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The systematic status of the controversial crustacean family Leptobathynellidae is investigated using molecular and morphological methods in this study. Partial sequences of the nuclear 18S gene are studied from 28 genera of Bathynellacea from several continents. The analysis includes some of the most plesiomorphic genera of the family Parabathynellidae, such as Billibathynella and Brevisomabathynella from Australia; Habrobathynella and Parvulobathynella from India; the diverse Iberobathynella; the cosmopolitan genus Hexabathynella; and representative genera of two subfamilies of Bathynellidae (Gallobathynellinae and Bathynellinae). We used a molecular approach to analyse the systematic relationships amongst 64 species from Europe, North America, Australia and Asia, and review the morphological characters relevant at the family level. The molecular phylogeny clearly shows the presence of three highly divergent clades that could represent the three families. This is the first molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of Bathynellacea that can be used to: (1) verify the validity of Leptobathynellidae, (2) explore the diversity of the families and (3) explore the phylogenetic relationships among families. We propose a plausible evolutionary scenario for the order Bathynellacea., This work was financially supported by the MINECO/FEDER project PID2019-110243GB-I00 MINECO-FEDER.

Bogidiella hindustanica, new species Figures 2B, 6–8 Diagnosis. Slender, small-sized amphipod of typical bogidiellid habitus (sexual dimorphism unknown); distinguished by shallow coxal plates (wider than deep); posterodistal corners of pleonal plates I–III sub-acute; antenna I longer than antenna II; accessory flagellum of antenna I long, 3-articulate; mandibular molar welldeveloped; maxilla I palp normal, 2-articulate; propodi of both gnathopods almond-shaped, propodus of gnathopod I somewhat large; pereopods V and VI normal; coxal gills present on pereopods IV and V (observed on a damaged specimen). Largest female 2.75 mm. Material examined. Holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-50. INDIA: ♀ ca. 2.75 mm, oostegites developed, setose, Kapiladevi caves, cave-pool sediments, 19.532333, 78.995028, elevation 324 m, Telangana state, coll. Shabuddin Shaik, 12 th May 2013. Paratypes MNHN-IU- 2018-51: 1 broken ♀ ca. 2.75 mm, oostegites developed, setose, 3 juveniles, ca. 1.5 mm fragment; same data as for holotype. Accompanying fauna: Indoniphargus subterraneus sp. n. (Amphipoda: Austroniphargidae) described below. Etymology. The specific epithet hindustanica (Latin) is an adjective, derived from the historical toponym, Hindustan, for the Indian subcontinent. Gender feminine. Description of holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-50. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (Figs 2B, 6A, 7D, 8A, E, I). Body unpigmented, smooth. Head as long as first pereon segment; rostrum indistinct, interantennal lobe evenly rounded apically; eyes absent. Pleonal plates I–III with sub-acute posterodistal corners and with single seta on posterior margin each, ventral margin of plates unarmed. Telson subquadrate, narrowed apically, with apical margin straight, bearing 2 tiny setae apically. ANTENNAE (Figs 2B, 6A). Antenna I ca. 40% of body length; primary flagellum of 7 articles, each article with 2 or 3 setae, aesthetascs present on each of 5 distal articles; ratios of peduncular articles 1–3 1:1:0.6; proximal article of peduncle with a few thin setae on ventral margin; accessory flagellum long, 3-articulate. Ratio of lengths of antenna I to antenna II is 1:0.77; flagellum of antenna II with 5 articles, each article sparsely setose, articles 1, 2 and 5 bearing slender semitransparent, rod-like structures (probably aesthetascs); peduncular article 4 slightly longer than article 5; flagellum 60% shorter than peduncle (articles 4+5); last 2 peduncular articles with sparse setae; gland cone not markedly elongate. MOUTH PARTS (Figs 6 B–H). Labrum roundish, epistome produced. Inner lobes of paragnath well developed, outer lobes broadly spaced, sparsely setose apically; mandibular process narrow. Left mandible: incisor with 5 teeth, lacinia mobilis consisting of 2 finely denticulate plates of similar size; 2 or 3 densely plumose spines between lacinia and molar process; molar produced and triturative. Right mandible: incisor with 5 teeth, lacinia mobilis with 5 teeth, a row of 3 densely plumose spines between lacinia and molar process; molar similar to that of left mandible; mandibular palp article 2 about twice as long as palp article 3; proximal palp article without seta; article 2 with 1 seta on inner margin; distal article truncated, with 3 long unequal setae on apex, and numerous fine setae near lateral margin on distal half of article. Maxilla I palp 2-articulate, with 3 long setae of equal length on apex (palps symmetrical); outer plate with 7 finely pectinate spines; inner plate with 2 faintly plumose setae. Maxilla II inner plate broader than outer one, with 6 apical setae; outer plate with 7 long setae of varying size apically. Maxilliped outer plate evenly rounded apically, with 3 long, simple apical spines and 2 stiff setae on lateral face, and 2 long lateral setae in distal part; inner plate with 2 bifid apical spines and 1 stiff naked seta, 2 setae located on ventral face; palp 4- articulate; palp article 2 longest, nearly straight on outer margin, slightly convex on inner margin, with a row of 5 long, simple setae along inner margin; article 3 0.7× as long as article 2, with sharply pointed cuticular projection distally and bearing a set of 4 long, stiff setae in ventrodistal position and 2 thin setae in dorsodistal position; article 4 longer than preceding article, distinctly curved and tapering distally, with 1 dorsal seta, and 1 seta at base of nail, inner margin pubescent, nail sharply pointed, 0.25× length of pedestal. COXAL PLATES, OOSTEGITES AND GILLS (Figs 2B, 7A, D). Coxal plates I–VII wider than long, without overlapping one another; coxa V largest; coxal plates V–VII progressively smaller posteriad, sub-triangular, plates V and VI bearing 1 stiff seta each posteriorly. Oostegites (brood plates) small, progressively larger posteriad, linear, setose with long setae on pereopods II–V. Coxal gills ovate, stalked on coxae IV and V. GNATHOPOD I (GII missing) (Figs 2B, 7A). Gnathopod I, basis oblong, broadest medially, with 1 long seta on posterior margin; merus with 2 stiff setae on distoposterior margin, posterior surface densely spinose; carpus triangular, with 2 setae of equal length on pointed spinose distoposterior lobe; propodus oblong, about 2.0× longer than broad, palmar margin slightly convex, 3.0× longer than posterior margin, palmar angle indistinct, armed with 3 strong spines and 1 long seta; anterior margin with 1 seta, and a group of 3 setae anterodistally; palm armed with 9 or 10 stiff, tiny notched setae along inner and outer faces; dactylus falcate, about 60% length of propodus, with 2 notches accompanied by thin seta on inner face, demarcation of nail indistinct. PEREOPODS III and IV (PV through PVII missing) (Figs 2B, 7B, C): lacking lenticular organs; structurally similar, bases rather long, fusiform, and each with 2 setae on distal margin; dactyli about 0.3× length of corresponding propodi. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (Figs 2B, 8 B–H). Pleopods I–III subequal; peduncular articles linear, in ratios of ca. 0.9:1.0:0.9, with 2 retinacula each; inner rami reduced, 1- articulate, shorter than basal width of article 1 of outer ramus; outer ramus 3-articulate, fringed with long, plumose setae at distal end of each article. Uropod I peduncle without basofacial spine and with 1 dorsomedial spine; exopodite as long as endopodite; endopodite length 0.5× peduncle; rami straight, each ramus armed with 3 spines apically (1 of them much larger, sword-shaped). Uropod II peduncle with 1 dorsomedial spine distally; exopodite to endopodite length 0.7:1.0; endopodite as long as peduncle; rami straight, each ramus armed with 3 or 4 spines apically (1 of them much larger, sword-shaped). Uropod III long, with peduncle twice shorter than rami, armed with 2 notched spines on apex; endopodite with 5 singly inserted spines along outer margin and 3 long, sharply pointed apical spines; exopodite with 5 singly inserted notched spines along margins and 6 apical spines (2 of them much larger, sword-shaped). Variation. No morphological variation was observed in two damaged adult female specimens of the same body length. Three probably juvenile females measuring ca. 1.1–1.5 mm in body length and without clearly visible oostegites (brood plates) were found in the material examined. The specimens showed no ontogenetic variation in the morphology of appendages except for palms of both gnathopods (see Figs 7E, F) being poorly armed, and articles more profusely covered with minute bristles. Further, the study of these juvenile specimens leaves no doubt that B. hindustanica sp. n. has normal pereopods V and VI and so cannot be assigned to Orientogidiella gen. n. Sexual dimorphism. Males unknown. Distribution and ecology. Bogidiella hindustanica sp. n. is known only from its type locality (see Fig. 1). Remarks. Bogidiella hindustanica sp. n. is assigned to the lindbergi -group (group D, which contains species for which sexually dimorphic characters are unknown, see Koenemann & Holsinger 1999), and to this group we also attribute B. totakura Senna et al., 2013 because the sexual dimorphism of this species remains still enigmatic. Bogidiella hindustanica sp. n. closely resembles B. totakura in possessing the following features: normal pereopods V and VI; 3-articulate accessory flagellum on antenna I; broad mandibular molar and almost similar form and armature of mandibular palps; and uropods I and II rami with 3 or 4 apical spines (1 of them much larger, sword-shaped). B. hindustanica sp. n. can, however, be distinguished from the latter species by (character states of B. totakura in parentheses): pleopods I–III inner rami reduced, 1-articulate (inner rami absent); and entire apical margin of telson has 2 minute setae (apical margin notched, bearing 2 large spines).

Orientogidiella reducta, new species Figures 2A, 3���5 Diagnosis. Slender, small-sized amphipods of typical bogidiellid habitus (sexual dimorphism pronounced, i.e., males slightly larger than females; uropods I and II sexually dimorphic with inner rami bearing 1 modified apical spine each in males); coxal plates shallow (wider than deep); posterodistal corners of pleonal plates I���III acute; antenna I longer than antenna II; accessory flagellum of antenna I reduced, 1-articulate; molar of mandible greatly reduced; palp of maxilla I reduced, 1-articulate; propodus of gnathopod I distinctly larger and stouter than that of gnathopod II; pereopods V and VI relatively short (especially pereopod V) with dense row of fine setae on anterior margin of merus (article IV) and with stocky carpus (article V) armed with conspicuous groups of strong spines; pereopods II���VI with coxal gills. Large males 5.5���6.5 mm, largest female 5.0 mm. Material examined. Holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-47. INDIA: ♂ 5.5 mm, Borra caves, cave-pool sediments, 18.280278, 83.038611, elevation ca. 705 m, Andhra Pradesh state, coll. Shabuddin Shaik, 17 th June 2013. Paratypes MNHN-IU- 2018-48: 2 ♂♂ measuring 6.5 mm each, 3 ♂♂ measuring 6.0 mm each, 1 ♂ 5.5 mm, ca. 3.5 mm fragment, 1 ♀ 5.0 mm, oostegites undeveloped; same data as for holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet reducta (Latin) is an adjective, meaning 'reduced'. Description of holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-47. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (Figs 2A, 3A, 5A, B, F). Body unpigmented (whitish in color), smooth, setose with fine setae. Head longer than deep and longer than first pereon segment; rostrum indistinct, interantennal lobe irregularly rounded apically; eyes absent. Pleonal plates I��� III lacking setae/spines on ventral margins; posterior margins convex, bearing 2 or 3 thin setae; posterodistal corners acute. Telson subquadrate with apical margin roundly convex, width to length ratios 1:0.6, bearing 2 strong, notched spines, accompanied by 3 penicillate setae subapically. ANTENNAE (Figs 2A, 3B, C). Antenna I about 35% of body length; primary flagellum of 12 articles, each article with 2���6 setae, aesthetascs present on 10 distal articles; ratios of peduncular articles 1���3 1:0.6:0.3; proximal article of peduncle with 2 simple spines on ventral margin; accessory flagellum small, 1-articulate. Ratio of lengths of antenna I to antenna II is 1:0.8; flagellum of antenna II of 5 articles, last one minute, each of other articles sparsely setose; peduncular article 4 slightly longer than article 5; flagellum ca. 30% shorter than peduncle (articles 4+5); last 2 peduncular articles with short spines and setae; gland cone short. MOUTH PARTS (Figs 3 D���I). Labrum subtrapezoidal, as long as broad, epistome broadly roundish. Inner lobes of paragnath absent; outer lobes closely spaced, apices somewhat narrowly rounded and finely setose; mandibular process narrow. Left mandible: incisor with 5 teeth, lacinia mobilis consisting of 2 finely denticulate plates of similar size; row of 4 densely plumose spines (1 of them long) between lacinia and molar process; molar vestigial, conical, bearing 3 plumose spines. Right mandible: incisor with 5 teeth, lacinia mobilis with 5 teeth, row of 4 plumose spines (1 of them long) between lacinia and molar process; molar similar to that of left mandible; mandibular palp article 2 about 25% longer than article 3; palp article 1 without seta, article 2 with 2 long setae on inner margin; distal article narrow, with 1 long seta on apex. Maxilla I palp reduced, 1- articulate, with 2 long setae of equal length on apex (palps symmetrical); outer plate with 7 serrate spines; inner plate with 2 plumose setae. Maxilla II inner plate broader than outer one, with 4 apical setae of varying size; outer plate bearing 4 simple setae apically. Maxilliped outer plate short, evenly rounded apically, with 2 naked sub-apical spines and 2 long lateral setae in distal part; inner plate broad, with 2 short apical spines (1 of them finely serrate) and 1 stiff naked seta, 1 seta located medially on small pedestal; palp 4-articulate; article 2 longest, expanded, distinctly convex on inner margin, with 11 long simple setae in 2 rows along inner margin; article 3 narrow, bearing 2 sets of long setae apically and on medial face; article 4 about as long as preceding article, slightly curved and tapering distally, with 1 dorsal seta and 2 setae at base of nail; inner margin pubescent, nail sharply pointed, 0.25�� length of pedestal. Lateralia with 15 strong, pectinate spines. COXAL PLATES AND GILLS (Figs 2A, 4 A���G). Coxal plates I���VII wider than long, free, not overlapping one another, coxa VI largest; coxal plates V���VII semicircular, narrow posteriorly, bearing 1 stiff seta. Coxal gills oblong, stalked on coxae II���VI. GNATHOPODS I AND II (Figs 2A, 4A, B). Gnathopod I basis short, broadest medially, with 1 short seta on distoposterior corner; merus with 4 stiff setae on distoposterior margin, posterior surface spinose; carpus triangular, with 2 setae of equal length on narrowly rounded spinose distoposterior lobe; propodus prominent, swollen, ca. 1.5�� longer than broad, palmar margin slightly convex, nearly 1.5�� longer than posterior margin, palmar angle indistinct, armed with 3 strong spines and 1 long seta; anterior margin with 1 seta, and a group of 2 setae anterodistally; palm armed with 12 stiff, tiny notched setae along inner and outer faces; dactylus falcate, about 50% length of propodus, with 3 shallow serrations, accompanied by thin 1 seta on inner face and 2 short setae on outer face, demarcation of nail indistinct. Gnathopod II basis sublinear, with 1 short seta on distoposterior corner; ischium posterior surface spinulose with 1 posterodistal seta; merus with 1 stiff posterodistal seta; carpus sub-triangular, with 16 thin subequal setae on broadened, spinulose ventral lobe, 1 set of long setae distally on medial face; propodus small, nearly 0.3�� shorter than propodus of gnathopod I; palmar margin straight, shorter than posterior margin; palmar angle distinct, armed with 2 strong spines and 1 long seta; anterior margin with 1 seta, anterodistal group with 3 setae; palm armed with 2 stiff, tiny notched setae, accompanied by 2 long setae along inner and outer faces; dactylus similar to that of gnathopod I. PEREOPODS (Figs 2A, 4 C-G): lacking lenticular organs. Pereopods III���IV subequal, bases fusiform (especially PIII), each with 1 stiff seta on anterodistal margin; dactyli ca. 0.4�� length of corresponding propodi. Pereopod V very short, only about 33% length of pereopod VII and 70% length of pereopod VI; basis broad, 0.5�� broad as long, posterior margin with 3 notched spines and 1 seta; merus with a dense row of fine setae anteriorly; carpus (article 5) short and stocky, armed with conspicuously strong lateral spines; propodus (article 6) longer and narrower than carpus, with 5 apical spines; dactylus (article 7) 0.4�� length of corresponding propodus. Pereopod VI length 0.3�� body length; basis broad, length to width is 1:0.5; posterior margin with 3 notched spines and 1 seta; anteriorly 3 notched spines and 2 setae; merus armed like that of pereopod V; carpus armed more profusely than that of pereopod V; propodus with 5 lateral and 4 apical spines; dactylus about 0.33�� length of corresponding propodus. Pereopod VII ca. 45% longer than pereopod VI, basis subrectangular, ca. 50% longer than wide, both anterior and posterior margins bearing notched spines; carpus longer than merus; propodus with 1 group of 3 short spines and 1 long stiff seta apically; dactylus ca. 40% length of corresponding propodus. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (Figs 2A, 5 A���E). Pleopods I���III subequal; peduncular articles linear, in ratios 1:1:0.8, with 2 retinacula each; inner ramus absent; outer ramus 3-articulate, fringed with long, plumose setae at distal end of each article. Uropod I peduncle without basofacial spine; with 2 dorsolateral spines and distally with 1 very strong dorsomedial spine; exopodite to endopodite length 0.8:1; endopodite length 0.6�� peduncle; rami straight, each armed with 4 strong apical spines (1 of them simple, much larger); endopodite with 1 modified apical spine (large, bowed, tapered to sharp point, with tiny serration on upper surface). Uropod II peduncle with 1 dorsolateral spine and 1 strong dorsomedial spine distally; exopodite to endopodite length 0.8:1; endopodite a little shorter than peduncle; rami straight, each armed with 4 spines apically (1 of them simple, much larger) and endopodite with 1 modified sub-apical spine. Uropod III (single appendage was found separately in vial): long, with peduncle only about half length of rami, armed with 2 notched spines apically; rami subequal, armed with singly inserted 4 or 5 lateral and 3 apical spines (1 of them long). Variation. Not observed. Sexual dimorphism. Female 5.0 mm long, oostegites (brood plates) weakly developed, very small and present on pereopods II���V (non-setose in the material examined); uropods I and II lacking modified spines; in all other characters similar to male. Distribution and ecology. Orientogidiella reducta gen. n., sp. n. is known only from its type locality (see Fig. 1). A bathynellacean syncarid, Habrobathynella borraensis Ranga Reddy, Shaik, and Totakura, 2014, was also collected from the same locality (Ranga Reddy et al. 2014). Interestingly, clusters of some extremely small eggs (or cysts?) were found under each of the pleonal or epimeral plates in the so-called "epimeral pockets" (used here as a conditional name for the cavity between lower free margin of epimera and the lateral margin of abdomen; see Fig. 5A). Remarks. Orientogidiella reducta gen. n., sp. n. most closely resembles O. indica (Holsinger et al. 2006) comb. n., but can be distinguished from the latter by (character states of O. indica comb. n. in parentheses): palp of maxilla I reduced, 1-articulate (normal, 2-articulate); inner lobes of paragnath absent (present); defining angle of gnathopod II armed with 2 strong spines and 1 long seta (spines absent); merus (article 4) of pereopods V and VI with dense row of fine setae on anterior margin (bearing 4 or 5 spines); posterodistal corners of pleonal plates I���III acute (corners of plates I and II indistinct, sub-rounded, plate III acute); and inner ramus of uropod II in males bearing 1 modified spine (modified spines absent)., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2018, Groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of India, with description of three new cavernicolous species, pp. 403-426 in Zootaxa 4508 (3) on pages 406-411, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2607246, {"references":["Ranga Reddy, Y., Shaik, S. & Totakura, V. R. (2014) Habrobathynella borraensis n. sp. (Syncarida: Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae) from the Borra caves of Southeastern India, with a note on the taxonomic significance of paragnath morphology. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34, 90 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1937240 X- 00002210","Holsinger, J. R., Ranga Reddy, Y. & Messouli, M. (2006) Bogidiella indica, a new species of subterranean Amphipod Crustacean (Bogidiellidae) from wells in Southeastern India, with remarks on the biogeographic importance of recently discovered bogidiellids on the Indian subcontinent. Subterranean Biology, 4, 45 - 54."]}

