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This study examines the factors affecting women officials' intention to leave their chosen sport, including personal, work-related, and sociocultural factors. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of women officials in 69 different sports across Europe (n = 3,214). Overall, 10.7% of women expressed a turnover intention. Regression analyses indicate that this intention is higher for women who have more officiating experience (16–20 years), officiate at lower levels of sport (grassroots, junior), frequently experience abuse, and dislike the stress and time commitments of officiating, lack of support from the federation, and their lack of opportunity to progress. Younger women (≤24 years) with a mentor, who enjoy being part of a sport community and live in a more gender equal society are less likely to leave. The findings suggest that multiple factors are at work, which need to be addressed by sport managers to retain women in officiating roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous researchers have indicated that a sense of community and social support are vital to referee retention; however, little is known about the connection between specific characteristics of sports officials' networks and retention. To better understand the sports officiating shortage, researchers explored the social support networks of 116 referees utilizing egocentric network analysis. The authors suggest that retention of sports officials depends on the interpersonal ties and network structures within which the referees are embedded. Specifically, resulting hierarchical models confirmed that retention relationships among officials are a multilevel phenomenon, and that outside communication and community were vital network characteristics that fostered retention relationships. Network size, tenure, and the officiating level also were significant when considering an official's network and its impact on retention. Areas for future research and suggestions for referee managers are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte is the property of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The selection of appropriate learning media is proven to have a positive impact on students' knowledge and abilities in the learning process. They were referring to material in learning carried out by sports students as one of the preparations for teachers who must understand refereeing regulations so that the entire learning process can really utilize learning media. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of learning media on remembering the knowledge and ability of volleyball referees. The research method used in this study is quasi-experiment with a pretest and posttest quasi-experimental control group research design. This study involved 30 volleyball referee students who were obtained using cluster random sampling. This research instrument is an instrument that uses a questionnaire on the level of knowledge and ability of volleyball referees, divided into 10 indicators. This questionnaire obtained a reliability of 0.826. The analysis of this data used prerequisite tests (normality test using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, homogeneity test using the Levin statistical test), and a t-test conducted with the help of SPSS 25 to test the effect on each subject. The results showed that the average score of the experimental volleyball referee group was 216.93 ± 7.75, while the average score of the control volleyball referee knowledge and ability level group was 189.47 ± 7.18, the experimental group was better than the control group.

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sport for All & Recreation / Herkes Için Spor ve Rekreasyon is the property of Journal of Sport for All & Recreation / Herkes icin Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soccer referees are at risk of injury due to the physical demands of their role. This study evaluated the impact of the 24-week FIFA 11+ Referees training program on the quality of change of direction (COD) maneuvers in elite soccer referees. Eighty-one male referees were randomly assigned to either the 11+ referee group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 41). The intervention group replaced their usual warm-up routines with the FIFA 11+ program, while the control group continued their standard training. Both groups were assessed using the cutting movement assessment score (CMAS) before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated significant improvements in CMAS scores for the 11+ referee group at all tested angles (45°, 70°, and 90°), with the most notable improvements observed at 90° angles. These findings indicate that the FIFA 11+ Referees program enhances COD maneuver quality, which is critical for injury prevention. Implementing this program may therefore improve movement quality and reduce injury risks among soccer referees. Further research should explore the program's long-term efficacy and applicability across different populations and injury factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine how soccer referees make decisions about issuing yellow cards for fouls. The research involved 60 male participants, divided into expert (n=30) and novice (n=30) groups based on their experience and qualifications as referees. They took part in a 2x2x2 mixed-design experiment. The