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The Mexican healthcare system has undergone changes in its organization and governance and faces a health profile that poses challenges to achieving universal health coverage. To account for these changes, a comparative analysis of indicators between 2015-2017 and 2021-2022 based on the availability of information sources was carried out. To describe the health profile, information on demographic and social phenomena, population health conditions, and Covid-19 was included. As part of the organization and governance, the basic structure of the system, the care model, the availability of human resources, infrastructure, medications and technology, and system financing are presented. Finally, achievements in terms of access to health care, coverage, quality, and safety are presented. From the analysis and discussion of the information, some challenges of the Mexican healthcare system are identified to guide future health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central mission of the health system is to care for and improve the health of the population. To this end, there must be universal access to quality services. There is abundant evidence that access is insufficient for good health outcomes. For this reason alone, quality management and improvement should be a core component of the health system. In fact, "Equitable Access to Comprehensive and Quality Health Services" is an Essential Function of Public Health. Other arguments, less known but equally evidence-based, are its characteristic as a social determinant of health, and its contribution to the sustainability of the system, and to security and resilience in extraordinary situations. To operationalize the necessary focus on quality, a comprehensive and systemic Quality Management System (SGCIS, in Spanish) is proposed, which includes, among other things, all services and all levels of responsibility, under a multidimensional definition of quality. The joint implementation of the MAS-Bienestar model and the National Public Health Service, the basis of the current transformation of the Mexican health system, provides the opportunity to structure and visualize the contribution of an SGCIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El sistema de salud en Chile ha logrado un gran desarrollo y cobertura nacional, pero mantiene limitaciones organizacionales que hacen necesaria una reforma estructural impostergable, debido a deficiencia de recursos y desempeño, con segmentación e inequidad. El programa gubernamental 2022-2026 plantea una reforma sustancial para crear un sistema universal de salud. Existen otras propuestas de reforma elaboradas por diversos programas y comisiones gubernamentales y centros de estudio, que aportan insumos útiles para contextualizar la propuesta gubernamental. Diversos tipos de modelos coexisten en el sistema de salud, pues el seguro público es de tipo seguridad social, el sistema asistencial público provee atención gratis a los asegurados públicos, y los seguros y proveedores asistenciales privados tienen modalidad de mercado. El sistema propuesto sería de tipo de sistema nacional de salud, en el que se combinan una modalidad predominante de servicio nacional de salud (tipo Beveridge) estatal con un sistema de seguridad social (tipo Bismarck) complementario, según la necesidad de financiamiento. Bajo un enfoque de evaluación de proyectos sociales, se revisaron los criterios de pertinencia (coherencia interna y consistencia externa) y de factibilidad política y económica de los contenidos del programa gubernamental. La propuesta tiene coherencia interna, aunque una consistencia externa limitada con el sistema político y económico predominante, y escasa capacidad del Estado para aumentar el financiamiento y la cobertura de empresas públicas. El contenido de la propuesta no permite identificar que existan suficientes condiciones facilitadoras para sustentar una factibilidad política y económica razonable de aprobación legal e implementación efectiva de la reforma propuesta.

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The health system in Chile is well developed, with broad national coverage. However, organizational limitations necessitate urgent structural reform due to a lack of resources and poor performance, with segmentation and inequity. The government's program for 2022--2026 proposes substantial reforms aimed at creating a universal health system. Other reform proposals formulated by various government programs and commissions, as well as think tanks, provide useful inputs to contextualize the government proposal. Different types of models coexist in the health system: public insurance is based on a social security model, the public system provides free care to the insured population, and private insurance and private care providers work on a market basis. The proposed system would function on the national health system model, combining a predominant national health service (Beveridge model) with a complementary social security system (Bismarck model), depending on the need for funding. With a focus on social project evaluation, the relevance (internal coherence and external alignment) and political and economic feasibility of the contents of the government program were reviewed. The proposal has internal coherence, but limited external alignment with the prevailing political and economic system, and little State capacity to increase the financing of public enterprises and their coverage. The contents of the proposal do not show sufficient facilitating conditions to reasonably suggest political and economic feasibility in terms of legal approval and effective implementation of the proposed reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMEN Los organismos financieros internacionales y de Naciones Unidas han promovido la estrategia de la Cobertura Universal en Salud (CUS) como la mejor forma de garantizar el acceso a los servicios de salud. Este artículo debate esta propuesta desde el punto de vista de su eficacia para la garantía del derecho a la salud, además de su funcionalidad para la acumulación de capital en el llamado 'complejo médico industrial y financiero' de la salud, en el marco de la financiarización y el capitalismo cognitivo. El caso colombiano, ejemplo de la aplicación de la CUS en más de veinte años, pone en evidencia los límites de la propuesta. Como alternativa se presenta la opción de los sistemas universales de protección social, apoyado en un debate público abierto y de movilización social local y global por la defensa de la vida, no solo humana, y no reducida al acceso a servicios de salud.

