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Air bersih sangat dibutuhkan untuk masyarakat yang tinggal didaerah padat penduduk. Kelangkaan dan kesulitan untuk mendapatkan air bersih menjadi permasalahan yang banyak muncul dikalangan masyarakat dimana hampir sebagian besar sumber air tanah yang didapat adalah air keruh. Sumber air yang ada sudah terkontaminasi dengan tanah, logam berat, bakteri dan bahan lain yang merugikan kesehatan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan air keruh tersebut perlu adanya usaha untuk mendapatkan sumber air yang bersih dengan menggunakan alat yang disebut dengan Destilator Surya Tipe Wick Sollar Still dengan penambahan reflektor. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh sudut reflektor pada unjuk kerja destilator surya. Kemudian mendapatkan sudut reflektor yang memiliki unjuk kerja destilator surya yang paling baik. Alat ini berfungsi sebagai pengubah air keruh menjadi air bersih siap pakai dengan cara menguapkan dengan memanfaatkan energi panas matahari. Dalam pengujian destilator menggunakan 5 variasi sudut reflektor 55°,58°,60°,62°,65°. Sudut reflektor memiliki pengaruh terhadap unjuk kerja destilator surya tipe wick sollar still dimana semakin besar sudut reflektor maka unjuk kerja nya semakin baik. Destilator surya tipe wick sollar still yang memiliki unjuk kerja terbaik terdapat pada sudut reflektor 65° dimana diperoleh energi penguapan yang paling tinggi sebesar 37,48 watt. Kemudian diperoleh energi pengembunan yang paling tinggi sebesar 37,48 watt. Lalu diperoleh laju destilasi yang paling tinggi sebesar 0,0000158 kg⁄s. Kemudian diperoleh efisiensi produk yang paling tinggi sebesar 8%. Kemudian diperoleh efisiensi sistem destilasi yang paling tinggi sebesar 10,4% dan diperoleh kuantitas air destilasi yang paling tinggi sebesar 400 ml.

O’quv jarayonini o’quvchi shaxsining yosh, psixologik va indididual xolatlarini inobatga olgan holda tashkil etish, ’quvchining psixologik xolatini yaxshilash va darsga nisbatan munosabatini muvofiqlashtirish kabi ko’nikmalarni tashkil etishda psixologiyaning ahamiyati yuqori baholanadi. Usbu maqolada maktab o’quvchilarining individual-psixologik xususiyatlari haqida bayon etiladi.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Optimierung eines Xenonblitzlampen-Reflektors mittels Raytracing in optischer Simulationssoftware. Das Sintern von gedruckter Elektronik wird durch Einsatz von Xenonblitzlampen dieser Art erleichtert. Bei den üblichen Sinterverfahren kommen Öfen, Lichtbogenentladungseinrichtungen und Laser zum Einsatz, bei denen die gedruckte Elektronik unter einer Inertgas-Schutzatmosphäre und unter großem Zeit- und Energieaufwand gesintert wird. Das photonische Sintern mit Xenonblitzlampen hingegen ist eine schnelle, preiswerte und kompakte Alternative zu Sinteröfen. In dieser Arbeit werden unterschiedliche Optimierungsmethoden kombiniert, wodurch auf die Verwendung von Scripting in der Simulationssoftware verzichtet werden kann. Der optimierte Reflektor weist am Ende ein Design auf, das eine homogene Sinterung der gedruckten Elektronik über eine definierte Fläche garantiert. Mittels mikroskopischer Aufnahmen und Widerstandsmessungen wird das Sinterergebnis evaluiert und über die optimalen Parameter beim Sintern mit der optimierten Xenonblitzlampe diskutiert. This thesis deals with the optimization of a xenon-flashtube-reflector using optical engineering software that simulates the propagation of light by raytracing. Flash-light sintering technology solves the conventional use of time- and energy-intensive sintering furnaces and ovens. The reflector was optimized using a combination of different optimization methods to avoid the use of the software’s scripting feature. The design of the optimized reflector shows a uniform sintering-behavior of the target surface with the printed electronics. The results of the simulation are validated by using microscopic images and resistance measurements of the printed patterns. Finally, the optimal parameters for sintering with the optimized xenon-flash-lamp-reflector are discussed.