study looked at Decision-Making Style (DMS: Analytical Decision-Making [ADM] vs. Intuitive Decision-Making [IDM]), Video Type (yellow card foul vs. nonyellow card foul), and Referee Level (expert vs. novice) as independent variables. The dependent variables were accuracy rate (ACC), discrimination index (D), self-confidence index (C), and overconfidence index (OC). The findings showed that Analytical Decision-Making (ADM) led to higher accuracy compared to Intuitive Decision-Making (IDM). Expert referees demonstrated better accuracy than novice referees. There was also an interaction between Decision-Making Style and Referee Level, showing differences in the effectiveness of ADM and IDM between expert and novice referees. Additionally, the study revealed that both expert and novice referees showed overconfidence, with experts demonstrating significantly higher overconfidence, particularly during IDM. In conclusion, the research highlighted the complexity of referees' decisionmaking in high-pressure situations and emphasized the potential benefits of employing Analytical Decision-Making strategies. The study contributed to understanding cognitive biases in sports officiating and suggested the need for targeted training programs to help referees improve their performance and reduce overconfidence in challenging situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sport officials are tasked with applying rules, maintaining fairness, and ensuring athlete safety. However, sport officials experience anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence, with the incidence of these events increasing worldwide. This has led to rising attrition rates among sport officials, with many sport organizations concerned for their operational capacity. The effects of anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence might contribute to or be indicative of sport officials' negative mental health outcomes. To develop a clear understanding of how sport officials' mental health is affected by their occupation, it is necessary to identify the mental health outcomes and predictors they experience, and to what extent. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and examine the empirical research and policy documents surrounding sport officials' mental health. Method: One thousand, two hundred six articles were identified across four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycINFO. Next, a policy search was conducted on the respective international governing body websites from English-speaking countries for the 60 included sports. Following screening, 18 studies and one policy document met the inclusion criteria for exploring sport officials' mental health. Results: Participants (N = 7,941) in the studies were mainly European male soccer and basketball referees. Most studies utilized quantitative inquiry (n = 15) rather than qualitative methods (n = 2) or framework development (n = 1). The research demonstrated that sport officials frequently experienced negative mental health outcomes and predictors including anxiety, depression, burnout, lower mental health literacy, and high levels of stigmatization towards mental health. Discussion: These outcomes were influenced by gender/sex, age, and experience. There is a need to explore personal and environmental (including occupational) factors that cause or contribute to sport officials' mental health symptoms and disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes may be especially primed to become referees; yet, we do not know what former athletes think about this career choice. To address the worldwide referee shortage, it is important to better understand athletes' perceptions of refereeing. From a Career Contingency Model framework, it is evident athletes' perception would influence their decision to consider refereeing. This study's aim was to examine athletes' perceptions of the refereeing environment (RQ1) and identify referee recruitment barriers (RQ2). Utilizing a descriptive phenomenological approach, 23 current and former athletes took part in semistructured interviews based on their lived experience as an athlete. The participants identified the officiating environment as a high-stress environment with financial instability, while time and lack of knowledge and support were identified as recruitment barriers. The results contributed to the burgeoning line of research attempting to address the global referee shortage and provide both theoretical and practical implications for sport managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiplayer online video games are a multibillion-dollar industry, to which widespread cheating presents a significant threat. Game designers compromise on game security to meet demanding performance targets, but reduced security increases the risk of potential malicious exploitation. To mitigate this risk, game developers implement alternative security sensors. The alternative sensors themselves become a liability due to their intrusive and taxing nature. Online multiplayer games with real-time gameplay are known to be difficult to secure due to the cascading exponential nature of many-many relationships among the components involved. Behavior-based security sensor schemes, or referees (a trusted third party), could be a potential solution but require frameworks to obtain the game state information they need. We describe our Trust-Verify Game Protocol (TVGP), which is a sensor protocol intended for low-trust environments and designed to provide game state information to help support behavior-based cheat-sensing detection schemes. We argue TVGP is an effective solution for applying an independent trusted referee capability to trust-lacking subdomains and demands high-performance requirements. Our experimental results validate high efficiency and performance standards for TVGP. We identify and discuss the operational domain assumptions of the TVGP validation testing presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) was introduced into football in order to assist referees in their decision making during the match. The English Premier League (EPL) introduced VAR in the 2019-2020 season. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of the introduction of VAR on the English Premier League. The sample includes all 380 matches played in the 2018-2019 season without VAR and all 380 matches played in the 2019-2020 season with VAR. The following nine variables were collected for each match: the first half time, the second half time, total time, goals, penalties, fouls, yellow cards, red cards and offsides. These variables were compared pre and post the introduction of VAR using means comparison and Mixed Linear Model (MLM). The results demonstrated that after the introduction of VAR, the first half time, second half time, total time and fouls increased significantly (p< 0.01). In contrast, a significant decrease (p< 0.01) was found in the number of offsides after the implementation of VAR. The findings may help football practitioners and fans better understand the impact of VAR on European top professional football leagues, particularly on the English Premier League and also help to optimise referees' officiating strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Blue Card protocol was introduced to domestic amateur rugby competitions to bring Rugby Canada into compliance with provincial concussion legislation. The Blue Card protocol formalises how match officials can remove an athlete with a suspected concussion from play and prevents athletes from returning to sport without medical clearance. This exploratory study examined the experiences of Canadian rugby match officials with the novel Blue Card process. Semi-structured interviews conducted with six Canadian rugby match officials were subjected to Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Findings revealed interpersonal (e.g. stakeholder collaboration and peer support) and intrapersonal (e.g. concerns about personal liability and comfort with the administration of the Blue Card) factors related to the successful implementation of concussion management protocols. Match officials distinguished actions from members of the rugby community as either supporting (e.g. information sharing) or actively resisting (e.g. questioning match official decisions regarding the Blue Card) efforts to implement the Blue Card protocol. Those who had personal experience removing an athlete from play due to a suspected concussion or who administered a Blue Card during the 2019 season reported feeling more comfortable with the process than less experienced peers. However, in this early policy implementation phase, 50% of participants expressed concerns about their personal liability associated with the Blue Card process. Implications for the design and implementation of sport-related concussion research and policy at the amateur level are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squash is a sport where referee decisions are essential to the game. However, these decisions are very subjective in nature. Disputes, both from the players and the audience, regularly occur because the referee made a controversial call. In this study, we propose automating the referee decision process through machine learning. We trained neural networks to predict such decisions using data from 400 referee decisions acquired through extensive video footage reviewing and labeling. Six positional values were extracted, including the attacking player’s position, the retreating player’s position, the ball’s position in the frame, the ball’s projected first bounce, the ball’s projected second bounce, and the attacking player’s racket head position. We calculated nine additional distance values, such as the distance between players and the distance from the attacking player’s racket head to the ball’s path. Models were trained on Wolfram Mathematica and Python using these values. The best Wolfram Mathematica model and the best Python model achieved accuracies of 86% ± 3.03% and 85.2% ± 5.1%, respectively. These accuracies surpass 85%, demonstrating near-human performance. Our model has great potential for improvement as it is currently trained with limited, unbalanced data (400 decisions) and lacks crucial data points such as time and speed. The performance of our model is almost surely going to improve significantly with a larger training dataset. Unlike human referees, machine learning models follow a consistent standard, have unlimited attention spans, and make decisions instantly. If the accuracy is improved in the future, the model can potentially serve as an extra refereeing official for both professional and amateur squash matches. Both the analysis of referee decisions in squash and the proposal to automate the process using machine learning is unique to this study.

