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Background Quality of life and care varies between and within the care homes in which almost half a million older people live and over half a million direct care staff (registered nurses and care assistants) work. The reasons are complex, understudied and sometimes oversimplified, but staff and their work are a significant influence. Objective(s) To explore variations in the care home nursing and support workforce; how resident and relatives’ needs in care homes are linked to care home staffing; how different staffing models impact on care quality, outcomes and costs; how workforce numbers, skill mix and stability meet residents’ needs; the contributions of the care home workforce to enhancing quality of care; staff relationships as a platform for implementation by providers. Design Mixed-method (QUAL-QUANT) parallel design with five work packages. WP1 – two evidence syntheses (one realist); WP2 – cross-sectional survey of routine staffing and rated quality from care home regulator; WP3 – analysis of longitudinal data from a corporate provider of staffing characteristics and quality indicators, including safety; WP4 – secondary analysis of care home regulator reports; WP5 – social network analysis of networks likely to influence quality innovation. We expressed our synthesised findings as a logic model. Setting English care homes, with and without nursing, with various ownership structures, size and location, with varying quality ratings. Participants Managers, residents, families and care home staff. Findings Staffing’s contribution to quality and personalised care requires: managerial and staff stability and consistency; sufficient staff to develop ‘familial’ relationships between staff and residents, and staff–staff reciprocity, ‘knowing’ residents, and skills and competence training beyond induction; supported, well-led staff seeing modelled behaviours from supervisors; autonomy to act. Outcome measures that capture the relationship between staffing and quality include: the extent to which resident needs and preferences are met and culturally appropriate; resident and family satisfaction; extent of residents living with purpose; safe care (including clinical outcomes); staff well-being and job satisfaction were important, but underacknowledged. Limitations Many of our findings stem from self-reported and routine data with known biases – such as under reporting of adverse incidents; our analysis may reflect these biases. COVID-19 required adapting our original protocol to make it feasible. Consequently, the effects of the pandemic are reflected in our research methods and findings. Our findings are based on data from a single care home operator and so may not be generalised to the wider population of care homes. Conclusions Innovative and multiple methods and theory can successfully highlight the nuanced relationship between staffing and quality in care homes. Modifiable characteristics such as visible philosophies of care and high-quality training, reinforced by behavioural and relational role modelling by leaders can make the difference when sufficient amounts of consistent staff are employed. Greater staffing capacity alone is unlikely to enhance quality in a cost-effective manner. Social network analysis can help identify the right people to aid adoption and spread of quality and innovation. Future research should focus on richer, iterative, evaluative testing and development of our logic model using theoretically and empirically defensible – rather than available – inputs and outcomes. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42021241066 and Research Registry registration: 1062. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/144/29) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 8. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary This study was about the relationship between staffing and quality in care homes. Almost half a million older people live in care homes in England. Why quality of care and quality of life for residents vary so much between and within homes is unknown, but staff and the ways they work are likely to be important. Researching staffing and quality is difficult: quality means different things to different people and a lot of things shape how quality feels to residents, families and staff. In the past, researchers have oversimplified the problem to study it and may have missed important influences. We took a more complex view. In five interlinked work packages, we collected and analysed: (1) research journal articles; (2) national data from different care homes; (3) data from a large care organisation to look at what it is about staffing that influences quality; (4) reports and ratings of homes from the Care Quality Commission; and (5) we looked at the networks between staff in homes that shape how quality improvement techniques might spread. We used theories about how our findings might be linked to plan for this data collection and analysis. The results were combined into something called a ‘logic model’ – a diagram and explanation that make it easier for managers, researchers and people interested in care homes to see how staffing influences quality. Staffing considerations that might improve quality include: not swapping managers too much; having sufficient and consistent staff for family-like relationships in homes and putting residents’ needs first; supporting staff and giving them freedom to act; and key staff leading by example. Research examining care home quality should capture those aspects that mean the most to residents, their families and staff. Scientific summary Background An estimated 425,000 older people in England live in 18,000 care homes: with nursing, without nursing, or dual registered homes. They are some of the oldest and the most vulnerable people in society. Resident dependency levels and care needs are often similar in homes with and without nursing – but their workforces differ significantly. In homes with nursing care, registered nurses (RNs) are employed to provide clinical care and supervise care delivery, mainly from a large workforce of non-registered care assistants. Care homes without nursing comprise only social care staff or care assistants. The NHS provides health care – including nursing care – as required; for example, supporting specialist care for residents at the end of life. Staffing profiles and establishments vary between providers and so studying care homes and their workforce is complex. Conceptually, quality is similarly complex; it is contested, contingent, contextualised, dynamic and often deeply personal. Two dimensions of quality require consideration in care homes: quality of care and quality of life. While care home staff and their work are likely determinants of quality, research into the staffing–quality relationship is comparatively scant. Measuring quality often focuses on clinical outcomes, such as pressure ulcer prevalence, falls or medication errors. Many studies are in North American long-term care and the few English studies’ primary focus has been on staff turnover and quality and working conditions and quality. Our mixed-methods study addresses some of the theoretical gaps and methodological challenges associated with understanding staffing’s relationship to quality. Using established theory we focused on the structures, processes and outcomes of quality. Our aim of investigating workforce models of nursing and care support in care homes that effectively benefit residents, relatives and staff was addressed through six objectives, which were the focus of five linked work packages (WP). Objectives Describe variations in the characteristics of the care home nursing and support workforce (WP1). Identify the dependency and needs of residents and relatives in care homes and their association with care home staffing (WP2, WP3). Examine how different care home staffing models (including new roles) impact on quality of care, resident outcomes and NHS resources (WP1, WP2, WP3). Explain how care home workforce (numbers, skill mix and stability) might meet the dependency and needs of residents (WP1, WP2, WP3, WP4). Explore and understand the contributions of the nursing and support workforce (including innovations in nursing and support roles) in care homes to enhance quality of care (WP1, WP4). Translate methods used for modelling the relationships between staffing and quality to provide a platform for sector-wide implementation (WP5). Methods A mixed-method (QUAL-QUANT) parallel design built around Donabedian’s theoretical framework of structures, processes and outcomes was the basis for our exploration of the relationship between care home staffing and quality. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic meant some deviation from our original protocol was necessary. Work package 1 (WP1) was two evidence reviews: a systematic review synthesising 36 studies of care home staff perceptions of their roles and responsibilities in promoting quality; a realist review (n = 66 studies) then developed evidence and theory-based explanations of how care home staff behaviours promote quality of care and quality of life, why and in what circumstances. Work packages 2 and 3 used routinely collected measures of staffing and examined their relationship to quality. WP2 was a cross-sectional observational study, modelling the relationship between care quality – as measured in Care Quality Commission (CQC) inspection reports – and care home workforce characteristics from the National Minimum Data Set for Social Care (NMDS-SC). WP3 analysed routinely collected longitudinal data measures of workforce, nurse-sensitive indicators of care quality, resident characteristics and home characteristics from a large corporate care home provider over 42 months. A cost analysis from a provider perspective was also undertaken. Work package 4 used documentary analysis of 30 purposively sampled, publicly available, inspection reports from the English national quality regulator (CQC) from homes rated as outstanding or inadequate to examine (1) how staffing structures influenced quality and (2) the care processes that explain the relationship between staffing and quality. In WP5, care homes (n = 11) were purposively sampled and social network analysis (SNA) using questionnaires and roster name generation was used to map the self-reported advice and influence relationships present in care homes. To assess homes’ readiness for innovation and work-related barriers to adoption of our (translated) findings, eight managers completed an adapted version of the Normalisation MeAsure Development questionnaire (NoMAD) questionnaire – an operationalised instrument of Normalisation Process Theory. Public and stakeholder involvement and engagement We worked closely with the public and stakeholders throughout, from question formulation through to synthesis. Two advisory groups were formed: (1) a resident and relative group and (2) a care home manager group. The study steering committee (SSC) contained key stakeholders – including relatives – to provide oversight and guidance. These mechanisms ensured perspectives other than the research team informed and improved research design and implementation and prompted wider conversations and learnRNing that benefited the research. Ethics approval Work package 2 and WP3 were approved (2 August 2017) by the Social Care Research Ethics Committee (17/WM/0232). WP5 was approved (21 June 2019) by the University of Leeds, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ethics and Governance Committee (HREC 18-028). Findings The five linked WP findings were synthesised using a logic model to explain what is likely to work, why and how, and the interactions between structures, processes and outcomes important for the staffing–quality relationship. Managerial stability was important: care homes with a manager in-post in the 12 months prior to a CQC inspection were more likely to