Indoniphargus subterraneus, new species Figures 2C, 9–12 Diagnosis. Stocky, small-sized amphipod of typical austroniphargid habitus (sexual dimorphism marked, i.e., males smaller than females, dorsal surface weakly spinose, gnathopods and uropod II sexually dimorphic); remarkably shallow coxal plates III and IV (posterior excavation of coxal plate IV indistinct); antenna II shorter than antenna I, with long gland cone; body of mandibles large, with well-developed palp, molar process with transverse ribs and strong, pectinate spiniform seta ("damper seta"); gnathopods I and II dissimilar in size and armament; carpus of both gnathopods (article 5) elongate and swollen, posterior margins of articles covered with fine soft hairs; pereopods III–VII relatively short and spinose, pereopod VI longest; thoracic segments covered with fine hairs dorsally, but abdominal segments spiny; posterodistal corners of pleonal plates I–III roundish; telson deeply cleft, 2 apical spines on either lobe; coxal gills of pereopods II–VI stalked. Largest male 4.0 mm, female 5.2 mm. Material examined. Holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-52. INDIA: ♀ 5.2 mm, oostegites developed, non-setose, Kapiladevi caves, cave-pool sediments, 19.532333, 78.995028, elevation 324 m, Telangana state, coll. Shabuddin Shaik, 12 th May 2013. Paratypes MNHN-IU- 2018-53: 2 ♂♂ measuring 4.0 mm each, 5 juveniles; same data as for holotype. Accompanying fauna: Bogidiella hindustanica sp. n. (Amphipoda: Bogidiellidae) described above. Etymology. The specific epithet subterraneus (Latin) is an adjective, meaning 'underground'. Gender masculine. Description of holotype MNHN-IU- 2018-52. GENERAL BODY MORPHOLOGY (Figs 2C, 9A, 11A, H). Body whitish, semitransparent in preserved specimens, stout, lacking dorsal cuticular elements, but densely covered with thin setae and curved spines. Head as long as first pereon segment; rostrum indistinct; interantennal lobe rounded, inferior antennal sinus shallow; eyes absent. Pleonites and urosomites bearing stiff, curved and distally notched setae on dorsal surface; urosome segments distinct; urosomite I bearing 2 strong spines on ventral margin. Pleonal plates I–III with roundish posterodistal corners, each bearing 2 or 4 notched spines; 5–7 stiff notched setae on posterior margin; ventral margins of plates unarmed; plates II and III with lateral groups of spines. Telson about 0.25× longer than broad, deeply cleft; lobes tapered distally, bearing 2 apical notched spines each. ANTENNAE (Figs 2C, 9B, C). Antenna I ca. 55% of body length, and 2.0× longer than antenna II; ratios of peduncular articles 1–3 1:0.7:0.5, article 1 with a few notched spines on ventral margin; primary flagellum with 18 articles, each article with 2-4 short setae, aesthetascs present on each of 12 distal flagellar articles; accessory flagellum short, 2-articulate. Antenna II (flagellum short due to some malformation): gland cone long; peduncular article 5 longer than article 4, both articles bearing sparse notched spines along dorsal and ventral margins; flagellum about 30% shorter than peduncle (articles 4+5), consisting of 6 articles with sparsely covered thin setae; calceoli absent. MOUTH PARTS (Figs 9 D–K). Labrum sub-quadrate with fine setae on apex. Paragnath outer lobes rounded, mandibular process narrow, inner lobes absent. Mandibles sub-equal: right mandible incisor process with 6 teeth, lacinia mobilis consisting of 2 finely denticulate plates of similar size, and a row of 4 serrate spines between lacinia and molar; triturative molar process bearing strong, pectinate spiniform seta (see Fig. 12) at upper distal corner and opposite short, plumose gnathobasic seta; incisor of left mandible with 7 teeth, lacinia mobilis with 5 teeth; a row of 4 serrate spines between lacinia and molar process; molar similar to that of right mandible; mandibular palp article 2 twice as long as palp article 3; proximal palp article without setae; article 2 with a group of 4 plumose setae on subterminal margin; distal article short, with a group of 10 E-setae (1 of them very long) on distal half. Maxilla I inner plate narrow, with 2 plumose setae, outer plate with 9 multi-toothed spines (first two of them bifid); palp relatively long, both asymmetric; distal palp article with 6 strong spines and 1 simple seta each on apical and sub-apical margins (left maxilla I, Fig. 9H); or 4 finely plumose setae (right maxilla I, Fig. 9I). Maxilla II with both plates narrow, apical margin of outer plate with 24 simple setae of varying size and occurring in 2 rows; inner plate lacking oblique row of setae but bearing 1 long, plumose seta apicomedially and 16 short simple setae in 2 rows on apical margin. Maxilliped: inner plate oblong, narrow, with 3 strong spines and 2 naked setae apically, 4 plumose setae on inner ventral face; outer plate sub-ovoid, with a row of 6 strong, knife-like spines and 3 groups of paired simple setae along outer margin; palp article 2 sub-linear, with a row of about 10 thin setae along inner ventral face and 1 elongate apicolateral seta; article 3 narrow, with a subtle pubescent bulge on posterodistal lobe, 3 long setae on distal margin, and a row of 4 long simple setae medioventrally; article 4 (distal) shorter than article 3, curved, with 1 dorsal seta and 2 setae at base of nail; inner margin pubescent, nail slender, sharply pointed and slightly shorter than pedestal. COXAL PLATES, OOSTEGITES AND GILLS (Figs 2C, 10 A–G). Coxal plates I–IV dissimilar in shape being somewhat square or rectangular, slightly overlapping one another, and each with a sparse row of short setae along ventral margin; coxal plates V and VI with distinct anterior lobes, posterior margin bearing 1 seta each; coxal plate VII rather large, semilunar, with 2 setae on posterior margin; each of plates II–VI bearing single coxal gill each with long stalk. Sternal gills absent. Oostegites II–V not well developed. GNATHOPODS I AND II (Figs 2C, 10A, B). Gnathopods almost similar, subchelate, but gnathopod II somewhat larger than gnathopod I; surface of posterior margins with peculiar patches of pilosity; basis (article 2) with 2 short setae on anterior and 3 long setae on posterior margins; carpus (article 5) stout, sub-triangular, anterior angle bearing 1 seta, 2 groups of long, stiff setae on subventral margin; propodus (article 6) sub-rectangular, bearing a group of 3 setae on antero-distal corner, 1 or 3 long setae along on subventral margin; palm twice shorter than posterior margin, somewhat oblique and beveled, with cutting margin rugous, palmar margin with 2 short setae along outer and inner faces, palmar angle indistinct but armed with 4 distally notched spines along with 2 long setae; dactylus strong, crescent-shaped, nail long, 0.4× of total length of dactylus, 1 seta on anterior margin, inner margin smooth, with a group of setules. PEREOPODS (Figs 2C, 10 C–G). Pereopods III and IV sub-similar, without any obvious peculiarities; bases narrow, with short, stiff setae on both margins. Pereopods V̄VII subsimilar; length ratios 5:6:7 is 0.7:1.0:0.9. Pereopod VI length 0.5× body length. Bases of pereopods V–VII narrowed distally, posterior margins slightly expanded, but postero-distal lobes indistinct; marginal serration with short, stiff notched setae posteriorly and with 6–10 notched spines anteriorly; merus, carpus and propodus strongly spinose, especially in pereopod VII; dactyli relatively short, about 0.3× of propodus length, inner margin with 1 stiff seta at hinge. PLEOPODS AND UROPODS (Figs 2C, 11 B–G). Pleopods I–III sub-equal, each with 2 coupling setae (retinacles); peduncular articles naked; outer rami larger, with 7–8 articles each, inner rami slender, consisting of 5 articles, both rami fringed with long, plumose setae. Uropod I heavily spinose with strong, curved, distally notched spines; protopodite with 4 robust, basofacial spines, 5 dorso-lateral spines, 5 dorso-medial setae and 1 very large corner spine; endopodite as long as protopodite, each with 3 spines on outer margin, accompanied by short plumose setae; exopodite as long as endopodite, bearing 5 spines along lateral margin; rami fringed with long plumose setae on inner margins and armed with 5 spines apically and sub-apically (one of them very large). Uropod II exopodite 0.2 as long as protopodite and slightly shorter than endopodite; protopodite and rami armed sub-similar to those of uropod 1. Uropod III parviramus/dispariramus; endopodite vestigial, scale-like, 50% of as protopodite length, fringed with 1 medial and 1 apical plumose setae; exopodite 1-articulate, 0.6 as long as protopodite, with 5 sets of distally notched spines on outer margin and with a dense row of 10 plumose setae accompanied by 2–3 short spines along inner margin and 3 distally notched apical spines. Variation. Not observed. Sexual dimorphism. Two damaged, apparently subadult males, both without antennae, some pereopods differing from those of female, and habitus smaller and more slender and sparsely covered with spines and setae; gnathopods sub-similar, gnathopod propodi with a clearly emergent palmar angle and bearing only 2 mid-palmar spines; peduncle of uropod II heavily armed bearing 3 additional groups of paired spines on ventral face. Distribution and ecology. Indoniphargus subterraneus sp. n. is known only from its type locality (see Fig. 1). Remarks. An enigmatic I. indicus (Chilton, 1923) collected in a coalmine and springs of north-eastern India (Fig. 1) was reported in several previous publications (see Straškraba 1967), which has now necessitated a comparative study of this species with I. subterraneus sp. n. First of all, it must be underscored that the differences observed by us, though not numerous, are indeed significant. A distinctive feature of I. indicus is the clear reduction in the size of coxal plates, which is typical of stygomorphic forms; also, I. subterraneus sp. n. can be distinguished from I. indicus mainly by the following features (character states of I. indicus in parentheses): gland cone of antenna II long, tip reaching about half of peduncular article 4 (short, not reaching); posterodistal corners of pleonal plates roundish (rectangular), and telson without dorsolateral spines (with 2 spines). At the same time, we must admit that some features of I. indicus (e.g., number of spines on outer plate of maxilla I, absence of the oblique row facial setae on maxilla II, mittenform propodi of gnathopods, a number of retinacles, etc.) are somewhat different from those mentioned in the previous publications, thus warranting a more detailed morphological study of the species. Further, we propose to treat the genus Indoniphargus Straškraba, 1967, as belonging to the family Austroniphargidae Iannilli, Krapp, and Ruffo, 2011 sensu Iannilli et al. (2011) (see Discussion below).

Orientogidiella, new genus Type species. Bogidiella indica Holsinger, Ranga Reddy, and Messouli, 2006, here designated. Generic diagnosis. Amphipods with obvious troglomorphic traits (anophthalmy and depigmentation), slender habitus, small head, well-developed but irregularly rounded inter-antennal lobe. 1 Antenna I longer than antenna II, about 33���35% as long as body. Antenna II lacking aesthetascs. Mandibles well-developed, each with strong incisor, lacinia mobilis and spine row; molar process reduced and with short setae; palp 3-articulate, distal article narrow, bearing 1 apical seta. Outer plate of maxilla I with 6 or 7 apical serrate spines; inner plate bearing 2���4 apical plumose/naked setae; palp 2-articulate (normal) or 1-articulate (reduced), bearing 2 apical setae. Both plates of maxilla II sparsely setose with naked setae. Other mouthparts (labrum, paragnath and maxilliped) normal, without obvious peculiarities. Gnathopods relatively small, with prominent propodi; palmar angles of both gnathopods indistinct but with mid-palmar spines; propodi with stiff, tiny notched setae along inner and outer faces of palmar margin; dactyli with shallow serration accompanied by thin setae on inner face, and nail indistinctly demarcated. Coxal plates shallow (wider than deep), plates V���VII indistinctly lobate. Pereopod V short, about 70% as long as pereopod VI and 35% as long as pereopod VII, with stocky carpus (article 5) armed with conspicuous groups of strong spines; pereopod VI armed similar to pereopod V. Coxal gills present on pereonites II���VI. Pleopods I���III similar, without inner rami. Second and/or first uropod sexually dimorphic; inner ramus with apical modified spine in males. Uropod III and telson typical of bogidiellids. 1. Core diagnostic features are indicated in bold-italic style. Etymology. The generic epithet Orientogidiella is derived from the combination of Orient (from Latin noun, Oriens) meaning the East with ' gidiella ��� a part of the closely related genus Bogidiella. Gender feminine. Composition and geographic distribution. Both Orientogidiella indica (Holsinger, Ranga Reddy, and Messouli, 2006) comb. n. and Orientogidiella reducta sp. n. inhabit the freshwater subterranean environment of the southeastern Indian peninsula. Remarks. In a previous publication, Sidorov et al. (2016), being of the opinion that Bogidiella indica belonged to the niphargoides -group, had expressed doubts about the reliability of the morphological features proposed by Holsinger et al. (2006: 53), i.e. reckoning the special structural features of pereopod V for designating the indica -group (group E). However, having carried out a comparative morphological analysis of 114 described bogidiellid species in 37 genera, and in particular for B. indica (the former monotypic representative of the indica - group) versus Orientogidiella reducta gen. n., sp. n., described herein, we agree with the rationale of the taxonomic criteria suggested by Holsinger et al. (2006) for the indica -group of species. Based on the structurally unique pereopod V of this group, we propose here a new genus, Orientogidiella gen. n., to accommodate both species. This taxonomic decision warrants a new combination for nomenclatural consistency: Orientogidiella indica (Holsinger, Ranga Reddy, and Messouli, 2006) comb. n. Orientogidiella gen. n. is distributed in the coastal belt along the Eastern Ghats (Ghats orientales) at altitudes ranging from ca. 19 to 710 m above sea level. Taking into account the Chidambaram specimen of Bogidiella sp. sensu Holsinger et al. (2006), which belongs to the same genus, the distribution of Orientogidiella gen. n. extends from 18�� N l. towards the south 11�� N l. exclusively along the present coastline, but not extending deeper than 100 km into the interior of the continent (see also discussion in Holsinger et al. 2006). Although, we could not confirm our findings with molecular data, we are of the opinion that the species of Orientogidiella gen. n., sharing unique phenotypic features, inhabit a common territory along the east coast of India for about 1000 km., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2018, Groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of India, with description of three new cavernicolous species, pp. 403-426 in Zootaxa 4508 (3) on pages 404-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2607246, {"references":["Holsinger, J. R., Ranga Reddy, Y. & Messouli, M. (2006) Bogidiella indica, a new species of subterranean Amphipod Crustacean (Bogidiellidae) from wells in Southeastern India, with remarks on the biogeographic importance of recently discovered bogidiellids on the Indian subcontinent. Subterranean Biology, 4, 45 - 54.","Sidorov, D. A., Katz, A. D., Taylor, S. J. & Chertoprud, M. V. (2016) A reassessment of the phylogenetic utility of genus-level morphological characters in the family Bogidiellidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with description of a new species of Eobogidiella Karaman, 1981. ZooKeys, 610, 23 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 610.9100"]}

Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816 Superfamily Bogidielloidea Hertzog, 1936, Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2018, Groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of India, with description of three new cavernicolous species, pp. 403-426 in Zootaxa 4508 (3) on page 404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2607246

Orientogidiella indica (Holsinger, Ranga Reddy, and Messouli, 2006), new combination Bogidiella indica Holsinger, Ranga Reddy, and Messouli, 2006: 45, Figs 1���5. Distribution. Previously recorded from three water-wells in Andra Pradesh state of the southeastern India (Holsinger et al. 2006) (see Fig. 1). New record. INDIA: nine specimens MNHN-IU- 2018-49: 3 ♀♀ measuring 3.5 mm each, oostegites undeveloped, 3 ♀♀ measuring 3.25 mm each, oostegites undeveloped, 2 ♂♂ measuring 2.75 mm each, ca. 1.5 mm fragment, Guthikonda caves, cave-pool sediments, 16.395112, 79.827492, elevation 160 m, Andhra Pradesh state, coll. Shabuddin Shaik, 6 th June 2014. Remarks. Specimens from the Guthikonda caves agree well with the original description in all essential characters, but a couple of them are at variance: (1) maxilla I outer plate with 7 instead of 6 spines, but their serrate nature is close to the original description (in Holsinger et al. 2006, p. 47); (2) gnathopods I and II in both sexes with two shallow dentations on inner face of dactyli accompanied by a thin seta each (similar to those in O. reducta sp. n.); specimens from the Guthikonda caves reached maturity at a smaller body size: largest males 2.75 mm, largest females 3.25���3.5 mm., Published as part of Sidorov, Dmitry, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2018, Groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of India, with description of three new cavernicolous species, pp. 403-426 in Zootaxa 4508 (3) on pages 411-413, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2607246, {"references":["Holsinger, J. R., Ranga Reddy, Y. & Messouli, M. (2006) Bogidiella indica, a new species of subterranean Amphipod Crustacean (Bogidiellidae) from wells in Southeastern India, with remarks on the biogeographic importance of recently discovered bogidiellids on the Indian subcontinent. Subterranean Biology, 4, 45 - 54."]}

Habrobathynella muvattupuzha n. sp. (Figs 2���6) Type locality. The River Muvattupuzha at Muvattupuzha town (958'0''N, 7634'59''E, elevation 15 m) in Kerala State, southwestern India. The landmass of the State is wedged between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats, identified as one of the world���s biodiversity hotspots, to the east (Water Resources of Kerala, 1958). The river, formed by the concourse of three small rivers: Thodupuzha, Kaliar and Kothamangalam, near Muvattupuzha town, empties into Vembanad Lake, which is connected to the Arabian Sea. The maximum length of the river is about 120 km. The drainage basin area is about 1528 km 2 and rich in crystalline rocks of igneous and metamorphic origin. The soils are generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and lime in the basin, but loamy with a great admixture of humus from the hills. Mean annual air temperatures range from 25.0 to 27.5��C, and the average rainfall in the basin varies from 254 cm in the coastal region to about 508 cm in the highlands. The riverbed at the sampling site has a deposit of fine sand and detritus particles, but with little or no clay, and is devoid of macrophytic vegetation. Type material examined. Holotype �� (ZSI-C5864/2/a���l), dissected on 11 slides; allotype ♀ (ZSI-C5865/2/a��� k), dissected on 10 slides; one paratype ♀ (ZSI-C5866/2), mounted whole on 1 slide; one paratype �� (MNHN-IU- 2013-11982), dissected on 4 slides. 29 October 2004, Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Diagnosis. Parabathynellids of small size (0.7���0.8 mm in length). Uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of 5 spines, with penultimate spine longer and thicker than others, and ultimate spine same as proximal spines. Pleotelson seta longer than caudal furca. Male Th VIII small, subglobular, with protopod being distinctly expanded distally (somewhat bowl-like in latero-external view); penile lobes only slightly extending beyond balloon-shaped basipod; outer lobe conical and short; inner lobe thumb-like in posterior view. Antennule with 2 long and equal aesthetascs on fifth segment. Paragnaths with minaret-like, smooth coupler and short lateral lobes. Labrum with almost straight dentate margin. Maxilla with 2 setae on first segment and 1 seta at midlength of inner margin of second segment. Anal operculum nearly flat. Description of adult male. Total body length of holotype 0.73 mm. Body (Fig. 2) elongate, slightly chitinised and 10 times as long as maximum width. In lateral view, pleomeres wider than thoracomeres. In dorsal view, body vermiform and uniformly narrow. Head 1.8 times as long as wide and about 1.3 times as long as first 2 thoracomeres combined. Antennule (Fig. 3A): 6-segmented; no sexual dimorphism, measuring 37% as long as head. First segment with 1 plumose seta on outer margin, 2 plumose setae on dorsal surface and 1 long simple seta and 1 small ventral plumose seta near inner margin subdistally. Second segment with 3 plumose setae in a row on dorsal surface, 1 ventral plumose seta on outer margin, and 1 ventral simple seta on inner distal margin. Third segment with 1 long dorsal simple seta, 1 short ventral seta and 1 plumose seta near outer distal corner. Inner flagellum subquadrate, bearing 3 unequal simple setae. Fourth segment with apophysis, overreaching midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae; 1 plumose seta occurring on small protuberance on distal margin. Fifth segment with 2 equal aesthetascs, overreaching sixth segment, 3 unequal simple setae and 1 short modified seta at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 short equal aesthetascs and 4 slightly subequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 3B): small, 2-segmented; proximal segment bare and 0.6 times as long as distal one; distal segment 2.3 times as long as wide, with 2 unequal apical setae; 1 small subapical seta on dorsal surface and 1 similar seta on outer proximal margin. Labrum (Fig. 3C): dentate margin almost straight, bearing 10 main nearly uniform, pointed, incurved teeth, and 1 smaller tooth on either side. Also, fine spinules in a short row discernible on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Fig. 3D, E): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth; proximal tooth smallest; distal tooth large curved and pointed. Tooth of ventral edge articulate at base and with smooth lateral margins. Pars molaris (���lobe���) developed into pyriform outgrowth, carrying 2 isolated, curved claw-like setae on inner margin and 3 straight pointed, unequal claw-like setae in a group at proximal end (denticle not discernible); all teeth smooth, articulate and apparently without ornamentation. Palp completely absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 3F): coupler minaret-like and without any ornamentation; lateral lobes short, occurring close to the base of coupler and without ornamentation. Maxillule (Fig. 3G): with 2 endites; proximal endite small, oval, carrying 3 long, equal, claw-like serrulate spines and 1 very small, smooth spine. Distal endite subcylindrical, about 2.7 times as long as proximal endite, gradually bending inwards and armed with 4 apical claws, distalmost one largest, 2 unequal spines on inner margin, and 3 subapical setae on outer distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 3H): 3-segmented, nearly straight; basal segment 1.6 times as long as wide, with 2 strongly unequal setae on small protuberance at inner distal corner. Second segment somewhat cylindrical, 1.2 times as long as basal segment and armed with 13 simple setae. Third segment small but distinct, subquadrate, carrying only 1 stout claw. Thoracopods (Th) I���VII (Figs. 4 A���E, 5A���B): well-developed, Th I���III gradually increasing in size and Th IV��� VII nearly similar in size; biarticulate, club-shaped epipod on Th II���VII, about 0.6 times as long as basis. Coxa of all thoracopods with distinct conical projection at inner distal border, and basis with 1 short simple seta overreaching midlength of first endopodal segment. Exopod 2-segmented, 0.7 times as long as endopod on Th I and about 0.8 times as long as endopod on Th II���VII; segment 1 slightly longer than segment 2, and with 2 unequal plumose setae, dorsal seta slightly overreaching midlength of exopodal segment 2 and ventral seta longer than exopodal segment 2. Ctenidia lying at base of ventral seta. Segment 2 with 2 apical unequal setae, outer seta plumose, inner one spiculated. Ctenidia at base of inner apical seta. Endopod 4-segmented, segment 4 smallest and ornamentation as illustrated. Setal formulae: Th I: 1+0/0+1/0+1/2(0); Th II���VII: 0+0/0+1/0+1/1(0). Th VIII (Fig. 5 C���F): small, subglobular, with distal region distinctly expanded in latero-external view. Dentate lobe somewhat large, overreaching inner lobe and with unequal denticles distally. Outer lobe conical, short and not extending up to posterior margin of basipod. Inner lobe thumb-like in posterior view and rectangular in posterior view. Basipod balloon-shaped with 1 seta. Exopod small plate-like, slightly curved inwards and with minute denticles distally. Endopod represented by a small simple seta. Pleopod 1 absent Uropod (Fig. 6 A, C): sympod 4 times as long as wide, bearing inhomonomous row of 5 serrulate spines; proximal 3 spines of nearly equal length; penultimate spine largest; ultimate spine nearly as long as proximal spines; spine-row bearing inner margin of sympod moderately dilated. Exopod cylindrical, 3.7 times as long as wide, measuring 36% of sympod length and with 1 apical seta and 1 slightly subapical seta; both setae plumose; outer seta less than half as long as apical seta. Endopod falcate, about half as long as sympod and with 2 equal, short, plumose setae at proximal third of outer margin. Pleotelson (Fig. 6 A, B): rounded at posterolateral angle, with 1 seta on either side at base of caudal furca; seta bare and longer than caudal furca. Anal operculum nearly flat in ventral view (Fig. 6 B). Caudal furca (Fig. 6 A, B): longer than maximum width; distal part with 2 apical, 2 inner pointed, serrulate spines, and 2 unequal plumose dorsal setae; apical spines longer than inner ones. Furcal organ small. Description of adult female. Total body length 0.70 mm. Body and all appendages except Th VIII as in male. Th VIII (Fig. 6 D): small, crescentic lobe. Etymology. The specific epithet alluding to the River Muvattupuzha, the type locality of the new species, is proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Variation. Body size varies from 0.68���0.82 mm, mean 0.72 mm (n = 10). No variation was noticed in the number of spines borne by the uropodal sympod. Distribution and ecology. H. muvattupuzha n. sp. has not yet been collected outside the type locality. The fauna that co-occurred with the new species included Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970, Parastenocaris muvattupuzha Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2009, nematodes, oligochaetes, and insect larvae., Published as part of Elia, Bandari, Shaik, Shabuddin & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2016, Two new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the southwestern peninsular India, pp. 149-167 in Zootaxa 4150 (2) on pages 151-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/267073

