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1. Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children, Catalonia, Spain

Author

Ciruela, Pilar, Soldevila, Nuria, Garcia-Garcia, Juan Jose, Gonzalez-Peris, Sebastia, Diaz-Conradi, Alvaro, Redin, Alba, Vinado, Belen, Izquierdo, Conchita, Munoz-Almagro, Carmen, and Dominguez, Angela

Subjects
Catalonia, Spain -- Health aspects, Medical care -- Utilization, Epidemics -- Influence -- Statistics -- Spain, Pneumococcal infections -- Statistics -- Risk factors, Communicable diseases in children -- Statistics -- Risk factors, Pediatric research, Health
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 was identified in 2019, and the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of July 11, 2021, >186 million cases and >4 million deaths [...]

Published
2022
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2. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Désirée E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Published
2021
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4. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota of Children and Adults Self-Confined at Home

Author

Rocafort, Muntsa, primary, Henares, Desiree, additional, Brotons, Pedro, additional, Launes, Cristian, additional, Fernandez de Sevilla, Mariona, additional, Fumado, Victoria, additional, Barrabeig, Irene, additional, Arias, Sara, additional, Redin, Alba, additional, Ponomarenko, Julia, additional, Mele, Maria, additional, Millat-Martinez, Pere, additional, Claverol, Joana, additional, Balanza, Nuria, additional, Mira, Alex, additional, Garcia-Garcia, Juan J., additional, Bassat, Quique, additional, Jordan, Iolanda, additional, and Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, additional

Published
2022
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5. The Positive Rhinovirus/Enterovirus Detection and SARS-CoV-2 Persistence beyond the Acute Infection Phase: An Intra-Household Surveillance Study

Author

Brotons, Pedro, primary, Jordan, Iolanda, additional, Bassat, Quique, additional, Henares, Desiree, additional, Fernandez de Sevilla, Mariona, additional, Ajanovic, Sara, additional, Redin, Alba, additional, Fumado, Vicky, additional, Baro, Barbara, additional, Claverol, Joana, additional, Varo, Rosauro, additional, Cuadras, Daniel, additional, Hecht, Jochen, additional, Barrabeig, Irene, additional, Garcia-Garcia, Juan Jose, additional, Launes, Cristian, additional, and Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, additional

Published
2021
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6. Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Children and Adults: A Seroprevalence Study of Family Households in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, Spain

Author

Brotons, Pedro, Launes, Cristian, Buetas, Elena, Fumado, Vicky, Henares, Desiree, de Sevilla, Mariona Fernandez, Redin, Alba, Fuente-Soro, Laura, Cuadras, Daniel, Mele, Maria, Jou, Cristina, Millat, Pere, Jordan, Iolanda, Garcia-Garcia, Juan Jose, Bassat, Quique, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Adroher, Cristina, Alsina, Laia, Ajanovic, Sara, Andueza, Ainhoa, Arias, Sara, Balanza, Nuria, Baro, Barbara, Bonet-Carne, Elisenda, Claverol, Joana, Cubells, Marta, Fortuny, Claudia, Garcia-Miguel, Aleix, Gratacos, Eduard, Hernandez, Maria, Morales, Monica, Pérez-Soler, Felipe, Ríos, María, Pons, Gemma, Torrents, Francesc, Uribesalgo, Iris, Valls, Anna, and Varo, Rosauro

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, antibody, Pandemic, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Child, Formació d’anticossos, Volunteer, Seroprevalència, COVID-19 (malaltia), Pandemias, Coronavirus, media_common, Convalescence, Formación de anticuerpos, Síndrome respiratòria aguda, Infectious Diseases, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, medicine.symptom, Microbiology (medical), Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 616.9, media_common.quotation_subject, prevalence, Asymptomatic, Pandèmies, 03 medical and health sciences, children, Seroprevalencia, Major Article, Seroprevalence, Humans, 0101 mathematics, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Public health, 010102 general mathematics, COVID-19, household, Cross-Sectional Studies, El Niño, Síndrome respiratorio agudo, Spain, business
Abstract

Background Susceptibility of children and adults to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and persistence of antibody response to the virus after infection resolution remain poorly understood, despite their significant public health implications. Methods A prospective cross-sectional seroprevalence study with volunteer families that included at least 1 first-reported adult case positive by SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and at least 1 child aged Results A total of 381 family households including 381 first-reported PCR-positive adult cases and 1084 contacts (672 children, 412 adults) were enrolled. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates were 17.6% (118 of 672) in children and 18.7% (77 of 335) in adult contacts (P = .64). Among first-reported cases, seropositivity rates varied from 84.0% in adults previously hospitalized and tested within 6 weeks since the first positive PCR result to 31.5% in those not hospitalized and tested after that lag time (P Conclusions Children appear to have similar probability as adults to become infected by SARS-CoV-2 in quarantined family households but remain largely asymptomatic. Adult antibody protection against SARS-CoV-2 seems to be weak beyond 6 weeks post-infection confirmation, especially in cases that have experienced mild disease.

Published
2020

7. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data.