Introducción: Los sistemas de salud requieren contar con evaluaciones acerca de la calidad de la entrega de los servicios en el Perú. Objetivo: Estimar los niveles de satisfacción y tiempo de espera en usuarios de servicios de salud públicos y privados peruanos. Métodos: Análisis secundario del cuestionario 1 de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud (ENSUSALUD) 2014, 2015 y 2016. El tiempo de espera fue definido como los minutos que tomó desde que el usuario llegó al establecimiento de salud hasta que ingresó al consultorio médico. La satisfacción fue evaluada con la percepción del usuario. Resultados: Los niveles de satisfacción fueron: 70,1% (IC 95% 69,7%-71,2%); 73,7% (IC 95% 72,5%-74,9%); y 73,9% (IC 95% 72,6%-75,1%) para el 2014, 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. Los usuarios afiliados al Seguro Integral de Salud (2014: 67,7% y 2016: 67,6%) y Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) (2015: 67,2%) fueron los que presentaron menores porcentajes. Las regiones que presentaron incremento en la satisfacción fueron Cajamarca (2016-2014: 26%), La Libertad (2016-2014: 26%). La mediana del tiempo de espera fue de 60 (q1-q3: 30-120), 75 (q1-q3: 30-150) y 75 (q1-q3: 35-140) minutos, para los años 2014, 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. La demora en la atención fue el problema más frecuente identificado por los usuarios. Conclusiones: En los años 2014, 2015 y 2016, el 70,1%, 73,7% y 73,9% de los usuarios de los servicios de salud peruanos estuvieron satisfechos con la atención. Se debe considerar la heterogeneidad por territorios y entidad financiera. La mediana de tiempo de espera para la atención fue de 60 minutos.

The initiative including an Act Project for reforming the Ley General de Salud of Mexico, submitted in 2019 to the Congress of the Union, proposes the creation of a system of universal and free access to health services and associated medicines for the population lacking of social security benefits, and the creation of the Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar. This article analyzes the substantive aspects of the project, with the aim of motivating the reflection of the proposed reform and its most important components, to contribute to achieving its aim. The conclusion is that the main themes of the Project require precision in relevant areas, such as the transformation of the financing scheme for care, the strengthening of stewardship and governance, the responsibility in the provision of services, and the regulation and access to medicines. The contributions of academics, decision makers and social organizations will be essential to create a public health policy based on evidence and social equity.

Copyright of Journal of Nursing & Health is the property of Journal of Nursing & Health (JONAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Evaluar el proceso de implementación y funcionamiento de los hogares protegidos para las personas con trastornos mentales graves en Iquitos, con base en el beneficio y la mejora en la calidad de vida percibida. Métodos. Estudio con enfoque cualitativo y transversal. Se realizaron 36 entrevistas a profundidad a residentes del hogar, cuidadores, vecinos y profesionales de salud. Se llenó una ficha sociodemográfica y clínica por cada residente y una ficha de procesos de gestión por cada hogar protegido. Se realizaron grupos focales con gestores y cuidadores. Resultados. El tiempo de estancia prolongada manicomial previa de los residentes de hogares protegidos fue de 7 años y 3 meses. Solo 28 % habían presentado recaída clínica durante el último año. Los residentes percibieron mejoría en su calidad de vida y mayor satisfacción en la estancia en hogar protegido respecto a la estancia manicomial previa. Los hogares evaluados se encuentran en lugares accesibles a servicios sociales y comunitarios, con adecuado acceso a medios de transporte. Se realizaron supervisiones periódicas a los cuidadores, infraestructura y mantenimiento del hogar. Conclusiones. Existe percepción favorable de cuidadores, gestores, residentes y vecinos sobre el funcionamiento de los hogares protegidos.