Das Verfahren zur Interferometrie auf langen Basislinien (VLBI) zählt zu den geodätischen Raum-techniken, die sowohl zur Realisierung eines erdfesten- als auch eines sternenfesten geodätischen Bezugssystems herangezogen werden. Mittels VLBI wird u.a. der Netzmaßstab des terrestrischen Referenzrahmens (TRF) bestimmt. Messtechnische Untersuchungen von Hauptreflektoren konventi-oneller VLBI-Radioteleskope weisen ein elevationsabhängiges Eigenverformungsverhalten auf, die u.a. Variationen der Brennweite von z.T. mehreren Zentimetern hervorruft. Unkompensiert führen diese systematischen Verformungen zu einer Verzerrung der geschätzten Stationskoordinate, die u.U. den globalen Netzmaßstab verfälscht. In diesem Beitrag wird erstmals das elevationsabhängige Verformungsverhalten eines kompakten VGOS-spezifizierten VLBI-Radioteleskops untersucht. Aufgrund der hohen Genauigkeitsanforderun-gen für diese VGOS-Radioteleskope von unter 1 mm erfolgt die Datenerhebung photogrammetrisch. Im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Ansätzen, die einen Kran erfordern, erfolgt die photogrammetrische Datenerhebung zeiteffizient durch ein Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)., Diese Arbeit ist Teil des internationalen Projektes GeoMetre (Large-scale dimensional measurements for geodesy, JRP 18SIB01) und wurde aus Mitteln des von den Teilnehmerstaaten kofinanzierten EMPIR-Programms und aus dem Forschungs- und Innovationsprogramm der Europäischen Union Horizon 2020 finanziert.

About 70% of the harvested coffee is exported to the industrialized nations for value addition due to lack of processing and logistic facilities in developing coffee producer countries, thus leaving behind a marginal economic return for the growers. This research was conducted to investigate the roasting capacity of an innovatively developed batch-type directly solar radiated roasting system for the decentralized processing of coffee using solar energy. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to design the experiments to optimize the coffee roasting process. Experimental results revealed that with an average solar direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 800 W/m2, the roaster was capable of roasting a batch of 2 kg coffee beans in 20, 23, and 25 min subjected to light roasts, medium roasts, and dark roasts, respectively at a drum speed of two revolutions per minute (rpm). The batch-type solar roaster has the capacity to roast 28.8–36 kg of coffee beans depending on dark to light roasting conditions on a clear sunny day with DNI ranging from 650 to 850 W/m2. The system thermal efficiency during coffee roasting was determined to be 62.2%, whereas the roasting efficiency at a corresponding light roast, medium roast, and dark roast was found to be 97.5%, 95.2%, and 91.3%, respectively. The payback period of the solar roaster unit was estimated to be 1038 working sunshine hours, making it viable for commercialization.