Habrobathynella adishankara n. sp. (Figs. 7���12) Type locality. The River Periyar at Kalady village (1010'60''N, 7613'0''E, elevation 10 m), Kerala State, southwestern India. This is the longest river (228 km) and one of the few perennial rivers in Kerala. Originating in the Western Ghats, one of the three biodiversity hotspots in India, at an elevation of 2438 m above sea level, the river has a total catchment area of over 5284 km 2. The influence of tectonism is evident from the stream pattern and presence of structural valleys. The river basin is ecologically sensitive owing to widespread erosion and mass movements. The average rainfall in the basin varies from 444 cm to 508 cm in the mountains to about 304 cm in the coastal fringes (Water Resources of Kerala, 1958). At the sampling site, the riverbed has a deposit of fine sand and detritus particles, but with little or no clay, and with patches of macrophytic vegetation. Type material examined. Holotype �� (ZSI-C5867/2/a���l), dissected on 12 slides; allotype &female; (ZSI-C5868/2/a��� l), dissected on 12 slides; 1 paratype &female;, mounted whole on 1 slide (ZSI-C5869/2); 1 paratype �� (MNHN-IU-2013- 11983), dissected on 1 slide. 3 February 2005, Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Diagnosis. Uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of 6 spines, penultimate spine largest and ultimate spine similar to proximal spines. Pleotelson seta shorter than caudal furca. Male Th VIII small, subglobular, with protopod expanded distally in latero-external view; dentate lobe wide and with truncate distal margin; outer lobe conical and short, barely reaching midlength of balloon-shaped basipod. Antennule with 3 long and equal aesthetascs on fifth segment. Antennary proximal segment nearly as long as distal segment. Paragnaths with thumb-like smooth coupler and short triangular lateral lobes. Labrum with somewhat vaulted dentate margin. Maxilla with 1 seta on first segment as well as on mid-inner margin of second segment. Anal operculum deeply concave medially. Description of adult male. Total body length of holotype 0.73 mm. Body elongate, 11 times longer than maximum width; cuticle thin and imperforate. In lateral view, pleomeres wider than thoracomeres (Fig. 7); in dorsal view, body vermiform and uniformly narrow. Head 1.2 times as long as wide and about as long as first 2 thoracomeres combined. Antennule (Fig. 8 A): 6-segmented, measuring 41.3% longer than head, no sexual dimorphism. First segment with 3 plumose setae near outer margin, 1 plumose dorsal seta subdistally, and 1 small plumose seta on ventral surface subdistally. Second segment with 3 unequal plumose setae in a row on dorsal surface of subdistal outer margin, 1 ventral plumose seta and 1 dorsal simple seta at inner distal corner. Third segment with 1 plumose seta and 1 long simple seta at outer distal corner, 1 ventral simple seta near distal inner corner. Inner flagellum subquadrate, with 3 unequal setae. Fourth segment with apophysis, reaching about midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae; 2 plumose setae on small protuberance on distal margin. Fifth segment with 3 equal aesthetascs, overreaching sixth segment, 3 unequal simple setae and 1 short modified seta at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 relatively short equal aesthetascs and 4 slightly unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 8 B): small, 2-segmented; proximal segment bare and 0.8 times as long as distal one; distal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, with 1 apical plumose seta, 2 subapical unequal simple setae and 1 simple seta on outer proximal margin. Labrum (Fig. 8 C): dentate margin somewhat vaulted on both sides, though not deeply, and bearing 12 main pointed teeth, and one smaller tooth on either side Mandible (Fig. 8 D): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth, proximal tooth smallest; distal tooth large, curved and pointed. Tooth of ventral edge lying close to the base of pars molaris. Pars molaris developed into pyriform outgrowth, carrying 2 isolated teeth on inner margin and 3 straight pointed unequal teeth in a group at proximal end; all teeth articulate and multicusped (Fig. 8 E). Palp completely absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 8 F): coupler thumb-like, moderately developed and without ornamentation; lateral lobes small, triangular, disto-laterally directed and without ornamentation. Maxillule (Fig. 8 G): consisting of 2 endites; proximal endite small, elongately oval, carrying 3 long unequal claw-like serrulate spines, 2 apical and 1 subapical setae and 1 simple setiform element at inner distal corner. Distal endite cylindrical, 2.6 times as long as proximal endite and with 2 apical claws and 1 subapical claw and 2 unequal claws on inner distal margin; 3 simple setae on subapical outer margin. Maxilla (Fig. 8 H): 3-segmented; basal segment 1.5 times as long as wide with 1 long simple seta at inner distal corner; second segment 1.3 times as long as basal segment and armed with 13 simple setae. Third segment small, somewhat squarish, carrying 1 stout claw. Thoracopods (Th) I���VII (Figs. 9 A���D, 10A���C): well-developed, Th I���III gradually increasing in size and Th IV���VII nearly similar in size, well-developed; epipod on Th II���VII biarticulate, club-shaped, slightly longer than basis. Coxa of Th I���VII with distinct conical projection at distal inner corner and basis with 1 simple seta slightly overreaching midlength of first endopodal segment. Exopod 2-segmented, 1.4 times as long as endopod on Th I and about as long as endopod on Th II���VII; segment 1 only slightly longer than segment 2, with 2 unequal plumose setae; dorsal seta as long as second segment on Th I, but ventral seta longer on Th II���VII. Segment 2 with 2 apical unequal setae, outer seta plumose, inner one spiculated. Ctenidia present at base of inner seta. Endopod 4- segmented, segment 4 smallest. Setal formulae of endopod: Th I 1 +0/0+1/0+1/2(0); Th II���VII 0+0/ 0+1/0+1/1(0). Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 11 A���D): small, sub-globular, with protopod expanded distally (Fig. 11 A); dentate lobe wide and with truncate, finely denticulate distal margin. Outer lobe conical and short, barely reaching midlength of basipod. Inner lobe large and rectangular in latero-external view. Basipod balloon-like and 1.3 times as wide as long, carrying 1 simple seta at outer distal margin. Exopod small, somewhat hook-like, with minute denticles at distal margin. Endopod represented by a small seta. Pleopod 1 absent Uropod (Fig. 12 A, C): sympod 3.3 times as long as wide, bearing inhomonomous row of 6 serrulate spines; penultimate spine longer and thicker than proximal spines; ultimate spine slightly shorter than proximal spines; exopod cylindrical, 3.5 times as long as wide and half as long as sympod length and with 1 apical seta and 1 subapical outer seta; both setae plumose; outer seta half as long as apical seta. Endopod falcate, 0.7 times as long as sympod, bearing 2 equal short, plumose setae at proximal fourth of outer margin. Pleotelson (Fig. 12 B, C): produced into small rounded lobe at postero-lateral angle (Fig. 12 A); 1 seta on either side at base of caudal furca; seta bare, shorter than caudal furca. Anal operculum deeply concave medially in dorsal view (Fig. 12 C). Caudal furca (Fig. 12 A, C) as in preceding new species. Description of adult female. Total body length 1.03 mm. Body and all appendages except Th VIII as in male. Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 12 D): small, broadly triangular lobe. Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to Adi Shankara, a renowned exponent of Advaita Vedanta philosophy (monism); used here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Variation. Body size varies from 0.85���1.07 mm, mean 1.01 mm (n = 7). Uropodal sympod with 6 or, rarely, 7 spines. No variation in the number of spines on caudal furca. Ecology. H. adishankara n. sp. is so far known from the type locality, most probably endemic to Kerala State. The fauna that co-occurred with the new species included the following taxa: Serbanibathynella sp., unidentified harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, cladocerans, chironomid larvae, mayfly nymphs, oligochaetes, nematodes and rotifers. Remarks. Both H. muvattupuzha n. sp. and H. adishankara n. sp. perfectly fit the diagnosis of Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, as recently revised by Ranga Reddy & Totakura (2010) and ���slightly modified by Schminke (2011). Going by the essential features of the complex penile appendage, i. e. the male Th VIII, which is crucially important in the systematics of Parabathynellidae (Schminke 1973, 1976; Delamare Deboutteville & Serban 1974; Ranga Reddy & Totakura 2010), the two new species may be said to be more closely related to each other that than to their hitherto known 12 Indian and two Madagascan congeners. As for its size and shape, the said appendage in both taxa is small and the protopod is expanded distally, resulting in a somewhat cup- or bowl-like appearance, in latero-external view���reminiscent of the generality of Atopobathynella species besides some resemblance to the Indian Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, 2009, and H. pseudoindica Totakura & Ranga Reddy, 2014. Similarly, the penile lobes in both new species are only moderately produced and the outer lobe is short and conical. Further, the overall spine configuration on the uropodal sympod, as already described, is the same in both species except that the number of proximal spines is three in H. muvattupuzha n. sp. as against four or five in H. adishankara n. sp. The other points of similarity, inter alia, include: the poorly chitinised body; the equally long aesthetascs on fifth and sixth antennulary segments; the smooth couplers as well as small lateral lobes on the paragnaths; and the presence of a single seta on the mid-inner margin of the second maxillary segment. However, H. muvattupuzha n. sp. can be distinguished from H. adishankara n. sp., inter alia, by the following features: the uropodal sympod has three vs. four or five proximal spines; the pleotelson seta is long vs. short; the maxillule has six vs. five claws on the distal endite; the maxilla has two setae vs. one seta on the first segment, and the seta at the inner distal corner of the second segment strong vs. weak; the antennule has two vs. three aesthetascs on fifth segment; the antenna has short vs. long first segment; the paragnaths with minaret-like vs. thumb-like coupler; and the anal operculum flat vs. medially deeply concave. Both the new species stand out in the genus by their unique constellation of characters (see Diagnosis). The salient morphological characters and their states among the then known species of Habrobathynella had been analysed by Ranga Reddy & Totakura (2010), Totakura & Ranga Reddy (2014), and Ranga Reddy et al. (2014). Now, we briefly mention the newly recognised and phylogenetically important character states in the present new species, and also refer to the parallel conditions in the allied lineages, wherever relevant. Antennule. The fifth antennular segment in H. muvattupuzha n. sp. has two long aesthetascs, overreaching the sixth antennular segment. This character state is shared only with the Indian H. nagarjunai and both Madagascan species. All other species have three long or short aesthetascs on the said segment. Antenna. In the Parabathynellidae as a whole, two-segmented antenna occurs only in three genera besides Habrobathynella: Kimberleybathynella Cho, Park & Humphreys, 2005, Nipponbathynella Schminke, 1973, and Nunubathynella Schminke, 1976. The proximal segment tends to be reduced among various species of these genera, and this is particularly true of Habrobathynella species (see Ranga Reddy & Totakura 2010). On the other hand, the segment is nearly half as long as the next segment in H. muvattupuzha n. sp. much like what is seen in H. vidua, and it is almost as long as the next segment in H. adishankara n. sp., somewhat similar to the condition seen in certain species of Kimberleybathynella. The as-yet known most derived one-segmented condition is present only in Atopobathynella Schminke, 1973. Labrum. The vaulting is very vague in H. muvattupuzha n. sp. as in H. indica and H. ajraoi, whereas it is moderate in H. adishankara n. sp. as in H. pseudoindica. Among Habrobathynella species, the vaulting is most prominently developed in H. jeanneli, and the teeth are remarkably large and widely spaced in H. ajraoi. Interestingly, the vaulting is so deep that it has resulted almost in a bilobed condition of the labrum in the monotypic Haplophallonella Serban & Coineau, 1975. Mandible. Both H. muvattupuzha n. sp. and H. adishankara n. sp. conform to typical pattern of Habrobathynella in which the mandible is generally conservative. However, the unarticulated tooth on the ventral edge and the reduced and fork-like pars molaris with only four fused teeth (claws) in H. ajraoi are reminiscent of the closely allied, African Haplophallonella (Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014). Paragnaths. The relative size, shape and ornamentation of the median coupler together with the size, shape, orientation and ornamentation of the lateral lobes constitute an important species-specific criterion (Ranga Reddy et al. 2014). While the coupler is ornamented in all species of Habrobathynella in which the paragnath morphology has been depicted, it is smooth in the two new species; the lateral lobes are also smooth and posteriorly directed in both new species. However, the form of the coupler is distinct in the two species being minaret-like in H. muvattupuzha n. sp. and thumb-like in H. adishankara n. sp. Maxillule. In H. muvattupuzha n. sp., the proximalmost claw on inner margin of the distal endite is reduced to a spiniform structure, somewhat like in H. parakrishna, H. vaitarini, H. savitri and H. vidua (see Ranga Reddy & Totakura 2010). In H. adishankara n. sp., as also in H. ajraoi, the said claw is completely absent. Maxilla. The number of armature elements at the inner distal corner of the first segment varies between one and three among the congeners (Ranga Reddy et al. 2014). H. muvattupuzha n. sp. has two strongly unequal setae as in H. schminkei, H. krishna and H. pseudoindica, but only a single seta in H. adishankara n. sp., H. milloti, H. jeanneli, H. savitri, H. vidua, H. borraensis, and H. parakrishna. The most plesiomorphic state of three setae occurs in H. nagarjunai, H. indica, H. plenituda, H. vaitarini and H. ajraoi. Similarly, the mid-inner margin of the second segment in the two new species has only one seta, as in H. parakrishna, H. pseudoindica, H. schminkei, H. savitri and H. borraensis. A maximum of three setae occurs in same position in H. indica and H. plenituda. The apical seta at the inner distal corner of the second segment shows several character states (see Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014). In H. muvattupuzha n. sp., the seta is spiniform and about 80% as long as the apical claw whereas it is relatively slender, 55% as long as apical seta, and bulbous at the base in H. adishankara n. sp. In the two new species, the third segment is distinct from the apical claw as in the case of H. jeanneli, H. nagarjunai, H. schminkei, and H. plenituda whereas it is fused with the apical claw in all other species. Thoracopod I. The two new species are no different from most of the Habrobathynella species in having a seta at the inner distal corner of the first endopodal segment. It is only in H. ajraoi and H. pseudoindica that this seta is missing ���a novel apomorphic feature in Habrobathynella (Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014). The seta, when present, shows different character states in its length. It is short, being less than half as long as the second endopodal segment in H. nagarjunai and H. parakrishna, whereas in all the remaining species including the new species, it is at least half as long as, or slightly longer (e. g. H. plenituda) than the second segment. So, the presence or absence of the afore-mentioned seta, and when present, its length relative to second endopodal segment merit attention at species-level decisions. Thoracopod VIII male. The length of the basipodal seta generally varies between species (Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014). It is moderately developed in the two new species whereas it is longest in H. ajraoi. The basipod is without ornamentation in the two new species whereas it is ornamented in H. schminkei, H. plenituda and H. krishna. Totakura & Ranga Reddy (2014) mentioned the ascending order of the length of penile region in Habrobathynella species. With the addition of the two new species, its ascending order is as follows: jeanneli �� vaitarini �� nagarjunai < borraensis < plenituda < muvattupuzha n. sp. �� adishankara n. sp. �� pseudoindica �� krishna < indica. The inner lobe in the two new species is shorter than the dentate lobe, as is the case in most species of Habrobathynella. However, it is longer in H. milloti, H. indica and H. krishna and as long as the dentate lobe in H. schminkei and H. ajraoi. Uropod. Both H. muvattupuzha n. sp. and H. adishankara n. sp. have a similar configuration of a inhomonomous spine row, except that they have, respectively, three and four (rarely five) proximal spines, closely resembling the condition of H. krishna and H. vidua (see Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014). The relative lengthwidth ratios of the uropodal exopod and endopod and also the relative lengths of their setae vary between certain species (Totakura & Ranga Reddy 2014; Ranga Reddy et al. 2014)., Published as part of Elia, Bandari, Shaik, Shabuddin & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2016, Two new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the southwestern peninsular India, pp. 149-167 in Zootaxa 4150 (2) on pages 157-165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/267073, {"references":["Schminke, H. K. (1973) Evolution, System und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Familie Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Malacostraca). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Mikrofauna Meeresboden, 24, 1 - 192.","Ranga Reddy, Y. & Totakura, V. R. (2010) A taxonomic revision of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, with the description of four new species from southeastern India (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea). Zootaxa, 2532, 1 - 54.","Schminke, H. K. (2011) Arthropoda: Crustacea: Malacostraca: Bathynellacea Parabathynellidae, In, Invertebrate Fauna of the World, vol. 21. National Institute of Biological Resources, Seo-gu Incheon, Republic of Korea, 1 - 244.","Schminke, H. K. (1976) Systematische Untersuchungen an Grundwasserkrebsen - eine Bestandsaufnahme (mit der Beschreibung zweier neuer Gattungen der Familie Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea). International Journal of Speleology, 8, 195 - 216. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 8.1.18","Delamare Deboutteville, C. & Serban, E. (1974) Contribution la connaissance des pereiopodes VIII males des Habrobathynella milloti (Delamare et Paulian) Parabathynellidae, Bathynellacea. Annales de Speleologie, 29 (3), 381 - 387."]}