Objetivo. En la Región de las Américas se han realizado pocas evaluaciones de redes integradas de servicios de salud (RISS). Honduras ha avanzado en la implementación de herramientas y estrategias basadas en los atributos esenciales de las RISS. Este estudio tiene como objetivo valorar y comparar el desarrollo de RISS en su planteamiento teórico-documental y en su aplicación práctica, por tipo de gestión, en cinco redes de Honduras. Métodos. El estudio se realizó en dos etapas: 1) valoración teórico-documental, mediante la revisión y síntesis de seis documentos oficiales de RISS publicados entre 2012 y 2017, y 2) valoración práctica con los equipos de coordinación de cinco redes, dos descentralizadas y tres mixtas, usando la Herramienta de Valoración de RISS de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Resultados. La valoración teórica global alcanzó 55 puntos de desarrollo comparada con la valoración práctica de las cinco redes, que alcanzó 42,8. Según el análisis por ámbitos, el Modelo asistencial obtuvo mejores resultados en ambas valoraciones, mayor en la valoración teórica (62,5). Gobernanza y estrategia fue el ámbito que recibió la valoración más baja (41,7). Entre la valoración teórica y la práctica las diferencias en el análisis de ámbitos y de atributos fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,007 y p < 0,001, respectivamente). Las redes con gestión descentralizada alcanzaron mejores valoraciones que las mixtas (p = 0,017). Conclusiones. Existe una brecha entre la valoración teórica y la práctica que sugiere que la aplicación de las herramientas y las estrategias definidas en los documentos son incompletas. El componente provisional sigue siendo el que genera mayor interés e importancia. En las redes mixtas se observó mayor dificultad de integración, probablemente debido a la doble gobernanza. Es necesario seguir evaluando las RISS.

Desde la Declaración de Alma-Ata, y durante sus 40 años de vigencia, la atención primaria de salud (APS) se ha convertido en uno de los fundamentos de la reforma de salud salvadoreña iniciada en el 2010. Los valores, principios y elementos de la APS han sido una pieza esencial de su diseño e implementación para alcanzar logros importantes en la salud. La gratuidad y la ampliación de la cobertura, el ordenamiento de los niveles de atención, el impulso a la promoción de la salud y la voluntad política se identifican como factores que han permitido la mejora de los indicadores sanitarios, pero no de manera aislada, sino integrados a un proceso de transformación junto a otros programas sociales, que han abonado a la reducción de la pobreza y a la disminución de las desigualdades; estos, a su vez, han contribuido a la mejora de los indicadores de salud. La reforma de salud debe superar las dificultades actuales que enfrenta, como la deslegitimización frente a la opinión pública, la concepción biologicista de la “buena medicina” y superar aspectos negativos de su gestión como el presupuesto de salud insuficiente y desigual, las condiciones laborales precarias para el personal de salud, el trato deshumanizado y la baja calidad de los servicios. El avance de la reforma estará condicionado a su capacidad de reinventarse, superar las contradicciones que ha generado e ir al encuentro de las necesidades de los trabajadores de salud y la ciudadanía.

Objetivo. Caracterizar los procesos de reforma del sistema de salud implementados en ocho países de América Latina y evaluar sus resultados en las condiciones de acceso y cobertura de salud. Métodos. Se combina una caracterización de los procesos de transformación de los sistemas de salud de Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay con la evaluación de sus condiciones de acceso y cobertura, mediante el uso de encuestas nacionales de hogares representativos de los países estudiados. Resultados. Cinco países introdujeron cambios para ampliar la cobertura financiera, con perspectivas de atención primaria limitadas a la expansión de paquetes de servicios de salud, mientras que tres países priorizaron cambios en la organización de los servicios de salud, con una perspectiva más integral de la atención primaria de salud. Los países ubicados en el primer grupo aumentan la cobertura del seguro pero sin mejoras en el acceso a los servicios de salud. En el segundo grupo de países, aunque ha mostrado mejoras, persisten altos niveles de barreras de acceso. Conclusiones. Las reformas de los sistemas de salud pueden caracterizarse en función del tipo de transformaciones promovidas. Las reformas centradas en expandir la cobertura de seguros mejoran la cobertura financiera, aunque no se traducen en cambios positivos en el acceso. Las reformas que priorizan la transformación en la organización de los servicios de salud logran avances en el acceso, pero aún persisten altos niveles de la población que reportan barreras de acceso en esos países. Las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población y la inestabilidad de las políticas son obstáculos para lograr avances más significativos.

El presente artículo examina el proceso de Reforma en Salud con un enfoque sistémico, desde la perspectiva de la formación de recursos humanos en salud. Consideramos que se tiene que visibilizar como un espacio necesario de formación de recursos humanos en salud, a los recursos para la generación e implementación de la reforma en salud. Se propone una relación entre los procesos de concepción, implementación y ejecución de las propuestas de reforma, los procesos de desarrollo de los recursos humanos necesarios para las propuestas, y la conformación de núcleos de desarrollo de las mismas. Esta relación se visualiza como una relación circular tripartita, en la cual los avances y frenos de cada uno de estos espacios, determina a su vez dinámicas codireccionales en los otros dos espacios, y por ende, la viabilidad y sentido de la Reforma que se propone, sólo será factible en las áreas en las cuales tiene recursos humanos disponibles.

