Search

Odpadní jímky jsou významným pramenem pro poznání životní úrovně a řemesla v případě, že o majiteli parcely, na níž se nacházejí, nejsou dochovány písemné zprávy. Výzkum zároveň ukazuje, že jejich zaplňování může být opakované, střídané s úplným či částečným vybíráním v delším časovém období. Příkladem je i jímka 962 z Chrudimi, v jejíž výplni byly rozlišeny dva časové horizonty, jimž odpovídá složení souboru keramiky a skla. Nálezový soubor patří z hlediska středověké Chrudimi k průměrným, jen s ojedinělými doklady luxusu a nenaznačuje řemeslo uživatele. Refuse pits are important sources for the study of living standards and crafts in cases when there exist no written records about the owners of the plots where they are located. What is more, research has shown that they were filled repeatedly, in combination with their full or partial emptying over long periods of time. One example is refuse pit no. 962 from Chrudim, in the fill of which two chronological horizons were identified, corresponding to the composition of a pottery and glass series. In the context of medieval Chrudim, the series is an average one, with only sporadic evidence of luxury goods, and does not indicate the owner's craft.

This report presents the results of the second season of investigations at the Merchant village site (LA 43414) in southeastern New Mexico. The excavations and analyses were sponsored by the Carlsbad Field Office (CFO) of the Bureau of Land Management and funded under the Permian Basin Programmatic Agreement. Excavations focused on sections of room blocks in two areas of the main village, the agricultural fields, and midden deposits.

Mitchell Springs provided the central Montezuma Valley of southwestern Colorado a rare and reliable water source that has been used by ancients for millennia. People began to settle near the springs in the middle of the AD seventh century and by the twelfth century a sprawling watershed-wide community with large-scale architectural and agricultural works had formed. Using a combination of data from surveys and recent excavations, this article explores the ties between the rise of elite groups in the watershed and the use of innovative methods to enhance agricultural production. Food abundance appears to have been the primary engine that drove the formation of these groups whose presence was symbolized by a greathouse and other monumental creations. Excavations have revealed evidence that suggests one such group was tied to the same physical space at the center of the community for at least 400 years. Agricultural production at a scale that is demonstrably greater than what could be generated by a few households or extended households is suggested by repeated feasting at this location, room suites with unusually large storage capacities, and the presence of rooms and features that were created and used principally for the preparation and consecration of food for these events. The earliest architectural footprints of this group consisted of two physically linked but distinctly separate adobe block houses in the early ninth century. Over time, elements of these entities became associated with, or evolved into, a greathouse and tri-wall building that appear to have served similar functions as the earlier houses and features that underlie those buildings. They symbolized success, power, past ancestors, and revered space, and they were enshrined and deliberately protected over the course of centuries.

This report presents a summary of the results of the Blanket Purchase Authority (BPA) 10 project sponsored by the Carlsbad Field Office (CFO) of the Bureau of Land Management and funded under the Permian Basin Programmatic Agreement. The BPA 10 project included six cultural resource projects, including survey inventories, site evaluations, and excavations.

Logan Simpson multi-phased (Phases I and II) data recovery investigations and archaeological monitoring within the prehistoric Hohokam habitation site of AZ U:9:165(ASM)—also known as La Plaza or La Plaza de Tempe—and two historic periods linear sites (summarized below) on the Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe Campus in Tempe, Maricopa County, Arizona. The archaeological investigations were conducted at the request of ASU in advance of ground-disturbing construction of a new campus building complex, called the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building VII (abbreviated hereafter as the ISTB 7). This document provides details concerning Logan Simpson’s archaeological testing and data recovery efforts and findings. The methods and findings related to Logan Simpson’s currently ongoing archaeological monitoring during construction of the ISTB 7 building complex and any related infrastructure will be addressed in a future addendum to this report. The technical report includes pertinent contextual information for the project, a review of the overarching research themes that guided the Phase I and Phase II data recovery investigations, the methods and results of fieldwork and laboratory work, and assessment of findings based on the research issues and questions presented in the HPTP (Mitchell and Jones 2018) and addendum to the HPTP (Garraty 2018) developed for this project.

The City of Phoenix (COP) Aviation Department has prepared a Comprehensive Asset Management Plan (CAMP) Short Range Development Plan for the Sky Harbor International Airport (Sky Harbor) in Phoenix, Arizona, to guide development at the airport over the next 20 years (herein referred to as the Sky Harbor CAMP Project). The plan proposes improvements to the airfield and the construction of two new Crossfield Taxiways, expansion of the passenger terminal, a grade change of the Union Pacific Railroad within the study area, development of a North Cargo Area, and redevelopment of the South Area. Implementation of the Sky Harbor CAMP Project requires the approval of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Federal Railroad Administration. The FAA must approve the changes to the airport layout and the use of federal funds; the Federal Railroad Administration must approve the use of federal funds. Because federal decisions are needed, the project is subject to compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The COP Aviation Department is currently preparing an environmental assessment to disclose the potential impacts of the plan for compliance with NEPA. SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was tasked with identifying historic properties within the APE to assist the FAA and the COP to comply with NEPA and NHPA review responsibilities. Historic property identification for the Sky Harbor CAMP Project was conducted in several stages, including background research, archaeological reconnaissance, and an architectural survey of the built environment. Because the planning period for the Sky Harbor CAMP Project extends to 2030, properties constructed up to 1980 would reach historic age by that time. Therefore, evaluating properties constructed up to 1980 (i.e., pre-1981) considers the 10-year lifespan of the Sky Harbor CAMP Project as a whole.

This report presents the results of the second season of investigations at the Merchant village site (LA 43414) in southeastern New Mexico. The excavations and analyses were sponsored by the Carlsbad Field Office (CFO) of the Bureau of Land Management and funded under the Permian Basin Programmatic Agreement. Excavations focused on sections of room blocks in two areas of the main village, the agricultural fields, and midden deposits.

