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When stroke patients consider a return to work, several difficulties are encountered regarding the promotion of support for both their health and employment due to the different perspectives of the patients, their families, and medical institutions. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has published a guideline for medical institutions and offices, but not for stroke patients or their families. As a result, patients and their families do not know how to process both medical treatments and their work after the occurrence of a stroke. We have therefore published the "Guidebook for Stroke Patients to Promote Health and Employment Support" based on the concept of the previously published "Guidebook for Cancer Patients for Promoting Health and Employment Support". This publication offers an overview of stroke and the flow from stroke onset to return to work. Patients can confirm how they should be handled at different phases of stroke. A stroke affects the patient, their family, and the individuals providing support, so this publication offers an information tool to facilitate the participation of stroke patients in society. The guide can thus be expected to contribute to an increased rate of return to work by stroke patients.

This study examines how medical discourse and culture were affected by the denazification policies of the Soviet occupation authorities in East Germany. Examining medical textbooks in particular, it reveals how the production and dissemination of medical knowledge was subject to a complex process of negotiation among authors, publishers, and censorship officials. Drawing on primary-source material produced by censorship authorities that has not been rigorously examined to date, it reveals how knowledge production processes were structured by broader ideological and political imperatives. It thus sheds new light on a unique chapter in the history of censorship.

At first sight, the issue of morphological terminology may seem to be a "closed and unchanging chapter", as many of the structures within the human body have been known for decades or even centuries. However, the exact opposite is true. The initial knowledge of the microscopic structure of the human body has been continuously broadening thanks to the development of new specialized staining techniques, discovery of the electron microscope, or later application of histochemical and immunohistochemical methods into routine tissue examination. Contrary to popular belief, histology has a status of constantly developing scientific discipline, with continuous influx of new knowledge, resulting in an unavoidable necessity to revise the histological nomenclature at regular intervals. The team of experts of the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a working group of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, published in 2008 the First Edition of Terminologia Histologica. Terminologia Histologica (TH) is the best and most extensive of all the histological nomenclatures ever issued. However, here we suggest that several terms of important histological structures are still missing while several other terms are disputable. First, we present some clinically important terms of cells and tissue structures for inclusion in the next TH and, in a second part, we refer to some new terms in the current edition of the TH which are not yet mentioned in current histology textbooks (e.g., fusocellular connective tissue, bundle bone as the third type of bone tissue, spongy layer of vagina or arteria vaginata from the splenic white pulp). With this article we hope to start a wide scientific discussion which will lead to an inambiguous definition and demonstration of typical examples of all terms in the TH, with the result that the new edition of the Terminologia Histologica will become an internationally accepted communication tool for all practitioners and teachers of histology alike.

The transformation of the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy from a "doctors-only" reference into a consumer health bible illuminates a critical era in the history of the twentieth-century medical book. Merck and Company restricted sales of its Merck Manual, first published in 1899 to offer up-to-date information for the busy practitioner, to physicians and other health care professionals until the 1970s. As more laypeople sought to get involved in their own health care decision making, the Merck Manual developed a devoted following. In the late 1980s, with almost a quarter of its sales going to nonphysicians, Merck and Company decided to put out a home edition of its famous manual. This evolution provides important insights into both the history of the medical book and the doctor-patient relationship in the United States.

This paper takes as its subject Comparative Neuropathology (1962), arguing that the volume illustrates the interlocking cultures of veterinary medicine, human medicine, and laboratory-based biological sciences after the Second World War. The project amassed cases of domestic, experimental, and wild animals, identified species-specific conditions, and evaluated the vulnerabilities of the nervous system to disease and trauma. The collection of ill ruminants, poisoned cats, and injured dogs built on earlier traditions of comparative medicine, but also reflected the turn to biological principles to explain medical conditions, increased industry and military funding for the biomedical sciences, and changes in veterinary practice. Using Comparative Neuropathology as a lens, this paper probes the actors, affiliations, and frameworks that wrestled with new species of neurological patients, newly exposed vulnerabilities of the nervous system, and the emergence of new neurological sciences, casting new light on the heterogenous landscape of the emergent neurosciences and mid-twentieth-century efforts to entwine human and veterinary medicine.