El Aseguramiento Universal en Salud constituye una de las principales políticas públicas impulsadas en la última década en nuestro país, y se ha mantenido por más de cuatro administraciones nacionales en la agenda política. Los avances en este proceso pueden verse reflejados en el incremento en la cobertura de afiliación a algún tipo de seguro de salud, que para el caso del Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS), fue ampliada de 19,4% en el año 2006 a 50,2% para el año 2015 (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares – ENAHO). Sin embargo, es posible evidenciar que mientras en el 2006 el 44,9% de los afiliados al SIS buscaban atención por problemas de salud en establecimientos del MINSA o de las redes de salud públicas de los Gobiernos Regionales, en el año 2015 este porcentaje disminuyó a 31,7%. Estos resultados obligan a prestar atención a otros factores que estarían restringiendo la mejora en el acceso a los servicios de salud, especialmente en pobladores pobres protegidos financieramente. Entre los retos para incrementar la cobertura prestacional se encuentran la brecha de infraestructura y equipamiento de servicios de salud, la poca articulación de los establecimientos de salud del primer nivel de atención, la subutilización de la oferta pública existente y recurso humano no bien remunerado con escasos o nulos incentivos.

Objetivos. Caracterizar el proceso de la Reforma del Sector Salud (RSS) en Perú expresada públicamente en 2013, identificando los principales avances en su implementación y los desa fíos pendientes desde la perspectiva de los actores participantes. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio de sistematización de la experiencia en el cual se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 21 informantes clave, incluyendo a tres exministros de salud, y empleando como marco temporal el decenio 2005–2015. Se analizaron bases de datos oficiales para comprobar las variaciones de los indicadores de salud. Resultados. La propuesta se basa en la expansión del aseguramiento con predominio de un seguro público en salud bajo el modelo del pluralismo estructurado, con una clara separación entre las funciones de prestación, intermediación financiera, regulación y gobierno. Los principales avances de la RSS identificados son: haber trascendido el criterio de pobreza para el aseguramiento público, el refuerzo de la inversión física y de recursos humanos, el fortalecimiento de una superintendencia orientada a los derechos del usuario, y el del papel del Ministerio de Salud en la salud pública. Y los principales desafíos, la cobertura poblacional del aseguramiento no vinculada con la pobreza, la dotación de recursos humanos especializados y la reducción de gasto de bolsillo. Conclusiones. La RSS en el decenio examinado es un proceso que se construye sobre avances de años precedentes al periodo analizado, que consolida en el país un modelo de aseguramiento encaminado a la cobertura poblacional universal sobre la base de un seguro público de salud, y que se expresa en un incremento demostrable del gasto público y de la cobertura, aunque sus avances se ven limitados principalmente en la dotación de recursos humanos especializados y en el gasto de bolsillo, que todavía es muy elevado.

Objective. To present summary measures of socioeconomic inequalities in access barriers to health services in Colombia, El Salvador, Paraguay, and Peru. Methods. This cross-sectional study used data from nationally - representative household surveys in Colombia, El Salvador, Peru, and Paraguay to analyze income-related inequalities in barriers to seeking health services. Households that reported having a health problem (disease/accident) and not seeking professional health care were considered to be facing access barriers. The measures of inequality were the slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality. Results. Inequality trends were mixed across the four countries. All showed improvement, but large inequality gaps persisted between the highest and lowest income quintiles, despite health care reforms. Relative inequality gaps were highest in Colombia (60%), followed by Paraguay (30%), Peru (20%), and El Salvador (20%). Conclusions. The effect of national policy initiatives on equity to accessing health services should be the object of future analysis. There is also a need for research on national and regional monitoring of access barriers and explanatory factors for why people do not seek care, even when having a health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initiative including an Act Project for reforming the Ley General de Salud of Mexico, submitted in 2019 to the Congress of the Union, proposes the creation of a system of universal and free access to health services and associated medicines for the population lacking of social security benefits, and the creation of the Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar. This article analyzes the substantive aspects of the project, with the aim of motivating the reflection of the proposed reform and its most important components, to contribute to achieving its aim. The conclusion is that the main themes of the Project require precision in relevant areas, such as the transformation of the financing scheme for care, the strengthening of stewardship and governance, the responsibility in the provision of services, and the regulation and access to medicines. The contributions of academics, decision makers and social organizations will be essential to create a public health policy based on evidence and social equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental is the property of Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado e Fundamental Online and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Determine the effect of Seguro Popular (SP) on preventive care utilization among low-income SP beneficiaries and uninsured elders in Mexico. Materials and methods. Fixed-effects instrumental-variable (FE-IV) pseudo-panel estimation from three rounds of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2000, 2006 and 2012). Results. Our findings suggest that SP has no significant effect on the use of preventive services, including screening for diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer and cervical cancer, by adults aged 50 to 75 years. Conclusions. Despite the evidence that suggests that SP has increased access to health insurance for the poor, inequalities in healthcare access and utilization still exist in Mexico. The Mexican government must keep working on extending health insurance coverage to vulnerable adults. Additional efforts to increase health care coverage and to support preventive care are needed to reduce persistent disparities in healthcare utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SMAD Revista Electronica Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirao Preto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Analizar el proceso de diseño e implementación del Acceso Universal con Garantías Explícitas (AUGE). Material y métodos. Revisión de bibliografía sobre antecedentes prerreforma, arquitectura de diseño y proceso de implementación de la reforma AUGE y, complementariamente, entrevistas a ocho informantes involucrados en su desarrollo. Resultados. La valoración de la equidad en la salud fue un elemento clave prerreforma; existen cuatro dimensiones fundamentales en el diseño y nueve fases en la implementación. Conclusión. Los resultados del AUGE muestran un fortalecimiento en la salud pública por la inversión en equipamiento para tratamientos costo-efectivos; también por las guías clínicas que estandarizan y orientan la gestión de los profesionales de la salud con los pacientes.

