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This in vitro study aimed to investigate potential changes in the color and roughness of dental enamel resulting from the use of different toothpaste formulations during bleaching with violet LED light (405 nm). Sixty specimens of bovine incisors, each measuring 6 × 6 × 3 mm, were segregated into six distinct experimental groups based on their respective treatments (n = 10): C + VL: Brushing with Colgate ® Total 12 + bleaching with violet LED; LB + VL: Brushing with Colgate ® Luminous White Brilliant + bleaching with violet LED; LI + VL: Brushing with Colgate ® Luminous White Instant + violet LED bleaching; C: Brushing with Colgate ® Total 12; LB: Brushing with Colgate ® Luminous White Brilliant; LI: Brushing with Colgate ® Luminous White Instant. The examined variables included alterations in color (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆Eab, and ∆E00), surface roughness (Ra), and scanning electron microscopy observations. No statistically significant distinctions emerged in total color variations (∆E00 and ∆E) among the groups under scrutiny. Notably, the groups that employed Colgate ® Luminous White Instant displayed elevated roughness values, irrespective of their association with violet LED, as corroborated by scanning electron microscopy examinations. It can be concluded that whitening toothpastes associated to violet LED do not influence the color change of dental enamel in fifteen days of treatment. Toothpastes with a higher number of abrasive particles showed greater changes in enamel roughness, regardless of the use of violet LED., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

The use of polyproline II (PPII) helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. Here, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed minor populations of PPII like conformers at low temperature. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced, denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and { 1 H}- 15 N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at four experimental conditions. No significant populations of stable secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH and shifted pK a values leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation the C1-C28 disulfide bond during nascent folding, although no evidence for preferred contacts between these positions was detected by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement under denaturing conditions. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We have developed a new method for the stereoselective establishment of the N -acyl hemiaminal moiety in zampanolide-type structures that involves the reaction of ( Z,E )-sorbamide ( 3 ) with BINAL-H and subsequent amide transfer from a putative aluminum carboximidoate complex to the aldehyde moiety of a dactylolide precursor, such as 2 or 5 . The method has enabled the efficient synthesis of 13-desmethylene-(-)-zampanolide ( 4 ), which was found to be an equipotent cell growth inhibitor as the natural product (-)-zampanolide ( 1 ).