The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life and work of Avicenna (980–1037) and his contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of spinal deformities and trauma. We conducted an extensive search in libraries as well as online in Pubmed and Google Scholar. Avicenna in his work Canon of Medicine combines the knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman physicians and surgeons and he combines them with the extensive of Arabic medicine and pharmacology. Avicenna made an impact with his medical writings in which he summarized the works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians like Hippocrates and Galen with the influence of medieval authors and the knowledge of the Arabic medicine and pharmacology. His descriptions and comments in his work Canon of Medicine summarize and comment the work of his predecessors and it remained a work of reference until at least the sixteenth century.

The aim of this study is to investigate the knowledge on head wounds contained in the Kitāb al-ʿUmda fī Ṣināʿa al-Jirāḥa, written by Ibn al-Quff in the thirteenth century. This study was based on a copy of the Kitāb al-ʿUmda fī Ṣināʿa al-Jirāḥa, printed in 2 volumes in Dāʾira al-Māʿārif al-Uthmāniyya in Hyderabad in 1356/1937–38 and reprinted by the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. This printed copy was compared with the manuscript of Istanbul University Rare Works Library, Arabic Manuscripts, A 4749. Relevant chapters were translated from Arabic to English, after which they were thoroughly examined. Obtained knowledge is presented in the Results section and is compared in the Discussion section with other reports of this subject. The first chapter classified head wounds into 6 types: the first 3 types are conservatively treated and the remaining 3 types are surgically treated. This chapter also presents information on how to proceed when there is a head wound–related hemorrhage, which medications should be used, and which are the adequate treatment protocols. The second chapter discusses the symptoms and signs that follow head blow and fall injuries. The characteristics and noteworthy circumstances of skull fractures as well as the surgical treatment methods are included in the fifteenth chapter, which is concluded with surgery-related complications. The present study shows that Ibn al-Quff benefited from his predecessors' knowledge and made some considerable contributions to this subject.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of serving the Chinese people's health since its birth, including playing an important role in treating and preventing COVID-19 in 2020. The fact that TCM has been used in China for thousands of years shows the value and reason why it must exist. Although TCM has been or is being questioned, there is no doubt about its importance in terms of efficacy. This article focuses on how TCM understands the human body in comparison with anatomy knowledge in western medicine and discusses the development and advances of TCM in terms of the body view and the theory innovation. The purpose is to let foreign scholars get better understanding of TCM from this perspective.中医药历史悠久, 自诞生以来一直为中国人民的健康服务, 包括此次在抗击新冠肺炎疫情中也发挥着重要作用。中医在中国已经使用了数千年, 这一事实说明了中医存在的价值。尽管中医曾经或仍在受质疑, 但就疗效而言, 其重要性毋庸置疑。本文通过与西医解剖学知识的比较, 论述了中医对人体的认识, 并从人体观和理论创新两方面论述了中医的发展和进步, 旨在让国外学者从此角度更好地认识中医。.

International audience; Background: Textbooks endorsed by national medical specialty societies and colleges are used as official references for faculty and national examinations. Oncology is transdisciplinary, practiced and taught by oncologists but also by other specialists. We aimed at identifying discrepancies between chapters on cancers in different official specialty textbooks and evaluating their impact on students.Material and methods: Volunteer 6th-year medical students of the Sorbonne University faculty were paired and asked to list the discrepancies between all official specialty textbooks addressing a given cancer and then individually asked to evaluate the impact of discrepancies on their learning experience.Results: In March 2018, the 17 cancers listed in the French medical school education program were addressed in 14 official specialty textbooks (2 to 4 textbooks/cancer). Out of a class of 390 students, 78 volunteered and were paired; each cancer was analyzed by 3 pairs of students (1 or 2 cancers/pair); 154 discrepancies were reported (range: 4-18 per cancer). Discrepancies induced doubt and anxiety in students; 85% considered that harmonization should be achieved for all topics of the national medical school program.Conclusions: Discrepancies between official textbook are frequent, generate anxiety in students and impact learning experience.; ContexteLes référentiels des sociétés savantes de médecine et des collèges des enseignants des spécialités médicales sont utilisés comme des références officielles pour les examens facultaires et les épreuves nationales. L’oncologie est une discipline transdisciplinaire, pratiquée et enseignées par les oncologues mais également des spécialistes d’organe. Ce travail avait pour objectif d’identifier les discordances entre les chapitres traitant du cancer dans les référentiels des collèges d’enseignants en médecine et d’en évaluer l’impact chez les étudiants.Matériel et méthodesLes discordances entre les chapitres traitant du cancer dans les référentiels des collèges d’enseignants en médecine ont été recensées par des étudiants, volontaires, en sixième année à la faculté de médecine Sorbonne université. Il leur était également demandé d’évaluer, de manière individuelle, l’impact de ces discordances sur leur apprentissage.RésultatsEn mars 2017, les 17 items de cancérologie du programme officiel du deuxième cycle des études médicales étaient traités dans 14 référentiels de collèges d’enseignants en médecine (deux à quatre référentiels par localisation tumorale). Soixante-dix-huit des 390 étudiants de sixième année se sont portés volontaires et ont travaillé en binômes. Chaque localisation était analysée par trois binômes (un à deux cancers par binôme). Cent cinquante-quatre discordances ont été relevées (quatre à dix-huit par cancer). L’ensemble des étudiants déclarait que l’existence de ces discordances était source de doute et d’anxiété. Quatre-vingt-cinq pour cent d’entre eux considéraient qu’une harmonisation des référentiels devrait être recherchée dans l’ensemble des domaines du programme des études médicales.ConclusionsLes discordances entre référentiels des collèges d’enseignants sont fréquentes, générant une anxiété chez les étudiants avec un impact ressenti sur leur apprentissage.