be rated as good or outstanding (WP2). Managers made those workforce decisions necessary for meeting residents’ care and safety needs (WP4). Managers of care homes rated good or outstanding had authority and flexibility to secure the workforce they judged necessary (WP4). Cohesive working relationships between managers and their corporate senior management team or owner helped managers enact their decisions (WP4). Higher staff-to-bed ratios were associated with a greater chance of a good or outstanding CQC inspection score (WP2). More care from RNs was associated with fewer falls with fractures, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and medication errors (WP3). Use of agency nurses to cover for staff sickness or unfilled vacancies was not associated with more falls, infections or pressure ulcers, but was associated with more medication errors (WP3). Simply increasing nursing input is unlikely to be a cost-effective way of reducing adverse incidents in care homes (WP3). WP4 (and WP1ii) identified the importance of having ‘sufficient’ staff to meet residents’ needs and preferences and improve outcomes. But detail of how staffing levels were determined by managers and consistent use of tools to support professional judgement about staffing (WP4) was lacking. Staff stability and minimising agency staff use were perceived as necessary conditions for quality (WP4). Having experienced care staff, that is, staff in post for 5 years, was likely to improve quality, as measured by ratings (WP2). A stable workforce was also associated with skills and competence (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4). Opportunities for staff induction, training and continuing professional development, alongside staff supervision, were extensive in care homes rated as outstanding (WP4). High staff turnover reduced opportunities for developing broader staff skills and competence, narrowing it to staff induction and mandatory training (WP4). Staffing consistency was important for organising care and work (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4). Larger homes were less likely to be rated positively (WP2). Other WPs highlighted the importance of team size (not home size) as a lever for promoting quality (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4). Small groups of linked residents and staff (5–15 residents per staff member based on level of resident dependency) promoted familiarity, communication and a family-like environment for cultivating relationships (WP1ii). Establishing these family-like relationships and ‘knowing’ residents promoted personalisation of resident care (WP1i), encouraging staff to go beyond purely assisting residents with physical tasks, towards addressing wider social and emotional needs (WP1ii). The reviews (WP1i, WP1ii) highlight where the requisite roles and responsibilities of the workforce might help achieve this. Developing relationships based on consultation – with families, professionals outside the home and residents – to support residents was a feature of homes rated as outstanding (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4). These relationships informed care planning and personalisation of care (WP1i). Relationships between staff and families also legitimised family involvement in care to support quality (WP1ii). Unit-level supervisors that role modelled relationship building were important levers for realising team ambitions of relationship-based quality (WP1ii, WP4). Staffing consistency was important for teamworking. In care homes rated outstanding, staff reported working together and supporting each other towards a collective vision of care and support (WP4). Staff that felt supported, valued and – with (managerial) ‘permission’ – able to prioritise residents’ needs, adapted and adopted behaviours promoting residents’ expressing preferences for care (WP1ii, WP4). More autonomy in day-to-day work, with associated accountability, led to greater staff engagement and satisfaction (WP1ii, WP4). Team reciprocity was linked to open communication, information exchange, advice and influence (WP1ii, WP5). Reciprocity encouraged teams to draw on each other’s knowledge and skills to promote individualised care and enhance quality (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4). Combining written and verbal staff communication was a feature in homes rated as outstanding and linked to better resident care (WP4). Visible unit-level supervisors – not always managers – fostered teamworking. They also minimised conflicts, enabling team reciprocity and relationships (WP1ii). Social networks can promote or hinder the behavioural mechanisms influencing quality (WP5). Networks that were interconnected, dense or cohesive, built around strong advice and influence relationships, had higher chances of implementing change associated with innovation around quality (WP5). The care home manager – as opinion leader (i.e. providing most advice and influence and receiving most advice and influence) – was pivotal in implementing innovation-related change (WP5). Leadership and management behaviours promoted resident-centred approaches; ensured effective communication; promoted staff confidence; offered practical and emotional support and recognition to staff; and encouraged diversity (WP1ii). Staff feeling valued was linked to greater staff commitment and contribution to quality (WP4). A managerially endorsed philosophy of care (valuing residents and staff) encouraged the staff behaviours needed for individualised resident care (WP1ii, WP4). Based on our analysis, measuring the following resident outcomes would provide a more meaningful picture of the relationship between staffing and quality: the extent to which resident needs and preferences are met (and culturally appropriate) (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4); resident and family satisfaction (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4); residents living with purpose to promote their