Parastenocaris enckelli n. sp. (Figs. 2���7) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 31 ��C, pH 7.0) near Kanaka Durga Varadhi at Vijayawada city (16 �� 29 ���13.0���N, 80 �� 37 ��� 38.6 ���E; elevation ca 10 m) in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11923), dissected on 3 slides; allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11924), dissected on 4 slides; 1 male paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11925) and 1 female paratype (MNHN-IU- 2013-11926) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 2 juveniles (1 male and 1 female, both of copepodid V stage) whole-mounted on 1 slide each in TVR���s personal collections. 31 August 1998, Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae) 362���378 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Nauplius eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and very slender, with inconspicuous podoplean boundary between prosome and urosome; prosome/ urosome ratio about 0.6 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at fifth pedigerous somite. Free pedigerous prosomites narrower than distal half of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 8.3; cephalothorax 1.4 times as wide as genital somite in lateral view. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions, all connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument smooth, ornamented only with sensilla and pores. Cephalothorax with obovate, dorsal, cuticular double-window at about midlength. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxa of leg 1 clearly exposed in lateral view (Fig. 2 b). Rostrum (Fig. 2 a) small, subtriangular, membranous, not demarcated at base, barely reaching midlength of first antennular segment and ornamented with 2 small, dorsal sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b) somewhat dilated behind, about 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view, representing 16.4 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 8 pairs of large sensilla besides dorsal double-window. Second pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 2 pairs of large sensilla (1 dorsal, 1 lateral). Third pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than second pediger, with 3 pairs of large sensilla (2 dorsal, 1 lateral). Fourth pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than third prosomite and with 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome: first urosomite widest of all urosomites but slightly shorter than fourth prosomite, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Second urosomite about as wide as first urosomite but slightly shorter, with 2 pairs of posterior sensilla and with small elliptical dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Third urosomite about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Fourth urosomite slightly narrower than third one, with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla, and with dorsal cuticular window. Preanal somite slightly narrower and longer than fourth urosomite, and without any surface ornamentation except for dorsal cuticular window. Anal somite (Fig. 3 a, b) about as long as, but slightly narrower than, preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as wide and ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, 1 lateral cuticular pore (Fig. 2 b) in anterior half. A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Figs. 2 a, 3 b) visible through fifth pediger and genital somite, about 2.7 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow and curved neck. Anal operculum moderately developed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of ventro-distal spinules, with slightly concave distal margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite and representing 68 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a, b): slightly divergent, distal third narrow, about 3 times as long as greatest width at subproximal level in dorsal view, 2.6 times as long in lateral view, and about 0.7 times as long as anal somite; full complement of setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 2 apical, and 1 outer) and ornamented with large lateral cuticular pore anteriorly (Fig. 2 b). Dorsal seta (VII) slender and smooth, inserted close to inner margin at about �� of ramus length at the level of setae I���III, about 0.8 times as long as caudal ramus, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.7 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, about 4 times as long as ramus, directed distally. Outer apical seta (IV) also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 4 b): slightly longer than cephalothorax, 8 -segmented, prehensile, ���pocket-knife type��� sensu Schminke 2010, and digeniculate; geniculation between segments 3 and 4, and 6 and 7; antepenultimate segment sharply bent inwards, forming sickle-shaped structure with its preceding segment; segment 8 directed medially. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Segments 5 and 6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without any proximal spinous process on anterior surface, with slender, elongate aesthetasc having blunt tip, overreaching ultimate segment, and fused basally to simple seta; shorter, slender, staff-like apical aesthetasc on segment 8, fused basally to 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.4.1.3+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules along outer margin. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.7: 1.4: 0.2: 1.3: 0.9: 0.8: 1.5. Antenna (Fig. 4 c): relatively stout and composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, unornamented. Allobasis about 2.6 times as long as maximum width, unarmed but ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 1 apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.7 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and 2.3 times as long as wide, with surface frill subdistally, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on inner margin, and armed with 2 short bipinnate similar spines laterally and 5 strong elements (2 spines, 2 geniculate and 1 unipinnate transformed setae) subapically. Mandible (Fig. 4 d, e): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa and with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, subcylindrical, about 3.7 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 4 f): praecoxal arthrite trapezoidal, about 1.4 times as long as wide in lateral view; armed with 1 strong, smooth lateral seta and 3 strong, apical spinous processes. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Basis slightly longer than coxal endite and armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 4 g): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa unornamented and with 2 endites; proximal endite short, armed with 1 smooth apical seta; distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 strong pinnate seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong claw with serrulate inner margin and without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth, subequal apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 4 h): with short and slender syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented. Basis slender, 2.6 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented; endopod small, with unipinnate claw, slightly shorter than basis. Leg 1 (Fig. 5 a): coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules near outer margin on dorsal surface. Basis shorter than coxa, trapezoidal; armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin; ornamented with 1 row of large spinules at base of exopod, 1 ventral row of spinules at base of endopod, 1 row near inner margin and 1 cuticular pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine on first segment; second segment unarmed and third segment with 4 elements (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae); ornamented with spinular rows along outer margin of all exopodal segments, as illustrated. Endopod 2 -segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment reaching distal margin of second exopodal segment, 3 times as long as wide, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 2 rows of spinules on inner margin; second segment ornamented with 1 transverse row of spinules on outer margin and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 short spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.5 times as long as entire endopod, 1.2 times as long as larger geniculate exopodal seta and almost 2.4 times as long as outer spine on endopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 5 b): coxa large, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of small spinules on outer margin. Basis much smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at base of exopod and 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined and slightly curved inwards; all segments ornamented with rows of spinules along outer margin, as illustrated, and segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; inner corner of second segment with 1 row of spinules; segment 1 armed with outer bipinnate spine; segment 2 unarmed. Segment 3 longer than segment 2, armed with 3 long elements: 1 subapical unipinnate spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae. Endopod 1 -segmented, subcylindrical and distally dilated, almost 2.6 times as long as wide, about half as long as first exopodal segment; apical margin armed with 1 smooth seta, which is 0.8 times as long as segment and pointing inwards, and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 5 c): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with arched row of spinules near mid-distal margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 ventral row of minute spinules near outer margin and 1 pore on anterior surface; armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by smooth, slender seta, inserted at 3 / 4 of inner margin of basis. Both exopodal segments fused; ancestral proximal segment moderately stout, 3.5 times as long as wide, swollen at subproximal outer margin, only slightly curved inwards; small prominence on inner distal margin; 1 spinular row on posterior surface of outer distal corner; ancestral distal segment (apophysis) ladle-shaped with hyaline membrane, somewhat bent inwards, longer than thumb, unornamented and unarmed; thumb slender, spiniform, inwardly curved and reaching 3 / 4 of apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 5 d): coxa rectangular, ornamented with short oblique spinular row near outer distal corner. Basis shorter, trapezoidal in anterior view and armed with moderately long outer seta; ornamented with 1 pore on anterior surface. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with spinules along outer margins of all segments; segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; segment 2 with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; segment 1 stout, about as long as next 2 segments combined and armed with strong bipinnate outer spine; segment 2 unarmed; segment 3 armed with 1 outer spine and 1 inner bipinnate seta; inner apical seta 1.8 times as long as outer seta, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Inner distal margin of basis with large chitinized plate, below which lie 2 hyaline, outwardly directed, blunt structures at outer corner (arrowed in Fig. 5 d); also, with 1 smooth, moderately strong, somewhat claw-like spine at distal inner corner. Endopod proper as acutely pointed conical hyaline membrane, ornamented with 3 spinules at mid-outer margin. Leg 5 (Figs. 2 b, 3 a): simple, elongated, rhomboidal plate; both legs fused at base, pointing caudally and slightly overreaching end of the somite, inner distal corner produced into long, acute spiniform process, ornamented with cuticular pore on anterior surface and armed with basal seta and 2 inner smooth setae on oblique distal margin; basal seta longer than entire leg; outer seta about 0.3 times as long as leg 5, and 1.2 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore and elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, measured as in male, 385���400 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 4 a): slightly less slender than in male, prosomites, colour and nauplius eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-somite. Genital double-somite (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): shorter than maximum width (ventral view), without any trace of subdivision, with oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Genital complex occupying anteroventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, each covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pore medial; seminal receptacles small, hard to distinguish from internal tissue and gut content; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6 c). Sensilla similar to those on male third urosomite, while 2 sensilla of male second urosomite missing. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 4 a, 6 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide in ventral view, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 4 i): 7 -segmented, segment 1 ornamented with 4 minute spinules disto-ventrally, aesthetasc on segment 4 slender, overreaching tip of appendage, and that on segment 7 more slender, staff-like and fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.4.2+aes.0.2.8+aes. All setae except proximalmost one on segment 2 smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.5: 2.2: 2.2: 0.5: 0.5: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 5 similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rectangular, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin; basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near base of exopod, 1 row at base of endopod, 1 pore on proximal surface; armed with 1 small seta each on outer margin; exopod and endopod almost as in male. Leg 2 (Fig. 7 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of minute spinules near inner margin and another row at outer distal corner ventrally. Basis larger than coxa, unarmed, and ornamented with arched spinular row near outer distal corner and 1 pore proximally; exopodal segments as in male. Endopod cylindrical, 4.5 times as long as wide; apical margin armed with 1 seta and ornamented with 2 spinules. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 c): coxa with arched row of ventral spinules on outer distal margin. Basis ornamented with 1 arched spinular row near outer margin and armed with long and smooth outer seta, which is about 0.6 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, each segment with hyaline frill distally on inner distal corner; segment 1 armed with single outer spine; segment 2 with outer spine and strong apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 7 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod lanceolate, slightly shorter than first exopodal segment; distal third bent inwards, gradually tapering to acuminate point and with serrulate lateral margins. Leg 6 (Fig. 6 c) vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unarmed and unornamented. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. H. Enckell, who was the first to describe parastenocaridids from the Indian subcontinent. The specific epithet, enckelli, is a noun in the genitive singular. Distribution and ecology. This species is so far known from the type locality, co-occurring with the following taxa: a species each of Harpacticoida, Cyclopoida and Cladocera, some rotifers, oligochaetes and chironomid larvae., Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2016, Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 125-151 in Zootaxa 4066 (2) on pages 127-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/270540, {"references":["Schminke, H. K. (2010) High-level phylogenetic relationships within Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Crustaceana, 83, 343 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121610 X 12627655658168"]}

Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Shaik, Shabuddin (2016): Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 4066 (2): 125-151, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2