To analyse the existence of sex-differences in the content on leukemias in the Haematology and Internal Medicine textbooks recommended in the Medical Degrees, 2019-2020, by comparison with the sex-differences recognized in the scientific literature.Manifest content analysis of the content of chapters on leukemias in the books on hematology and internal medicine, clinical haematology and haematology undergraduate. Analysis categories: epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of leukemias.Epidemiological information from the revised books has a greater consideration of sex differences in incidence and prognosis but does not contain data on mortality and survival. Etiopathogenesis is described in all books as the same physiological process for both sexes and no differences in the presentation of symptoms are described in any book. Three books describe a unique treatment that is assumed equal for both sexes; two books mention the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in pregnant women and one in chronic myeloid leukemia. No book mentions sex-differences in pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or treatment toxicity, although there is greater evidence on unequal behavior between the sexes.The contents of sex and gender differences in the leukemia chapters analyzed are insufficient compared to the evidence in the scientific literature today. Hematology textbooks might increase their scientific quality in future editions, including knowledge of sex-gender interaction in the sections of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and consequences of leukemias, which will contribute to better professional practices, more efficient and equitable.

We used established methodologies from network science to identify patterns in medicinal ingredient combinations in a key medieval text, the 15th-century Lylye of Medicynes, focusing on recipes for topical treatments for symptoms of microbial infection. We conducted experiments screening the antimicrobial activity of selected ingredients. These experiments revealed interesting examples of ingredients that potentiated or interfered with each other’s activity and that would be useful bases for future, more detailed experiments. Our results highlight (i) the potential to use methodologies from network science to analyze medieval data sets and detect patterns of ingredient combination, (ii) the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration to reveal different aspects of the ethnopharmacology of historical medical texts, and (iii) the potential development of novel therapeutics inspired by premodern remedies in a time of increased need for new antibiotics., The pharmacopeia used by physicians and laypeople in medieval Europe has largely been dismissed as placebo or superstition. While we now recognize that some of the materia medica used by medieval physicians could have had useful biological properties, research in this area is limited by the labor-intensive process of searching and interpreting historical medical texts. Here, we demonstrate the potential power of turning medieval medical texts into contextualized electronic databases amenable to exploration by the use of an algorithm. We used established methodologies from network science to reveal patterns in ingredient selection and usage in a key text, the 15th-century Lylye of Medicynes, focusing on remedies to treat symptoms of microbial infection. In providing a worked example of data-driven textual analysis, we demonstrate the potential of this approach to encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and to shine a new light on the ethnopharmacology of historical medical texts.

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases in society, affecting up to 40% of the population. It has major impact on the quality of life and a high burden on medical expenditure. In this work, herbs used by ancient Iranians to treat GERD have been introduced. Methods Different well-known Persian textbooks and recent electronic databases were searched to explore the treatment of GERD and the pharmacological mechanisms of the identified medicinal plants. Results GERD has been known for many centuries, and many herbal remedies for its treatment have been elucidated in traditional medical literature. We found 25 medicinal herbs in Persian medicine books and searched for evidence to support them in the current literature. Conclusion Although their active components or the mechanism of action were not known by the ancient Persians at that time, their persistent use during different centuries might indicate their effectiveness. Owing to their potential, medicinal herbs are a viable option for the treatment of diseases like GERD even today.