quality of life and well-being (WP1i, WP1ii, WP4); and safe care for residents (including clinical outcomes) (WP1i, WP1ii, WP2, WP3, WP4). Staff well-being and job satisfaction were important outcomes which influenced quality as experienced by residents. Conclusions Our study makes a novel and important contribution to understanding the importance of the relationship between staff, their work and behaviours and quality in care homes. We have attempted to shift the debate away from a reductionist picture of numbers of staff and their relationship to clinical indicators, towards a more nuanced recognition of the ways in which staff in the right amounts and with the right behaviours can meet resident’s needs and preferences. Staffing needs to be stable, skilled and competent to realise the benefits of person-focused organisation of care, and enhanced teamworking. Leadership, reward and recognition of staff and a shared philosophy of care provide needed context for the relationships required to improve quality as experienced by residents. Our findings will be useful for people and organisations making policy and delivering services that want to work towards the best ways to deploy and support quality in care homes using their most valuable resource: their staff. Implications for social care Understanding that numbers of staff alone are a necessary but not sufficient condition for care home quality. Quality improves in homes when more care is provided by RNs. Simply introducing ‘more’ staff (particularly RNs) is unlikely to be a cost-effective way of reducing adverse incidents in care homes. Quality relies on the who, what and how of staffing arrangements and organisation of work. Leadership is key, influencing how organisational resources are used to promote the environments and cultures needed for quality-promoting relationships to flourish. Realising and supporting the potential of the staffing resource (clinical, care, social and cultural skills and competence) are essential for quality. Opportunities for learning and development demonstrate an organisation values staff and may support staff retention. A focus on the structures that support staffing consistency (stability, skill and competence) is important for influencing processes (the organisation of care and teamworking) and outcomes for residents and staff. Developing transparent approaches that enable care home managers to effectively judge and make decisions about staffing levels is crucial for safe and appropriate care for residents. Reciprocal relationships, beyond the immediate care team and including residents, their families and health and social care professionals promote quality. Leadership and management behaviours influence staff commitment and thus their contribution to quality. A ‘visible’ unit supervisor and staff who ‘connect’ and influence the team are essential for quality and innovation in care homes. Implications for research Future research should: Unpack the contribution of direct care support workforce (including care assistants, senior care assistants and nursing associates) working at different levels of skills and competence to care home quality. Explore how training for care assistants, senior care assistants and nursing associates contributes to improving quality. Consider differences for temporary (i.e. step-up or step-down care) versus permanent (i.e. long-term placement) care home residents. Explore how resident population levels of dependency are related to quality. Use innovative methods to capture quality in ways that recognise individual stakeholder views, values, expectations and preferences and address both quality of care and quality of life. Develop robust social network interventions to change network structures to enhance reciprocity and advice and influence relationships to embed innovations for enhancing quality. Consider machine learning methods for analysis of routine data because these methods are better able to identify non-linear relationships between staffing and care quality indicators than traditional regression analysis in order to better identify minimum adequate staffing levels. Use methods to promote more accurate modelling of the staffing–quality relationship through data linkage. Further test and develop our logic model. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42021241066 and Research Registry registration: 1062. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/144/29) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 8. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Context: The Living Lab in Ageing and Long-Term Care (Netherlands) and Nurturing Innovation in Care Homes Excellence in Leeds (NICHE-Leeds; UK) are partnerships between science and care. The Scientific Linking Pin (SLP), a senior researcher employed by a university, works one day per week in a LTC organization, and has a pivotal role in the partnership. Objective: To explore the nature of the SLP role Methods: A qualitative approach was used. Fifteen individuals with at least one year’s experience as a SLP in the Living Lab or NICHE-Leeds participated in a semi-structured interview. Data were thematically analyzed. Findings: Participants described how the SLP role gave them insight into what matters to care organizations, and how it enabled them to impact LTC practice. Participants experienced the role to be multifaceted. Goals and activities performed by SLPs included developing relationships, raising awareness of the practice-science partnership, identifying (research) priorities and generating research questions, building committees, brokering knowledge, developing research studies, generating academic output, building links and connections, and assisting with internal projects. Challenges faced were mistrust by care staff and poor engagement, working with staff from different professional backgrounds, research not being a priority, multiple and rapidly changing priorities, and differences in expectations. SLPs addressed these challenges through relationship building, creating a ‘safe’ space for care staff, building engagement, and expectation management. Implications: Partnership working in the care sector is gaining international recognition and adoption, and therefore it is useful to capture and share learning about successful implementation of our approach.