Squash is a sport where referee decisions are essential to the game. However, these decisions are very subjective in nature. Disputes, both from the players and the audience, regularly occur because the referee made a controversial call. In this study, we propose automating the referee decision process through machine learning. We trained neural networks to predict such decisions using data from 400 referee decisions acquired through extensive video footage reviewing and labeling. Six positional values were extracted, including the attacking player's position, the retreating player's position, the ball's position in the frame, the ball's projected first bounce, the ball's projected second bounce, and the attacking player's racket head position. We calculated nine additional distance values, such as the distance between players and the distance from the attacking player's racket head to the ball's path. Models were trained on Wolfram Mathematica and Python using these values. The best Wolfram Mathematica model and the best Python model achieved accuracies of 86% ± 3.03% and 85.2% ± 5.1%, respectively. These accuracies surpass 85%, demonstrating near-human performance. Our model has great potential for improvement as it is currently trained with limited, unbalanced data (400 decisions) and lacks crucial data points such as time and speed. The performance of our model is almost surely going to improve significantly with a larger training dataset. Unlike human referees, machine learning models follow a consistent standard, have unlimited attention spans, and make decisions instantly. If the accuracy is improved in the future, the model can potentially serve as an extra refereeing official for both professional and amateur squash matches. Both the analysis of referee decisions in squash and the proposal to automate the process using machine learning is unique to this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The results obtained in this research are highly novel, as no previous studies have analyzed the external and internal loads of basketball referees based on the game or game quarter during elite games, such as those played in the analyzed tournament. However, this study has limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. Firstly, although the entire sample of the preparatory tournament was recorded, the number of participants is small. Secondly, the equipment used (anatomical harness, WIMUPRO inertial devices, eight-antenna radiofrequency system, heart-rate monitor...) is costly, which limits the availability of previous studies for data comparison. Monitoring the demands on basketball referees is essential for optimizing their performance and reducing the risk of injuries. This study aimed to analyze the workload experienced by elite basketball referees during official games. Using a quasi-experimental empirical methodology, inertial devices (WIMUPRO) were used for four referees participating in the official tournament of the Spanish first-division basketball league. All the matches in the tournament were analyzed. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA were used to understand the referees' demands. Moreover, a Mixed Linear Model was used to take into account the individuality of each referee in the analysis of the variables. The results indicate that the analyzed external and internal load variables are specific to each basketball referee. The variability in referees' external and internal load demands was identified as low to moderate within performances, between matches, and between quarters. The external and internal load variables did not vary among the three analyzed games. The distance covered during the first quarter of the games was less than in the rest of the quarters, but it was performed at a higher intensity. Neuromuscular load (analyzed as Impacts, Player Load, and Power Metabolic) showed higher values in the first quarter of the games than in the rest. The referees' response to competition is individual and can be influenced by situational variables such as the moment or type of game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Sports Sciences Research / Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Sport Sciences Researches / Spor Bilimleri Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Match official abuse (MOA) in team sports has become a prominent issue within sport management; the effects of MOA on the safety, wellbeing and retention of officials has led to a growth of academic enquiry. The present review aimed to develop a thorough understanding of MOA through the perspective of sport officials from various sports. The authors conducted a systematic literature review on match officials' experiences of abuse. Research databases (PsychInfo, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) were screened for peer-reviewed research published between 1999 and 2022. Sixty studies of mixed research designs were retained and evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Qualitative synthesis of the results identified five key themes of empirical findings pertaining to the nature and prevalence of abuse; the effects of abuse on performance, wellbeing and retention; methods of interpersonal conflict management; facilitators of abuse; and match officials' attitudes towards current support and intervention. Results show that MOA effects individuals at all levels of competition and can adversely affect the performance and wellbeing of officials. The findings are used to identify relevant sport management issues and the authors discuss potential policy outcomes for reducing the prevalence and adverse effects of MOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSport officials are tasked with applying rules, maintaining fairness, and ensuring athlete safety. However, sport officials experience anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence, with the incidence of these events increasing worldwide. This has led to rising attrition rates among sport officials, with many sport organizations concerned for their operational capacity. The effects of anxiety, burnout, and non-accidental violence might contribute to or be indicative of sport officials' negative mental health outcomes. To develop a clear understanding of how sport officials' mental health is affected by their occupation, it is necessary to identify the mental health outcomes and predictors they experience, and to what extent. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and examine the empirical research and policy documents surrounding sport officials' mental health.MethodOne thousand, two hundred six articles were identified across four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycINFO. Next, a policy search was conducted on the respective international governing body websites from English-speaking countries for the 60 included sports. Following screening, 18 studies and one policy document met the inclusion criteria for exploring sport officials' mental health.ResultsParticipants (N = 7,941) in the studies were mainly European male soccer and basketball referees. Most studies utilized quantitative inquiry (n = 15) rather than qualitative methods (n = 2) or framework development (n = 1). The research demonstrated that sport officials frequently experienced negative mental health outcomes and predictors including anxiety, depression, burnout, lower mental health literacy, and high levels of stigmatization towards mental health.DiscussionThese outcomes were influenced by gender/sex, age, and experience. There is a need to explore personal and environmental (including occupational) factors that cause or contribute to sport officials' mental health symptoms and disorders.