Introduction Despite the fact that necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the reasons for morbidity and mortality in the newborn intensive care units, the literature indicates no bibliometric studies that made a holistic evaluation of the publications on this issue. This study aims to make a holistic evaluation of NEC publications to reveal the latest developments and trend topics. Materials and Methods Bibliometric analyses were performed by retrieving all the publications in Web of Science (WoS: Web of Science Core Collection database maintained by Clarivate Analytics) database between 1980 and 2018 using the “necrotizing enterocolitis” keyword. The correlations between economic productivity, humanity index, and performances of the countries on the topic of NEC were investigated with Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results A review of the related literature indicated 2,968 publications on NEC between 1980 and 2018. Of these publications, 1,690 (56.9%) were indexed in the article document category in WoS. There was an important increasing trend in the number of publications after 2006. Results of the present study showed that the Journal of Pediatric Surgery and Journal of Pediatrics were the top effective journal that contributed to the literature in terms of publication productivity. The top productive country that produced most publications about NEC was the United States (863, 51.1%). Conclusion Research on NEC is conducted in a limited number of countries. There seem to be more research opportunities in the developed countries because survival rates of premature babies having a disease like NEC are lower in the undeveloped countries, and survival rates are higher in developed countries due to appropriate intensive care conditions. Therefore, undeveloped countries should be supported in terms of NEC and provided with funds.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the potential of plants used in secular traditional medicine and considers this an important source of evidence to assess their effectiveness and safety. Brazil is rich in biodiversity and traditional uses based on the Amerindian culture. However, many processes started with the arrival of the Portuguese in the year 1500. The successive economic cycles, for example, led to destruction of native vegetation and an intense cultural erosion. As a consequence, the information about the use of plants in the past centuries are dispersed and without interpretation. In this study a methodology to evidence the traditionality of Brazilian plants was demonstrated using data about barbatimao barks (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville - Fabaceae) and Copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera spp. - Fabaceae) in wound healing, was established. Material and methods Data about use of the plants were recovered from bibliography published between 1576 and 2011. The books (101) were classified using weights, considering the date of publication and the source of Information. Older books that describe primary information received weight 10, while books written more recently and with secondary information received weight 0.4. A score for each category of medicinal use was calculated based on the books weights and the frequency of citation. A review about the current use of both plants was also performed from ethnobotanical studies published in journals. Results and discussion The traditional secular use of barks of barbatimao and oleoresin of copaiba to treat wounds was confirmed based on the historic bibliographic research. The most frequent use of barbatimao in a timeline of 500 years of Brazil’s history, was as astringent, whereas for copaiba was as healing of skin and mucosal lesions. The continuous and current use of these plants to treat wounds, confirmed by recent ethnobotanical studies, is an indicative of the resilience of these remedies and their effectiveness. Conclusion The use of preparations containing barbatimao barks and copaiba oleoresin can be considered effective in the treatment of wounds. Nonetheless, it is necessary to improve the quality of the formulas as established by WHO.

The AFIP (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology) Atlases (Fascicles) have been in continuous publication for nearly 75 years and have enjoyed a highly regarded reputation for their excellence. Throughout this time period, more than 130 volumes, encompassing the 1st to 4th series have been published. Since their inception in the 1940's, the Fascicles have evolved from loose-leafed atlases illustrated with black and white images, to hardbound monographs with full color images and expansion of scope, including relevant clinical information, cytopathology, and the most recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics. Each of the volumes undergoes a rigorous review process by the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors, members of the Editorial Advisory Board, and external reviewers. The 5th series, under the editorial direction of Drs. Elizabeth Montgomery and Jason Hornick, is well underway and will include an Epub version and a virtual slide box, in addition to the hardbound book. The Atlases of Nontumor Pathology will also continue to be published. With the closure of the AFIP in 2011, the American Registry of Pathology (ARP) has assumed full responsibility for the publication of both the Tumor and Nontumor Fascicles.

