural forests previously replaced by plantations is a widespread challenge for forestry in Chile and elsewhere. However, there is little documented evidence for successful restoration, either through active or passive approaches. In this study, we aimed at (1) determining the potential for passive restoration in first-rotation Pinus radiata plantations through natural regeneration of native tree species and (2) identifying drivers of this advance regeneration. Across different regions in south-central Chile, we established nearly 260 plots to assess regeneration and environmental conditions along 26 transects running from plantations into adjacent natural forests. The regeneration was exclusively composed by native species, except for 7 individuals of P. radiata. Mean density and diversity of seedlings were significantly higher in natural forests than in plantations, but this was not the case for sapling density, and no differences in sapling diversity were supported. Additionally, significant differences in regeneration composition between plantations and natural forests were found only at two of the eight study sites. Compared to climatic and soil chemical variables, which varied mostly at regional scales, local environmental conditions showed little influence on regeneration, possibly due to the structural homogeneity of plantations. Yet, the significantly higher basal area, litter thickness and gap fraction of plantations compared to natural forests suggest that these factors may explain differences at the seedling stage. Our study indicates that the use of appropriate harvesting methods that maintain advance regeneration may facilitate the transition from plantations to native forests through passive restoration. The use this approach should be further investigated through analyzing regeneration’s response to different forms of plantation harvesting.

The article presents the results of a 40 years study of the reforestation of undergrowth and the dynamicsof the plant community after conditionally clear cutting of the larch forest of Eastern Khentey. In the conditionally clearcutting of the mesophyte herbs subtaiga larch forest the regenerative succession goes through 5 serial stages: 1) Herbssheep fescue community (2–6 years), 2) Grass-herbs-sheep fescue community (8–15 years), 3) Sedge-sheep fescue-herbsbirch-larch young stands (22–28 years old), 4) Sheep fescue-herbs larch-birch young stands (37 years old), 5) Grass-herbsbirch-larch young stands (40 years old).

Forest restoration depends on the availability of seeds in the soils. Understanding relationships between soil seed banks and aboveground flora is vital for framing strategies to ensure sustainable...

This article aims to study the hydrodynamic conditions of the parameters that influence the removal of dirt particles and aggregates by the drainage of wash water into filter materials for better regeneration efficiency. The water treatment plant with a nominal capacity of 600 m3·h−1 is located in the city of Parakou in Benin. It appears that one of the causes of the poor performance of the methods used for water treatment is the insufficient value of the shear stresses of the movement created by the flow of washing water in the filter bed. The use of hydro-elevators and hydrocyclones for the removal of particles from the surface of the grains of the filtering material under hydraulic load makes it possible to reduce the quantity of remaining pollution respectively by 1.5 to 2.5 times compared with the combined washing of water and air. To this end, the performance of grain washing in the hydrocyclone is explained by the presence of centrifugal field, self-separation and the friction of the particles between themselves and on the wall of the apparatus. The regeneration of the filter material under the action of ultrasonic waves reduces the remainder of particles compared to washing with water and air about 6 times.

Based on the long term conservation of several endangered and indigenous species of Citrus, significant impact of biotechnological tools particularly in terms of in-vitro micropropagation methods in addition to synthetic seed production using encapsulation of plant propagules including shoot tips, nodal segments, androgenic embryos, embryogenic callus, etc. in sodium alginate has been highlighted in this manuscript. When seed is not available in enough quantity for raising seedlings for rootstock or have low levels of polyembryony and do not produce adequate quantities of nucellar seedlings, then micropropagation techniques could quickly supply in vitro regenerated rootstock or budwood. Rapid, mass-production and cost-effective biotechnological tools for propagation of citrus rootstocks and budwood would be of great importance in this regard. Reports on another aspect of long term conservation particularly based on storage of cells, tissues and organs of drought tolerant species of Citrus at ultra-low temperature preferably at -196 ºC via applications of cryopreservation techniques using vitrification and encapsulation or dehydration methods has been highlighted in this manuscript. In addition, several research on techniques of in-vitro micrografting using superior scion and rootstocks of two different species of Citrus with an objective of eradication of virus infected citrus stocks for successful production of grafts have been reviewed. Furthermore, effects of explants either through direct and indirect regeneration and conversion into a complete disease free plantlet using suitable synthetic nutrient media along with plant growth regulators at various concentrations and combinations have been highlighted in this manuscript. Hence, the current review is primarily focused on the applications and its effects of superior biotechnological tools for long term conservation of diverse species of citrus for further increasing the potentiality of Citrus industries in addition to genetic improvement and genetic resource conservation.