Soccer referees are at risk of injury due to the physical demands of their role. This study evaluated the impact of the 24-week FIFA 11+ Referees training program on the quality of change of direction (COD) maneuvers in elite soccer referees. Eighty-one male referees were randomly assigned to either the 11+ referee group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 41). The intervention group replaced their usual warm-up routines with the FIFA 11+ program, while the control group continued their standard training. Both groups were assessed using the cutting movement assessment score (CMAS) before and after the intervention. The results demonstrated significant improvements in CMAS scores for the 11+ referee group at all tested angles (45°, 70°, and 90°), with the most notable improvements observed at 90° angles. These findings indicate that the FIFA 11+ Referees program enhances COD maneuver quality, which is critical for injury prevention. Implementing this program may therefore improve movement quality and reduce injury risks among soccer referees. Further research should explore the program’s long-term efficacy and applicability across different populations and injury factors.

The present study aims to determine and comparatively examine the relationship between the self-efficacy and decision-making styles of wrestling referees. In the research, the relational screening model, one of the quantitative models, was used, and the criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in sampling selection. A total of 106 man referees, 77 national and 29 international, participated in the study. The mean age of the participating referees was 39.18±7.60 years, and the mean years of wrestling refereeing was 13.62±7.53 years. The decision-making styles of the wrestling referees were measured using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire and their self-efficacy was measured using the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of the scales were determined as 0.78 for the Melbourne Decision Making Scale and 0.92 for the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. The data obtained were transferred to the SPSS 26.0 program and the Pearson Correlation Analysis, Independent Samples T-Test, One-Way ANOVA and descriptive statistics were applied. According to the findings of the study, there was a significant positive correlation between the self-efficacy scores of the referees and their self- esteem in decision-making and careful decision-making scores, and a significant negative correlation between the suspensive and panic decision-making scores (p

Copyright of Lan Harremanak - Revista Relaciones Laborales is the property of Lan Harremanak and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of ROL Sport Sciences / ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sport & Recreation Researches is the property of Journal of Sport & Recreation Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: The study aimed to examine the reasons for the rejection of manuscripts, considering the increased rejection rates of our journal of up to 73% in 2022, and help authors realize what the editors and referees are paying attention to while assessing the manuscript. Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, original articles, case reports, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses submitted and rejected to the Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation were searched between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2022. After reviewing the referee's evaluations and editorial opinions for all rejected articles, the reasons for rejection were classified under three main headings: journal, manuscript, and ethical issues. The manuscript issues were detailed under 11 subheadings. Results: A total of 1,293 rejected submissions were reviewed. Of these, 35% were rejected at the editorial stage, while 65% were rejected after peer review. Thirty-three submissions were rejected for ethical reasons, 168 were out of the journal's field of interest, and 1,092 (84%) submissions were rejected for reasons related to the manuscript. The three most common reasons for rejection were protocol/methodology errors (44%), lack of contribution to the literature (41%), and lack of adequate discussion (40%). Conclusion: Before starting the studies, supporting the hypotheses with the current literature review, planning with the right protocol, and interpreting the findings in the discussion will facilitate the acceptance of the manuscripts to our journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manipulation of football match scores in Indonesia is familiar and continues to increase. The settlement of the case in the judge's decision was based on two criminal acts, namely the crime of fraud (Article 378 of the Criminal Code) and bribery (UU No. 11 of 1980). It is stated in several judge's decisions, including in Judge's Decision No.31/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Smd and Judge's Decision No.48/Pid.Sus/2019/PN BNR. Manipulation of match scores as an attempt to violate the goals of the sport of football. This research aims to verify cases of match