Introduction: The aims of this study were to determine the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of DM, type-1 DM (T1DM), and type-2 DM (T2DM), and to compare the relationship with cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic diseases between populations with and without DM., Methods: SIMETAP-DM is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in a Primary Care setting with a random population-based sample of 10,579 adults. Response rate: 66%. The diagnoses of DM, T1DM and T2DM were based on clinical and biochemical criteria and/or the checking of these diagnoses in the medical records. The crude and age- and sex-adjusted (standardised for Spanish population) prevalence rates were calculated., Results: The crude prevalence rates of T1DM, T2DM, and DM were 0.87% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.67-1.13), 14.7% (95% CI: 13.9-15.6), and 15.6% (95% CI: 14.7-16.5), respectively. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of T1DM, T2DM, and DM were 1.0% (1.3% for men and 0.7% for women), 11.5% (13.6% for men and 9.7% for women), and 12.5% (14.9% for men and 10.5% for women), respectively. The prevalence of DM in the population≥70 years was double (30.3% [95% CI: 28.0-32.7]) that of the population between 40 and 69 years (15.3% [95% CI: 14.1-16.5]). Hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, increased waist-to-height ratio, albuminuria, coronary heart disease, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia were associated with DM., Conclusions: In a Spanish primary care setting, the age-adjusted prevalences of T1DM, T2DM and DM in the adult population were 1.0, 11.5, and 12.5%, respectively. One-third (33%) of the population over 70 years had DM., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: A variety of implants are available for orbital reconstruction. Titanium orbital mesh plates are available either as standard preformed implants or able to be individualized for the patient. The aim of this study was to analyze whether individualized orbital implants allow a more precise reconstruction of the orbit than standard preformed implants., Materials and Methods: A total of 195 patients treated between 2010 and 2014 were followed up to 12 weeks after surgery. Of the patients, 100 had received standardized preformed and 95 individualized implants. The precision of orbital reconstruction with the different implants was determined by comparing the variances in the volume difference between the reconstructed and the contralateral orbit on the postoperative computed tomographic scans. Clinical volume-related parameters including globe position, vision, motility, and diplopia and surgical details including approach, timing and technique of implant modification, use of navigation, duration of surgery, as well as adverse events were documented., Results: Orbital reconstruction was significantly more precise when individualized implants were used. The same was seen with intraoperative navigation. An overlap in the use of individualized implants and navigation makes it difficult to attribute the improved precision to a single factor., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that individualization and navigation provide clinical benefit., (Copyright © 2016 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Given that vitamin E plays an important role in the prevention of pathological processes frequently observed in older age, it is of special interest to evaluate the nutritional situation of this population with respect to this vitamin., Objective: To evaluate the nutritional situation with respect to vitamin E in a group of elderly individuals from Madrid, Spain., Design: The vitamin E status of a group of 120, independently-living elderly people was investigated. All included subjects (i.e., those for whom it was possible to determine vitamin E status) belonged to a sample of 158 elderly volunteers, subjects of a larger nutritional study. A 5-day food record (including a Sunday) was kept in order to monitor food intake. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol were determined by HPLC., Results: Some 95.2% of subjects showed intakes below those recommended; 86.7% did not even meet 66% of the recommended values. At serum level, subjects showed alpha-tocopherol values of 8.3+/-3.6 mg/L, with no differences between men and women (8.5+/-3.6 mg/l in men and 8.2+/-3.6 mg/L in women). Some 51.7% (52.4% of men and 51.3% of women) showed levels below 7.8 mg/L; 17.5% (14.3% of men and 19.2% of women) showed values of 5 mg/L. The influence of the diet at the biochemical level can be seen in that those subjects with intakes lower than 50% of the recommended who showed significantly lower serum levels (7.8+/-3.4 mg/L) that those with greater intakes (9.3+/-4.2 mg/L). This difference was independent of serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Subjects with coefficients of vitamin E (mg)/polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) (E/AGP) below the 5 th percentile (0.32) had significantly lower serum alpha-tocopherol levels (5.3+/-1.1 mg/L) than did subjects with E/AGP>or= 0.32 (8.5+/-3.7 mg/L)., Conclusion: Given the importance of vitamin E as an antioxidant, and its role in the prevention of a range of pathological processes, insufficient intakes (frequently detected in the group studied) should be corrected.

The metabolic consequences of the consumption of a diet depend, in part, on the frequency and distribution of meals. The aim of the present study was to examine the number of meals taken per day by elderly persons, and to analyse the relationship between the number of meals per day on the intake of energy and nutrients, the incidence of obesity/overweight, and different cardiovascular risk factors. Food intake was monitored for five consecutive days using 'precise individual weighing' for institutionalised subjects (n = 58), and by means of a 'food intake record' for independent subjects (n = 92). The number of meals taken per day was recorded, along with anthropometric data, blood pressure and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. No subject took only one meal per day, 7.3% took two, 56.7% took three, 33.3% took four and 2.7% took five. Only 10% of subjects took a mid-morning meal. Breakfast and merienda (a light evening snack) were the meals most frequently omitted. A positive, significant relationship was found to exist between the number of meals taken per day and the intake of fibre (r = 0.2737), thiamin (r = 0.1671), pyridoxine (r = 0.2060), magnesium (r = 0.2423) and the percentage of energy provided by carbohydrates (r = 0.2144). Women subjects who took 2-3 meals per day showed greater body mass indices and a greater proportion were overweight/obese compared to those who took 4-5 meals per day. Subjects who took 4-5 meals per day showed higher levels of HDL-cholesterol and lower levels of LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol than did those who took fewer meals per day. Inverse, significant relationships were also found between the number of meals per day and serum cholesterol (r = 0.2297) and LDL-cholesterol levels (r = 0.1984). Taking into account energy and nutrient intakes, the incidence of obesity/overweight and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, the consumption of 4-5 meals per day would seem more advisable for the elderly than the taking of fewer meals.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the differences between the breakfast habits of obese/overweight (O) (those with body mass index [BMI] above the 75th percentile) and normal weight schoolchildren (N) (those with BMI equal to or below the 75th percentile). A seven consecutive days "food record" was used to record the intake of foods at breakfast and throughout the rest of the day. O subjects, and in particular female O subjects, omitted breakfast more frequently and took significantly smaller quantities of cereals than did N subjects. The energy supplied by breakfast, measured as a percentage of energy expenditure, was significantly lower in O subjects (17.0 +/- 8.5% in males and 14.6 +/- 6.1% in females) than in N subjects (20.9 +/- 9.4% in males and 17.6 +/- 6.5% in females). With respect to the energy and nutrients supplied by breakfast, O subjects took lower quantities of carbohydrates, thiamin, niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin D and iron than did N subjects. The energy profiles of O subjects breakfasts were more imbalanced than those of N subjects. A significant difference was seen between the amounts of energy supplied by carbohydrates. Without doubt, O subjects have less satisfactory breakfast habits than N subjects. This might be a reflection of whole diet that is less adequate, however, it is possible that an inadequate breakfast contributes to the making of poor food choices over the rest of the day, and, in the long term, to an increased risk of obesity.