Author

Brueggemann, Angela AB, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa MJ, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Desiree, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl Gustaf, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, Zhou, Fei, Brueggemann, Angela AB, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa MJ, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Desiree, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl Gustaf, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021

8. The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative reveals significant reductions in invasive bacterial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, primary, van Rensburg, Melissa J Jansen, additional, Shaw, David, additional, McCarthy, Noel, additional, Jolley, Keith A, additional, Maiden, Martin CJ, additional, van der Linden, Mark PG, additional, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, additional, Bennett, Désirée E, additional, Borrow, Ray, additional, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, additional, Broughton, Karen, additional, Campbell, Ruth, additional, Cao, Bin, additional, Casanova, Carlo, additional, Choi, Eun Hwa, additional, Chu, Yiu Wai, additional, Clark, Stephen A, additional, Claus, Heike, additional, Coelho, Juliana, additional, Corcoran, Mary, additional, Cottrell, Simon, additional, Cunney, Robert J, additional, Dalby, Tine, additional, Davies, Heather, additional, de Gouveia, Linda, additional, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, additional, Demczuk, Walter, additional, Desmet, Stefanie, additional, Drew, Richard J, additional, du Plessis, Mignon, additional, Erlendsdottir, Helga, additional, Fry, Norman K, additional, Fuursted, Kurt, additional, Gray, Steve J, additional, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, additional, Hale, Thomas, additional, Hilty, Markus, additional, Hoffmann, Steen, additional, Humphreys, Hilary, additional, Ip, Margaret, additional, Jacobsson, Susanne, additional, Johnston, Jillian, additional, Kozakova, Jana, additional, Kristinsson, Karl G, additional, Krizova, Pavla, additional, Kuch, Alicja, additional, Ladhani, Shamez N, additional, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, additional, Lebedova, Vera, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Litt, David, additional, Martin, Irene, additional, Martiny, Delphine, additional, Mattheus, Wesley, additional, McElligott, Martha, additional, Meehan, Mary, additional, Meiring, Susan, additional, Mölling, Paula, additional, Morfeldt, Eva, additional, Morgan, Julie, additional, Mulhall, Robert M, additional, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, additional, Murdoch, David R, additional, Murphy, Joy, additional, Musilek, Martin, additional, Mzabi, Alexandre, additional, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, additional, Perrin, Monique, additional, Perry, Malorie, additional, Redin, Alba, additional, Roberts, Richard, additional, Roberts, Maria, additional, Rokney, Assaf, additional, Ron, Merav, additional, Scott, Kevin, additional, Sheppard, Carmen L., additional, Siira, Lotta, additional, Skoczyńska, Anna, additional, Sloan, Monica, additional, Slotved, Hans-Christian, additional, Smith, Andrew J, additional, Song, Joon Young, additional, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, additional, Toropainen, Maija, additional, Tsang, Dominic, additional, Vainio, Anni, additional, van Sorge, Nina M, additional, Varon, Emmanuelle, additional, Vlach, Jiri, additional, Vogel, Ulrich, additional, Vohrnova, Sandra, additional, von Gottberg, Anne, additional, Zanella, Rosemeire C, additional, and Zhou, Fei, additional

Published
2020
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9. Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Children and Adults: A Seroprevalence Study of Family Households in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, Spain.

Author

Brotons, Pedro, Launes, Cristian, Buetas, Elena, Fumado, Vicky, Henares, Desiree, Sevilla, Mariona Fernandez de, Redin, Alba, Fuente-Soro, Laura, Cuadras, Daniel, Mele, Maria, Jou, Cristina, Millat, Pere, Jordan, Iolanda, Garcia-Garcia, Juan Jose, Bassat, Quique, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, and Group, Kids Corona Study

Subjects
RESEARCH, SEROPREVALENCE, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, CONVALESCENCE, CROSS-sectional method, FAMILIES, PUBLIC health, ANTIBODY formation, DISEASE susceptibility, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DISEASE prevalence, METROPOLITAN areas, POLYMERASE chain reaction, STAY-at-home orders, LONGITUDINAL method, CHILDREN
Abstract

Background Susceptibility of children and adults to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and persistence of antibody response to the virus after infection resolution remain poorly understood, despite their significant public health implications. Methods A prospective cross-sectional seroprevalence study with volunteer families that included at least 1 first-reported adult case positive by SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and at least 1 child aged <15 years living in the same household under strict home confinement was conducted in the metropolitan Barcelona Health Region, Spain, during the pandemic period 28 April 2020–3 June 2020. All household members were tested at home using a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay with finger prick–obtained capillary blood. Results A total of 381 family households including 381 first-reported PCR-positive adult cases and 1084 contacts (672 children, 412 adults) were enrolled. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates were 17.6% (118 of 672) in children and 18.7% (77 of 335) in adult contacts (P  = .64). Among first-reported cases, seropositivity rates varied from 84.0% in adults previously hospitalized and tested within 6 weeks since the first positive PCR result to 31.5% in those not hospitalized and tested after that lag time (P  < .001). Nearly all (99.9%) positive children were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms. Conclusions Children appear to have similar probability as adults to become infected by SARS-CoV-2 in quarantined family households but remain largely asymptomatic. Adult antibody protection against SARS-CoV-2 seems to be weak beyond 6 weeks post-infection confirmation, especially in cases that have experienced mild disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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10. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidisduring the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Désirée E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Published
2021
Full Text
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11. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, D��sir��e E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, L��m, Thi��n-Tr��, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, M��lling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Mu��oz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Arg��ello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczy��ska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Subjects
570 Life sciences, biology, 3. Good health
Abstract

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62���434 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0��32 [95% CI 0��27���0��37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0��18 [0��14���0��23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide.

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