score manipulation by referees in realizing sports goals. The results of the discussion prove that the two judges' decisions that classify match score manipulation In the two judges' decisions that classify match score manipulation cases as fraud and bribery, there is the fulfillment of the elements in both of these crimes. In contrast, the subject of the violation is the referee who leads the match, which requires Integrity and leadership character. Then the goal of a soccer match is to support the embodiment of the formation of national values and character. Then when a referee is involved in a match score manipulation case, it means he has generally failed the goals of the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In football matches, there are often beatings (mistreatment) committed by players against referees. This study aims to analyze the mistreatment of players against referees in football matches, which can be categorized as criminal acts, and analyze actions that can be taken by the police and PSSI against mistreatment or fights between players in football matches. This research uses the sociological-judical approach. The results showed that the actions of the players who mistreated the referee met the elements of the criminal act of persecution as stipulated in Article 351, Paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code. Second, the actions of the police in the case are: a. conduct an investigation by summoning the two players who clashed on the field; b. dismiss the case on the grounds that it is submitted to the PSSI's internal decision; while the PSSI in this case only imposed sanctions with a ban from competing for the next two matches and a fine. Abstrak Dalam pertandingan sepak bola sering kali terjadi pemukulan (penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pemain terhadap wasit). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbuatan penganiayaan pemain terhadap wasit dalam pertandingan sepak bola tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana, dan menganalisis tindakan yang dapat dilakukan oleh pihak kepolisian dan PSSI terhadap penganiayaan atau perkelahian antar pemain dalam pertandingan sepak bola. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perbuatan para pemain yang melakukan penganiayaan kepada wasit memenuhi unsur tindak pidana penganiayaan sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 351 ayat (1) KUHP. Kedua, bahwa tindakan pihak kepolisian dalam kasus tersebut adalah: a. Melakukan penyidikan dengan memanggil kedua pemain yang bentrok di lapangan; b. Menghentikan perkara tersebut, dengan alasan diserahkan kepada putusan internal PSSI; sedangkan PSSI dalam kasus tersebut, hanya menjatuhkan sanksi beruapa larangan bertanding selama 2 pertandingan berikutnya, ditambah denda.

The aim of this research was to determine the level of anxiety among futsal referees officiating matches in the 14th West Java Provincial Sports Week 2022. The research method used a quantitative descriptive approach. Data collection was done using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) instrument distributed through Google Forms. The subjects of this study were futsal referees participating in the West Java Provincial Sports Week 2022, totaling 14 individuals. The research findings revealed that the level of anxiety among the referees fell into the low category at 20%, the moderate category at 73%, and the high category at 7%. This indicates that the majority (73%) of the futsal referees in the Provincial Sports Week experienced moderate anxiety. From these results, it can be inferred that the majority of the referees on duty had a moderate level of anxiety, which can be attributed to the certification level held by the referees, as 13 of them were nationally certified referees.

Multiplayer online video games are a multibillion-dollar industry, to which widespread cheating presents a significant threat. Game designers compromise on game security to meet demanding performance targets, but reduced security increases the risk of potential malicious exploitation. To mitigate this risk, game developers implement alternative security sensors. The alternative sensors themselves become a liability due to their intrusive and taxing nature. Online multiplayer games with real-time gameplay are known to be difficult to secure due to the cascading exponential nature of many-many relationships among the components involved. Behavior-based security sensor schemes, or referees (a trusted third party), could be a potential solution but require frameworks to obtain the game state information they need. We describe our Trust-Verify Game Protocol (TVGP), which is a sensor protocol intended for low-trust environments and designed to provide game state information to help support behavior-based cheat-sensing detection schemes. We argue TVGP is an effective solution for applying an independent trusted referee capability to trust-lacking subdomains and demands high-performance requirements. Our experimental results validate high efficiency and performance standards for TVGP. We identify and discuss the operational domain assumptions of the TVGP validation testing presented here.