Associations between dietary intake and cognitive performance were examined in 260 elderly people aged 65-90 y who were free of significant cognitive impairment. Dietary intake was monitored with a weighed-food record for 7 consecutive days. The subjects' cognitive capacity was tested by using Folstein et al's Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Pfeiffer's Mental Status Questionnaire (PMSQ). Subjects with adequate MMSE results (> or = 28 points) had lower intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol, and higher intakes of total food, fruit, carbohydrate, thiamine, folate, and vitamin C compared with those with less satisfactory results. Subjects who made no errors on the PMSQ had greater intakes of total food, vegetables, fruit, carbohydrate, fiber, folate, vitamin C, beta-carotene, iron, and zinc, and lower intakes of saturated fatty acids compared with those who made errors. Our results agree with those of other authors indicating that intakes of different nutrients or the consumption of a more satisfactory global diet is associated with better cognitive function in the elderly. However, more research is required to determine whether differences in intake of a particular nutrient are the result of or a conditioning factor for incipient impaired cognition. Unmeasured confounding factors may also affect both dietary intake and risk of cognitive impairment. A diet with less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, and more carbohydrate, fiber, vitamins (especially folate, vitamins C and E, and beta-carotenes), and minerals (iron and zinc) may be advisable not only to improve the general health of the elderly but also to improve cognitive function.

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world. It is frequent in both developed and developing countries and mainly affects women of childbearing age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency in a group of young women from Madrid, Spain. The study subjects were a group of 130 women aged between 19 and 35 (24.53 +/- 0.24 years). Measurements were made of iron intake and also of the haematological and biochemical indicators of iron status. 10.7% of subjects showed iron deficiency (defined as the recording of at least two indicator parameters with values below normal). The high incidence of iron deficiency at blood level (10.7%) coincided with the low iron intake of these subjects (11.08 +/- 2.98 mg/day). 98.3% of subjects showed intakes below recommended. Observed intake covered only 61.6% of recommended intake. 3.9% of subjects presented ferropenic anaemia, i.e. they showed both iron deficiency and low haemoglobin levels.