Mortimer Frank (1874–1919) was an ophthalmologist in Chicago, Illinois. He published a number of papers on the history of medicine, and was secretary of the Chicago Society of the History of Medicine and editor of their Bulletin. His major contribution to the history of medicine relates to the history of anatomical illustration. The classic book on that subject had been published in 1852 in German by the physician and historian, Johann Ludwig Choulant (1791–1861). However, by Frank’s time this text was both out dated and out of print. Frank took on the tremendous project of translating Choulant’s German text into English as History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration in Its Relation to Anatomic Science and The Graphic Arts. He improved Choulant’s text with the results of his and other scholars’ research, greatly enlarging the text. Frank supplemented the original book with a biography of Choulant, essays on anatomists not considered in the original text, and an essay on the history of anatomical illustration prior to those authors discussed by Choulant. This book, now referred to as Choulant/Frank, has been reprinted several times, and is still useful as a reference in this field, though some of its research is now dated.

Wars and injuries have accompanied mankind throughout history. Physicians and surgeons from various civilizations made difficult attempts to manage wounds and injuries. Among various civilizations, the Persian Empires had great armies which were well equipped. One of the most important organizations in Persian troops was the military surgery. This study presents a brief biography of Hakim Mohammad (a military surgeon in Safavid era) and introduces his book, Dhakhira-yi-Kamilah. Safavid kings (1501–1736 CE) with unifying all of Persian regions and provinces reconstructed the Persian Empire. Great scholars and physicians were raised in this era. It seems that Persian physicians and surgeons were well trained in Safavid era and many of them were even employed by other countries like Ottoman Empire and India. Hakim Mohammad as a military surgeon was one of such physicians who served in Ottoman Empire for some time. He gathered his surgical experiences and others in the book of Dhakhira-yi-Kamilah. This book was written in Persian. He has mainly written about the management of wounds and practical techniques. Later, he came back to his homeland and dedicated his book to the king of Persia.

The publications on morbid anatomy by Matthew Baillie and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring put pathological preparations and images center stage. A comparison between their works highlights major shifts from exceptional to more representative cases and significant differences in the art of representation. Initially Baillie provided careful descriptions of internal postmortem lesions (1793). Then Soemmerring’s prompt German translation added a wealth of references to the literature and specifically to pathological images available in print (1794). Soon after a second unillustrated edition incorporating some of Soemmerring’s comments (1797), Baillie issued ten installments with dozens of pathological plates (1799-1803). His plates differed from those referred to by Soemmerring for their broader scope, representing common and rare conditions alike, and specific attention to the fine changes of texture of the affected parts. Their works document the crucial status of pathological preparations and images at the time and highlight the achievement of Baillie’s work at an artistic as well as at an intellectual level.

The reasons for implementing and the advantages of switching to the Reference Analytics system, a part of the Springshare LibAnswers platform, for collecting reference statistics at a three-campus university library are described. The benefits of using this web-based product are highlighted based on the comparison with the previously used analytical tools and the annual statistical data. Transitioning to Reference Analytics allowed librarians to take advantage of such features, as seamless access to reference transactions, easy customization, cross-tabulation, and data visualization, proving beneficial for overall library reference services.