Komunikaciju na daleke udaljenosti teško bismo ostvarivali bez prijenosa elektromagnetske energije. To je energija koju možemo slati kroz slobodan prostor pomoću antena ili putem prijenosnih linija. Antene imaju prednost kada govorimo o komunikaciji na velikim udaljenostima, jer valovi se mogu kretati kroz slobodan prostor, a antene koristimo za prijenos signala kada to nije moguće na drugi način npr. komunikacija preko planinskog terena, raketa, satelita i sl. U praksama najčešće koristi se najjednostavnija antena dipol. Antenu je lagano prilagoditi za bilo koju namjenu te joj je moguće mijenjati različite vrijednosti njezinih parametara (jakost polja, dobitak, impedanciju) promjenom duljine i ostalih dimenzija. U radu je opisan rad antena te različite vrste antena od kojih je odabrana dipol antena za ovaj rad. Za odabranu antenu opisana je njezina geometrija, parametri te način izrade simulacije antenskog niza dipola s reflektorom u ANSYS HFSS računalnom programu. Dobivene vrijednosti i rezultati simulacije poput koeficijenta refleksije, impedancije, VSWR-a i dijagrama zračenja te njihova analiza. Na izrađenom laboratorijskom modelu antenskog niza dipola s reflektorom napravljena su mjerenja u laboratoriju te su navedeni razlozi odstupanja rezultata. Communication at far distances would be difficult to achieve without transmitting electromagnetic energy. It is the energy that we can send through free space with antenna or through the transmission lines. Antenna is an advantage when talking about communication over large distances, because the waves can move through the free space, and the antenna used to transmit signals when it is not possible otherwise, eg communication over mountain terrain, rocket, satellite, etc. In practice, we usually use the simplest antenna dipole. Antenna is easy to adjust for any purpose and it is possible to change the different values of its parameters (field strentgh, gain, impendance) by changing the lenght and other dimensions. This work describes the operation of the antenna and various types of antennas, of which the dipol antenna is selected for this work. For selected antenna are described her geometry, parameters and method of simulation of the dipole antenna array with reflector in the ANSYS HFSS computer software. The obtained values and simulation results, such as reflection coefficient, impedance, VSWR and radiation diagram, and their analysis. On the laboratory model of dipole antenna array with reflector measurements were made in the laboratory and the reasons of deviations are described.

V diplomski nalogi sem analiziral faze filmske produkcije in raziskal tehnike produkcije z namenom oblikovanja modularnega kompleta shranjevalnih kovčkov z integrirano produkcijsko opremo. Modularni mobilni set vsebuje osnovno snemalno opremo, potrebno za doseganje polprofesionalne produkcijske kakovosti. Sestavljajo ga štirje kovčki, ki jih lahko povežemo v eno mobilno enoto, ob uporabi pa jih ločimo. Prvi cilj naloge je zagotoviti enostavno mobilnost produkcijskih komponent do lokacije snemanja ter med produkcijo, drugi pa oblikovati enoten produkt, ki združuje vso potrebno produkcijsko opremo. In my bachelor's thesis i have analised the process of film production and explored various techniques, used in these productions in order to design a modular set of cases with integrated filming equipment. This modular mobile set contains the basic filming equipment used in semi-professional productions. The set is comprised of four cases, which, when compiled together, form a single mobile unit. When these cases are in use, they are separate entities. The first goal of this assignment is to ensure easy transport of all components to the production set and mobility of these components douring filming. The other goal is to design a formation of all the necesarry equipment in a single product.

Hensikten med dette prosjektet er å undersøke om ultralyd kan benyttes som et detekteringssystem under vann. Det er blitt designet tre ulike reflektorer for å se på refleksjonsegenskapene til disse. Fjernstyrte undervannsfarkoster (ROV) benytter ofte optisk kamera til lokalisering av objekter. Problemstillinger som kan oppstå er dårlig sikt på grunn av dårlig optisk sikt og dybde oppfatningen kan være ukjent. Denne oppgaven har funnet metoder for å generere et unikt reflektert signal som kan brukes til å gjenkjenne reflektorene. To eksperimenter er blitt utført, der det ene tar utgangspunkt i å se hvordan signalet blir påvirket av en endring i innfallsvinkel mellom transduser mot reflektor. Det andre tar utgangspunkt i endringen av lydhastigheten når temperaturen i vannet endres. Testing ved ultralyd av reflektorene er blitt gjennomført innendørs med springvann i et kar. Masteroppgave i fysikk MAMN-PHYS PHYS399

U diplomskom radu opisani su svjetlotehnički parametri, zahtjevi za rasvjetu sportskih terena te je dan pregled tehnologije rasvjete sportskih terena. U programskom paketu DIALux modeliran je sustav rasvjete za teniske terene za LED i metal halogenu tehnologiju s obzirom na važeće norme i propise. Na temelju rezultata simulacije napravljena je financijska analiza isplativosti modernizacije rasvjete teniskih terena LED tehnologijom. The graduate thesis describes light technology parameters, requirements for lighting of sports grounds and a review of the technology of lighting of sports grounds. The lighting system for tennis courts for LED and metal halide technology was modeled with DIALux software in accordance with current standards and regulations. Based on the results of the simulation, a cost-effectiveness analysis of the modernization of tennis courts lighting with LED technology was made.