Objective: There are powerful social and psychological motivators that oblige a high proportion of women to restrict their energy intake for purely aesthetic reasons. The purpose of this research was to assess the relationships between concern regarding body weight and energy balance in a group of female university students from Madrid, Spain, with respect to differences in body mass index (BMI)., Design: 126 subjects completed a questionnaire asking if they were happy with their body weight, if they considered themselves fat, and if they would like to lose some weight. Energy intake was measured by means of a 7-day food record. Food intake was recorded by weight, except for that consumed away from home which was recorded using traditional household quantities. A comparison of energy intake and estimated energy expenditure was performed, using equations proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), to provide a measure of the under- or overestimation of intake., Results: All subjects with BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 (6.2% of the total) described themselves as fat. 71.4% had, at some time, followed a weight-reduction diet. However, even among subjects with BMI < 20 kg/m2 (28.4% of the total), 2.9% thought themselves fat and 17.1% had at some time followed a slimming diet. This shows excessive concern over losing weight in some women. Estimated energy expenditure was similar to energy intake in subjects with BMI < 20 kg/m2. However, as BMI rose (with a corresponding increase in theoretical energy expenditure), the reported energy intake decreased. It is therefore likely that underestimation of energy intake increased with BMI (r = 0.4498)., Conclusion: These results indicate that a large percentage of the women studied would like to lose weight until they reach, or indeed exceed, the lower limit of the acceptable normal range. This could be a danger to their health. Underestimation of energy intake was found to increase with BMI, a phenomenon that should be kept in mind when designing diet studies.

The aim of this investigation was to study the relationship between concern about nutrition and food consumption in 533 university students (112 men and 421 women), aged 21.7 +/- 2.1 years old. Fish, dairy products and fruit were consumed in quite satisfactory quantities though cereals and vegetables were consumed less frequently than recommended. Men were found to consume greater quantities of milk, meat, bread and alcoholic drinks, while women ate more fruit and vegetables than men. 35.4% of subjects said they were especially concerned about the intake of fat and cholesterol, 24.5% expressed special interest in weight control and 18.2% recorded worries about the intake of vitamins and minerals. 21.6% of subjects expressed no worries at all. Multiple regression analysis showed no differences in concern about nutrition with respect to the sex or body mass index (BMI) of subjects. However, as age increased, the number of subjects expressing no concern fell whilst worries over the quantity of vitamins and minerals in the diet increased. Worries about bodyweight were found to rise with BMI. However, amongst those who wanted to lose weight, 42.2% of women and 7.4% of men had a BMI < 20 kg/m2. These persons, already very slim (below recommended values), still wished to lose weight and could become susceptible to nutritional imbalances. Relationships between concerns and food habits were scarce. Although fat and cholesterol were a concern in theory, the consumption of foodstuffs such as meat and eggs was quite high. However, relationships were found between concern over the vitamin and mineral content of the diet and the intake of supplements, and concern over bodyweight and intake of products that aid slimming. Nutrition educators may find this information useful in the design of their messages and educational programs.

The energy profile of the diet of the Spanish population is imbalanced, showing excessive intake of fats and protein and insufficient intake of carbohydrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this imbalance also existed in 110 preschool children between 2 and 6 years of age, and to examine the relationship between their breakfast and whole diet energy profiles. The results obtained show that subjects who consumed less carbohydrate (< 50% of energy intake) or more fat (> 35% of total intake) at breakfast showed poorer energy profiles and poorer fat quality over their whole diet. Significant and positive correlations were found between energy supplied at breakfast by protein, fats, carbohydrates, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the same parameters measured for the whole diet.

The aim of this investigation was to analyse the influence of the number of meals per day on a range of cardiovascular risk factors and on the energy and nutrient intakes of a group of elderly people. The participants in this study were 150 elderly people (64 men and 86 women) from Madrid. Food intake was followed over a period of 5 days. "Precise individual weighing" was used to determine the intake of institutionalized subjects (n = 58) whilst "food intake records" were used to register the same for independent subjects (n = 92). The nutrient and energy intake of the studied population was then determined from these data. The number of meals taken was also recorded. Serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were determined using enzymatic methods. In this population, the meal most frequently omitted was breakfast. No subject took only one meal per day, though 7.4% took only two. 56.6% took three meals and 36% took four. No subject took more than four meals per day. As the number of meals taken increased, so too the covering of theoretical energy expenditure, and the intakes of a range of nutrients became closer to those recommended e.g. proteins, fibre, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, magnesium and iodine. As the number of meals taken per day increased, carbohydrate intake (in g/1000 Kcal and as % of energy) also increased, and approached recommended levels more closely. As observed in other studies, blood cholesterol levels were seen to be negatively correlated with increasing number of meals (r = -0.2297, p < 0.05). Further, those subjects who distributed their food intake more evenly throughout the day showed lower serum cholesterol (p < 0.05). VLDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05) and triacylglycerol levels (p < 0.05). The results favour the distribution of energy intake over the day as a method of improving nutritional status and as a factor that might improve blood lipid profiles.