In 2013, Peru initiated a reform process under the premise of recognizing the nature of health as a right that must be protected by the state. This reform aimed to improve health conditions through the elimination or reduction of restrictions preventing the full exercise of this right, and the consequent approach aimed to protect both individual and public health and rights within a framework characterized by strengthened stewardship and governance, which would allow system conduction and effective responses to risks and emergencies. The reform led to an increase in population health insurance coverage from 64% to 73%, with universalization occurring through the SIS affiliation of every newborn with no other protection mechanism. Health financing increased by 75% from 2011, and the SIS budget tripled from 570 to 1,700 million soles. From 2012 to May 2016, 168 health facilities have become operational, 51 establishments are nearing completion, and 265 new projects are currently under technical file and work continuity with an implemented investment of more than 7 billion soles. Additionally, this reform led to the approval of the Ministry of Health intervention for health emergencies and strengthened the health authority of the ministry to implement responses in case of risks or service discontinuity resulting from a lack of regional or local government compliance with public health functions.

La salud en Colombia es ahora un derecho fundamental que tiene que ser provisto y protegido por el Estado. A partir de metodologías de análisis de sistemas de salud propuestospor la OMS y el Banco Mundial, se evidencian las falencias, fortalezas y dificultades del sistema de salud con respecto ala ley estatutaria aprobada en febrero de 2015. Éstas incluyen la fragmentación y especialización de los servicios, barreras de acceso, incentivos no alineados con la calidad, débil gobernanza, múltiples actores con poca coordinación y sistema de información que no mide resultados. Es necesario un acuerdo social, un equilibrio y control de la tensión por parte del Estado entre el beneficio particular y el beneficio colectivo.

Objetivo: Identificar situaciones de violencia directa, estructural y cultural percibidas en sus ámbitos laborales por personas trabajadoras de los hospitales públicos y la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá, como parte de un estudio marco sobre condiciones psicosociales de trabajo en el sector público de la salud. Métodos: Abordaje cualitativo, comprendiendo 6 grupos focales organizados según perfil laboral así: Líderes trabajadores; Trabajadores de Salud Pública; Trabajadores de diferentes áreas; Trabajadores del área directiva; Trabajadores del área asistencial; y Trabajadores del área administrativa; análisis narrativo de las correspondientes transcripciones. Resultados: La violencia estructural en el sector público de la salud ha incrementado desde la reforma al sistema de salud y sus impactos en términos de flexibilización laboral; conllevando incremento en la violencia directa, al verse involucradas las personas trabajadoras de salud en la negación del derecho a la salud y en procesos de competencia e individualización de la atención; respecto a la violencia cultural, la discriminación aparece como el elemento más relevante, repercutiendo en relaciones interpersonales negativas y en violación de derechos. Conclusiones: las reformas neoliberales al sistema de salud colombiano han generado una problemática crítica en torno a las prácticas de la salud organizadas desde el sector público y a las condiciones de contratación del personal que allí labora. Se requiere un cambio en la orientación del sistema de salud, así como la garantía de condiciones de empleo digno y decente, junto con acciones para prevenir la violencia directa hacia las personas trabajadoras de las instituciones públicas de salud en Bogotá.