RECCO AB är ett företag som utvecklar räddningssystem för lavinolyckor. Systemet fungerar genom en RFID tag (reflektor) och en detektor. Detektorn känner av reflektorn som sitter på jackan, hjälmen, skon eller pjäxan upp till 200 meters avstånd eller 30 meter genom snön. Detektorn används av erfaren lavinräddningspersonal. RECCO ska implementera reflektorer i vandringsskor för att söka efter människor som är i skogen och uppe i bergen. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en skotestmaskin som ska kunna testa livslängden på reflektorn. Bakgrundsundersökningen genomfördes genom en informationssökning om biomekanik i ben och fot, olika benrörelser som kan påverka skon, olika typer av vandringsskor och olika skotestmaskiner som finns ute på marknaden idag. Genomförandet av projektet inleddes genom ett test för att undersöka hur stora krafterna är som påverkar reflektorn i skon. Testet genomfördes med en tryckkänslig sensor och en Arduino UNO. Den maximala kraften på reflektorn blev 7.1 N. Därefter gjordes en brainstorming som resulterades i sju olika koncept. Koncepten vägdes emot varandra med hjälp av en PUGH matris, som resulterade i att ett koncept valdes att gå vidare med. Analysen av konceptet genomfördes med Solidworks, Matlab och ADAMS. Med SolidWorks gjordes detaljerade ritningar och ett montage av modellen. Med Matlab gjordes beräkningar på lagerhus, glidlager, kulbussning och motor. ADAMS användes för att simulera rörelsen och för att verifiera Matlab-beräkningarna. Resultatet av slutprodukten blev lyckat. Maskinens rörelse och de påverkande krafterna på reflektorn efterliknar testet som genomfördes i början av projektet. Eventuella förbättringar som kan utföras är inköp av en starkare motor för att uppnå en mer konstant hastighet eller ett svänghjul för att minska påfrestningarna på motorn. För vidare arbete på slutprodukten kan RECCO programmera en strömbrytare som stänger av motorn vid uppnått antal cykler. RECCO is a company that develops rescue system for avalanche accidents. The system works by a RFID tag (reflector) and a detector. The detector senses the reflector that is attached to jackets, helmets, shoes and ski boots up to 200 meters or 30 meters through the snow. The detector is used by experienced avalanche rescue groups. RECCO will implement reflectors in hiking shoes to search for people who are in the woods and in the mountains. The purpose of this master theses is to develop a shoe test machine to be able to test the service life of the reflector. The background study was performed by an information search about the biomechanics of the leg and foot, different leg movements that may affect the shoe, different types of hiking shoes and several shoe test machines available on the market today. The implementation of the project began with a test to examine how large the forces are on the reflector acting in the shoe. The test was conducted by a pressure sensitive sensor connected to an Arduino UNO. The maximum force on the reflector was 7.1 N. This was followed by a brainstorming session that resulting in seven different concepts. The concepts were then evaluated against each other using a PUGH matrix, which resulted in a concept for further development. The analysis was conducted using SolidWorks, Matlab, and ADAMS. Detailed drawings and assembly of the model were made using SolidWorks. The calculations were made on bearing housings, plain bearings, linear ball bearing and the motor using Matlab. ADAMS was used to simulate the movement and to verify the Matlab calculations. The result of the final concept was succeeded. The machine's movement and the influencing forces on the reflector mimic the performed test that was made at the beginning of the project. Improvements that can be done is to change to a more powerful motor to achieve a more constant speed or a flywheel to reduce the strain on the motor. For further work RECCO can program a switch that turns off the motor when the number of cycles are achieved.