A study was made of the dietary habits and intake of energy and nutrients of 127 elderly people aged between 65 and 95 (60 men and 67 women). The method employed involved the recording of food consumption over a period of five days. Subjects were divided into two groups according to body mass index: those who were overweight or obese (0) (BMI > or = 25 Kg/m2), who made up 60% of the experimental population, and those with normal bodyweight (NW) (BMI < 25 Kg/m2) (40%). The percentage of subjects who took no breakfast was somewhat higher amongst members of group 0 (5.6% compared to 3.9% of NW subjects). Further, the breakfast of 0 subjects was less varied, smaller and contributed less to daily energy intake and the covering of theoretical energy expenditure than did the breakfasts of NW subjects. 0 subjects also took less time over their breakfasts. More than half (58.8%) of NW subjects took what might be considered a satisfactory breakfast, i.e. this meal provided more than 20% of the total energy intake. Only 29.6% of 0 subjects took breakfasts of similar energetic value. NW subjects consumed greater quantities of sugars and fruits at breakfasts and also more carbohydrates, fibre, vitamin E and iron than did 0 subjects. The shorter length of time spent at breakfast by 0 subjects, their consumption of smaller and less varied breakfasts and the composition of the same, could indicate the existence of less healthy breakfast habits amongst the overweight and obese. This could be the reflection of inadequate food habits all round, or be a conditioning factor prompting 0 subjects to make poorer food choices for the rest of the day. Though some people omit breakfast in an attempt to control their weight, this is probably an inadvisable practice. The control of bodyweight might be more efficiently accomplished by taking an adequate breakfast and better distributing total calorie intake across the day, avoiding its concentration into one or two meals.

Objective: The objective of this study was to gain more knowledge about the breakfast habits of different groups of elderly people and to investigate the differences in breakfast habits between overweight and normal weight elderly subjects., Methods: A study was made of the food preferences, dietary habits and the intake of energy and nutrients at breakfast in a group of 122 elderly Spanish people (65 men and 57 women) aged 75.7+/-8.7 years. Study participants were divided into two groups: overweight and obese subjects (O) with a body mass index (BMI)>or=25 kg/m2 (58% of the population), and normal weight subjects (NW) with a BMI<25 kg/m2 (42% of the population). The members of each group were further divided into subgroups according to age (>or=80 years of age (Y) and

An investigation was made into the breakfast habits of 150 elderly people between 65 and 95 years of age. The food intake of 58 institutionalized subjects was followed by means of "precise individual weighing of food". The food intake of 92 subjects living independently was followed using a prospective method involving the keeping of a "weighed food record". For all subjects the study lasted 5 consecutive days including a Sunday. Institutionalized subjects spent more time at breakfast (p < 0.01 in women) and the food they consumed was more varied, both in terms of number of foods (p < 0.001) and food groups (p < 0.001). Their breakfasts included more fruit (P < 0.001), fibre (P < 0.05 in women) and vitamin A (P < 0.01) than those of independent subjects, 7% of whom took no breakfast at all with a further 8% consuming only a glass of milk or fruit juice. 62.7% of independent and 43.1% of institutionalized subjects consumed an inadequate breakfast (i.e. their breakfasts provided less than 20% of their energy expenditure). The breakfasts of institutionalized subjects contained a greater percentage of their total daily intake of carbohydrates (P < 0.001 in women), fibre (P < 0.01 in women), thiamine (p < 0.05 in women), vitamin B12 (p < 0.05 in women, p < 0.001 in men), vitamin D (p < 0.01 in women) and magnesium (p < 0.05 in women). Given the importance of breakfast in the maintenance of a satisfactory nutritive condition, these results suggest that both qualitative and quantitative improvements of elderly people's breakfasts are required. Residing at an old people's home seems to improve the quality of breakfast consumed, especially for elderly women.

