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5. Cathodic Protection of Carbon Steel in Soil: A Study of Induced Passivation.

Author

Refait, Philippe, Jeannin, Marc, Fleury, Elisabeth, Raffin, Florian, and Fontaine, Sylvain

Subjects
CARBON steel, CATHODIC protection of steel, PASSIVATION, ELECTRODES, SOLUTION (Chemistry)
Abstract

Two-month experiments were carried out with carbon steel electrodes buried in an artificial sand wetted at 50–55% of saturation with a 0.07 mol L−1 Na2SO4·10H2O solution. Various protection potentials (corrected from the ohmic drop) were applied from −0.60 to −1.13 V/Cu-CuSO4. In each case, the behavior of the electrode protected by cathodic polarization was compared with that of an unprotected electrode. The electrochemical study was performed using voltammetry, linear polarization resistance measurements, and EIS. Surface characterization of the coupons was carried out using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. First, cathodic protection was observed to induce a spreading of the electrolyte on the metal surface because of electrocapillary effects. The active area, or more precisely the wet area, of the electrode increased, leading to a decrease in soil electrolyte resistance Rs measured using EIS. This phenomenon was experimentally confirmed via visual observations of the surface of the coupons at the end of the experiments. Secondly, cathodic protection induced a passivation of the steel surface. The passive state persisted for 35 to 85 h after cathodic protection was stopped and could be studied during various periods of interruption of the protection. In each case, the OCP of the previously polarized coupons reached high values, actually 200–250 mV higher than those measured for the unprotected coupons, and was associated with high polarization resistance Rp values (~40 kΩ cm2). Depassivation of the metal finally occurred, a phenomenon revealed by simultaneous important drops of both OCP and Rp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Influence of the Al Content on the Electrochemical Behavior of Zn-Al Cold-Sprayed Coatings in the Context of the Deep Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste.

Author

Martin, Alice, Charrier, Gaëlle, Maillot, Valérie, Crusset, Didier, Gouraud, Fanny, Verdy, Christophe, Conforto, Egle, Sabot, René, Creus, Juan, and Refait, Philippe

Subjects
RADIOACTIVE waste disposal, METAL spraying, RADIOACTIVE wastes, RADIOACTIVE waste management, PROTECTIVE coatings, CARBON steel, SURFACE coatings
Abstract

For high-level radioactive waste, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency is currently developing a 500 m deep geological disposal facility called Cigéo. Carbon steel containers will be used to contain the wastes in the specific conditions of the disposal. The use of a sacrificial coating was studied as an additional protection for the containers against corrosion. A previous work had shown the possibility to use Zn-Al coatings in this specific medium. To optimize the coatings' performance, the cold-spraying process was considered instead of the previously used wire arc spraying because it can increase the cohesion between the particles in the coating. Moreover, three aluminum contents, i.e., 5, 15 and 25 wt.%, were considered. The characterization of the obtained coatings revealed a strongly heterogeneous composition for the lower Al content (5 wt.%), with local Al contents from 1.3 wt.% Al to 44.5 wt.% Al. The corrosion study was carried out in a specific solution mimicking the pore solution of the surrounding cementitious material designed for disposal at a temperature of 50 °C. First, the polarization curves acquired with coated steel electrodes revealed the pseudo-passive behavior of the 25 wt.% Al coating, while for the other compositions, the coating remained active. Moreover, the higher aluminum content (25 wt.%) induced an important decrease in potential, with a possible risk of hydrogen embrittlement for the protected steel. Secondly, the sacrificial properties were investigated through 6 months of experiments using coated electrodes with cross-like defects and coated electrodes coupled with bare steel electrodes. Whatever the composition of the coating, the protection was maintained, with the 15 wt.% Al coating giving the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Towards carbon neutrality by 2040 in La Rochelle metropolitan area (France): quantifying the role of wetlands and littoral zone in the capture and sequestration of blue carbon