Archaeological testing of a land parcel owned by the Schomac Group, Inc. identified 14 prehistoric cultural features on a remnant of the T2 Holocene terrace of the Santa Cruz River within the boundaries of the previously recorded site AZ A A:12:352 (ASM). Clustered on the eastern part of the parcel, they are preserved at a shallow depth beneath the present ground surface, and include two pit structures, one possible pit structure, three cremations, four possible cremations, three small pits, and a roasting pit. Based on the temporal range of diagnostic pottery sherds found on the surface, the features could date to anytime between A.D. 450 to 1450; however, characteristics of the pit structures and cremations suggest that the majority probably date to the latter part of that time range. One primary cremation was excavated at the request of representatives of the Tohono O'odham Nation. It contained a diverse assemblage of grave offerings, including ceramic vessels, textiles, basketry, and maize ears, and dates to the fourteenth or early fifteenth century A,D. based on the presence of two reconstructible Gila Polychrome bowls. Two historic features, an extensive trash dump, and a racetrack, are also visible on the surface of the more recent terrace on the western side of the parcel. They both date to the early twentieth century. The prehistoric features, and possibly also the historic features, contribute to the eligibility of the site for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. Options for the management of the prehistoric and historic cultural resources on the parcel include: 1) preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial; and 2) mitigation of construction impacts through an archaeological data recovery program. The specific land use plans will determine whether preservation through avoidance and/or intentional burial is possible, and the necessary scope of any data recovery plan. Prior to implementation of any data recovery program or preservation methods, an Agreement on Burial Discoveries between the Arizona State Museum and interested Native American Groups (i.e., the Tohono O'odham Nation) must be developed in accordance with A.R.S. 41-844.

Central and Fillmore Associates, LP oversaw improvements to the Westward Ho building and infrastructure. Rehabilitation required replacement and realignment of sewer pipelines below the property courtyard and the replacement of sidewalks in the courtyard. A total of 170.9 cubic meters were excavated from 32 units associated with rehabilitation activities in the courtyard area of the Westward Ho Hotel and Apartments. All of the units were excavated to locate and expose existing underground pipes, lay new pipe, and to replace sidewalks. Approximately 90 percent of the APE was previously disturbed. Artifacts observed during excavation included one prehistoric ceramic sherd, multiple bricks and other construction debris, and trash of unknown ages. Four features of historic or recent ages were recorded.

Archaeological testing and data recovery prior to construction of the PGM Public Arts Walkway and archaeological monitoring of subsequent construction activities within the grounds of the city-owned Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park.This report includes background information about the project area, descriptions of the field methods and results of the monitoring and data recovery effort, a summary of work accomplished, and recommendations for future work in the project area locale.

The results of phased data recovery efforts for the City of Phoenix Aviation Department in advance of construction of the PHX Sky Train are presented in this report. Investigations were conducted within the Sky Train's 44th Street Station area, located immediately west of 44th Street and south of the Grand Canal in Phoenix, Arizona. Twelve medium to large prehistoric canals were encountered during the project, which was an anticipated discovery given the project's location northwest of the Park of Four Waters at Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park and in the trajectory of main canals that fed prehistoric Canal System 2. Unexpected was the discovery of prehistoric irrigated field systems comprised of ditches and field areas. This project provided the first plan exposure of such systems in the Salt River Valley. Also encountered during the project were several canal-side water catchment features and Hohokam habitation structures. The structures included pithouses, probably used a seasonal farm-houses, and a surface adobe structure, with associated pits, which was occupied more permanently as a farmstead. The ages of the archaeological remains ranged from the later Colonial period through the early Classic period, roughly AD 850-1350. The numbers and types of features documented by the project illustrate that people were using the canals and local terrain in a variety of ways, despite the intrusion of several large System 2 trunk canals through the area. Within the project area, land use, subsistence practices, and irrigation were inextricably intertwined. The results of the project reveal the Hohokam's intimate knowledge of their landscape and how to manipulate it to best advantage. The findings highlight why the study of the irrigated spaces between prehistoric settlements is crucial to fully understand how the Hohokam managed to thrive for so many centuries in their desert environment.

The results of data recovery investigations of a prehistoric canal within the city-owned NANT property are presented in this report. The canal was identified in June 2012, while boundary testing the southern limits of the prehistoric site, Dutch Canal Ruin, AZ T:12:62 (ASM), and could be recognized as a continuation of the Barranca Canal, a previously identified alignment within the Canal Patricio System, AZ T:12:131 (ASM). Because testing had established that archaeological resources significant to Dutch Canal Ruin were not present within the NANT project area, the purpose of data recovery was to mitigate adverse effects any future development of the NANT property might have on the newly identified member of the Canal Patricio System. The current investigation provided an opportunity to trace the Barranca canal several hundred meters downstream and to revisit its stratigraphic and hydraulic properties in relation to surrounding Salt River floodplain deposits. The investigation establishes the Barranca Canal as an irrigation main, which significantly revises the previously held interpretation that the canal was akin to a drain running into Turney's Gully. Geoarchaeological information presented in this report provides further context for understanding how this canal operated within the dynamic environment of the Salt River floodplain. The late Pioneer to Colonial period age, approximately A.D. 700-900, of this canal based on newly acquired chronometric information is discussed and related to our current understanding of regional paleoflood hydrology and Salt River floodplain dynamics.

In 1997, a group of scholars assembled at the Amerind Foundation in Dragoon, Arizona, for five and one-half days of secluded focused discussion on the archaeology and history of an area largely absent from archaeological reports and history books, southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The researchers present at the seminar included Bruce Masse, Anne Woosley, Allan MacIntyre, Jeff Altschul, John Douglas, Jeff Clark, Bill Doolittle, Jim Neely, Jerry Howard, Peggy Nelson, Jonathan Mabry, Tom Sheridan, and the author. The discussion session was followed by a field visit to some nearby sites, and in June of 1998, the group was led on an extensive tour of the Safford Basin and the lower San Pedro Valley so that everyone could see, firsthand, the setting and settlement in these prehistorically heavily populated regions. Although all the researchers agreed there was utility in treating the assigned study area as a useful geographical region, they were initially hampered by the lack of a term with which to refer to it. Cultural labels did not fit, because as a region, it trended, at times, one way or another — Hohokam, San Simon, Dragoon, Mimbres, Mogollon, Salado, or Casas Grandes — depending on time and personal bent. Consequently, the researchers were asked to look at such labels with a critical eye in their studies. Terms such as "international four corners" and the much longer "southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico" could be defined and used, although they are unwieldy. In fact, the latter term is used here to some degree for lack of another unambiguous geographical referent. Allan McIntyre suggested the term "a land between," which captures the essence of the region and theme of this volume, for it truly is a land caught between the better known and less known, between Mimbres and Hohokam, between Salado and Casas Grandes. The researchers who contributed to this volume who had conducted fieldwork in the region were asked to use it as an opportunity to publish much more than the usual amount of data for a synthetic volume of this sort. Because the region has few population centers and minimal local level cultural resource management regulations, the explosion of contract archaeology work that has transformed the discipline's knowledge of the Tucson-Phoenix corridor barely touched the Land Between—and most of that work occurred after the 1997 seminar. Consequently, much of the fieldwork in the region was conducted on shoestring budgets and private funding. Even part of one of the largest contract projects in the region, the work along a proposed highway route in the lower San Pedro Valley, which resulted in the excavations at the Peppersauce Wash sites — Alder Wash Ruin, AZ BB:6:9 (ASM), Una Cholla, AZ BB:6:18 (ASM), and Dos Bisnagas, AZ BB:6:7 (ASM)—was never published due to funding cuts from the highway department. With the Amerind Foundation setting a strong precedent from the work of Charles Di Peso, who published his raw data in exhaustive and very useful detail, it seemed only fitting that this volume should strive to do as much as possible to get information out to interested readers. As a result of the data focus of the volume, the reader will encounter some extreme swings in the lengths and detail included in the regional summaries, a direct result of the quantities of new or previously unpublished data available to the researchers involved. For example, the extensive unpublished data accessible to Masse, Gregonis, and Slaughter from their work in the lower San Pedro resulted in a much more data rich and lengthy chapter than the chapters by Douglas on the San Bernardino Valley, and Altschul, Vanderpot, Quijada, and Heckman on the upper San Pedro. For the San Bernardino Valley, there has not been as much work, so there are no data to publish. Much of the work from the middle and upper San Pedro has been published in technical reports in recent years, so it made more sense for the authors to summarize this work for a broader audience.