BackgroundStressful situations during intraoperative emergencies have negative impact on human cognitive functions. Consequently, task performance may decrease and patient safety may be compromised. Cognitive aids can counteract these effects and support anesthesiologists in their crisis management. The Professional Association of German Anesthesiologists set up a project to develop a comprehensive set of digital cognitive aids for intraoperative emergencies. A parallel development for several software platforms and stationary and mobile devices will accommodate the inhomogeneity of the information technology infrastructure within German anesthesia departments. ObjectiveThis paper aimed to provide a detailed overview of how the task of developing a digital cognitive aid for intraoperative crisis management in anesthesia was addressed that meets user requirements and is highly user-friendly. MethodsA user-centered design (UCD) process was conducted to identify, specify, and supplement the requirements for a digital cognitive aid. The study covered 4 aspects: analysis of the context of use, specification of user requirements, development of design solutions, and evaluation of design solutions. Three prototypes were developed and evaluated by end users of the application. Following each evaluation, the new requirements were prioritized and used for redesign. For the first and third prototype, the System Usability Scale (SUS) score was determined. The second prototype was evaluated with an extensive Web-based questionnaire. The evaluation of the third prototype included a think-aloud protocol. ResultsThe chosen methods enabled a comprehensive collection of requirements and helped to improve the design of the application. The first prototype achieved an average SUS score of 74 (SD 12), indicating good usability. The second prototype included the following main revisions: 2-column layout, initial selection of patient type (infant, adult, or parturient), 4 offered search options, and the option to check off completed action steps. Its evaluation identified the following major revision points: add quick selection for resuscitation checklists, design the top bar and tabs slightly larger, and add more pictograms to the text. The third prototype achieved an average SUS score of 77 (SD 15). The evaluation of the think-aloud protocol revealed a good intuitiveness of the application and identified a missing home button as the main issue. ConclusionsAnesthesiology—as an acute medical field—is particularly characterized by its high demands on decision making and action in dynamic, or time-critical situations. The integration of usability aspects is essential for everyday and emergency suitability. The UCD process allowed us to develop a prototypical digital cognitive aid, exhibiting high usability and user satisfaction in the demanding environment of anesthesiological emergencies. Both aspects are essential to increase the acceptance of the application in later stages. The study approach, combining different methods for determining user requirements, may be useful for other implementation projects in a highly demanding environment.

Nyugan-jun is a manual that was used at Hanaoka's school, Shunrinken, describing two oral medicines and three ointments routinely administered after breast cancer surgery. Nyugan-jun Furoku is also a manual that was used at the school, depicting a variety of diseases of the breast, and oral concoctions to be administered. The earliest manuscript of both manuals was transcribed in February 1812. A manuscript of Ben-nyugansho narabini Chiho Soko, written by Ryozo Chiba in 1811, includes descriptions of an oral medicine and four ointments routinely given after breast cancer surgery. Although Choeito was only a common oral concoction in Nyugan-jun and Chiba's manuscript, the latter bears an original trace of Nyugan-jun. This indicates that Nyugan-jun and Nyugan-jun Furoku were completed by the end of February 1812, and their completion dates were not before August 1811.

Introduction Austro-Hungarian monarchy had great impact on healthcare system in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), and consequences of that exist today. Aim To launch of the section "The Most Influential Physicians in the Development of Health Care in Bosnia and Herzegovina", in which, within next issues of the Medical Archives will be presented the prominent physicians, dentists and pharmacists who gave contribution to development of healthcare system in B&H. Results This paper provides a full overview from the literature about health care circumstances during 150 years in Bosnia and Herzegovina and important of the role health care institutions and of all the doctors working in B&H during the Austro-Hungarian administration. To some of them is devoted more attention in the texts about their life and work and their contribution to the development of the health service in B&H. Also, author gave description of the others, except for the medical activities who have contributed to our homeland, such as Dr. Jozef Kecet, Dr. Julije Makanec, Dr. Teodora Krajewska, Dr. Josef von Preindlsberger, Dr. Hamdija Karamehmedovic and others, but there are many more that we should know about and mention them. Conclusion The fact is Austro-Hungarian model of healthcare system in that time was functional for that period and great improvement in comparison to past and the fact is that that system represents a basis even for modern medicine in territory of B&H.

BACKGROUND The Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Exam is a knowledge assessment tool widely used during plastic surgery training in the United States. This study analyzed literature supporting correct answer choices to determine highest yield sources, journal publication lag, and journal impact factors. METHODS Digital syllabi of 10 consecutive Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Exam administrations (2006 to 2015) were reviewed. The most-referenced articles, journals, and textbooks were determined. Mean journal impact factor and publication lag were calculated and differences were elucidated by section. RESULTS Two thousand questions and 5386 references were analyzed. From 2006 to 2015, the percentage of journal citations increased, whereas textbook references decreased (p < 0.001). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery was cited with greatest frequency (38.5 percent), followed by Clinics in Plastic Surgery (5.6 percent), Journal of Hand Surgery (American volume) (5.1 percent), and Annals of Plastic Surgery (3.8 percent). There was a trend toward less publication lag over the study period (p = 0.05), with a mean publication lag of 9.1 ± 9.0 years for all journal articles. Mean journal impact factor was 2.3 ± 4.3 and lowest for the hand and lower extremity section (1.7 ± 2.8; p < 0.001). The highest yield textbooks were elucidated by section. CONCLUSION Plastic surgery faculty and residents may use these data to facilitate knowledge acquisition during residency.