Author

Dupuy, Christine, Agogué, Hélène, Amann, Benjamin, Azémar, Frédéric, Becu, Nicolas, Bergeon, Lauriane, Bertin, Xavier, Bocher, Pierrick, Bout, Emilie, Brenon, Isabelle, Carpentier, Alexandre, Ceaux, Serge, Chaumillon, Eric, Choquet, Catherine, Colin, Béatrice, Deborde, Jonathan, Dubillot, Emmanuel, Claire, Emery, Ferrari, Sylvie, Gaucherel, Cédric, Geairon, Philippe, Gilbert, Stéphane, Jeannin, Marc, Jourde, J., Kalenitchenko, Dimitri, Lachaussée, Nicolas, Lacoue-Labarthe, Thomas, Lanneluc, Isabelle, Lavaud, Laura, Lavaud, Sébastien, Lefrançois, Christel, Le Fouest, Vincent, Le Fur, Inès, Long, Nathalie, Mahieux, Pierre-Yves, Mayen, Jérémy, Marais, Caroline, Metzger, Édouard, Moncelon, Raphaël, Ouisse, Vincent, Péreau, Jean-Christophe, Pétillon, Julien, Philippine, Olivier, Pineau, Philippe, Pignon-Mussaud, Cécilia, Polsenaere, Pierre, Sabot, René, Refait, Philippe, Réveillac, Elodie, Robin, François-Xavier, Rouquette, Hélène, Sablé, Sophie, Sauriau, Pierre-Guy, Tackx, Michèle, Turcry, Philippe, Vagner, Marie, Vincent, Julia, Volto, Natacha, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Communauté d'Agglomération de La Rochelle (CDA La Rochelle), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Université de Rennes (UR), Mathématiques, Image et Applications - EA 3165 (MIA), La Rochelle Université (ULR), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LERPC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Bordeaux Sciences Economiques (BSE), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - UMR 7356 (LaSIE), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences [UMR_C 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology [South Africa], Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], Union des marais de la Charente-Maritime (UNIMA), DDAF LA ROCHELLE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Communauté d'Agglomération de La Rochelle, Ville de La Rochelle, Banque des Territoires, Le Grand Plan d'InVestissement, Région Nouvelle Aquitaine, Port de Plaisance de La Rochelle, ADEME Agence de la Transition Ecologique, AZTI, and ELSEVIER

Subjects
Vegetated aquatic ecosystems, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Climate mitigation, Blue Carbon, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Holistic approach
Abstract

International audience; Rising greenhouse gas emissions are causing increasing worldwide impacts and changes on climate patterns, sea level, food production, human lives and livelihoods. Maintaining or improving the ability of coastal aquatic ecosystems and oceans to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is a crucial aspect for climate mitigation. The vegetated coastal ecosystems are able to catch and to sequestrate carbon, the so-called Blue Carbon. These ecosystems are key exchange zones that mediate the biogeochemical cycles across the continent, the ocean and the atmosphere. Given the importance of these ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles and their sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic pressures, the carbon cycle within and between compartments (e.g. pelagos, benthos…) and across the interfaces (e.g. atmosphere, ocean…) need to be addressed. On a regional scale, in the extended urban area of La Rochelle located on the French Atlantic coast (La Rochelle metropolitan area), lack in situ measurements within the wetlands and littoral zone make very uncertain their role as a sink or a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. We will first present a vast research project “La Rochelle Territoire Zéro Carbone” project (https://www.agglo-larochelle.fr/projet-de-territoire/territoire-zero-carbone), that target the ambition of carbon neutrality in La Rochelle metropolitan area by 2040 through a holistic approach (from measuring CO2 to raising people's awareness and assessing the impact of exogenous natural factors). Second, we will present some first results on the Blue Carbon dynamics within the freshwater and salt marshes, and seagrasses.

Published
2022

32. Influence de paramètres microstructuraux sur les propriétés de corrosion d'un alliage de magnésium biorésorbable hyperdéformé

Author

UCL - SST/IMMC/IMAP - Materials and process engineering, UCL - Ecole Polytechnique de Louvain, Simar, Aude, Mesquita, Thiago, Blandin, Jean-Jacques, Ferrie, Emilie, Roche, Virginie, Delannay, Laurent, Fabregue, Damien, Refait, Philippe, Avettand-Fenoel, Marie-noelle, Jacques, Pascal, Velard, Corentin, UCL - SST/IMMC/IMAP - Materials and process engineering, UCL - Ecole Polytechnique de Louvain, Simar, Aude, Mesquita, Thiago, Blandin, Jean-Jacques, Ferrie, Emilie, Roche, Virginie, Delannay, Laurent, Fabregue, Damien, Refait, Philippe, Avettand-Fenoel, Marie-noelle, Jacques, Pascal, and Velard, Corentin

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are promising candidates for bioresorbable implant applications. In this context, understanding the link between microstructure and corrosion/degradation mechanisms of magnesium alloys is an important issue. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the microstructure on the degradation of a biocompatible Mg-2%Ca alloy. For this purpose, two hyper-deformation processes (Friction Stir Processing and to a lesser extent Equal Channel Angular Pressing) were used to modify the microstructural parameters. These two processes proved to be particularly effective in reducing the grain size (micron-sized grains could be produced), modifying the spatial distribution and size of the second phases present in the alloy and developing specific crystallographic textures. Finally, despite these important microstructural variations, the impact on the degradation rate remains quite limited. The analysis of the electrochemical behaviour helped to decorrelate the influence of these microstructural parameters on the degradation rate; some of them compensating each other. If grain refinement seems to improve the corrosion resistance, due to a coverage of corrosion products probably more coherent with the metal, the role of the second phases appears more complex: the spatial dispersion of the second phase particles has little effect on the electrochemical behaviour whereas the refinement of these particles seems to significantly influence the layer of corrosion products. Finally, as observed on pure Mg and other Mg alloys, crystallographic texture also plays a significant role in corrosion resistance. This work has hence contributed to the improvement of the understanding of the influence of the microstructure on the electrochemical behavior of a magnesium-calcium alloy., (FSA - Sciences de l'ingénieur) -- UCL, 2021

Published
2021

44. Reduction of SeO42- Anions and Anoxic Formation of Iron(II)-Iron(III) Hydroxy-Selenate Green Rust

Author

Refait, Philippe, Simon, Lilian, and Genin, Jean-Marie

Subjects
Soil chemistry -- Research, Nitrates -- Research, Oxidation-reduction reaction -- Research, Wetlands, Leaching -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

Study on the potential use of green rusts in hydromorphic soils and sediments as reducing agents of pollutants such as chromate, nitrate, or selenate.