Background: Organising health-care services for residents living in care homes is an important area of development in the UK and elsewhere. Medical care is provided by general practitioners in the UK, and the unique arrangement of the NHS means that general practitioners are also gatekeepers to other health services. Despite recent focus on improving health care for residents, there is a lack of knowledge about the role of general practitioners. Objectives: First, to review reports of research and quality improvement (or similar change management) in care homes to explore how general practitioners have been involved. Second, to develop programme theories explaining the role of general practitioners in improvement initiatives and outcomes. Design: A realist review was selected to address the complexity of integration of general practice and care homes. Setting: Care homes for older people in the UK, including residential and nursing homes. Participants: The focus of the literature review was the general practitioner, along with care home staff and other members of multidisciplinary teams. Alongside the literature, we interviewed general practitioners and held consultations with a Context Expert Group, including a care home representative. Interventions: The primary search did not specify interventions, but captured the range of interventions reported. Secondary searches focused on medication review and end-of-life care because these interventions have described general practitioner involvement. Outcomes: We sought to capture processes or indicators of good-quality care. Data sources: Sources were academic databases [including MEDLINE, EMBASE™ (Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycInfo® (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, USA), Web of Science™ (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and Cochrane Collaboration] and grey literature using Google Scholar (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). Methods: Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) guidelines were followed, comprising literature scoping, interviews with general practitioners, iterative searches of academic databases and grey literature, and synthesis and development of overarching programme theories. Results: Scoping indicated the distinctiveness of the health and care system in UK and, because quality improvement is context dependent, we decided to focus on UK studies because of potential problems in synthesising across diverse systems. Searches identified 73 articles, of which 43 were excluded. To summarise analysis, programme theory 1 was ‘negotiated working with general practitioners’ where other members of the multidisciplinary team led initiatives and general practitioners provided support with the parts of improvement where their skills as primary care doctors were specifically required. Negotiation enabled matching of the diverse ways of working of general practitioners with diverse care home organisations. We found evidence that this could result in improvements in prescribing and end-of-life care for residents. Programme theory 2 included national or regional programmes that included clearly specified roles for general practitioners. This provided clarity of expectation, but the role that general practitioners actually played in delivery was not clear. Limitations: One reviewer screened all search results, but two reviewers conducted selection and data extraction steps. Conclusions: If local quality improvement initiatives were flexible, then they could be used to negotiate to build a trusting relationship with general practitioners, with evidence from specific examples, and this could improve prescribing and end-of-life care for residents. Larger improvement programmes aimed to define working patterns and build suitable capacity in care homes, but there was little evidence about the extent of local general practitioner involvement. Future work: Future work should describe the specific role, capacity and expertise of general practitioners, as well as the diversity of relationships between general practitioners and care homes. Study registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019137090. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 9, No. 20. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

The purpose of this study is to develop candidate common data element (CDE) items related to clinical staff training in long-term care (LTC) homes that can be used to enable international comparative research. This paper is part of the WE-THRIVE ( W orldwide E lements t o H armonize R esearch i n Long-Term Care Li v ing E nvironments) group’s initiative which aims to improve international academic collaboration. We followed best practices to develop CDEs by conducting a literature review of clinical staff (i.e., Regulated Nurses, Health Care Aides) training measures, and convening a subgroup of WE-THRIVE experts to review the literature review results to develop suitable CDEs. The international expert panel discussed and critically reflected on the current knowledge gaps from the literature review results. The panel proposed three candidate CDEs which focused on the presence of and the measurement of training. These three proposed CDEs seek to facilitate international research as well as assist in policy and decision-making regarding LTC homes worldwide. This study is a critical first step to develop candidate CDE items to measure staff training internationally. Further work is required to get feedback from other researchers about the proposed CDEs, and assess the feasibility of these CDEs in high and low resourced settings.