The current study focuses on sport fans' attitudes toward the presence of the first transgender soccer referee in an elite league in Israel, and largely reflects the broader discourse on gender diversity and inclusion in general. Soccer referee Sapir Berman's announcement of her gender transition may have been exceptional, but it joins the broad debate on the role of transgender individuals in sport. Research findings indicate that fans expressed ambivalent reactions to the announcement. Although many responses reflected impressive open-mindedness and support for the referee and her decision, a wide range of opposition strategies was also identified, including disgust, ridicule, violence, and concerns of an existential threat caused by changes in the traditional gender order. The fact that the announcement was made during the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the nature and the contents of fans' responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To help address the high concussion burden in Canadian youth ice hockey, our primary objective was to examine the concurrent validity of youth ice hockey referees' ability to assess head contacts (HCs) and associated penalties using video analysis methods after implementation of the "zero tolerance for HC" policy by Hockey Canada. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Certified Level II-III referees in Alberta, Canada. Intervention: A secured online survey with 60 videos (10 to 15 seconds) containing a player-to-player physical contact with or without a HC from elite U15 (ages 13 to 14) youth ice hockey games. OutcomeMeasures: Survey questions were completed by all referees for each video, including (1). 'Did you see a player-toplayer contact?', (2). 'Should a penalty be assessed?', and if yes, (3). 'Which player, penalty type, and penalty intensity?' Referee assessments were compared with a consensus agreement from 2 national and member (top level) gold standard referees for concurrent validity through percent agreement and sensitivity/specificity measures. Results: Complete-case analysis of 100 referees (131 recruited) showed an overall median agreement of 83.5% (sensitivity 5 0.74; specificity 5 0.69) with the gold standard. Agreement with the gold standard was highest for HC infractions [85.1% (sensitivity 50.80; specificity50.69)], followed by HC penalty type (81.5%) and penalty intensity (53.7%). Conclusions: Concurrent validity through percent agreement was high (.80%) compared with the gold standard for identifying both HC and other infractions; however, it was moderate for penalty intensity. Although knowledge of identifying HCs and penalties in this survey was acceptable, this study suggests in-game factors (eg, game management and positioning) may be a primary limitation for HC enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study aimed to examine the relationship between football referees' leisure satisfaction and their resilience. The study was designed according to correlational cross sectional study and 129 football referees working in Ankara consisted the study sample. To collect data in addition to personal information form, “Leisure Satisfaction Scale” (Gökçe and Orhan, 2011), and “Resilience Scale” (Doğan, 2015) were used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were calculated primarily by considering the data type. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA analyzes were applied as the data showed normal distribution. Cronbah's Alpha analysis was applied to examine the internal consistency values of the data. In addition, the LSD multiple comparison test was applied to determine the significant difference between the groups. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between Resilience and Leisure Time Satisfaction. According to the analyzed results, a significant difference was found in the leisure time satisfaction scale according to the type of activity and the years of refereeing. In addition, a low and positive relationship was found between leisure satisfaction and resilience. As a result of the research, it can be said that the psychological resilience levels of referees with high leisure satisfaction are higher.

The objective of this study is to determine and interpret the opinions of the fencing referees who are actively involved in the competitions in our country on the issues affecting their development processes. The study group; The Turkish Fencing Federation consists of 80 referees who are on the list of referees with a visa for 2021. An online data collection form was used as a data collection tool in this study, which was structured through the qualitative research method. In the analysis process of the data obtained, the data analysis program called MAXQDA Analyctis Pro (2022) was used. While closed-ended questions were summarized by indicating percentages, the content analysis method was used in the process of analyzing open-ended question and answer reports. The data obtained were visualized with the help of frequency tables and code maps. Finally, some of the opinions of the participants, which were coded, were directly conveyed by interpreting the findings obtained through the tables and code maps. As a result of the research, negative and positive views that affect the development processes of fencing referees in Turkey were categorized. While the issues such as training and development seminars organized for referees, increasing the number of referees' duties, meeting the accommodation and meal expenses of the referees, and improving their wages are among the positive factors; Factors such as the excessive working hours of the referees, the pressure of the coaches and athletes, the low wages, and the lack of sufficient job opportunities were evaluated within the scope of negative effects.