Published
2000

47. Application of ToF-SIMS for sulfur isotopic fractionation in sulfide phases of iron corrosion layers: determination of bacterial impact on the formation of these phases

Author

Mercier-Bion, Florence, Nuns, Nicolas, Neff, Delphine, Urios, Laurent, Jean-Paul, Gallien, Refait, Philippe, Remazeilles, Céline, Jeannin, Marc, Sabot, René, Dillmann, Philippe, Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l'Altération (LAPA - UMR 3685), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Michel Eugène Chevreul - FR 2638 (IMEC), Université d'Artois (UA)-Centrale Lille-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - UMR 7356 (LaSIE), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université d'Artois (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Chevreul FR2638, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement (LaSIE)

Subjects
[CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry
Abstract

International audience; To a better understanding of the iron corrosion mechanisms, it is crucial to elucidate the role of bacteria. Thus, in order to have a diagnosis of the action of bacteria in the iron corrosion, the objective of this study is to determine by ToF-SIMS the isotopic sulfur fractionation δ 34 S in iron sulfides of (sub)micrometric size located in the corrosion product layers of the ferrous objects corroded in anoxic soils and marine environment. These iron sulfides may have two origins: an abiotic origin resulting in the dissolution/reprecipitation of sulfides from the surrounding medium (for example from pyrite in a soil) or a biotic origin by the action of the sulfate-reducing bacteria that reduce sulfate ions into sulfides leading to the formation of iron sulfides with ferrous ions issued from the aqueous dissolution of metal iron. A difference in the isotopic sulfur fractionation δ 34 S in the sulfur phases according to the abiotic or biotic origin of these phases is reported in the literature. Thus in this study, the isotopic sulfur fractionation δ 34 S in the iron sulfides formed in the corrosion product layers of iron was determined to identify the formation origin of these phases and the role of bacteria in the iron corrosion. After characterization of the distribution of the different iron sulfides within the layers (optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, μRaman spectroscopy), the local isotopic fractionation of sulfur is measured by the imaging and spectroscopy ToF-SIMS technique. Some important results have been obtained. First of all, the reproducibility and the accuracy of the method were established by the choice and the validation of a hydrothermal pyrite sample calibrated relatively to the international sulfur isotopic standard Canon Diablo Troilite. Secondly, it was observed that there was no or little variation in the isotopic sulfur fractionation δ 34 S with the degree of oxidation of sulfur. Finally, a noticeable difference in the isotopic sulfur fractionation δ 34 S between iron sulfides formed in laboratory under abiotic or biotic conditions was evidenced: δ 34 S is close to 0 in abiotic conditions whereas in biotic conditions it is shifted from 0 with values up to up to some tens per mil. These first results being promising, the study is actually in progress to determine the formation origin (abiotic/biotic) of the Fe-S present in the corrosion product layers of natural systems of iron corrosion, from soils, subaquatic and marine environments.

Published
2019

48. On the iron-sulphur interactions involved in biocorrosion phenomena

Author

Refait, Philippe, Jeannin, Marc, Sabot, René, Sablé, Sophie, Lanneluc, Isabelle, Romaine, Alexandre, Necib, Sophia, Pineau, Samuel, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - UMR 7356 (LaSIE), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), and ACCOAST

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

49. Biofilms in a marine environment: example of intertidal mudflats and metallic port structures

Author

Sablé, Sophie, Refait, Philippe, Sabot, René, Jeannin, Marc, Doghri, Ibtissem, Langumier, Mikaël, Lanneluc, Isabelle, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - UMR 7356 (LaSIE)

Subjects
[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

50. Thermodynamic equilibria in aqueous suspensions of synthetic and natural Fe(II)-Fe(III) green rusts: occurences of the mineral in hydromorphic soils

Author

Genin, Jean-Marie R., Bourrie, Guilhem, Trolard, Fabienne, Abdelmoula, Mustapha, Jaffrezic, Anne, Refait, Philippe, Maitre, Veronique, Humbert, Bernard, and Herbillon, Adrien

Subjects
Soil science -- Research, Biomineralization -- Research, Soils -- Composition, Soil chemistry -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

A soil characterization was conducted on hydromorphic soils in the Fougeres and Britanny, France based on the presence of synthetic green rust, which is the by-product of microbial activity on Fe(OH)2. The presence of green rust in the Britanny soil samples followed a horizontal distribution, while the soil samples from Fougeres showed a distinct vertical distribution.

Published
1998

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