Este trabalho caracteriza e discute a privatização da gestão do sistema municipal de saúde na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, com base em uma perspectiva administrativista e política. A metodologia consistiu em levantamento bibliográfico e análise de legislação e documentos públicos. A pesquisa demonstrou que embora a lei de Organizações Sociais (OS) seja de 2006, metade da privatização da gestão ainda é regulada por um ajuste provisório anterior, o convênio. Em 2011, 61% dos serviços eram geridos por entidades privadas que, em 2012, receberam 44% do orçamento da saúde. As vinte entidades envolvidas incluem cinco dos dez maiores grupos privados de serviços médicos do país. Órgãos fiscalizadores evidenciam falhas de controle nos contratos de gestão, mas os convênios, que apresentam controle mais frágil, têm sido invisíveis à fiscalização. Por fim, o marco legal é instável. Valendo-se da experiência paulistana, discute-se o caráter político vs. técnico da regulação da gestão privada no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Esta investigación documental reconstruye la contienda transgresiva en salud en Colombia durante la implantación de la reforma, entre 1994 y 2010, a partir del análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Utiliza el enfoque de la contienda política, una teoría de la acción colectiva, basada en una perspectiva relacional entre actores colectivos y estructura política, para comprender transformaciones históricas. Se reconstruyen tres episodios de contienda, evidenciando un vínculo causal entre protesta y reformas estructurales de política social y de salud. Las luchas de los actores subalternos visibilizaron el despojo de derechos laborales, la crisis de los hospitales públicos y las barreras de acceso a los servicios, como efectos adversos de la reforma; el gobierno favoreció los intereses del capital privado. Las protestas persistieron, pese a la violencia antisindical y a la represión gubernamental, nuevos actores y un movimiento nacional por la salud reconfiguraron la esfera pública, construyendo identidad en torno a la lucha por el derecho fundamental a la salud.