The project consisted of improvements to existing storm drains and the relocation of a gas pipeline. The COP Archaeology Office reviewed this project and provided recommendations in a December 23, 2011 Archaeological Assessment Form. The form notes that the project is located entirely within the archaeological site of AZ T:12:256 (ASM)/Grand Canal Ruins, a large habitation site that contains pithouses, canals, and human remains. The COP Archaeology Office recommended that monitoring be conducted for all portions of this project area. Two historic, one prehistoric, and two features of unknown dates were found during monitoring and recorded. The features consist of a historic trash pit, a historic storm drain manhole, a prehistoric cultural deposit, and two charcoal deposits.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological testing within a 4.6-acre parcel in Phoenix. The project was conducted because the Hohokam site of La Lomita (AZ U:9:67[ASM]/AZ U:9:24[ASU]/P:3:4[GP]) and a prehistoric irrigation canal are plotted within the area of investigation. Roughly the northern 2.7 acres of the parcel fall within the recorded boundary of La Lomita. The remaining 1.9 acres fall within the 250-foot buffer around the recorded site boundaries that requires archaeological testing as per the City of Phoenix Archaeologist guidelines. In addition, a prehistoric irrigation canal is plotted within the southern portion of the project area. The purpose of the testing was to determine if subsurface features are present within the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and to assess their significance.

Archaeological trenching and the monitoring of demolition of existing structures in the Phase 2 area of the Frank Luke Addition project in the City of Phoenix has determined that the Hohokam site of La Ciudad, also known as AZ T:12:1 (ASM), extends into the proposed construction area for the Frank Luke Addition project. This report presents the findings of monitoring and trenching and a recommendation for a data recovery program to document register eligible resources that will be affected by the proposed construction of a housing project. The archaeological monitoring and trenching identified 29 prehistoric and 11 historic features in the Phase 2 area.

Archaeological data recovery was conducted in the north end of the Frank Luke Addition in the City of Phoenix within a portion of the Hohokam site of La Ciudad, also known as AZ T:12:1 (ASM). The City of Phoenix Housing Department plans to construct affordable housing on the site of the Frank Luke Addition housing project originally constructed in 1952 by the City. The project is divided into two construction phases, and this report pertains to the northern part of the Phase 2 area. The area of potential effects (APE) covers 9.1 acres and is owned by the City of Phoenix. The project is funded through a combination of Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs), General Obligation (GO) bonds, and a Federal HOPE VI grant. The redevelopment project is required to comply with National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) and guidelines 36 CFR Part 800 implementing Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, the Arizona State Historic Preservation Act (ARS 41-861 to 41-864), the Arizona Antiquities Act (ARS 41­ 841 to 41-844), the City of Phoenix Ordinance on Historic Preservation (Chapter 8, Section 802) and City of Phoenix Guidelines for Archaeology (Bostwick 2006). Monitoring and data recovery for this undertaking are being conducted under a programmatic agreement between the State Historic Preservation Office, the City of Phoenix, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation for the City’s HUD-funded program (2007).

The slopes of the Avra Valley, lacking perennial water sources, would seem an unlikely place for a large prehistoric community. Yet during the Hohokam Colonial period (ca. A.D. 750-950), a community sprang up along the western slopes of the Tucson Mountains. Centered on the ballcourt village of Water World, AZ AA:16:94 (ASM), numerous households thrived in the area, both in the primary village and in outlying farmsteads (Czaplicki and Ravesloot 1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c; Dart 1994; Downum et. al. 1986; Lindeman 2000b; Lindeman and Freeman 1996; Wocherl 2003).The Fence Site, AZ AA:16:97 (ASM), located a few hundred meters north of Water World, is one of the outlying farmsteads. Occupied for only a few generations during the Rillito phase (ca. A.D. 850-950), the occupants of the Fence Site lived, worked, played, died, and were buried in this unlikely location. Archaeological fieldwork was completed in accordance with an approved treatment plan (Herr and Lindeman 2010) for the Fence Site. The treatment plan prescribed archaeological data recovery in advance of a pipeline to be constructed by Tucson Water as part of the Southern Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project (SAVSARP). The overall SAVSARP project will construct test basins, infiltration basins, extraction wells, roads, pipelines, and utility lines on approximately 4 square miles of land in the southern Avra Valley, Pima County, Arizona. The proposed pipeline that initiated the current project connects the SAVASARP parcel to an existing water pipeline running along San Joaquin Road. Fieldwork was initiated on 2 January 2011 and completed on 18 January 2011. Data Recovery was completed on both Federal and State lands, with the majority of features occurring on Reclamation property; a single feature was found on Arizona State Trust Land. Michael Lindeman served as project director and William Doelle as the principle investigator. Twelve archaeological features were identified, 1 pithouse, 6 secondary cremations, 4 extramural pits, and a trash concentration. All of the features were completely excavated with all of the fill completely screened.