Introduction Older people who live in care homes have a high level of need with complex health conditions. In addition to providing medical care to residents, general practitioners (GPs) play a role as gatekeeper for access to services, as well as leadership within healthcare provision. This review will describe how GPs were involved in initiatives to change arrangements of healthcare services in order to improve quality and experience of care.Methods and analysis Following RAMESES quality and publication guidelines standards, we will proceed with realist review to develop theories of how GPs work with care home staff to bring about improvements. We identify when improvement in outcomes does not occur and why this may be the case. The first stage will include interviews with GPs to ask their views on improvement in care homes. These interviews will enable development of initial theories and give direction for the literature searches. In the second stage, we will use iterative literature searches to add depth and context to the early theories; databases will include Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and ASSIA. In stage 3, evidence that is judged as rigorous and relevant will be used to test the initial theories, and through the process, refine the theory statements. In the final stage, we will synthesise findings and provide recommendations for practice and policy-making.During the review, we will invite a context expert group to reflect on our findings. This group will have expertise in current trends in primary care and the care home sector both in UK and internationally.Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee: 354-1907. Findings will be shared through stakeholder networks, published in National Institute for Health Research journal and submitted for peer-reviewed journal publication.

The present investigation was conducted with the objective to explore the production of wine from Jamun fruit by manipulating the fermentation variables. During study three different wine yeasts strains viz. Sachharomyces cerevisiae 3304, 4787 and 3604 were first screened at 15oC and 25oC for their ability to produce wine using Jamun juice with respect to sugar utilization, alcohol production and yeast viable count, strain S. cerevisiae 4787 was selected on the basis of fermentation rate and final alcohol level in the wine. This strain was used for experiment carried out to investigate the effect of inoculum levels (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) on the wine. Wine was chemically analyzed and observed that there was no significant effect of inoculum level. Considering the chemical composition of wines, yeast strain S. cerevisiae 4787, 7.5% inoculum level and fermentation temperature 25oC were optimum conditions for the preparation of wine. Wine thus prepared was evaluated chemically as well as organoleptically. It was observed that Jamun wine was quite acceptable and acceptability of wine was increased with storage.

The aim of this review is to develop a common data element for the concept of staff retention and turnover within the domain of workforce and staffing . This domain is one of four core domains identified by the WE-THRIVE ( W orldwide E lements to H armonize R esearch i n Long-Term Care Li v ing E nvironments) group in an effort to establish an international, person-centered long-term care research infrastructure. A rapid review identified different measurement methods to assess either turnover or retention at facility level or intention to leave or stay at the individual staff level. The selection of a recommended measurement was guided by the WE-THRIVE group’s focus on capacity rather than deficits, the expected availability of internationally comparable data, and the goal to provide a short, ecologically viable measurement. We therefore recommend to measure staff’s intention to stay with a single item, at the individual staff level. This element, we argue, is an indicator of staff stability, which is important for reduced organizational cost and improved productivity, positive work environment, and better resident–staff relationships and quality of care.