Objective. To examine short-term changes in perceived barriers to access to primary care before and after implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) among adults in the United States of America. Methods. The ACA was approved in 2010. We used the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the years 2011-2014 to compare the main reported problems in accessing primary care among adult respondents in 2011-2013 (before implementation of mandatory ACA health insurance for individuals) and in 2014 (after that implementation). A multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis was used to identify trends with primary care barriers. Results. We found that from 2010 through 2014, individuals were progressively less likely to report challenges to accessing care, such as having trouble finding a provider, getting accepted as new patients, and health care providers not accepting their health insurance. In addition, adults were less likely to report inconveniences linked to waiting times for an appointment and with provider's office hours. Conclusions. Informing policymakers, providers, and system administrators about the short-term changes in perceived barriers to care offers a baseline for evaluating policies and programs linked to implementing the ACA, as well as assessing how prepared primary care networks were for the influx of newly insured patients. Nevertheless, the abolition of the ACA health insurance mandate through legislation approved in December 2017 has put into question whether patients' perceptions of improved access to care will be sustained in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Characterize health system reform processes implemented in eight Latin American countries and evaluate their results in terms of health access and coverage conditions. Methods. Data from nationally representative household surveys were used to characterize health system reform processes in Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay and to assess resulting conditions governing health care access and coverage. Results. Five countries introduced changes to expand financial coverage, with a perspective on primary health care limited to the expansion of health service packages, while three countries prioritized changes in health service organization based on a more comprehensive approach to primary health care. Countries in the first group increased insurance coverage but saw no improvement in access to health services. In the second group of countries, important barriers to access continue to exist despite improvements. Conclusions. Health system reforms can be described in terms of the type of transformations promoted. Reforms that focus on expanding insurance coverage improve financial protection but do not result in positive changes in access. Reforms that prioritize transformations in the organization of health services lead to improved access, yet a large proportion of the population continues to report barriers to access in the countries studied. The socioeconomic conditions of the population and unstable policies stand in the way of achieving more significant progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2018 is an opportune time to explore health system reforms and primary health care (PHC) in Brazil, given the anniversaries of the Alma-Ata Declaration (40 years) and of the Constitution of Brazil (30 years), the basis of the Unified Health System (SUS). In this context, health system analysis in the municipal setting is an important instrument for acknowledging achievements and innovations, as well as weaknesses and threats. Due to the principle of decentralization of SUS, municipalities have assumed a leadership role in health policy development and implementation. The cities also come first in expressing the failures of the health system and the consequences of austerity measures. Thus, analysis of health system transformations at the municipal level are fundamental to studying PHC achievements and gaps. This report identifies the challenges and innovations of PHC implementation in Curitiba, beginning with a brief history of the city's health system development. The city was a pioneer in linking urban planning with health system design, improving access to health care, and obtaining better health outcomes over the past 30 years. This report covers those years, as well as the challenges and strategies implemented during the most recent political cycle (2013 -- 2016). There are substantial lessons that can be garnered from the experience of this middle-income city in Latin America, lessons that may be useful as the region moves toward the Sustainable Development Goal of Universal Health Coverage by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. There have been few evaluations of integrated health service delivery networks (IHSDN) in the Region of the Americas. Honduras has made progress in the implementation of tools and strategies based on the essential attributes of IHSDNs. The objective of this study is to assess and compare the development of IHSDNs in theoretical and practical terms, by type of management, in five networks in Honduras. Methods. The study was conducted in two stages: 1) a theoretical assessment based on a review and summary of six official documents on IHSDNs published between 2012 and 2017, and 2) a practical assessment in conjunction with the coordination teams of five networks, two of them with decentralized management and three of them with mixed management, using the IHSDN Assessment Tool of the Pan American Health Organization. Results. The overall theoretical assessment yielded a development score of (55 points), compared with the 42.8 of the practical assessment of the five networks. In the analysis by area, the model of care had better results in both assessments, with higher scores in the theoretical assessment (62.5). The area with the lowest score (41.7) was governance and strategy. The differences between the theoretical and practical assessment in the area and attribute analyses were statistically significant (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). The networks with decentralized management had higher scores than those with mixed management (p = 0.017). Conclusions. There is a gap between the theoretical and practical assessment that suggests that application of the tools and strategies defined in the documents is incomplete. The provisional component remains the one that elicits the most interest and is considered the most important. Greater difficulties with integration were observed in the networks with mixed management, probably because of their dual governance. Continued evaluation of IHSDNs is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To characterize the process of health sector reform (HSR) in Peru (launched publicly in 2013), identifying the principal advances in its implementation and the pending challenges from the perspective of the participating actors. Methods. This study systematizes experiences through semi-structured interviews conducted with 21 key informants, including three ex-ministers of health, using the decade 2005-2015 as the time frame. Official databases were analyzed to verify variations in health indicators. Results. The proposed reform was based on expanding insurance coverage (predominantly public health insurance), following the structured pluralism model, with clear separation between the functions of delivery, financing, regulation, and governance. The main progress in HSR identified by this study involves: having transcended the poverty criterion for public insurance, strengthening investments in infrastructure and human resources, strengthening the National Health Authority with a focus on the rights of users, and reinforcing the public health role of the Ministry of Health. The main challenges involve providing non-poverty- related insurance coverage for the population, having sufficient specialized human resources, and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure. Conclusions. In the 10 years under analysis, HSR is a process that builds on the progress made in prior years; a process that consolidates an insurance model aimed at universal coverage based on public health insurance and that has led to a demonstrable increase in public spending and population coverage. However, progress has been limited mainly due to insufficient provision of specialized human resources and out-of-pocket expenditure, which remains very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Declaration of Alma-Ata on primary health care (PHC), issued 40 years ago, has become one of the foundations of El Salvador's health system reform, launched in 2010. The values, principles, and elements of PHC have been an essential piece in the design and implementation of the reform, aimed at achieving significant advances in health. Free services and the expansion of coverage, the organization of the levels of care, the encouragement of health promotion, and political will are identified as facilitating factors in the improvement of health indicators, a phenomenon that has not occurred in isolation but, rather, as part of a process of change involving other social programs that has helped to reduce poverty and inequality; this, in turn, has contributed to the improvement of health indicators. Health system reform must overcome its current challenges, such as its lack of legitimacy in the eyes of the public and the biologistical concept of 'good medicine,' as well as negative aspects of management, such as an inadequate and unequal health budget, poor working conditions for health personnel, impersonal care, and poor-quality services. The progress of the reform will be determined by its capacity for reinvention and its ability to overcome the conflicts it has generated and identify the needs of health workers and citizens alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Evaluate the implementation and operation of protected residences for people with serious mental illness in Iquitos, based on the benefits and perceived improvement in their quality of life. Methods. Qualitative and cross-cutting study. Thirty-six in-depth interviews of residents, caregivers, neighbors, and health professionals were conducted. A sociodemographic and clinical file was completed for each resident, along with a file on managerial processes for each facility. Focus groups were conducted with managers and caregivers. Results. Residents' previous length of stay in a psychiatric hospital was 7 years and 3 months. Only 28 % had suffered a clinical relapse in the past year. Residents reported an improvement in their quality of life and greater satisfaction with their stay in the facility compared with their stay in the psychiatric hospital. The residences evaluated are located in areas accessible to social and community services, with adequate access to transportation. Periodic supervision of caregivers, infrastructure, and residence maintenance was performed. Conclusions. Caregivers, managers, residents, and neighbors have a positive view of residence operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde is the property of Revista Brasileira em Promocao da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde is the property of Revista Brasileira em Promocao da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde is the property of Revista Brasileira em Promocao da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes trends in contemporary health sector reforms in three European countries with Bismarckian and Beveridgean models of national health systems within the context of strong financial pressure resulting from the economic crisis (2008-date), and proceeds to discuss the implications for universal care. The authors examine recent health system reforms in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Health systems are described using a matrix to compare state intervention in financing, regulation, organization, and services delivery. The reforms’ impacts on universal care are examined in three dimensions: breadth of population coverage, depth of the services package, and height of coverage by public financing. Models of health protection, institutionality, stakeholder constellations, and differing positions in the European economy are factors that condition the repercussions of restrictive policies that have undermined universality to different degrees in the three dimensions specified above and have extended policies for regulated competition as well as commercialization in health care systems.