Presented here are the results of an archaeological testing project to determine if subsurface cultural resources are present on Block 175 and a small area within Block 174 in downtown Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. These blocks are within the original Tucson town site, surveyed in 1872. Block 174 was the location of the First Baptist Church and dwellings, block 175 was primarily the location of private residences. The two parking lot areas are owned by the Industrial Development Authority of the City of Tucson (the "IDA"), a non-profit corporation designated as a political subdivision of the State of Arizona, authorized to provide lower cost financing for qualified projects through the issuance of revenue bonds exempt from Arizona income taxation. The IDA provides financing of community development projects whenever appropriate, and where traditional sources of funding may be unavailable. Although not a City agency, by statute, the IDA board is appointed by the Mayor and Council. However, due to state involvement, cultural resource compliance on this project is under the jurisdiction of Arizona state legislation. The IDA is considering development of two parcels it owns in downtown Tucson, currently used as parking lots. The testing project was initially prompted by IDA plans to replace three rows of trees damaged by a hard frost in January 2011. Those plans were later modified to include a more generalized testing of the two parking lots to determine if intact cultural resources are present. Currently, no detailed plans for the future use of the two parking lots have been prepared. Archaeological testing was recommended to explore the extent and nature of any surviving cultural deposits within the two blocks and to determine if additional data recovery is appropriate prior to any future development. Intact, undisturbed historic archaeological features were located on both blocks. These features contain artifacts and food remains that can provide significant inform action about Tucson's history. A review of the history of the two blocks, pertinent research questions, methods used for testing, and the results of testing are outlined below. The project was conducted under Arizona State Museum (ASM) project specific permit 2012-084ps. Project records will be curated at ASM as Accession No. 2012-163.

Archaeological data recovery was conducted in the north end of the Frank Luke Addition in the City of Phoenix within a portion of the Hohokam site of La Ciudad, also known as AZ T:12:1 (ASM). This is a report on data recovery conducted in the north end of the project area. The excavations documented a borrow pit reused as a reservoir (Feature 32), an irrigation lateral (Feature 27), a small field house (Feature 29), five extramural pits and thermal features, and two pits containing historic material. Ceramic styles and a single radiocarbon date show the features were in use from the Gila Butte through the Soho phases, with a possible hiatus corresponding to the Middle to Late Sacaton phase. These excavations have contributed information on feature function, period of occupation, ceramic exchange, and have helped define a portion of the site boundary. These data, feature descriptions, artifact and environmental analyses are presented in this document for incorporation with the data that will be generated in the future by the excavation of the remainder of the site.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail Transit Project (CP/EV) is a 31.85-km (19.8-mile) public transit project constructed by Valley Metro Rail, Inc. (METRO), a nonprofit corporation formed by the Cities of Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Glendale to plan, design, construct, and operate the light rail transit system. Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) was responsible for conducting archaeological monitoring tasks at selected locations along the line throughout the construction phase of the project, and preconstruction testing and data recovery at the prehistoric habitation sites of Pueblo Grande and La Plaza. From February 2005 through February 2007, ACS provided these services under contract to PBS&J-PGH Wong Engineering, METRO’s Contract Administration Consultant (CAC); beginning in March 2007, ACS was under direct contract to METRO. The project was funded in part by the FTA and therefore was considered an undertaking subject to consultation under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended), and the National Environmental Policy Act.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. This is volume 4 part 1 of the reports for Tracks through Time: Urban Archaeology along the METRO Light Rail Corridor. This report details the artifact research within the excavations. The types of artifacts examined in this report are ceramics, lithics, shells, copper bells, historic resources and artifacts.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. This is Volume II of the report which covers investigations at Pueblo Grande and La Plaza, and water management.

The four Apache components reported here were excavated as part of the archaeological work conducted in advance of the Arizona Department of Transportation’s realignment of State Route 260 between Payson and Heber. All archaeological work on this project is confined to that portion of the highway below the Mogollon Rim, on Tonto National Forest land and private inholdings. The sites described here were excavated during the Preacher Canyon segment and the Little Green Valley segment of the project. Of seven sites tested in the Preacher Canyon section, three were recommended for data recovery investigations.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. This is volume 4 part 2 of the reports for Tracks through Time: Urban Archaeology along the METRO Light Rail Corridor. This report details the artifact research within the excavations. The types of artifacts examined in this report are faunal, l analyses and a summary of the artifact based research.

The Archaeological Review prepared by the City of Phoenix Archaeology Office for the project (dated 8/17/2010) identified the projected location of a previously unverified segment of Canal Patricio in a small area at the far southwestern edge of the project Area of Potential Effect (APE). The projected location of this canal was based on review of Howard’s (1991 [1992]) Central Phoenix Basin Archaeological Map. As a result, an archaeological canal testing program was required for the property prior to construction. At the request of Gorman, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) developed a work plan designed for the purpose of identification and documentation of the canal within the project APE (Vargas et al. 2011). The testing fieldwork was conducted by ACS archaeological field supervisor Paige Florie, geomorphologist Michael Droz, and archaeological crew member Roanna Weahkee on July 1, 2011. A total of three person-field days of effort was expended. A modern refuse pit was found, but the canal was not identified in the project APE as a result of the testing program. This is a revised report.

Between March 9 and April 6 2009, PaleoWest Solutions in Archaeology monitored approximately 45-50 meters (m) of utility trenching. Two trenches were excavated to a depth of approximately 2.25 m for the new Arizona Federal Credit Union (AFCU) building currently under construction. The longest trench, only a portion of which was monitored (approximately 35-40 m), ran across the entire width of the street. The second trench, also only a portion of which was monitored (approximately 10 m), was excavated across east bound lanes only. Both of these trenches will eventually continue on toward the south, into an area that has been previously cleared of archaeological remains by Soil Systems, Inc (SSI) (Breternitz 1994; Breternitz et al. 1993; Cable 1988; Foster et al. 1992; Howard 1989; Leonard 1998, 2008a; Leonard et al. 2008). The majority of the current monitoring project took place at night.