Resumo No Sul do Brasil, parte dos remanescentes florestais é utilizada, historicamente, como sistemas silvipastoris denominados caívas, em Santa Catarina, e faxinais no estado do Paraná. Nestes, o estrato herbáceo da floresta é composto por pastagem naturalizada onde ocorre o pastejo animal. Visando contribuir para o melhor entendimento do impacto das caívas sobre a conservação da Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de uso da pastagem, da prática da roçada e do pastejo bovino sobre a regeneração natural. O experimento foi realizado em oito caívas em 2015 e 2016, sendo a regeneração monitorada a cada seis meses. Ao longo desse período foram identificadas 49 espécies arbóreas características da FOM. Independentemente dos fatores avaliados, a regeneração das espécies arbóreas é um processo dinâmico, presente e contínuo nas caívas avaliadas. A intensidade de uso da pastagem não afetou os indicadores de diversidade, a riqueza de espécies e a densidade da regeneração. Houve baixa similaridade entre caívas com o mesmo tipo de manejo do pasto. A roçada foi a atividade de maior impacto sobre a regeneração, com acentuada redução na densidade de regenerantes, embora não tenha afetado a riqueza de espécies. Dada a abundância de espécies na regeneração das caívas, inclusive muitas típicas de estágio avançado, é possível confirmar que estes sistemas apresentam alta resiliência com respeito à conservação da biodiversidade florestal, mesmo com o pastejo do gado há longo tempo. Esses resultados indicam, também, ser possível implementar com sucesso diferentes estratégias de intensificação da pastagem em caívas, desde que estejam associadas à práticas de preservação de áreas mais frágeis e diversas, a fim de compor um sistema com maior sustentabilidade em todas as suas dimensões. Abstract In some regions of Southern Brazil, historic silvopastoral systems, known as caívas in Santa Catarina State and faxinais in Paraná State, are used in remnants of Araucaria Forest. In these systems, the herbaceous stratum of the forest is composed of natural pasture on which animals graze. In order to better understand the impact of caívas on the conservation of the Araucaria Forest, the effects of different intensities of pasture management, mowing practices, and cattle grazing on natural regeneration were assessed. The experiment was carried out in eight caívas from 2015 to 2016, during which the forest regeneration was monitored every six months. Throughout the study period, 48 tree species that are characteristic of the Araucaria Forest were identified. In all evaluated scenarios, the regeneration of tree species was present, dynamic, and continuous in the caívas. The intensity of pasture use did not affect the indicators of diversity, species richness, and regeneration density. However, there was limited similarity among caívas with the same type of pasture management. Mowing had the greatest impact on regeneration, with a marked reduction in the density of regenerants, although it did not affect species richness. Given the abundance of species in the regeneration, including many species typical of advanced forest succession, it is possible to confirm that these systems present high levels of resilience with respect to the conservation of biodiversity, despite the occurrence of livestock grazing for generations. The results also indicate that it is possible to successfully implement strategies for pasture intensification in caívas. However, this practice must be associated with preservation strategies in forest areas that are more fragile and diverse, in order to ensure the system is sustainable across all dimensions.