Objetivo: analisar estudos qualitativos sobre percepções de pacientes relativos às medidas para prevenção e controle das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde e fatores que contribuem para a própria segurança. Método: revisão sistemática de publicações do período entre 2006 e 2016, seguida por síntese temática por meio da codificação dos relatos de pacientes encontrados nos manuscritos e das interpretações dos achados. Resultados: seis temas evidenciaram barreiras para a participação ativa do paciente na promoção de sua segurança, oferta insuficiente de informações; dificuldade de compreensão; sentimentos negativos; vivências negativas; comportamento dos profissionais; e elementos que influenciam o envolvimento do paciente. Conclusão: a lacuna existente entre o entendimento das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções pelos pacientes e seu envolvimento no processo indica a necessidade de ações que favoreçam comunicação eficaz, melhores relações profissionais-pacientes, e acesso a informações que incentivem a interação e contribuição para uma assistência segura. ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze data from qualitative studies of patient perceptions of measures to prevent and control healthcare-related infections and factors that contribute to their own safety. Method: systematic review of publications from 2006 to 2016, followed by thematic synthesis by coding patients’ accounts and interpretations of findings given. Results: six themes highlighted barriers to patients’ participating actively in promoting their own safety: insufficient information supply; poor comprehension; negative feelings; negative experiences; behavior of health care personnel; and factors that influence patient involvement. Conclusion: the gap between patients’ understanding infection prevention and control measures and their becoming involved in the process point to a need for measures to foster effective communication, better care personnel-patient relations, and access to information that encourages patients to interact and contribute to health care. RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar estudios cualitativos sobre percepciones de los pacientes sobre las medidas de prevención y control de infecciones relacionadas al cuidado de la salud y factores que contribuyen a la propia seguridad. Método: revisión sistemática de publicaciones, en el período entre 2006 y 2016, seguida de síntesis temática mediante la codificación de las declaraciones de pacientes que se encuentran en los manuscritos y las interpretaciones de los hallazgos. Resultados: seis temas resaltaron las barreras a la participación activa del paciente en la promoción de su seguridad: información insuficiente; dificultad de comprensión; sentimientos negativos; experiencias negativas; comportamiento de los profesionales; y elementos que influyen a que el paciente se involucre. Conclusión: La brecha entre la comprensión de las medidas de prevención y el control de infecciones por parte de los pacientes y su implicación en el proceso indica la necesidad de acciones que favorezcan una comunicación efectiva, mejores relaciones profesionales-paciente y acceso a la información que fomenten la interacción y la contribución a la atención segura. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.27468

The dynamics of fluid contained in a nano-cube has been studied by proposing theoretical model which is based on the microscopic consideration. The confinement affecting the movement at atomic level has been used to study the self-diffusion through Green Kubo relation. It is found that close to the walls, the dynamics of fluid slows down to an extent that it affects the flow of fluid even in the middle of the nanocube. Results are contrasted with the results obtained from similar considerations for fluid confined in rectangular nanotube. It is found that tendency of freezing near the wall is more in case of nanocube than in the rectangular nanotube. An empirical relation has also been proposed to explain the behaviour of wall mediated self-diffusion as a function of distance in either direction.

In the title molecular salt, C6H8N+·C8H4NO6−, the anion is deprotonated at the carboxylic acid group adjacent to the nitro group. In the crystal, the anions are linked into an [001] chain by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The cations are linked to these chains by N—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...O contacts, generating a three-dimensional network.

The title molecular salt, C7H10N+·C4H5O5−, contains a 4-methylanilinium cation and a 3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropanoate (hydrogen 2-hydroxysuccinate) anion in the asymmetric unit. The cation is protonated at the amine N atom and the anion is deprotonated at one of the hydroxy O atoms of the carboxylic acid groups. An O—H...O hydrogen bond in the anion generates an S(5) graph-set motif. An N—H...O hydrogen bond links the anion and cation in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds link adjacent anions and cations, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the ac plane and enclosing R23(12), R23(14) and R32(10) ring motifs.