At the request of Olsson Associates, Inc. (Olsson), EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) cultural resource specialists relocated and assessed where possible National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility for known cultural resources within both the Phoenix- and Tempe-owned portions of Papago Park, Maricopa County, Arizona. This research was done in support of a new regional master plan for the park. The master plan is being developed cooperatively by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC) and the Cities of Tempe (COT), Phoenix (COP), and Scottsdale (COS). The planning process is designed to address both current and future needs of the park and to help guide decisions for future management. Cultural resources within the park are varied, ranging from prehistoric archaeological sites to historic buildings, structures, and objects. The master plan will help better define the sensitive archaeological areas where protection and preservation are warranted as well as highlight the park's many cultural resources that can be focal points of celebration such as the Eisendrath House, Tempe's largest and best preserved Pueblo Revival style house, or Governor Hunt's unique pyramidal tomb. Currently, the park is home to the Phoenix Zoo, Desert Botanical Garden, Papago Sports Complex, Rolling Hills Golf Course, Phoenix Municipal Stadium, the National Guard, the Papago Golf Course, and the Hall of Flame and Arizona Historical Society Museums. Active and passive recreation opportunities exist throughout the park, including bicycle and pedestrian trails, an archery range, picnic areas with historic ramadas, fishing lakes, and athletic facilities. We did not physically access Reclamation-owned property for this study. Archaeological site relocation on COP and COT owned land was conducted under the terms and conditions of an Arizona Antiquities Act (AAA) blanket permit (no. 2009-005bl), issued to EcoPlan by the Arizona State Museum (ASM). This type of permit is required for cultural resource investigations that occur on any municipal, county, or state lands. Notification of intent to conduct field work was submitted 13 March 2009 and ASM issued EcoPlan accession number 2009-0232 on 23 March 2009.

The results of archaeological investigations at three prehistoric Hohokam sites within the right-of-way corridor for the Salt River Project Browning to Dinosaur Transmission Line, east of Mesa and Queen Creek, Arizona, are presented in this report. The sites include the Siphon Draw site, AZ U:10:6 (ASM), a pre-Classic period (circa A.D. 800-1000) village; AZ U:10:8 (ASM), a classic period (circa A.D. 1150-1450) wild resource-processing and habitation site; and AZ U:10:172 (ASM), a Colonial period (circa A.D. 800-900) farmstead. Although the Siphon Draw site and U:10:8 had been previously studied in the early 1980s during the Arizona State Museum Salt-Gila Aqueduct project, with a particularly intensive effort at Siphon Draw, the current project provided new details about these sites, as well as an initial characterization of U:10:172. Important and unexpected findings by the Browning to Dinosaur project include the discovery of a new, undocumented pit-houses and an unusual burial at the Siphon Draw site, as well as a prehistoric reservoir at U:10:8. Also unexpected was the occurrence of three pithouses at U:10:172 within the small access road area investigated during the project. Studies of these features and their associated assemblages have provided new insights about residential organization and population size at Siphon Draw and U:10:172, as well as enhanced perspectives concerning settlement, subsistence, interaction, and ritual practices in the Queen Creek locale.

Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District (SRP) plans to construct an 88-mile-long extra-high voltage transmission line linking the Pinal West, Santa Rosa, Pinal Central, Abel, and Dinosaur Substations. The project corridor traverses the area from the Maricopa/Pinal County line west of the Ak Chin Indian Community, southeastward and eastward past Casa Grande, Arizona, then roughly northward past Coolidge and Florence, Arizona, ending east of Queen Creek, Arizona, along the western side of the Central Arizona Project Canal (CAP) (Figure 1). This document addresses cultural resources identified on Arizona State Trust Lands between the Pinal West and Dinosaur substations. Survey of nine segments of Arizona State Trust Lands between the Pinal West and Dinosaur substations was conducted by Henderson and her colleagues (Henderson et. al. 2008) (ASLD Right-of-Way Application Nos. 14-111003 [Pinal West to Santa Rosa section], 14-112542 [Santa Rosa to Pinal Central section], and 16-112288 [Pinal Central to Dinosaur section]) (Figure 2). The survey of State Trust Lands identified 13 archaeological sites in three segments. Eight of the sites—AZ U:10:20 (ASM), AZ U:14:417 (ASM), AZ U:15:61 (ASM), AZ U:15:62 (ASM), AZ U:15:97 (ASM), AZ U:15:264 (ASM), AZ U:15:432 (ASM) and AZ U:15:560 (ASM)-have been considered eligible for listing on the Arizona and National Registers of Historic Places and may contain subsurface remains that could be impacted by construction of the transmission line. All of the eligible sites are between the Pinal Central and Dinosaur Substations, ASLD Right-of-Way Application No. 16-112288. Three sites-AZ U:10:23 (ASM), AZ U:14:73 (ASM), and AZ U:15:99 (ASM)—are also Arizona/National Register-eligible, however, the project corridor crosses site areas that show no evidence of containing significant cultural remains, and the remaining two sites, AZ AA:1:95 (ASM) and AZ U:14:416 (ASM), have been determined or are considered ineligible for Arizona/National Register listing so construction will not impact significant cultural resources at these locations.

Summary of Phase II testing of five sites (40CF270‐ A, 40CF270‐ B, 40CF281, 40CF290 and 40CF297), all of which had an historic farmstead component as the main component. The Phase II investigation was designed to evaluate the archaeological resources within the previously recorded sites and make recommendations regarding their potential eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). 40CF270 and 40CF281 were not recommended eligible for listing on the NRHP. 40CF290 was found eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criterion D. Further testing was recommended at 40CF297.

Archaeological work was conducted in April and May of 2004, at a portion of the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), located in Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, prior to construction of a drainage system. Previous excavations by Desert Archaeology, Inc., and Statistical Research, Inc., identified several loci of this large prehistoric Hohokam site.The new project area was between these loci in an area that once lay beneath an embankment of Interstate 19 (I-19). The removal of this embankment and plans for the drainage system led to testing the area and subsequent data recovery. The results of the work at this portion of the Julian Wash site are presented in this report. Two components were documented. The prehistoric Hohokam component consisted of a number of borrow pits, from which soil and caliche were mined, a possible pit structure, numerous small pits, and an isolated vessel. A possible prehistoric dog burial and another prehistoric feature were found in a nearby cutbank. Numerous features associated with the St. Joseph's Children's Home, which operated from 1905 to 1936, were also located. These were primarily landscaping features such as planting pits and trenches, along with a fenceline. Basic background data on the project area, including its location, description, previous archaeological research, and a history of the orphanage, are provided in this chapter. Results of the fieldwork are provided in Chapter 2, while the prehistoric ceramic assemblage recovered from the site is summarized in Chapter 3. Other artifacts found during the project are discussed in Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 outlines the ethnobotanical and faunal analyses. Chapter 6 concludes the report.