This paper explores the way arbitration approaches developed through the first four stages of rule development, focusing in turn on the ways the popularity of wagering first created more need for formally signed 'articles of agreement' for each match, and then the inclusion of arbitration and judgement methods in the emerging early forms of rules. It then shows the way various official roles evolved over time alongside broader rule developments: the need for 'umpires' in cricket, pugilism, and some other sports; the role of 'tryers', 'judges' and 'stewards' in horse racing; arbitration through expertise, experience, and status in cockfighting; and the rare attempts to take appeals beyond the immediate game. It then explores how these official roles developed from the early nineteenth century onwards, as national organizations grew in power, and how a new role, the neutral 'referee', was created to arrive at a solution when umpires or others disagreed. Changes in later nineteenth-century rugby and soccer illustrate the way the then new forms of football followed earlier processes in moving towards more neutral forms of arbitration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilises qualitative methods to explore the behaviours of rugby union referees in order to inform the development of a pedagogical tool that can be used to develop communication of rugby union referees. Effective communication is a critical part of a rugby union referee's performance, yet there is a dearth of literature surrounding this area of rugby union referee development. Participants included professional IRFU referees (n = 6) with experience both at domestic league levels as well as at an international level. Audio footage from professional games (n = 18) was analysed and transcribed verbatim. Raw quotes were categorised as meaning units and a total of nine communicative behaviours were devised: (1) Preventative Instruction, (2) Command, (3) Explanation, (4) Organisational, (5) Acknowledgement, (6) Game Management, (7) Informative, and (8) Consultation. Results reveal various types of key communicative behaviours employed by rugby union referees throughout a game, depending on the situation presented in front of them. The findings of this study reveal the importance of selecting the most effective type of communication in any given situation. Uncovering such behaviours will enhance the development and assessment of rugby union communication skills through a pedagogical framework in order to improve on-field performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Line umpires make quick decisions. Ball trajectories and mechanical characteristics (velocity, spin) are different for male and female events, which can affect the decision quality. The aim is to analyse patterns of line umpire errors at the Wimbledon 2021 with a particular focus on differences between men's and women's matches. Data were obtained from the official match reports from 290 matches where the Hawk-Eye system was used to determine the umpires' calls and used to calculate descriptive statistics and to run different linear regression models. Line umpires made 1 error per 17.7 games, with a mean error size of 30 ± 39 mm. Error size on long lines (18 ± 24 mm) was smaller compared to cross lines (40 ± 45 mm), which also served as a significant predictor in all regression models. In women's matches, we observed a 7 mm bigger mean error size, which was in particular caused by a significantly bigger average error size for erroneous "out" calls (12.2 mm), which could be supported by the regression models. These results help to understand human decision-making performance on the grass. To improve line umpiring, we suggest to put awareness about the nature of line umpire errors, which indeed indicates that the task differs between men's and women's matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refereeing is a demanding and intermittent activity that combines high-speed and low-intensity action The aim of this study is to analyse the external and internal load of professional Spanish football referees during matches, and to compare the physical demands between halves and between referees in different categories The physical demands on 40 professional football referees from the first and second divisions were recorded using global positioning system (GPS) technology and heart rate bands. External load (distance covered, speed, acceleration and deceleration) and internal load (perceived exertion [RPE] and heart rate [HR]) were analysed The referees in the first division reported lower mean HR and RPE results than those in the second division (p < 0.05). The total distance covered was similar between the categories (p > 0.05), but the distance covered at different speed ranges was different (p < 0.05). Finally, greater reductions in performance between the first and the second halves were found in the second division referees (p < 0.05) The results of this study show differences according to the category of referee. This emphasises the need for specific training for professional referees according to their level to ensure optimal performance during matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between physical fitness and physical performance in competition and the decision-making (successes and errors). A sample of 22 male national-level soccer referees (weight: 72.7 kg; height: 178.0 cm; age: 23.4 years) participated in this study. Physical fitness was assessed through 6 series of 40 m (velocity) and Yo-yo (aerobic) test in annual exam by Soccer Committee, physical performance was performed through the total distance covered in competition (Experiment 1), and decision-making was registered through a simulated Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) with the consensus of 2 national referees evaluating only warnings (yellow cards), expulsions (red cards), established penalties and obvious goal actions (called and no called) (Experiments 2 and 3). Results showed that physical fitness test was related with total distance (rho = 0.63, p

This study utilized a relational screening model to examine the relationship between mental well-being and emotional regulation levels among basketball referees. The research sample consisted of 327 active field referees officiating in Turkish basketball leagues during the 2021–2022 season, selected using an accessible sampling method. The sample included 13.50% (n = 44) female referees and 86.50% (n = 283) male referees, with 67.30% (n = 220) holding national accreditation and 32.70% (n = 107) being regional referees. Data collection involved a personal information form, the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) and the Referee Emotion Regulation Scale (RERS). Statistical analyses, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, t-tests, and ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS 21 software, with a significance level set at p

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