The dietary patterns of 60 elderly from Spain (37 women and 23 men) were examined by analysis of the food, energy and nutrient intake during 5 days. The caloric profile was somewhat unbalanced, since the percentage of total energy intake from proteins and lipids was above the recommended limit whereas the proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates was slightly deficient. The degree of underreporting derived by subtracting predicted total daily energy expenditure from self-reported energy intake obtained from a diet control during 5 days is 120 kcal/day in men and 334 kcal/day in women. More than 50% of the population showed intakes of pyridoxine, folates, vitamin A (only in men), vitamin D, vitamin E. zinc, magnesium and iron (only in women) lower than those recommended. Although it is likely that the real intakes of these micronutrients are higher than the levels measured considering the underreporting, the obtained results show the existence of a risk of deficiency of several nutrients. An increase in the energy intake of the group with a parallel increase in physical activity with a view to avoiding weight gain may be of use in improving the nutritional status of the group. This measure, together with increased consumption of vegetables and milk products especially, may lead to a striking reduction in illness, a finding that is of considerable clinical and public health importance.

Background: Elderly obese people have higher morbidity and mortality rates than those of normal weight and thus deeper knowledge of the problem of obesity is required in order to establish measures for prevention and correction. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the energetic ingestion and caloric profile in the diets of elderly patients based on their body mass index (BMI)., Methods: A collective of 127 elderly patients (44 institutionalized and 83 not) from 65 to 89 years of age were studied being grouped as: overweight-obese elderly (BMI > 25 kg/m2) and normal weight elderly patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2). The ingestion of energy and caloric profile of their diets was calculated in both groups by the "precise individual weight" method (in the institutionalized patients) and by the "register of food consumption" (in non institutionalized patients). The data of energetic ingestion were validated by comparison with the energy spent calculated on the basis of weight, age, and the daily activities of each patient., Results: No significant differences were found between the energetic ingestion of overweight and obese elderly persons and those of normal weight, although the former had a more unbalanced caloric profile, with greater protein contribution and lesser carbohydrate contribution to total calories. It was also found that overweight and obese elderly patients underevaluate their energetic ingestion more than those of normal weight., Conclusions: The main difference observed between overweight-obese elderly patients with respect to those of normal weight was in the composition of their diets more than in the total energetic consumption.

Dietary patterns were studied in 122 Spanish elderly people divided into two groups: overweight/obese subjects (O) (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2), and normal-weight subjects (NW) (BMI < 25). O subjects ate less fruit and more meat than NW subjects. No differences were found between NW and O subjects with respect to energy intake, but O elderly obtained more of their energy from proteins and less from carbohydrates. Further, O subjects showed a higher cholesterol intake per MJ than NW subjects. The existence of the dietary imbalances seen in the diet of the O elderly may damage their health.

It has been analyzed food intake, energy and nutrients, Quetelet index, blood pressure and lipid profile in 180 elderly people from Madrid (71 institutionalized and 109 free-living), in order to get the relationship between meat intake (< 150 or > or = 150 g/day) and the different risk factors from cardiovascular disease and other foodstuff intake. Those elderly people who eat 150 g/day or more (AC) take more food in general. There is a significant difference for meat and cereals, eggs, fruits, beans, and fish products. They have only a poor intake of dairy products when comparing with those who eat less than 150 g/day (BC). As a result of these differences in food habits, the AC group has a superior intake of energy and most part of other nutrients. Nevertheless, it was only significant the difference for the niacin and for percentage of energy derived from saturated fatty acid. There are no significant differences in blood pressure. AC elderly have more Body Mass Index and show serum lipids more satisfactory than the BC ones. High meat intake is not related to high risk from cardiovascular diseases in our elderly people group. The reason is that this high intake is associated with a better intake of other foods which give them, in general, a better nutritional status (with better intake of vitamins related to lipidic metabolism) which may be observed at biochemical level.