The energy consumption continues to increase as the use of electronics and energy consuming equipment increases. The use of fossil fuels has to be phased out for this to be sustainable in the long run while the use of renewable energy continues to increase. A renewable energy source is solar energy but the production of heat and electricity are today very expensive compared to other energy sources and an important task for the solar energy market to grow is therefore to minimize the production cost of the solar collectors while increasing its efficiency to produce heat and/or electricity. One way to convert solar energy into heat is by using solar collectors and electricity can be produced by utilizing the produced heat, or by applying solar cells. This thesis aims to recommend a reflective material for the next generation solar collectors from Absolicon and to recommend a commercially available coating for the receiver tube of the solar collector. A market study has been carried out to investigate the cost-related aspects along with the optical and durable aspects for the optical material of the solar collector. Experimental evaluations have been performed to ensure that the optical materials meet the requirements that the supplier promises. The optical properties have been evaluated with advanced measuring equipment at the Ångströmlaboratoriet at Uppsala University and with an infrared camera. The measured values from the infrared camera were in turn used to theoretically calculate the thermal losses of the receiver tubes. To investigate the materials durability the materials were subjected to different climates in a climate chamber and all the tests that has been conducted in this thesis have been carried out both before and after the climate chamber simulation to investigate the materials optical and physical durability. An important aspect of the laminated films is that they should have good adhesive properties even when subjected to high temperatures and high humidity and a method to evaluate this has been developed. The result of the thesis shows that aluminum reflectors obtain the best optical results for concentrated solar collectors, but since aluminum is not suitable for the Absolicon solar collector TC160 the recommended reflector material is SF2, which showed good optical, adherent and durable properties which is desirable for a good solar collector and a total reflectance of 92.4 % was obtained. The material that is recommended as a receiver tube is R2 with a measured absorptance of 95.9 %, an emissivity of 17.7 % and the thermal energy loss was calculated to 1055 W. R2 is durable in high humidity and temperatures of 85°C for over 300 hours without the optical characteristics deteriorated. Based on the recommended materials, the next generation solar collectors from Absolicon obtained a theoretical calculated optical efficiency of 76 %.

Predmet ove doktorske disertacije predstavljaju teorijska i eksperimentalna ispitivanja dvostruko-ozračenog, ravnog, solarnog prijemnika sa ravnom reflektujućom površinom. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je sagledavanje i analiza mogućnosti povećanja proizvodnje korisne toplotne energije i termičke efikasnosti klasičnog ravnog solarnog prijemnika, upotrebom ravne reflektujuće površine. Glavne prednosti predloženog prijemno-reflektujućeg sistema, u odnosu na prethodno ispitivane, su: paralelnost reflektora i prijemnika, ogledalo reflektujuća površina i pokretljivost reflektora u sva tri moguća ortogonalna pravca. S ciljem utvrđivanja izvodljivosti predloženog koncepta sprovedena su teorijska i eksperimentalna ispitivanja dvostruko-ozračenog i klasičnog solarnog prijemnika. Eksperimentalnim ispitivanjima verifikovani su formirani teorijski matematički modeli termičkog ponašanja pomenutih solarnih prijemnika. Najveća dobijena vrednost eksperimentalne procentualne razlike toplotnih energija ovih prijemnika iznosi 77.55 %, što je za 29.55 % više od najveće vrednosti iste razlike dobijene u okviru prethodnih ispitivanja. Na osnovu analiziranih rezultata istraživanja zaključeno je da postoji opravdanost korišćenja predloženog prijemno-reflektujućeg sistema. The subject of this dissertation is a theoretical and experimental investigations of a double-exposure flat-plate solar collector with flat-plate reflective surface. The objective of these investigations was to identify and analyze the possibilities of increasing the production of the useful thermal energy and thermal efficiency of a conventional flat-plate solar collector, using a flat-plate reflective surface. The main advantages of the proposed collector-reflector system, compared to the previously investigated, are: parallelism between reflector and absorber, mirror reflective surface and mobility of a reflector in all three possible orthogonal directions. In order to determine the feasibility of the proposed concept the theoretical and experimental tests of a double-exposure and conventional solar collector were carried out. Experimental tests verified the developed theoretical mathematical models of thermal behavior of the mentioned solar collectors. The highest obtained value of the experimental percentage difference of the thermal energies of those collectors is 77.55 %, which is 29.55 % higher than the highest value of the same difference obtained within the previous investigations. Based on the analyzed results of the investigation it was concluded that there is justification for the use of the proposed collector-reflector system.