The results of archaeological Phase 1 data recovery, including exploratory excavation and supplemental archival research, of an artifact scatter, Component B, within the municipal boundaries of the Town of Sahuarita, Pima County, Arizona, are presented in this report. The work was requested by Sage Landscape Architecture and Environmental for the planned Quail Crossing Boulevard alignment to be constructed by the Town of Sahuarita on State Trust Land (State Land Department Row #16-112095). Specifically, the data recovery project area is Component B of EE:1:349 as identified in Stone (2007). The work followed the plan and recommendations outlined in the Research Design and Plan For Archaeological Data Recovery (Wocherl 2007). In January and February of 2008, Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel undertook exploratory testing at Component B. William H. Doelle, Ph. D., of Desert Archaeology, was the Principal Investigator for the project and Helga Wocherl, Ph. D., was the Project Director (Arizona Antiquities Project Specific Permit No. 2008-068ps; Arizona State Museum Accession Number 2007-0813). Although prehistoric artifacts are present on the surface, no prehistoric subsurface features or artifacts were found. Historic era features and artifacts were found outside the proposed construction right-of-way, both on the surface and in subsurface features. The project findings indicate the presence of a domestic setting connected with ranching/farming land use. Based on the nature of the findings, the historic aspect of Component B meets eligibility requirements to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D. The project background, the methods employed, and results obtained during archaeological data recovery and supplemental archival research are detailed in this report. Additional project records are curated at the Arizona State Museum (ASM).

Between August 13 and 24, 2007, Phase I data recovery excavations were conducted within a 1,550-m-long by 43-m-wide segment of the planned Riggs Road corridor that extends through the northern portion of AZ U:14:49 (ASM)—also known as Pozos de Sonoqui—a National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)- eligible prehistoric site in southeastern Maricopa County. The project uses Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funding to be administered by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) Local Government Section. The excavations were guided by an approved treatment plan (Neily and Cogswell 2007). The Phase I data recovery fieldwork involved limited surface collecting, systematic and judgmental backhoe trenching, and mapping and feature documentation; two secondary cremations were also recovered. In total, 1,371 m of trench was excavated and 41 prehistoric features, including a likely ballcourt, were recorded. A preliminary assessment of the recovered temporally diagnostic ceramics indicates occupational components extending from the Hohokam early Colonial- through early Sedentary periods, with some possible use during the Pioneer and Classic periods. The following sections outline, the tasks that were completed, describe the results of the Phase I data recovery, and provide recommendations for Phase II data recovery.

Northland Research, Inc. has completed archaeological testing within a portion of Pueblo del Rio (AZ T:12:116[ASM]), a large Hohokam habitation site located about one mile north of the Salt River. The purpose of the testing was to determine the nature, extent, and significance of subsurface cultural remains within an 11.8-acre parcel located within the previously determined boundaries of the site. The testing included limited surface collections and systematic backhoe trenching to determine if subsurface features were present. Eighty backhoe trenches, totaling 1,584.1 linear meters, were excavated. It is estimated that the Northland backhoe trenching program sampled roughly 2.3 percent of the project area. Eighty-three features were identified and included five pit houses, 10 possible pit houses, two prehistoric canals, 59 non-thermal pits, three thermal pits, two middens, one trash layer, and one secondary cremation. The cremation was reported to the City of Phoenix and to the Salt River Maricopa Indian community and was removed following procedures laid out in the burial agreement; it is awaiting repatriation. No evidence for the historic Farmer’s Canal was identified during testing; however, two large prehistoric canals were identified. The larger of the two may represent Canal Alamo, a major Hohokam canal that served several sites in the central Phoenix Valley including Pueblo del Alamo and Pueblo del Rio. Preliminary indications, based on ceramic evidence, are that the portion of Pueblo del Rio investigated during this project was occupied primarily during the early and middle Pre-Classic period, ca. A.D. 150 to 950. The presence of several deeply buried features in the southern portion of the project area, however, may indicate the presence of an earlier Late Archaic occupation at the site. A final report documenting the results of the testing project is currently being prepared. This report will include descriptions of recorded features and will provide interpretive analyses of the site.

Between December 2000 and June 2005 Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) of Tempe, Arizona, completed five field sessions of archaeological monitoring, testing/data recovery I, and data recovery II at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Runway 7L-25R and Taxiways D-E (collectively referred to hereinafter as the Center Runway project). The first session monitored geotechnical boring and coring (Ryan 2001); the second through fourth seasons included additional monitoring plus archaeological testing/data recovery I and data recovery II within the Center Runway project area of potential effect (APE) (Boston et al. 2001; Boston et al. 2003); the fifth and last season comprised additional testing within Taxiways D-E (Aguila et al. 2005). ACS carried out these activities as a subcontractor to Kimley-Hom and Associates,NInc. (Kimley-Horn), who, under contract to the City of Phoenix (the City), designed the reconstruction of the Center Runway and Taxiway D-E at Sky Harbor. The design proposed modifications to the existing Runway 7L-25R; Taxiways D, E, F, R, S, and T; the West and East Recirculating Taxiways; and the existing utility infrastructure. In addition, two construction staging areas, two batch plants, and a borrow site were used by the contractor during the course of construction. The entire airport is highly modified by grading, modern fill, paving, and building; thus, the ground surface offers few clues to what lies beneath. However, the airport is bounded by known historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, including Pueblo Salado to the immediate west and within the project APE (Greenwald and Ballagh 1996; Greenwald et al. 1996a, 1996b, 1996c; Greenwald et al. 1995), Dutch Canal Ruin to the northwest (Greenwald and Ciolek- Torrello 1988; Greenwald et al. 1994; Henderson 2000a, 2000b, 2003, 2004), and Pueblo Grande to the northeast (Bostwick 1993; Bostwick and Downum 1994; Downum and Bostwick 1993a, 1993b) (Figure 1.1). The documented presence of these sites led to the conclusion that additional cultural remains would lie beneath the Center Runway project APE (Archaeological Consulting Services 2001b). The fieldwork was guided by a plan of work for testing and data recovery (Archaeological Consulting Services 2001b; Boston et al. 2001) Excavations were conducted under the authority of Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit 2001-66ps issued by the Arizona State Museum (ASM). The plan of work was reviewed and approved by representatives of the City, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Because the reconstruction project was still being designed (and therefore the precise project footprint was unknown) at the time that the work plan was reviewed and approved, these parties agreed that the specifics of the plan would remain fluid while staying within approved archaeological discovery and data recovery procedures. Accordingly, Kimley-Horn, ACS, and the City Archaeologist, Dr. Todd W. Bostwick, developed a process of continual consultation, memorandum reports, field visits, and review. A report describing the geotechnical coring and boring was submitted in May 2001 (Ryan 2001). Twenty memorandum reports were prepared and submitted during the initial testing/data recovery I phase, which occurred between April and October 2001. An interim report was prepared and submitted October 2001, after the second phase of fieldwork (Boston et al. 2001), which offered recommendations for additional monitoring, testing/data recovery I, and data recovery II at already-discovered features. These recommended activities were conducted during July and August 2002, and during January 2003. Two preliminary reports were produced summarizing the results of the field work and outlining recommendations for further archaeological work at the Center Runway (7L- 25R) (Boston et al. 2001; Boston et al. 2003). A third preliminary report was prepared to summarize the findings of additional work at Taxiways D-E (Aguila et al. 2005). This final report presents information on all cultural resources and results of analyses from all phases of fieldwork.