Migraine is a common type of headache which has a deep history dating back thousands of years. Avicenna (980-1032), a Persian scholar, made a great contribution to neurology including headache and migraine. The aim of this study is to consider Avicenna's description about migraine (Shaghighe in Persian language) including definition, etiology and intervention. Also, his definition and treatment approaches were considered based on current concepts and findings. Although Avicenna believed in humoral theory and divided migraine into two categories, hot and cold, and suggested special treatments for them as well as general considerations, most of his definitions and explained pathologies are supported by current concepts of medicine. He believed that the migraine can result from bone of skull and also intra-parenchymal; or from skull underneath membrane (dura-mater); or reaching substances from the painful side or from outer vein and arteries (extra cranial); or from brain and meninges (pia-mater). Furthermore, current findings show most medicinal plants mentioned by Avicenna for the treatment of migraine can have potentially significant effects such as remedies which stop central and peripheral sensitization [anti-neuroinflammatory agents, decreasing nitric oxide level, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors], as well as serotonergics, neuroprotective agents and analgesics.

During the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, radical changes were occurring in the Western world in science, medicine, philosophy, religion, and socioeconomic concepts. In medicine, major advances had already been underway since the days of Vesalius.

Since the dawn of antiquity, scientists, philosophers, and artists have pondered the nature of optical stereopsis-the perception of depth that arises from binocular vision. The early 19th century saw the advent of stereoscopes, devices that could replicate stereopsis by producing a 3D illusion from the super-imposition of 2D photographs. This phenomenon opened up a plethora of possibilities through its usefulness as an educational tool-particularly in medicine. Before long, photographers, anatomists, and physicians were collaborating to create some of the first stereoscopic atlases available for the teaching of medical students and residents. In fields like neurosurgery-where a comprehensive visuospatial understanding of neuro-anatomical correlates is crucial-research into stereoscopic modalities are of fundamental importance. Already, medical institutions all over the world are capitalizing on new and immersive technologies-such as 3D intraoperative recording, and 3D endoscopes-to refine their pedagogical efforts as well as improve their clinical capacities. The present paper surveys the history of stereoscopy from antiquity to the modern era-with a focus on its role in neurosurgery and medical education. Through the tracking of this evolution, we can discuss potential benefits, future directions, and highlight areas in which further research is needed. By anticipating these factors, we may strive to take full advantage of an emergent field of technology, for our ultimate goal of improving patient care.

“Mahachotarat” is a lesson for woman’s care from the Thai traditional medicine book, composed of both medicinal plants and herbal remedies that can treat both pain and cervical cancer. Medicinal plants and herbal remedies, which have often been used in the treatment of pain and cancer, were selected to investigate for biological activity related to woman’s health. They were Boesenbergia rotunda Linn, Piper nigrum Linn, Zingiber cassumunar Roxb, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber zerumbet (L) Smith, Dioscorea birmanica PrainBurkill including its ingredient; Prosapogenin A of dioscin and Leard-ngam remedy.The objective was to investigate cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of all sample plants.Medicinal plants and Leard-ngam remedy were extracted similarly to that practiced by Thai traditional practitioners (ethanol and water extraction). Bioassay guide fractionation was used for isolating pure compound. The structure elucidation of pure compound was proven by spectrophotometry technique. These extracts were tested for their cytotoxic activity against Hela cells, cervical cancer cells, by sulforhodamine B assay, inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.This study showed that P. nigrum, Z. officinale, B. rotunda and Z. cassumunar showed potent inhibitory activity on nitric oxide and PGE2 production. The 95% ethanolic extract of Z. zerumbet had the highest cytotoxic activity on Hela cells with IC50 value of 4.42±0.20 μg/ml. Diosgenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside or Prosapogenin A of dioscin, which was purified from the 95% ethanolic extract of D. birmanica, showed strong cytotoxic activity on Hela cells with IC50 value of 6.07±0.02 μg/ml.Thai medicinal plants and LG remedies which have often been used in the treatment of pain and cancer by Thai traditional practitioners, showed high anti-inflammatory properties on both pathways which represent chronic and acute inflammation. Interestingly, some medicinal plants were used daily in Thai food. In addition, Z. zerumbet and D. birmanica, which has often been used in the treatment of cancer, also showed high cytotoxic activity against cervical cancer cells.