Este artículo versa sobre el deterioro de la relación médico-paciente por el sistema de salud colombiano basado en principios neoliberales del mercado de la salud. Son tan numerosos los datos y las evidencias del deterioro de la atención en salud en Colombia durante las dos últimas décadas, que se hace innecesario emplear una metodología cuantitativa de administración de pruebas para denunciarlo. Aquí se muestra la precarización de la relación médico-paciente en Colombia, mediante testimonios de expertos y observación propia como usuario del sistema.

La conceptualización sobre gerencia, enfermería y tendencias, plantea retos en el ámbito mundial, nacional y local, respecto a la Gerencia de los Servicios y el papel desempeñado por el profesional de enfermería, fundamental en el desarrollo de múltiples procesos. Partiendo de las reformas que afectaron los sistemas de salud, se describen las tendencias que han originado el desarrollo de la gerencia en enfermería. Los retos de hoy y las prioridades han cambiado; los modelos de gestión se constituyen en herramientas y formas de hacer que las organizaciones y quienes en ellas interactúan, utilizan para alcanzar los objetivos para los cuales fueron diseñadas.

A crescente complexidade dos desafios do setor da saúde implica um aumento das responsabilidades para aqueles que nela assumem funções de gestão. Há consenso que a qualidade da força de trabalho em saúde é um fator crítico para o sucesso de qualquer reforma no setor. O objetivo desta investigação é estudar e analisar a alteração induzida por uma intervenção de formação-ação intensiva na cultura organizacional de 73 diretores executivos dos Agrupamentos dos Centros de Saúde (ACES) em Portugal durante a reforma na atenção primária à saúde. Os dados foram coletados e analisados em dois períodos temporais, antes e depois da intervenção do Programa Avançado em Gestão, Governação Clínica e Liderança para os ACES, o qual teve um ano de duração. O modelo Competing Values Framework permitiu observar que, depois da intervenção de formação-ação, as percepções dos diretores executivos sobre a sua cultura organizacional se encontram mais alinhadas com a reforma da atenção primária à saúde, valorizando o tipo de práticas e valores que esta defende. É necessário continuar a monitorizar os resultados em vários períodos temporais para elaborar conclusões a esse respeito.

Chile maintains a health system segmented by risks and income. A Presidential Commission convened in 2014 presented two scenarios for its health system in accordance with a timeline of expected results. For the long term, it proposed a vision for the direction of the Chilean health system that would converge in a single public insurance. For the short term, it proposed a transition that consisted of regulating pension health institutions to function under social security rules and principles. The central approaches were based on international evidence of systems that have achieved success in offering universal health access and coverage to the population, through appropriate transformations and regulations. The analysis carried out by the Commission signaled the beginning of a new paradigm for health policies in Chile. This points out that the strategy used previously--to promote greater competition and freedom of choice in health insurance markets--has not yielded results, and that in order to advance towards equitable access to health it is necessary to focus on the right to health and the principles of solidarity and equity, as well as assessing progress in the world, recognizing that the Chilean scheme moves away from the best practices in terms of the design of health systems. The proposal has not been implemented yet, and it will be necessary to propose an accelerated implementation plan for its long-term vision. Chile's experience is relevant for other countries in the Region of the Americas that discuss the problems of health segmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Describe strategies implemented by Ecuador's Ministry of Public Health (MPH) to strengthen human resources for health leadership and respond to the new model of care, as a part of the reform process in the period 2012-2015. Methods. A documentary review was carried out of primary and secondary sources on development of human resources for health before and after the reform. Results. In the study period, Ecuador developed a new institutional and regulatory framework for developing human resources for health to respond to the requirements of a model of care based on primary health care. The MPH consolidated its steering role by forging strategic partnerships, implementing human resources planning methods, and making an unprecedented investment in health worker training, hiring, and wage increases. These elements constitute the initial core for development of human resources for health policy and a health-services study program consistent with the reform's objectives. Conclusions. Within the framework of the reform carried out from 2012 to 2015, intersectoral work by the MPH has led to considerable achievements in development of human resources for health. Notable achievements include strengthening of the steering role, development and implementation of standards and regulatory instruments, creation of new professional profiles, and hiring of professionals to implement the comprehensive health care model, which helped to solve problems carried over from the years prior to the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Nursing UFPE / Revista de Enfermagem UFPE is the property of Revista de Enfermagem UFPE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)