This diploma thesis deals with the novella The end of the nylon age written by Josef Škvorecký in 1950. It explores the text from a literary historical, literary theoretical and literary "practical", editorial point of view. After the introduction of author's work in necessary period and factual context the thesis focuses on the iterpretation of the novella, its narrative situation and the resulting structure of the text. The thesis then deals with dialogues and dialogic characteristics of the novella. The closing part pays attention to the textological issues - creating of an annotation system to the book. The novella is being related to other artist's work within each theme throughout the entire thesis.

In today’s industry it is starting to get more and more interesting with wireless systems and solutions for applications. To be able to reduce the amount of cables drawn to various machines which takes both space and an extra fee for every cable drawn. Some systems might require the user to use a handheld device that is directly connected by a cable which in some machines might be inelegant for the user. The goal with this bachelor thesis is to develop wireless monitoring of the machine operators position that is working with heavy industrial machinery. The thesis started out with researching different techniques for positioning a transmitter indoors, this was done in order to get a better understanding on how to go about. The technique that was chosen is positioning a transmitter by checking where the peak in signal strength is at its highest, this is done by rotating a parabolic reflector around the receiver’s antenna. The result is a solution to monitor the position of an operator at a rolling machine. The solutions function is to check at which angle the operator is currently positioned. By comparing this angle to the angles that is considered to be inside a dangerous zone, the system can determine if the operator is inside of that zone or not.

I et rom hvor mange lydkilder er tilstede samtidig har mennesker en evne til å rette oppmerksomheten mot en bestemt kilde, samtidig som de øvrige kildene undertrykkes. Mennesker klarer altså å skille kilder fra hverandre med stor nøyaktighet. Det er derfor interessant å se om de hode-relaterte impulsresponsene har en innvirkning på denne separasjonsegenskapen. Et innledende arbeid ble utført og resultatene ble publisert i en artikkel på NORSIG 2006, 7th NORDIC SIGNAL PROCESSING SYMPOSIUM. I denne oppgaven, tas det på bakgrunn av dette, utgangspunkt i impulsresponser tilhørende et “lokalt” miljø og dette benyttes for å fokusere lyd. En antagelse om at lengre og mer innholdsrike impulsresponser vil bidra til at fokuseringen bedres, legges til grunn. Med en modell implementert i Matlab™undersøkes denne antagelsen ved simulering av lydfokusering. Disse undersøkelsene fortsettes på ekte, målte data, som består av impulsresponser målt i et rom, samt hode-relaterte impulsresponser. Med de hode-relaterte impulsresponsene betraktes både lydfokusering og kildeseparasjon. Resultatene fra simuleringer med modellen og simuleringer med ekte data sammenliknes. Simuleringer med modellen viser at økt rikdom i miljøet hvor fokuseringen skal utføres, øker fokuseringegenskapene til systemet. Økt rikdom i impulsresponsene gir bedre kontroll over lydfeltet som helhet. Det vises også at ulikhet mellom impulsresponser i rom også har en innvirkning på hvor god fokusering som kan oppnås. Ved målinger av impulsresponser i rom er det gjort forsøk på å anskaffe impulsresponser med et rikt innhold. Dette er gjort ved å sette reflektorer foran høyttalerne. Ved sammenlikning med impulsresponser målt uten reflektorer gis det implikasjoner på at reflektorene gir ønsket effekt. Til slutt utføres det simuleringer hvor kildeseparasjon og lydfokusering med hode-relaterte impulsresponser betraktes. Ved noen plasseringer av kilder oppnås det god separasjon, ved andre plasseringer oppnås det ingen separasjon. Satt i sammenheng med simuleringer med modellen vises det at de hode-relaterte impulsresponsene ikke er innholdsrike nok til kunne oppnå tilstrekkelig fokusering.