Between December 2000 and June 2005 Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) of Tempe, Arizona, completed five field sessions of archaeological monitoring, testing/data recovery I, and data recovery II at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Runway 7L-25R and Taxiways D-E (collectively referred to hereinafter as the Center Runway project). The first session monitored geotechnical boring and coring (Ryan 2001); the second through fourth seasons included additional monitoring plus archaeological testing/data recovery I and data recovery II within the Center Runway project area of potential effect (APE) (Boston et al. 2001; Boston et al. 2003); the fifth and last season comprised additional testing within Taxiways D-E (Aguila et al. 2005). ACS carried out these activities as a subcontractor to Kimley-Hom and Associates,NInc. (Kimley-Horn), who, under contract to the City of Phoenix (the City), designed the reconstruction of the Center Runway and Taxiway D-E at Sky Harbor. The design proposed modifications to the existing Runway 7L-25R; Taxiways D, E, F, R, S, and T; the West and East Recirculating Taxiways; and the existing utility infrastructure. In addition, two construction staging areas, two batch plants, and a borrow site were used by the contractor during the course of construction. The entire airport is highly modified by grading, modern fill, paving, and building; thus, the ground surface offers few clues to what lies beneath. However, the airport is bounded by known historic and prehistoric archaeological sites, including Pueblo Salado to the immediate west and within the project APE (Greenwald and Ballagh 1996; Greenwald et al. 1996a, 1996b, 1996c; Greenwald et al. 1995), Dutch Canal Ruin to the northwest (Greenwald and Ciolek- Torrello 1988; Greenwald et al. 1994; Henderson 2000a, 2000b, 2003, 2004), and Pueblo Grande to the northeast (Bostwick 1993; Bostwick and Downum 1994; Downum and Bostwick 1993a, 1993b) (Figure 1.1). The documented presence of these sites led to the conclusion that additional cultural remains would lie beneath the Center Runway project APE (Archaeological Consulting Services 2001b). The fieldwork was guided by a plan of work for testing and data recovery (Archaeological Consulting Services 2001b; Boston et al. 2001) Excavations were conducted under the authority of Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit 2001-66ps issued by the Arizona State Museum (ASM). The plan of work was reviewed and approved by representatives of the City, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Because the reconstruction project was still being designed (and therefore the precise project footprint was unknown) at the time that the work plan was reviewed and approved, these parties agreed that the specifics of the plan would remain fluid while staying within approved archaeological discovery and data recovery procedures. Accordingly, Kimley-Horn, ACS, and the City Archaeologist, Dr. Todd W. Bostwick, developed a process of continual consultation, memorandum reports, field visits, and review. A report describing the geotechnical coring and boring was submitted in May 2001 (Ryan 2001). Twenty memorandum reports were prepared and submitted during the initial testing/data recovery I phase, which occurred between April and October 2001. An interim report was prepared and submitted October 2001, after the second phase of fieldwork (Boston et al. 2001), which offered recommendations for additional monitoring, testing/data recovery I, and data recovery II at already-discovered features. These recommended activities were conducted during July and August 2002, and during January 2003. Two preliminary reports were produced summarizing the results of the field work and outlining recommendations for further archaeological work at the Center Runway (7L- 25R) (Boston et al. 2001; Boston et al. 2003). A third preliminary report was prepared to summarize the findings of additional work at Taxiways D-E (Aguila et al. 2005). This final report presents information on all cultural resources and results of analyses from all phases of fieldwork.

The City of Tempe is building the Tempe Transportation Center adjacent to the Central Phoenix/East Valley Light Rail Transit Project that Valley Metro is constructing. The transportation center project includes construction of a ���green��� three-story building in the western part of the site and a bus plaza in the eastern part of the site adjacent to a transit station. Planning studies concluded that the construction of the transportation center could adversely affect a large Hohokam archaeological site known as La Plaza [AZ U:9:165(ASM)] and perhaps archaeological remnants of the early Tempe townsite. The project is a federal undertaking that must comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, and FTA is the lead agency for Section 106 compliance. During preparation of an environmental impact statement for the Central Phoenix/East Valley light rail transit project, the FTA executed a Section 106 memorandum of agreement (MOA) in consultation with Valley Metro; the City Historic Preservation Officers of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa; the State Historic Preservation Office; and other agencies and tribes. The MOA defines how historic properties will be considered during final design and construction of the project. Valley Metro sponsored preparation of a historic properties treatment plan pursuant to the MOA. The City of Tempe assumed responsibility for implementing the historic properties treatment plan within the site of the Tempe Transportation Center. The City of Tempe retained URS Corporation to archaeologically test the transportation center site and subsequently to conduct data recovery excavations to mitigate the project impacts on the La Plaza archaeological site. This report documents that the fieldwork phase of the data recovery studies has been successfully completed.

Archaeological testing was conducted in seven parcels of private land in two contiguous areas in and near the large prehistoric village known as the Cashion Site, AZ T:11:39 (ASM). The area is planned for development that will result in impacts to cultural resources. Part of the project area was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) because it includes the approximate location of the prehistoric site, but the boundary of the area nominated was arbitrarily drawn using section lines and does not reflect the exact boundaries of the site or the actual distribution of cultural resources. The testing program was designed to refine the boundary definition of the site as well as to locate areas with human burials and mortuary objects to facilitate compliance with ARS 41-865. Testing identified several areas within the proposed development that still retained intact prehistoric deposits including burials. A proposed plan for the treatment of these historic properties is presented. The results of testing also indicated that most of the project area lacked intact prehistoric contexts and no further archaeological treatment is recommended for those areas.

