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1. Envelope structure of Synechococcus sp. WH8113, a nonflagellated swimming cyanobacterium

Author

Reese Thomas S, Petersen Jennifer D, and Samuel Aravinthan DT

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Many bacteria swim by rotating helical flagellar filaments [1]. Waterbury et al. [15] discovered an exception, strains of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus that swim without flagella or visible changes in shape. Other species of cyanobacteria glide on surfaces [2,7]. The hypothesis that Synechococcus might swim using traveling surface waves [6,13] prompted this investigation. Results Using quick-freeze electron microscopy, we have identified a crystalline surface layer that encloses the outer membrane of the motile strain Synechococcus sp. WH8113, the components of which are arranged in a rhomboid lattice. Spicules emerge in profusion from the layer and extend up to 150 nm into the surrounding fluid. These spicules also send extensions inwards to the inner cell membrane where motility is powered by an ion-motive force [17]. Conclusion The envelope structure of Synechococcus sp. WH8113 provides new constraints on its motile mechanism. The spicules are well positioned to transduce energy at the cell membrane into mechanical work at the cell surface. One model is that an unidentified motor embedded in the cell membrane utilizes the spicules as oars to generate a traveling wave external to the surface layer in the manner of ciliated eukaryotes.

Published
2001
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3. Synaptic Consolidation Normalizes AMPAR Quantal Size following MAGUK Loss

Author

Levy, Jonathan M, Chen, Xiaobing, Reese, Thomas S, and Nicoll, Roger A

Subjects
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Biotechnology, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Animals, Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein, Hippocampus, Humans, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Membrane Proteins, Neuropeptides, Organ Culture Techniques, Rats, Receptors, AMPA, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biological psychology
Abstract

The mechanisms controlling synapse growth and maintenance are of critical importance for learning and memory. The MAGUK family of synaptic scaffolding proteins is abundantly expressed at glutamatergic central synapses, but their importance in controlling the synaptic content of glutamate receptors is poorly understood. Here, we use a chained RNAi-mediated knockdown approach to simultaneously remove PSD-93, PSD-95, and SAP102, the MAGUKs previously shown to be responsible for synaptic localization of glutamate receptors. We find that MAGUKs are specifically responsible for creating functional synapses after initial spine formation by filling functionally silent spines with glutamate receptors. Removal of the MAGUKs causes a transient reduction in AMPA receptor quantal size followed by synaptic consolidation resulting in a normalization of quantal size at the few remaining functional synapses. Consolidation requires signaling through L-type calcium channels, CaM kinase kinase, and the GluA2 AMPA receptor subunit, akin to a homeostatic process.

Published
2015

6. Microscopy Studies of Placozoans

Author

Smith, Carolyn L., primary, Mayorova, Tatiana D., additional, Winters, Christine A., additional, Reese, Thomas S., additional, Leys, Sally P., additional, and Heyland, Andreas, additional

Published
2020
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22. Palmitoylation of A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 modulates its nanoscale organization, trafficking, and mobility in postsynaptic spines

Author

Chen, Xiaobing, primary, Crosby, Kevin C., additional, Feng, Austin, additional, Purkey, Alicia M., additional, Aronova, Maria A., additional, Winters, Christine A., additional, Crocker, Virginia T., additional, Leapman, Richard D., additional, Reese, Thomas S., additional, and Dell’Acqua, Mark L., additional

Published
2022
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27. Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing

Author

Mayorova, Tatiana D., Hammar, Katherine M., Jung, Jae H., Aronova, Maria A., Zhang, Guofeng, Winters, Christine A., Reese, Thomas S., Smith, Carolyn L., Mayorova, Tatiana D., Hammar, Katherine M., Jung, Jae H., Aronova, Maria A., Zhang, Guofeng, Winters, Christine A., Reese, Thomas S., and Smith, Carolyn L.

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mayorova, T. D., Hammar, K., Jung, J. H., Aronova, M. A., Zhang, G., Winters, C. A., Reese, T. S., & Smith, C. L. Placozoan fiber cells: mediators of innate immunity and participants in wound healing. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 23343, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02735-9., Placozoa is a phylum of non-bilaterian marine animals. These small, flat organisms adhere to the substrate via their densely ciliated ventral epithelium, which mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake. They have only six morphological cell types, including one, fiber cells, for which functional data is lacking. Fiber cells are non-epithelial cells with multiple processes. We used electron and light microscopic approaches to unravel the roles of fiber cells in Trichoplax adhaerens, a representative member of the phylum. Three-dimensional reconstructions of serial sections of Trichoplax showed that each fiber cell is in contact with several other cells. Examination of fiber cells in thin sections and observations of live dissociated fiber cells demonstrated that they phagocytose cell debris and bacteria. In situ hybridization confirmed that fiber cells express genes involved in phagocytic activity. Fiber cells also are involved in wound healing as evidenced from microsurgery experiments. Based on these observations we conclude that fiber cells are multi-purpose macrophage-like cells. Macrophage-like cells have been described in Porifera, Ctenophora, and Cnidaria and are widespread among Bilateria, but our study is the first to show that Placozoa possesses this cell type. The phylogenetic distribution of macrophage-like cells suggests that they appeared early in metazoan evolution., Open Access funding provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Published
2022

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