Nätverksteamet på Enskede-Årsta stadsdelsförvaltning är ett öppenvårdsteam inom stadsdelen. Teamet är kopplat till barn-, ungdom- och familjegruppen och kan arbeta på uppdrag av antingen socialsekreterare eller utifrån att föräldrar själva kontaktar teamet för råd och stöd. Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en brukarutvärdering av teamets arbete med samarbetssamtal mellan separerade föräldrar som är bosatta inom stadsdelen. Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ metod där fjorton föräldrar telefonintervjuats utifrån en enkät med huvudsakligen standardiserade frågeställningar. Frågeställningarna i rapporten är: vilka är de föräldrar som kommer på samarbetssamtal till Nätverksteamet på Enskede-Årsta stadsdelsförvaltning? Hur upplever föräldrarna samtalsformen, samtalsledaren och reflektören? Finns det någon skillnad i upplevelse mellan mammor och pappor samt finns det några grupper eller kategorier som utmärker sig i undersökningen? Resultaten visar att föräldrarna i undersökningen är nöjda med de insatser som Nätverksteamet erbjuder. Vissa skillnader framträder dock mellan olika grupper, så som kvinnor-män och initiativtagare-icke initiativtagare. Till exempel är männen något mer positivt inställda till reflektören och de som inte varit initiativtagare till samtalen är lite mer negativa till det första samtalet. Reflektören som medverkar under samarbetssamtalen har av respondenterna blivit mer uppmärksammad, i både positiv och negativ bemärkelse, än samtalsledaren. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna har varit medlingsteori samt brukarorienterad utvärdering.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Die Arbeit untergliedert sich in zwei Schwerpunkte, nämlich in einen gerätetechnischen und einen physikalisch-analytischen Teil. Der Erste umfasst neben der Realisation und der Optimierung einer neuen Ionenquelle für die Ionenfalle unter anderem die Simulationsrechnung, während der physikalisch-analytische Teil die Aufnahme und Analyse der Massenspektren von Anilin und p-Xylol beinhaltet. Ziel der Arbeit war es, eine Untersuchung zur Bestimmung der Zerfalls-Ratenkonstanten organischer Molekülionen in einem Hybrid-Massenspektrometer, dessen wesentliche Elemente eine Paul-Ionenfalle und ein Reflektron bilden, durchzuführen. Daher wurde das Hybrid-Massenspektrometer mit einem Düsenexpansions-Einlaßsystem kombiniert, um neutrale Moleküle möglichst tief abzukühlen. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass eine Auftragung der Verhältnisse der Peakflächen der Ionensignale gegen Speicherzeit aufgrund der Stöße mit dem neutralen Trägergas regelmäßige Schwankungen aufweist. Zur Vermeidung dieser regelmäßigen Schwankungen wurde eine Ionenfalle mit einer externen Ionenquelle aufgebaut, so dass das Trägergas nicht in die Ionenfalle gelangen kann. Um die kinetische Energie der Ionen zu analysieren, wurde das Reflektron als Energieanalysator verwendet. Dabei wurde eine neue effektive Methode entwickelt, die es erlaubt mit Hilfe des Reflektrons nicht nur metastabil gebildete Ionen zu trennen, sondern auch die kinetische Energie der Fragmentionen bei geringer Signalintensität exakt zu bestimmen. Die Messungen der Zerfalls-Ratenkonstante k(E) mit der externen Ionenquelle zeigen, dass sich die stoßinduzierten Schwankungen der Ratenkonstanten nicht mehr beobachten lassen. Es wird weiterhin deutlich, dass das „Metastabilen-Zeitfenster“ in dem Bereich zwischen log k= 5 bis 6 und damit im Bereich typischer metastabiler Zerfallsreaktionen im Massenspektrometer liegt.