Sal (Shorea robusta) forest is found in an extensive array of conditions in Western Himalaya. It has been heavily used for commercial purposes. Thus, we did a study to gather the information on sal forests occupying a broad range of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve which spans across an extensive range in the Western Himalaya. We tested the species diversity, soil nutrients status, and regeneration potential of the Sal forest. Vegetation was sampled in 10 transects zone of 20×20 m2 plots covering an area of 10.0 ha area. Trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs, and herbs were sampled along the transects in the Chilla forest division of the tiger reserve. Samplings were done every 200 m along the transect with the help of the Nested quadrat method. Altogether 64 species were recorded: 24 trees, 12 shrubs, and 28 herbs. Environmental variables like pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorous, and soil texture were also recorded to observe the effects of these environmental variables into diversity attributes. The Shannon Weiner index for trees was 1.350, for saplings 1.774, for seedlings 1.679. For shrub species, it was1.96. The Shannon Weiner index for herbaceous species in the rainy season was 2.8, in winter it was 2.36 whereas in summer it was 2.46. We concluded that the management of sal has enhanced the diversity and soil nutrients dynamics in the study area. Sal diversity also has enhanced the growth of co-dominant species like Mallotus philippensis, Aegle marmelos, Listea chinensis, Naringi crenulata, Ehretia laevis, Cassia fistula, etc. in the study area. Although we did not find any seedlings of the sal during the present study, the regeneration potential of sal forest increasing with a greater number of associated species provide a favorable environment for sal species.

Les projets d’aménagement durable et de conservation (ADC) des ressources naturelles en collaboration avec les peuples autochtones ayant recours à une approche en génomique sont en émergence. Les informations et applications issues de la génomique peuvent leur être utiles particulièrement dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Toutefois, le défi de transposer ces applications dans la pratique et de les mettre au service des communautés demeure. Nous présentons ici une revue de littérature exploratoire qui aborde (1) les utilités démontrées de la génomique dans les projets d’ADC impliquant les peuples autochtones, (2) certains enjeux qui peuvent limiter l’adoption des applications de la génomique et (3) le travail collaboratif entre chercheurs et communautés autochtones dans les études analysées. Les utilités démontrées identifiées ont été essentiellement de nature socioécologique. La nature complémentaire des savoirs autochtones et des savoirs scientifiques en génomique a été reconnue comme une opportunité qui devrait être développée davantage pour relever les défis actuels, tels que les changements climatiques. En ce qui concerne l’adoption de cette technologie en ADC dans la pratique, en plus de faire face à des enjeux similaires à d’autres utilisateurs finaux, l’intégration des besoins, des valeurs traditionnelles et des connaissances des communautés autochtones dans les projets de génomique représente également un défi dans un contexte de décolonisation de la recherche en génomique. Finalement, la collaboration communauté-chercheur a été identifiée comme un élément clé pour favoriser la réussite de la transposition de la génomique en ADC.

New data on the regenerative capacity of the invader polychaete Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff & Engle, 1943 have been obtained. The material was collected in 2019-2020 in the area of Sevastopol. Polychaetes were extracted from blisters in the valves of an exotic oyster species for the Black Sea - Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Molluscs were grown on an oyster farm. Polychaetes were kept in aquariums with filtered seawater at a temperature from 8.8 to 25.8 °C and a salinity of 17.5-17.8‰. Under laboratory conditions, body segments were removed from the worms and their recovery was observed. It was found that P. websteri regenerated both the anterior and posterior parts of the body. The minimum number of segments capable to simultaneously restore both anterior and posterior regions is three mid-body segments. The regeneration process in P. websteri depends significantly on the water temperature. In the range of 8.8-26 °С, a direct relationship was established between the water temperature and the number of regenerated individuals. An inverse relationship was found between the water temperature and the time spent on regenerating the lost fragments. When warming up the water, the proportion of regenerated P. websteri increased from 15 to 87%, and the duration of regeneration decreased 2.5 times.