In 1893, Wan Tsun-mo translated and published1893年，尹端模翻译出版的《胎产举要》一书，是中国近代首部专论胎产的西医产科专著，标志着产科学从《妇婴新说》《妇科精蕴图说》等近代妇幼学著作中独立出来，在中国近代产科学发展史上占有重要地位。全书以问答形式，简明扼要地讲述了产科学中的解剖学、生理学、病理学、胚胎学、诊断学、手术学、药物学等方面的知识，首次详细论述了产科消毒法、麻醉法、产钳术、剖宫产术等西方先进的产科学技术。从《胎产举要》的内容及翻译情况来看，此书已经具备现代产科学的基本知识体系，译文虽然有失典雅，略显生涩，术语使用亦有待完善，但是此译本曾作为博医会教材，不但成为产科学知识传入的中介，还被用于指导临床。然而，后来流传未广，影响微弱，少有提及此书者。.

There are only 3 extant medical book titles from 2 authors of the Liao Dynasty, from which almost no medical books were handed down; these include辽代几无医籍传世，其存目者亦仅见2家3种，即《直鲁古脉诀》《直鲁古针灸书》《耶律庶成译方脉书》。前2种为辽代直鲁古撰，约成书于辽太宗时期(927—947)；后1种为辽代耶律庶成撰，约成书于辽兴宗时期(1031—1055)。.

This paper outlines the life, work, and views of Adam Huber of Riesenpach (1545-1613). Huber was one of the personal physicians to Rudolf II in Prague, a pharmacist, translator, pedagogue, progressive academic and chancellor at Prague University, aiming to re-establish its medical faculty. Here, I will first appraise Huber as a distinguished translator of medical books published by the prominent Prague printer Daniel Adam of Veleslavín (1546-1599) and as a scholar who helped establish Czech medical terminology, most notably through his new translation of the great Herbal of Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501-1577), which he reworked and expanded. In the second part, the article focuses on a popular book on regimen, the De conservanda valetudine (1576) by the German humanist author and politician Heinrich Rantzau (1526-1598), translated into Czech by Huber in 1587. The text and its translation are analysed against the backdrop of the new, more specifically Paracelsian, approaches in medicine. The author’s views are compared with Huber’s own ideas expressed in his foreword and in several of his other texts. His distinctive emphases and views are analysed, particularly in relation to Paracelsian medicine, Renaissance (and notably Piconian) concepts of man, and astrology.

Japanese physicians of Edo Period (1603-1867) wrote many dietetic books, by combining the knowledge system (content and compiling style) and thoughts of diet therapy from China with local condition in Japan. Among them, the日本江户时代(1603-1867)的医家在借鉴中国食疗知识体系(内容及编撰形式)和汲取食疗思想的同时，还结合日本本土情况，撰写了诸多食疗类医著。其中，江户早期医家向井元升所撰《庖厨备用倭名本草》是日本最早的综合食物本草学著作。书中对日本食物本草的选择与使用带有明显本土化的色彩，涵盖食物本草的名称、形态、栽培、采摘、鉴别、性味、主治等诸多方面，体现出江户之初药食兼用思想的萌芽，同时反映了日本医家对于中国食疗思想的汲取特点，是了解江户早期日本食物本草学发展及其食疗文化的一手史料。.

The time interval from the 9th to the 13th century remained known as the “Golden period of the Arab science”, and a significant place among the taught sciences are occupied by Medicine and Pharmacy. In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine, also known as Arabic medicine, refers to the science of medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic Arabs were able to use their cultural and natural resources and trade links to contribute to the strong development of pharmacy. After the collapse of the Arab rule, the Arab territorial expanses and cultural heritage were taken over by the Turks. Although scientific progress in the Turkish period slowed down due to numerous unfavorable political-economic and other circumstances, thanks to the Turks, Arab culture and useful Islamic principles expanded to the territory of our homeland of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Significant role in the transfer of Arabic medical and pharmaceutical knowledge was also attributed to the Sephardic Jews who, with their arrival, continued to perform their attar activities, which were largely based on Arab achievements. However, insufficiently elaborated, rich funds of oriental medical and pharmaceutical handwriting testify that Oriental science has nurtured in these areas as well, and that the Arab component in a specific way was intertwined with other cultures and traditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The meridian theories of