Between July 18 and August 15, 2005, SWCA Environmental Consultants conducted Phase II archaeological data recovery at AZ EE:1:145 (ASM), AZ EE:1:146 (ASM), and AZ EE:1:149 (ASM), on the Arizona School Facilities Board (ASFB) property in Rancho Sahuarita, Town of Sahuarita, Pima County, Arizona. The project was conducted through a contractual agreement with ASFB and AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc., and the Phase II data recovery work plan and subsequent analysis and reportage subject to review and approval by the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Because the property had not yet been purchased by ASFB at the time of mitigation, and land jurisdiction remained private (Rancho Sahuarita Development being the legal owner), it was not necessary for SWCA to obtain a project specific permit from the Arizona State Museum (ASM). All steps in the mitigation process of the three sites followed the protocol developed in the Archaeological Research Guidelines—Rancho Sahuarita Block Plat (WestLand and SWCA 1998; hereafter referred to as “Guidelines"). The Guidelines provide methods for determining significance of sites at the levels of survey and testing, levels of efforts for data recovery, research themes to drive the data recovery undertakings, and field, laboratory, and analytical methods to address specific questions within various research domains. Treatment and repatriation of any human remains and associated funerary items that were encountered during Phase II data recovery were carried out in accordance with the existing burial agreement between SWCA and the Tohono O’odham Nation (A.R.S. §41-865, Case No. 96-30). This report is composed of nine chapters. Chapter 1 provides background on environment, cultural history, previous archaeological investigation at Rancho Sahuarita, and the research design for interpreting the results of data recovery. Chapter 2 presents field methods and results of data recovery, including feature descriptions, site maps, plan-views of selected features, and photographs. Chapters 3 through 8 describe material culture, analytical methods, and results of analysis; Chapter 3 deals with ceramics, Chapter 4 with flaked and ground stone artifacts, Chapter 5 with faunal remains, Chapter 6 with shell and miscellaneous artifacts, Chapter 7 with paleobotanical analysis, and Chapter 8 with pollen analysis. Chapter 9 provides a summary and interpretation of the data recovery efforts at the three sites.

Between September 1997 and March 2002, Soil Systems, Inc. (SSI) conducted archaeological excavations on approximately 32.5 ac of private lands at the large Classic Period Hohokam village of Pueblo Grande in Phoenix, Arizona. The property owned by SunAmerica is referred to as Washington Park. The excavations included testing and data recovery of prehistoric features to clear the parcel for proposed building construction. The excavations recovered human burials, architecture, and other features, all of which were fully documented. All human remains and associated mortuary artifacts have been fully analyzed and repatriated to the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community per the terms of Burial Agreement No. 97-36 issued to SSI by the Arizona State Museum (ASM). Letters were submitted to the City of Phoenix on April 16, 2001 and March 22, 2002 recommending clearance. Analyses of the nonmortuary artifacts and features is on-going and will result in a final comprehensive report to be submitted to the City of Phoenix.

Archaeological testing and data recovery at AZ B:9:360 (ASM), a Hohokam limited activity site in the northeastern Tucson Basin, resulted in the discovery of two roasting pits, an associated activity surface, and two large trash-filled pits. Botanical data suggest that the site was used for processing locally procured upper bajada wild plant resources as well as domesticated crops (maize). Chronometric data indicate a likely span of site use from the Rillito phase of the Colonial period to the Tanque Verde phase of the Early Classic period, with the most intensive occupation occurring during the Rincon phase of the Sedentary period.

Northland has completed cultural resources testing at two parcels. During the project, 83 trenches were mechanically excavated, totaling 1,613.3 meters. Trenches were roughly 20 m long, 65 cm wide, and 1.5 m deep. They were laid out in a checkerboard pattern across both loci, with trenches spaced 40 m apart east-west. This equates to approximately a 1.25 percent subsurface sample of the 20.7 acre project area. Testing confirmed the presence of features associated with Las Canopas (AZ T:12:137[ASM]), a large Hohokam village. In total, Northland identified 141 prehistoric cultural features, including habitation structures, extramural features, irrigation canals, and human burials. Basic descriptive information was collected on the location and distribution of all features identified. All human remains disturbed during testing were documented and removed. During testing, 20 human burial features were encountered. A map of the location of trenches and features was also prepared. The results of the Northland testing project indicate a lengthy prehistoric occupation within the tested parcels. Diagnostic ceramics ranging from the early Pioneer period, ca. A.D. 500 to 750, through late Classic period, ca. A.D. 1300 to 1450 were collected or noted during fieldwork. The temporal and spatial distribution of features across the tested parcels confirms the presence of intact prehistoric features. High densities of subsurface features, including human mortuary features, are present in multiple areas within the project area. Northland recommends that additional cultural resources investigations be conducted prior to any future ground disturbing activities within the project area. Las Canopas is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places based on its potential to contribute significant information to the prehistory of the region. Results of Northland's testing project indicate numerous additional intact features associated with the site will be encountered by any future ground disturbance activities. Of particular significance, it is highly probable that multiple human burial features remain undisturbed within the parcels. The site contains significant information potential and can address many important research questions pertaining to Hohokam occupation in the area. Indeed, there are few remaining sites in the Phoenix Basin with as much research potential. Therefore, prior to any future ground disturbance, Northland recommends that a research plan and plan of work for data recovery be prepared and implemented.

Current excavations at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), by Desert Archaeology, Inc., focused on a small portion of the southern end of the site prior to private construction. Artifacts will be curated at the Arizona State Museum (ASM) with accession number 2003-0382. Forty-one features identified within the project area included: 7 structures, 2 extramural surfaces, 3 trash concentrations, 1 horno, 1 roasting pit, 6 burial features, and 21 additional extramural pits. The horno and small cemetery are the first of their kind found at the site. Ceramic analysis of the excavated deposits dated the features from Early Rincon through Middle Rincon 2 (A.D. 950-1080). Analyses found evidence of ceramic production, including possible specialization in specific ceramic wares by locus, as well as limited evidence of shell production. The pollen and macrobotanical remains indicate an economy oriented toward floodplain agriculture supplemented with agave, wild resources, and small animals as part of the subsistence regime. An interpretation of site structure based on previous projects conducted at the site, the strong evidence of craft specialization, the subsistence remains, and the high diversity and density of the artifact assemblage all suggest West Branch functioned as a permanently settled village site, at least during the Middle Rincon phase when it was the most intensively inhabited.