Dussartstenocaris bisetosa n. sp. (Figs. 8���13) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 32 ��C, pH 7.0) at Chintalapudi village, ~ 5 km from Nidubrolu town (16 ��02��� 23.8 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 35.4 ���E; elevation ca 36.5 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11956) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11957), dissected on 4 slides each; 2 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11958), dissected on 4 slides; 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11959), whole-mounted on 1 slide; 0 4 January 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. 1 male, dissected on 3 slides in TVR���s personal collections. Farm bore at Kunchanapalli village (16 �� 23 ��� 42.1 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 28.2 ���E, elevation 26 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India, 21 December 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami, 296���352 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Nauplius eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 8 A) cylindrical and slender, without any demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.8 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at genital somite. Body with thin, imperforated cuticle, length/width ratio about 7.4. Free pedigerous somites without any expansions; all somites connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument ornamented with sensilla, some pores and spinules, and also with somewhat obpyriform cuticular double-window on cephalothorax, somewhat close to posterior margin, and 1 elliptical, dorsal cuticular window each in the anterior half of genital somite and next 3 urosomites; window on genital somite smallest. Cephalothorax (Fig. 8 a) obovate, about 1.3 times as long as wide in lateral view, representing 16.7 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 8 pairs of sensilla. Rostrum (Figs. 8 a, b, 10 a) small, membranous, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 dorso-lateral sensilla. Second pedigerous somite as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 2 pairs of large sensilla, 1 pair proximally. Third pedigerous somite slightly longer than second pediger, with 2 pairs of large sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite as long as third prosomite, with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome (Fig. 9 a, b) gradually narrowing behind. First urosomite as wide as distal half of genital somite, with 2 pairs of dorso-distal sensilla and 1 pair each on ventral surface of urosomites 1���4. Genital somite shorter than first urosomite, also with 3 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral) and 1 sensillum on either side of sixth legs. Third and fourth urosomites nearly as long as genital somite, with 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral). Preanal somite without any surface ornamentation. Anal somite about 1.5 times as long as wide in dorsal view, slightly narrower than preanal somite; ornamented with 2 short rows of small spinules at 2 / 5 of segment length, 1 complete row of very fine spinules close to posterior margin of anal operculum, 8 mid-dorsal, relatively large spinules, 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum and 1 cuticular pore proximo-laterally. A single, large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Fig. 8 a) visible through genital somite and next somite, about 2.9 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow curled neck. Anal operculum moderately developed, with smooth, slightly convex margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite and representing 74.3 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide, ornamented with 1 short diagonal row of 3���5 spinules on either side postero-ventrally as in Fig. 9 a-d. Caudal rami (Fig. 9 a���c): divergent, cylindrical, narrow at base in ventral view; about 4 times as long as greatest width in dorsal view and about 0.7 times as long as anal somite; armed with 6 setae (2 lateral, 1 dorsal, 2 apical, and 1 subapical), and with ventral row of fine spinules along posterior margin, of which 1 spinule at inner distal corner elongate. Lateral setae (I, III) unequal and located slightly anterior to midlength; seta II missing. Dorsal seta (VII) inserted at distal fifth of caudal rami and close to inner margin, slender, plumose, about as long as caudal ramus and biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) stout, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 6.2 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with acute tip. Outer apical seta (IV) small, smooth, only about 0.4 times as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing laterally. Antennule (Fig. 10 b): slightly longer than cephalothorax, slender, 8 -segmented, ���coiled type���; digeniculate, geniculation between fourth and fifth, and between sixth and seventh segments. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules; second segment longest, being about 3 times as long as maximum width; segments 5 and 6 moderately dilated; segment 5 without any proximal spiniform process on anterior surface, with moderately developed aesthetasc, constricted at about midlength, with blunt tip, barely reaching end of ultimate segment, and fused basally with 1 simple seta; ultimate segment with aesthetasc, only slightly smaller than that on segment 5, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.4.1.4+aes.0.0.9+aes. All setae slender, smooth; proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules along disto-lateral margin; proximalmost seta of segments 2 and 8 articulate basally. Length ratios of segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0: 2.6: 0.7: 0.4: 2.5: 1.1: 1.7: 1.5. Antenna (Fig. 10 c): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 -segmented endopod, and 1 -segmented exopod. Coxa very short, ornamented with arched row of short spinules. Allobasis about 3.8 times as long as maximum width and ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod small, somewhat cylindrical, about 3.3 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed with 1 apical seta, which is 3.3 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and about 2.3 times as long as wide, with surface frill distally, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on inner margin and armed laterally with 2 short bipinnate unequal spines and apically with 5 strong elements (2 subequal spines, 2 subequal geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Mandible (Fig. 10 d): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa and with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 -segmented, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed apically with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 10 e): praecoxal arthrite rectangular, about 2.2 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with strong lateral seta and 3 weak apical elements. Coxal endite armed with 1 smooth apical seta. Basis; (c) genital field. slightly longer than coxal endite and armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 10 f): composed of syncoxa, basis and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, proximal one short and armed with 2 smooth apical setae, and distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 strong pinnate spiniform seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw and without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 10 g): syncoxa unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 5.5 times as long as wide; endopod small with unipinnate claw, about 0.6 times as long as basis. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 11 a���c, g): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth. Leg 1 (Fig. 11 a): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of small spinules disto-medially. Basis shorter than coxa, trapezoidal, with outer seta and ornamented with 1 row of spinules each near base of exopod and endopod. Exopod 3 -segmented; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined; segments 1 and 2 with 1 longitudinal row of spinules each at outer distal corner, and segment 3 with 1 longitudinal row of spinules at about midlength of inner margin; segment 1 armed with 1 short and slender outer bipinnate spine; segment 2 unarmed and segment 3 with 4 elements (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 -segmented, slightly longer than exopod; first segment 1.6 times as long as second exopodal segment, 3.1 times as long as wide, unarmed and ornamented with 2 rows of elongate spinules on outer margin and 2 longitudinal rows of small spinules on inner margin; segment 2 ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin and armed with 1 spine subapically and 1 long geniculate seta apically; endopodal geniculate seta 1.4 times as long as entire endopod, almost twice as long as outer spine on endopod, 1.2 times as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements except spine on first exopodal segment unipinnate along outer margin. Leg 2 (Fig. 11 b): coxa with 1 arched row of spinules near inner distal corner. Basis smaller than coxa, unarmed and ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margin and 1 row of fine spinules at base of endopod. Exopod 3 -segmented; ornamented with isolated rows of spinules along outer margins of all segments; segments 1 and 3 with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner, but segment 2 with 1 row of spinules instead. Segment 1 strong, 1.3 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer spine on segment 1; segment 2 unarmed; segment 3 about as long as segment 2, armed with 3 elements (1 subapical spine and 2 apical plumose setae); innermost seta 1.4 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 -segmented, slender, almost cylindrical, 7.6 times as long as wide, about 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 2 large spinules on subdistal outer margin, and apical margin with 2 spinules and armed with 1 smooth seta, which is 1.2 times as long as endopod. Leg 3 (Fig. 11 c���f): coxa trapezoidal, smaller than basis, ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules at inner distal corner. Basis robust, produced at inner distal corner, ornamented with 1 longitudinal row of spinules on inner margin and 1 pore on anterior surface and armed with long, slender, simple seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by very small, rudimentary seta, inserted at distal fourth of inner margin of basis. Exopod with both segments perfectly fused together; ancestral proximal segment moderately strong, slightly curved inwards, 4 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer proximal margin; ancestral distal segment (apophysis) ladle-shaped, with hyaline lateral margins, unornamented and unarmed; thumb, longer than apophysis, and with 3 unequal apical lobes lined with hyaline margins (arrowed in Fig. 11 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 11 g): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with arched row of spinules at outer distal corner and 2 modified, elongate spinules, reaching almost distal end of basis and with a hyaline zone around them at inner distal corner. Basis trapezoidal and slightly longer than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of small spinules at base of exopod and armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 -segmented, ornamented with rows of spinules on outer margins of all segments and additional row of spinules along inner distal corner of segment 2, 1 hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of segments 1 and 3; segment 1 slightly curved inwards, 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; segment 2 with straight inner margin and unarmed; segment 3 slightly longer than second one and armed with 1 outer spine and 1 apical bipinnate seta; apical seta 2.2 times as long as outer spine, 3.9 times as long as third exopodal segment, 1.2 times as long as entire exopod. Endopod claw-like and outcurved and ornamented with 1 spinule at proximal third of its length; 2 equal, large spinules also occurring near the base of endopod on outer side with hyaline zone around them. Leg 5 (Fig. 9 a, b, e): without intercoxal sclerite; legs distinct at base, small, bowl-shaped plate, located at distal half of somite, with acute, minute spinous process at inner distal angle and smooth inner margins; cuticular pore not discernible; armed with 2 unequal smooth setae on distal margin (probably ancestral endopodal armature), inner seta 2.6 times as long as outer one; basal seta missing. Leg 6 (Fig. 9 a, b): smooth, unarmed and unornamented, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite, hook-like in lateral view, triangular plate-like structure in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, measured as in male, 348 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 8 b): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and nauplius eye similar to male, except genital somite and first abdominal somite fused into double-somite. Genital double-somite (Fig. 12 a): genital complex located mostly in the anteroventral half of genital doublesomite, and broader than high; genital apertures covered by vestigial sixth legs; median copulatory pores also covered by fused sixth legs; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and sclerotized. All posterior sensilla of third urosomite homologous to those on male, while 2 sensilla from male second urosomite missing. Third, preanal and anal somites very similar to male. Caudal rami (Fig. 12 a���c): slightly divergent, 1.5 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide in ventral view, gradually tapering; armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 10 h): 7 -segmented; segment 1 short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on ventral surface; segment 2 longest; segment 4 with short, moderately strong, medially constricted aesthetasc with pointed tip, slightly overreaching distal margin of sixth segment; aesthetasc on segment 7 more slender and shorter than that on segment 4, 0.7 times as long as segment, fused basally to 2 apical setae (acrotheck); setal formula: 0.4.4.2+aes.1.1.9+aes. All setae, except unipinnate proximalmost one on second segment smooth. Length ratios of segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1.0:3.0: 1.6: 1.3: 1.2: 0.8: 1.4. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 1 (Fig. 13 a) and 5 (Fig. 12 a) similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 13 b): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on medial surface; basis smaller than coxa; ornamentation same as in male. Exopod similar to male. Endopod nearly cylindrical, 0.7 times as long as first exopodal segment and ornamented with 2 spinules on subdistal outer margin; apical margin armed with 1 seta, which is 0.8 times as long as endopod, and ornamented with 2 spines. Leg 3 (Fig. 13 c): coxa with 1 arched row of spinules medially. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 4 or 5 large spinules in a row on outer distal margin and armed with long, basally articulate, smooth outer seta, which is 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 -segmented, with large spinules along outer margin, both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; segment 1 armed with 1 outer spine; segment 2 with outer spine and strong apical seta; seta 3.2 times as long as spine; all armature elements bipinnate. Endopod greatly reduced to small, smooth, knob-like structure (arrowed in Fig. 13 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 13 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod 1 -segmented, 0.8 times as long as first exopodal segment, straight, ornamented with transverse row of 5 spinules at 3 / 5 of length, spiniform, ending in acuminate point, and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 6 not discernible. Variation. Number of spinules on ventro-distal margin of anal somite varying between 3 and 5 in male (Fig. 3 c, d). Etymology. The specific epithet, bisetosa, from the Latin adjective, setosu s, alludes to the presence two setae on leg 5 in both sexes; gender feminine. Distribution and ecology. The new species is known only from two farm bores, about 50 km apart, in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh state. It was accompanied by one bathynellacean species only at the type locality (Chintalapudi bore), and one bathynellacean, one cyclopoid species, a new species of a new parastenocaridid genus, and some other unidentified harpacticoids in the other bore., Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2016, Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India, pp. 125-151 in Zootaxa 4066 (2) on pages 137-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/270540

Order HARPACTICOIDA G. O. Sars, 1903 Family PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940 Subfamily PARASTENOCARIDINAE Chappuis, 1940 Indocaris gen. nov. Generic diagnosis Small-sized Parastenocaridinae (260–350 μm); body cylindrical habitus, integument weakly sclerotised, somites ornamented with large sensilla; cephalothorax with one dorsal integumental window, and urosomites 2 – or 3–5 in males, and 2–4 in females with one dorsal window each. Podoplean boundary between prosome and urosome inconspicuous. Genital complex in female rectangular, occupying anterior ventral half of genital double-somite; single genital aperture and median copulatory pore covered by fused vestigial sixth legs. Caudal rami somewhat cylindrical, armed with seven setae (three lateral, one dorsal, two apical and two subapical), with lateral group of setae and dorsal seta occurring at the same level, all located in distal third of ramus. Male antennule eight-segmented, haplocer and ‘coiled type’; distal two segments in line with each other; geniculation between segments 3 and 4, and 6 and 7; segment 5 barely dilated, but with massive aesthetasc overreaching ultimate segment; female antennule seven-segmented. Maxilla with one or two setae on proximal endite. Leg 1 basis with inner armature element in males; exopod shorter than endopod and sharply curved inwards; first endopodal segment with elongate spinules on both margins. Leg 2 in both sexes with one-segmented and short endopod, bearing one apical seta. Female leg 3 endopod of moderate length, or reduced, with or without fused apical seta. Male leg 3 composed of praecoxa, coxa, basis and exopod; intercoxal sclerite moderate in size; both exopodal segments fused to each other almost completely, slender, elongate and bent inwards; ancestral proximal segment ornamented with longitudinal row of spinules along outer distal margin; apophysis short, conical with generally fused apical seta; thumb spiniform, longer than apophysis, and acutely pointed; endopod represented by either slender segment tipped with a small seta or by a simple seta itself. Male leg 4 coxa without spinules on inner margin; basis with five or six prominent, imbricate, enlarged (petaloid) spinules at the insertion of endopod, the spinules increasing in size from internal to external; endopod somewhat dilated or bulbous proximally and drawn out distally into incurved spiniform or horn-like structure, about as long as first exopodal segment, and ornamented with three or four small spinules at subproximal outer margin. Female leg 4 endopod one-segmented, gradually tapering to a point, with serrulate disto-lateral margins. Leg 5 small, trapezoidal, without intercoxal sclerite, armed with three or four setae and only slightly extending beyond its own somite; sexually dimorphic with inner margin being spinulose in male but smooth in female, and the spiniform process at the inner distal corner somewhat shorter in male. Anal somite with or without ventral spinules. Type species Indocaris imbricata sp. nov. Other species Indocaris inopinata sp. nov. Indocaris tirupatiensis (Ranga Reddy, 2011a) comb. nov. Etymology The prefix of the generic name, ‘Indo’, alludes to India, where the new genus is found, and the suffix ‘karis’ is most common in the family Parastenocarididae; gender feminine., Published as part of Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Shaik, Shabuddin, 2016, A new genus and two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from southeastern India, pp. 1315-1356 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 1317-1319, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1130870, http://zenodo.org/record/5206185, {"references":["Chappuis PA. 1940. Die Harpacticoiden des Grundwassers des unteren Maintales. Arch. Hydrobiol. 36: 286 - 305.","Ranga Reddy Y. 2011 a. A new phreatic species of genus Parastenocaris Kessler (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Parastenocarididae) from southeastern India, with a key to species of Indian subcontinent. Biosystematica. 5: 21 - 29."]}

Indocaris tirupatiensis (Ranga Reddy, 2011a) comb. nov. (Figures 1, 14A–F) Synonymy: Parastenocaris tirupatiensis Ranga Reddy, 2011a: 21–29, figs 1–5; Ranga Reddy, 2014: 5320; Totakura et al., 2014: 535. Type locality Borewell on the Sri Venkateswara University campus (13°37′44″N, 79°23′58″E); elevation 162 m), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Figure 1). Diagnosis of adult male Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to end of caudal rami, 350 μm. Body length/urosome 7.7. Hyaline frills on all somites smooth. Cephalothorax somewhat rectangular, with vague, spherical integumental window. Urosomites 3–5 each with somewhat elliptical, dorsal integumental window. Anal somite (Figure 14A) ornamented with two pairs of crescentic rows of particularly large but unequal spinules on ventral surface. Caudal rami four times as long as wide and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; dorsal seta inserted at four fifths of ramus length opposite to lateral group of setae. Aesthetasc on fifth antennular segment large, club-shaped. Leg 1 basis (Figure 14B) with digitiform chitinous structure near proximal inner corner in addition to usual outer seta; exopod shorter than endopod; second and third exopodal segments sharply bent inwards. Leg 2 endopod (Figure 14C) spatulate, unornamented, bearing an apical bipinnate, inwardly bent claw-like seta. Leg 3 (Figure 14D) arc-like, exopod one-segmented, ornamented with large spinules on outer distal margin and tiny hyaline lobe on inner distal margin; apophysis conical, shorter than spiniform, outcurved thumb and somewhat bulging at proximal outer angle. Endopod short, one-segmented, digitiform and tipped with simple seta. Leg 4 (Figure 14E) basis with a row of five large, imbricate spinules at insertion of endopod; spinules increasing in size from internal to external; endopod one-segmented, flask-shaped, 0.8 times as long as first exopodal segment, with bulbous proximal half and narrow, incurved, horn-like distal region, and ornamented with three slender spinules at about mid-length of outer margin; exopodal segments of legs 2 and 4 ornamented with a row of spinules each outer margin. Leg 5 (Figure 14F) without intercoxal sclerite; large, conical plate-like structure, ending in short spinous process, reaching almost midlength of next somite; armature consisting of uniarticulate outer seta followed by one short spiniform seta and two moderately long setae; inner margin ornamented with five large spinules around the middle. Leg 6 smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with somite; in lateral view (Figure 14F) appearing a conical protrusion, reaching posterior margin of same somite. Female: unknown.

Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008 (Fig. 23) Synonymy. Rybocylops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008: 40–50, Figs. 1–3. Material examined. Two female topotypes collected from the type locality. Remark. A close scrutiny of the topotypes of R. dussarti shows that the original figures and description of the antennule and antenna (Figs. 23 a, b), especially of the former, are incomplete in certain respects. Hence fresh drawings are provided herein for both these appendages. Importantly, the female antennule has the modified conical seta on segment 5, an aesthetasc on segment 8 as well as segment 11, and plumosity on certain setae, but these details are missing in the original account. Otherwise, the topotypes examined perfectly agree with the original account.

Brevicyclops n. g. Generic diagnosis. Small cyclopinae, total body length of females 324���410 ��m, of males 228���361 ��m. Body cyclopiform, moderately strong; genital double-somite strongly dilated proximally and somewhat narrow distally; anal operculum moderately developed; caudal rami 1.6���1.8 times as long as wide; dorsal seta particularly long; principal outer apical seta either greatly reduced, being about as long as innermost apical seta, or completely absent; female antennule 11 -segmented; seventh segment with 2 setae; male antennule 16���17 -segmented; antennal armature formula 1.1.5.7; mandibular palp lacking; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1.1.2; legs 1���4 with 2 - segmented exopod and endopod; spine formula of second exopodal segment: 2.2. 2.2 or 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4 or 5.5.5.4; leg 1 basis without inner spine; coxopodal spine absent at least on leg 4; legs 1���4 intercoxal plates with small, rounded, and mostly smooth prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae. Leg 6 reduced to 2 distinctly unequal setae. Type species. Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. g., n. sp. Other species. Brevicyclops asetosus n. g., n. sp., Brevicyclops viduus n. g., n. sp. Remark. The significant synapomorphy of the genus Brevicyclops n. g. is that the principal outer apical caudal seta is either extremely reduced in size or completely absent. Clearly, this genus has closest morphological affinity with the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982. Etymology. The genus name is derived by prefixing the Latin brevi (= short) to the common term Cyclops to denote to the above-mentioned synapomorphic feature. Gender masculine., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]"]}

Brevicyclops asetosus n. g., n. sp. (Figs. 30���33) Type locality. River Krishna at Madipadu village (16 �� 48 ��� 50 ������ N 80 ��04 ��� 22 ������ E, elevation 40 m) (water temperature 27 ��C, pH 7.0) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11868), undissected on 1 slide; and 1 paratype female, dissected on 2 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11869); 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Medium-sized cyclopinae; total body length of females 324���402 ��m. Genital double-somite about as long as wide; anal operculum of moderate size, bowl-shaped, with fine serrulate margin, hardly reaching distal margin of anal somite. Caudal rami 1.8 times as long as wide, unornamented; principal outer apical seta completely absent, and dorsal seta 2.3 times as long as ramus. Antennule 11 -segmented in female. Legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented rami in both sexes; spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5.5.4; coxa of all legs unornamented. Inner basal spine of leg 1 absent. Intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with rounded small prominences, coxal armature present only on legs 2 and 3. Leg 4 endopod 1.3 times as long as wide, armed with 1 spine and 1 seta apically. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae: basipodal seta plumose, inner 2 setae unequal and smooth. Leg 6 reduced to 2 very small elements. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 324 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 30 a) somewhat robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 1.6 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.8. Cephalothorax (Fig. 30 a) 0.9 times as long as wide, not produced postero-laterally, and 46.2 % of total body length. Rostrum (Fig. 32 a) well developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 large sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 only slightly produced at distal angles, postero-lateral margins rounded; fifth pedigerous somite with oblique lateral margins. Second pedigerous somite about as wide as cephalothorax. Arthrodial membranes between free pedigerous somites moderately developed and hyaline frill slightly developed mid-dorsally, smooth on all somites; all somites partially perforated, no cuticular windows, and sensilla discernible. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome absent. Medial part of fifth pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as genital double-somite and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital double-somite (Fig. 30 a���c) somewhat expanded subproximally, 0.9 times as long as wide and ornamented with 4 sensilla near posterior border; genital apparatus as in Fig. 30 c; hyaline fringe of genital double-somite as well as next 2 somites narrow and smooth. Anal somite (Fig. 30 a���c) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of tiny spinules latero-ventrally on posterior margin and 2 small sensilla dorsally. Anal operculum (Fig. 30 a, b) moderately developed, bowl-shaped, 71 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite, nearly straight, with finely serrulate posterior margin. Anal sinus wide, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Fig. 30 b, c): parallel, close to each other and about 1.3 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.8 times as long as sub-proximal maximum width and unornamented disto-ventrally (Fig. 30 c); dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and biarticulate at base, 0.4 times as long as inner apical seta; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and about half as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 0.9 times as long as ramus, inserted subterminally; innermost apical seta slender and about half as long as outermost apical seta; inner principal apical seta without breaking plane; outer seta completely absent; inner seta about 2.2 times as long as dorsal seta; outermost apical seta about twice as long as innermost seta; both these setae unipinnate; all other setae bipinnate. Antennule (Fig. 31 a): 11 -segmented, ornamented with row of spinules proximally on first segment, with armature formula as follows: 7.1.5.2.1.2.2.2.2.2.7+aes. Segments 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11 with 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 and 4 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.2: 0.4: 0.6: 0.5: 0.3: 0.5: 0.6. Antenna (Fig. 31 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis about twice as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and unornamented; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 1 seta on subdistal inner margin; second endopodal segment 2.2 times as long as maximum width; third endopodal segment 2.6 times as long as wide. Other details same as in type species. Labrum (Fig. 32 b): relatively small, trapezoidal, anterior cutting edge almost straight, with 12 moderate-sized, acute teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral lobes; ornamented with 2 groups of hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 32 c) and maxillule (Fig. 32 d): same as in type species. Maxilla (Fig. 32 e): endopodal proximal segment armed with 2 claws; proximal claw with serrulate inner margin and 2.4 times as long as distal one. Other details as in type species. Maxilliped (Fig. 32 f): same as in type species. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 33 a���d): short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis and lateral margins of exopod and endopod, as illustrated. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Coxae of all legs unornamented. Intercoxal plates with 2 small rounded unornamented prominences each on all legs. Inner basal spine absent on leg 1. Coxal seta present on legs 2 and 3 only. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1 +I Leg 5 (Fig. 30 a���c): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae; basal seta longest and lying on small protuberance; other 2 setae simple, unequal and located on short prominence, representing ancestral distal segment. Leg 6 (Fig. 30 a���c): trapezoidal, plate-like and armed with 2 reduced spiniform setae. Male unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective setosus (= bristle-bearing) to which the Latin a - (= without) is prefixed, alluding to the absence of the principal outer apical caudal seta; gender masculine. Distribution and ecology. The new species was collected only from the type locality where it was accompanied by Habrobathynella sp., Anzcyclops indicus n. sp., Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 50-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235

Halicyclops martinezi n. sp. (Figs. 9–16) Type locality. River Godavari (water temperature 25 ºC, pH 7.0) at Kotipalli village (16 ° 41 ′ 36.4 ″N, 82 °03′09. 9 ″E; elevation 10 m) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11851) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11852), dissected on 3 slides each; 65 paratypes: 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11853) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11854), dissected on 3 slides each; 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11855 – 11856) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 201311857) whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 41 females and 9 males in alcohol (MNHN-IU- 2013-11858); and 5 females and 5 males in senior author’s personal collection; 24 January 2010; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined: River Godavari: South India, Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari District at Kotipalli village (water temperature 23 ºC, pH 7.5), 0 2 February 2008: 2 males and 8 females; at Kota village (16 ° 41 ′ 36.2 ″N, 82 °03′ 99.9 ″E; elevation 10 m; water temperature 28 ºC, pH 7.0), 14 January 2010: 1 female only; at Brahmapuri village (16 ° 43 ′ 22.1 ″N, 82 °08′ 18.0″E; elevation 8 m; water temperature 28 ºC, pH 7.0), 24 January 2010: 1 male, 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of female 382–418 Μm; of male 361–435 Μm; cephalothorax subquadrate, without dorsal integumental window, about as long as its greatest width distally and 37.1 % of total body length; hyaline fringes on all segments denticulate; pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome; genital doublesomite as long as wide, without lateral projections; ornamented with latero-ventral window on either side of distal half; pseudo-operculum on preanal somite extending up to midlength of anal somite; female antennule 6 - segmented, fourth segment 1.9 times as long wide; antenna 4 -segmented, second endopodal segment 5.8 times as long wide, with 5 setae on inner margin; mandibular palp represented by 2 reduced, unequal simple setae; maxillulary basis with basally swollen inner medial plumose seta, exopodal seta half as long as endopod seta; maxilla 4 -segmented; maxilliped 2 -segmented; legs 1–4 spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5.5.4; leg 4 third endopodal segment with spiniform inner setae; caudal rami slightly divergent, each ramus about twice as long as maximum width; ornamentation on principal outer apical seta and principal inner apical seta heteronomous; lateral seta arising from 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 2.1 times as long as ramus; innermost apical seta 1.8 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal inner apical seta 6.8 times as long as caudal ramus. Leg 5 basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance; exopod armed with 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta. Leg 6 with 2 spiniform setae and 1 small and slender seta. Genital field located anteriorly. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 486 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 9 a) robust, perforated, cyclopiform, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.3 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (159 Μm). Body length/width ratio 2.7. Cephalothorax (Fig. 9 a) about as long as its greatest width at distal end, 37.1 % of total body length, 2.4 times as wide as genital double-somite, and not produced posterolaterally; hyaline fringe well developed dorsally; ornamented with several small sensilla as illustrated, and without suture on dorsal surface. Rostral projection (Figs. 9 a, 10 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular in dorsal view, with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface. Second and third free pedigerous somites pointed postero-laterally, ornamented with 4 and 6 sensilla, respectively. Fourth pediger with rounded corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite. Free pedigers 2–3 with well developed denticulate hyaline fringe on distal margin dorso-ventrally. Urosome (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b): fifth pedigerous somite with hyaline fringe dorso-ventrally and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital double-somite elliptical, 0.9 times as long as wide; hyaline fringe with denticulate margin both dorsally and ventrally; ornamented with 1 vague trapezoidal integumental window in proximal dorsal half, 1 large lateral, cuticular window on either side, 2 large cuticular recesses on each side at midlength, 7 dorsal and 4 ventral pores (Fig. 10 d) and 6 sensilla dorso-posteriorly (Fig. 10 c). Copulatory pore (Fig. 10 d) small; copulatory duct narrow, short and sclerotized. Seminal receptacle very small, ovoid. Ovipores situated dorso-laterally, covered with reduced sixth legs. Sixth legs (Fig. 10 c, e) bearing 3 short, spiniform elements, innermost one somewhat slender. Preanal somite with denticulate hyaline fringe both dorsally and ventrally, but 2 medial dorsal denticles (pseudooperculum) protruding and extending up to distal-third of anal somite (Fig. 9 b). Anal somite (Figs. 9 a, 10 b) ornamented with 2 small sensilla on dorsal surface, and transverse row of spinules on posterior margin. Anal operculum smooth and moderately developed, representing 50.8 % of anal somite’s width. Anal sinus widely open; ornamented with 2 diagonal rows of fine spinules. Caudal rami (Figs. 9 a, 10 b): slightly divergent, with basal space between them about 0.7 times as wide as ramus’ width; ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with spinular row on distal margin ventrolaterally at base of outermost apical seta and at inner distal corner; dorsal seta about 0.6 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 1.3 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 1.2 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically; principal apical setae with breaking planes; inner seta 1.7 times as long as outer seta, 1.2 times as long as urosome, and 6.5 times as long as caudal ramus. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 11 a): 6 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax and ornamented with 1 crescentic row of spinules proximally on first segment. Setal formula: 8.12.3+aes. 6 +aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.8: 0.4: 1.2: 0.6: 1.0. Segments 1–6 with 3, 3, 3, 4, 2, and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Probable segmental homology 1 (I–V), 2 (VI–XI), 3 (XII–XIV), 4 (XV–XX), 5 (XXI–XXIV), 6 (XV–XVIII). Antenna (Fig. 11 b): 4 -segmented, comprising coxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Coxa small and unarmed. Basis about as long as first endopodal segment, ornamented with short U-shaped row of tiny spinules near proximal outer corner; armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 pinnate seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta. Second endopodal segment 5.2 times as long as wide, about twice as long as first one, armed with 5 lateral and 7 apical setae, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules on proximal surface and 2 longitudinal rows of small spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 12 a): trapezoidal; anterior edge straight, narrow with 11 small teeth between large lateral teeth; ornamentation not discernible. Mandible (Fig. 12 b): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of only 2 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 small, more or less equal small teeth and 3 strong spinules between small teeth; outer group comprising 1 simple slender tooth and 1 pinnate outermost seta. Palp represented by 2 small, unequal setae. Maxillule (Fig. 12 c): composed of well developed praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Arthrite of praecoxa bearing 4 very strong spinous processes and 7 armature elements along inner margin (second proximal one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, with smooth proximal exopodal seta and 2 apical setae (inner one basally dilated, pinnate) and 1 subapical smooth seta; endopod small and distinct at base, with 3 smooth setae (2 apical setae, 1 inner subapical seta). Maxilla (Fig. 12 d): 3 -segmented, praecoxa partially fused with coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa small, armed with 2 unequal plumose setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 short pinnate seta; distal endite highly mobile, bearing 1 completely fused and very stout pinnate seta and 1 small pinnate seta. Basis drawn out into spinulose robust claw and armed with 2 unequal setae; strong seta about as long as claw. Endopod armed with 2 spinulose claws and 3 smooth setae. All strong setae as well as basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 12 e): 2 -segmented, composed of protopod and 1 -segmented endopod. Protopod 3.2 times as long as wide and armed with 2 strong spiniform setae and 1 smooth normal seta; unornamented. Endopod half as long as protopod, armed with 2 strong bipinnate setae and 2 smooth setae and 1 bipinnate strong, claw-like apical seta; apical seta longest, 1.7 times as long as segment and fused at base; unornamented. Legs 1–4 (Fig. 13 a–d): with 3 -segmented exopod and endopod. Praecoxae of all legs short, unornamented. Coxa ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Basis slightly larger than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on distal margin between exopod and endopod and another row at inner distal corner. Inner coxal spine and outer basipodal seta present on all legs; leg 1 basis alone with moderately strong inner spine. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1–4. Third exopodal segment spine formula: 3.4. 4.3, and setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Intercoxal plate with 2 small, rounded prominences ornamented with 3 rows of fine spinules. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 3 1 2 3 Leg 1 1 -0 I- 1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, I Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 2, 1+I, II Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 1 -0 II, II, I Leg 5 (Figs. 9 a, b, 10 b, c): basis and endopod completely fused to somite; outer basal plumose seta inserted on basal protuberance, which is 1.2 times as long as wide. Exopod about 1.3 times as long as wide; ornamented with 1 row of small spinules along outer margin; armature consisting of 3 strong spines and 1 apical plumose seta; inner spine 0.4 times as long as segment, slightly longer than outer apical spine and proximal outer spine; apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as basal seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 9 a, 10 e): trapezoidal plate, armed with 2 almost equal, smooth dentate spines and 1 smooth and slender spiniform seta, which is slightly longer than spines. Description of adult male. Total body length, excluding caudal setae, 392 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 14 a) somewhat slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.7, greatest width (139 Μm) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.6. Cephalothorax 37 % of total body length; anterior one-fifth narrow; postero-lateral corners not produced. Hyaline fringes of all somites well developed with denticulate margin. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique outer margin. Genital somite (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) 1.3 times as wide as long in dorsal view. Third urosomite ornamented with 1 pore mid-ventrally (Fig. 15 b) and 1 large latero-ventral integumental window on either side (Figs. 14 b, 15 b); fourth urosomite ornamented with 2 latero-ventral pores (Fig. 15 b). Preanal somite, anal somite, and anal operculum similar to female. Caudal rami (Figs. 14 a, b, 15 a, b) almost similar to female, 1.4 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width; armature and ornamentation almost as in female. Antennule (Fig. 16): 12 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 5 and 6 and 11 and 12. First segment with 1 short row of spinules at base. Setal formula: 11 + 2 aes. 2.5 +aes.0.0.1aes. 1.2 +aes. 1 +aes. 2 +aes. 1.10 + 3 aes., all aesthetascs smooth and simple; segments 8–11 each with 1 small, modified unipinnate seta; segments 1, 2, 3, 12 with 4, 2, 1 and 6 long bipinnate setae respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.4: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.7: 1.3. Labrum (Fig. 15 c): anterior edge with about 20 small and equal teeth between triangular lateral projections; ornamented with 6 elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface and transverse row of 6 large spinules on ventral surface. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1–5 as in female. Leg 6 (Figs. 14 b, 15 b): distinct, large plate, armed with 3 unequal armature elements. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. Martínez Arbizu for his significant contributions to the systematics of copepods; the specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender masculine. Remarks. The genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 is highly speciose and cosmopolitan in distribution. The World Copepoda database on the genus Halicyclops (Boxshall 2011) contains a list of 76 species and 13 subspecies, which are apparently valid (‘direct child species’). Karanovic (2006) divided the genus into two subgenera: Rochacyclops Karanovic, 2006, and Halicyclops s. str. Now, the former includes two species from Australia, and one each from Belize, Mexico, and Malaysia, whereas all other taxa belong to Halicyclops s. str. In India, only six species are so far known, and all of them belong to Halicyclops s. str. The Indian species and their distribution records are as follows: Halicyclops (Halicyclops) tenuispina Sewell, 1924, from Lake Chilka, Odisha State; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) spinifer Kiefer, 1935, from Lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh state; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) canui Lindberg, 1941, from a swamp at Bandra, West Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay); Halicyclops (Halicyclops) electus Lindberg, 1943, from Mahim, Mumbai; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) konkanensis Lindberg, 1949, from Konkan, west coast; Halicyclops (Halicyclops) pilifer Lindberg, 1949 from Thane, west coast near Mumbai; and Halicyclops (Halicyclops) martinezi n. sp. from the River Godavari, Andhra Pradesh. Halicyclops (Halicyclops) has eight groups (Group A–H) based on the spine formula of the third exopodal segment of legs 1–4 (see Pesce 2013). In India, as of now, groups A, B and F exist, and they are characterised by the spine formula 4.4. 4.3, 3.4. 4.3, and 2.3. 3.3, respectively. The position of the lone species of group A, i.e. H. (H.) tenuispina is doubtful because, Sewell (1924: 797, Pl. 47, Fig. 3) reported its spine formula as 4.4. 4.3, but the figure of leg 4 exopod has four outer spines. Halicyclops (H.) martinezi n. sp. belongs to the species Group B by possessing, inter alia, the following combination of characters: the spine and setal formulae of the third exopodal segment of legs 1–4 are 3.4. 4.3 and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; the female genital double-somite is devoid of any protuberance on either side; all the five armature elements of the third endopodal segment of leg 4 are transformed into spiniform structures; the hyaline fringes on all somites denticulate; pseudo-operculum (hyaline fringe of penultimate segment) extending up to 2 / 3 of anal somite and bifurcate distally; leg 5 has three spines and one seta in both sexes; its exopod is 1.3 times as long as wide, and ornamented with one row of small spinules along outer margin; the inner apical spine is about half as long as its segment, slightly longer than the outer apical spine and about as long as the proximal outer spine; the apical seta 1.5 times as long as segment and about as long as the basal seta; the caudal ramus 1.9 times as long as maximum width and has no tube near the cuticular protuberance of the dorsal seta. The Group B is a rather complex group, comprising most of the known species and subspecies of Halicyclops, which are distributed almost throughout the world (Pesce 2013). H. (H.) martinezi n. sp. stands out in the Group B by the inner spine of leg 5 in both sexes being slightly longer than other elements except seta, and the fourth antennular segment in the female about twice as long as wide. It can be easily distinguished from all the Indian congeners by the protruding pseudo-operculum on the preanal somite and the presence of a single seta on the second endopodal segment of legs 1–4.

Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. (Figs. 17–22) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 27 ºC, pH 7.0) at Neerukonda village (16 o 32 ′ 19.8 ″N, 80 o 39 ′ 17.6 ″E; elevation 30 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11859) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11860), dissected on 3 slides; 9 paratypes: 1 female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11861), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11862 – 11863), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 6 females in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11864). 12 July 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Total body length of females 321–347 µm and of males 316–343 µm. Body slender; pseudosomite present between fifth pediger and genital double-somite; genital double-somite large; sixth legs located middorsolaterally; anal operculum extending up to somite’s limit, bowl-shaped, with smooth, straight distal margin, representing 65.3 % of anal somite’s width; antennule 11 -segmented in female; the same 15 -segmented in male and digeniculate; mandibular palp absent; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1. 1.2. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1–3, but distinctly so on leg 4; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively; caudal rami cylindrical, parallel, very close to each other and 1.7 times as long as wide; dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length; lateral seta arising somewhat dorso-laterally at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus’ width; outermost seta long as ramus; innermost apical seta small and slender, bipinnate, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta about 2.2 times as long as outer seta and 0.3 times as long as body; fifth legs alike in both sexes, represented by 3 reduced setae; sixth leg represented by 2 distinctly reduced spinous structures. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 338 µm; habitus (Fig. 17 a) slender, dorso-ventrally compressed; prosome/urosome ratio 1.5; body length/width ratio about 3.4 (dorsal view). Free pedigerous somites 1–4 without particular expansions laterally; fifth pediger slightly producing obliquely. Naupliar eye not visible. Rostrum (Fig. 19 a) well developed, linguiform and furnished with 2 large sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 17 a) almost 1.5 times as wide as genital double-somite, 1.7 times as long as wide; greatest width (108 µm) at middle of cephalothorax in dorsal view, 35.7 % of total body length. Surface of cephalothoracic shield and pleurotergites of free pedigerous somites with small sensilla (no cuticular pores and pits), as illustrated. Hyaline fringes of prosomites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow and extending dorso-ventrally. Genital double-somite large, 0.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth, narrow; median copulatory pore (Fig. 18 b) small, ovoid, situated at the level of sixth legs; copulatory duct not discernible. Seminal receptacle with somewhat large anterior expansion, and small and narrow posterior expansion. Third urosomite slightly longer than fourth one and unornamented; fourth urosomite with 2 dorso-distal pores. Anal somite ornamented with 2 small sensilla dorsally (Fig. 18 a), transverse row of minute spinules along posterior margin latero-ventrally. Anal operculum large, bowl-shaped, extending up to somite’s limit and representing 63.3 % of anal somite’s width, smooth, with almost straight caudal margin. Anal sinus narrow. Caudal rami (Figs. 17 a, 18 a, b) cylindrical, parallel, 1.9 times as long as wide; ornamented with several spinules on distal ventral margin. Dorsal seta about 2.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length, uniarticulate. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface, close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.6 times as long as ramus’ width. Outermost apical seta as long as ramus. Innermost apical seta small and slender, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes; inner seta 2.3 times as long as outer apical seta and about 0.4 times as long as body. Antennule (Fig. 17 a, b): 11 -segmented, 63.6 % as long as cephalothoracic shield, and ornamented with arched row of spinules proximally on first segment; armature formula as follows: 7.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7; segments 1, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 11 with 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, and 3 long bipinnate seta(e), respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.7: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.4: 0.4: 0.3: 0.4: 0.7. Probable segmental homology 1 (I–V), 2 (VI–VII), 3 (VIII–XI), 4 (XII–XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV–XVI), 7 (XVII–XX), 8 (XXI–XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), 11 (XXVI–XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 19 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis large, cylindrical, 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta at inner distal corner. Exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, armed with 1 smooth seta on inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Second endopodal segment about 1.7 times as long as wide, with narrow concave sclerotized proximal outer corner, armed with 5 setae (2 at inner distal corner, 3 on inner subdistal margin), and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer subdistal margin. Third endopodal segment cylindrical, 2.1 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 oblique rows of spinules near outer margin and armed with 6 smooth apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 19 c): trapezoidal, free margin nearly straight, with 16 small, equal teeth between slightly produced triangular corners and ornamented with some hair-like spinules. Mandible (Fig. 19 d): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being relatively large; middle group of 7 equal, small teeth and 1 subdistal spinular row; and 1 pinnate outermost seta on ventral surface. Palp completely absent. Paragnath (Fig. 19 e): conical and with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 19 f): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong, claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements (proximalmost one longest and pinnate). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and slender, 1 strong, pinnate and claw-like). Endopod with 2 equal, apical setae and 1 subapical seta. Maxilla (Fig. 19 g): 4 -segmented; praecoxa fused to coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 pinnate setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 plumose seta; distal endite fused at base, elongate and armed apically with 2 equal pinnate setae. Basis expanded into robust claw, which is ornamented with 2 longitudinal rows of spinules along inner margin, and armed with 2 dissimilar setae; strong seta longer than claw, finely serrulate on inner margin, and short seta occurring at base of claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment robust, armed with 2 unequal unipinnate setae; distal segment with 1 robust, unipinnate apical seta and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 19 h): 4 -segmented, composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. All segments distally expanded. Each of first 3 segments ornamented with 1 row each of very minute spinules on outer distal margin. Armature formula: 2.1. 1.2. Apical setae on fourth segment prehensile. All setae bipinnate. Swimming legs 1–4 (Fig. 20 a–d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1–3, but distinctly so on leg 4. Armature formulae of legs 1–4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment 2.2. 2.2, and 5.5. 5.4, respectively. All setae on exopod and endopod slender and plumose. Intercoxal sclerite of all legs with concave distal margin and without any ornamentation. Praecoxae on all legs short, smooth and narrow. Coxae on all legs unornamented. Basis with round inner distal corner, ornamented with long hairs. Inner spine on basis of first leg absent. Second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.2 times as long as wide; apical spine 0.8 times as long as segment and about half as long as apical seta. Fifth leg (Fig. 18 a–c): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 setae; basal plumose seta on small protuberance; 2 other setae representing ancestral distal segment and occurring on short but somewhat broad prominence; the latter 2 setae unequal, smooth and shorter than basal seta. Sixth leg (Fig. 19 i): small cuticular plate distinct at base, armed with 2 small spiniform elements. Description of adult male. Total body length 318 µm. Habitus (Fig. 21 a) slender, prosome/urosome ratio about 1.5 and greatest width (91 Μm) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.6; cephalothorax about 1.7 times as wide as genital somite, and 1.2 times as long as wide (dorsal view), representing 35.2 % of total body length. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth, both dorsally and ventrally; somite ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla, as in female. Genital somite almost 1.5 times as wide as long, with smooth hyaline fringe dorsally; ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla; 2 relatively large, ovoid spermatophores visible from inside. Third urosomite larger than either of next 2 somites, ornamented with 1 mid-ventral pore; next 2 urosomites ornamented only with smooth, narrow hyaline fringes. Anal somite ornamented with 2 tiny dorsal sensilla and transverse row of spinules along caudal margin ventro-laterally. Anal operculum same as in female. Antennule (Fig. 21 b): 15 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 8 and 9, and 13 and 14; ornamented with 1 row of spinules only on segment 1. Armature formula as follows: 8.1. 1.1. 0.3. 0.1. 0.1. 1.1. 1.1. 8. Short unipinnate seta present on segment 12; segments 1, 4, 6, 10, and 15 with 1, 1, 1, 1, and 4 long pinnate seta(e), respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.6: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 1.0: 0.7: 0.9. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, legs 1–5, and caudal rami similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 22 b): almost held laterally, large cuticular plate, slightly fused at base, armed with 2 smooth, equal setae at outer distal corner. Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. D. Defaye, a well-known copepodologist in the world. The name is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender feminine. Variation. In some specimens, proximal seta of leg 5 shorter than distal one (not figured). Ecology. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. was accompanied by Nitocrella sp. and Paracyclops sp., and was found in the phreatic zone just like its sole Indian congener, Rybocyclopos dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. Remarks. Ranga Reddy & Defaye (2008) reviewed the background of the genus Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, discussed its affinities with the closely allied genera, and also amended its original diagnosis, as given by Dussart & Defaye (2001). Presently, this genus is known only by two species in the world, viz. the Madagascan Rybocyclops pauliani (Lindberg, 1954) (type species), and the Indian Rybocyclops dussarti Ranga Reddy & Defaye, 2008. The morphology of the former is still fragmentarily known. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp. fulfills almost all the criteria, as given in the amended generic diagnosis, and is rather closely related to R. dussarti by possessing the following salient features in the females: antennule 11 - segmented, segment 5 having a modified conical seta; genital-double somite dilated proximally; dorsal caudal seta as long as or slightly longer than principal outer apical caudal seta; spine and setal formulae: 2.2. 2.2 and 5.5.5.4; endopod of leg 4 shorter than exopod; coxal spine present only on legs 2 and 3; intercoxal plate without any ornamentation; and male leg 6 armed with two short setae. Rybocyclops defayeae n. sp., however, is distinctly different from R. dussarti in that leg 4 endopod shows no sexual dimorphism, the setal armature being the same in both sexes. On the other hand, in R. dussarti, the second endopodal segment of the male leg 4 has one inner seta, which is absent in the female. R. defayeae n. sp. differs from R. dussarti in some other respects as well: body harpacticoidal vs. cyclopiform; caudal ramus length/width ratio 1.7 vs. 2.0; setal formula of the female antennule 4.3.6.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7 vs. 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.2+aes.2.2.7+aes (presently depicted version); anal operculum short vs. long; 15 male antennular segments vs. 16; rostrum elongate, linguiform vs. short, subtriangular; and female leg 6 dorso-lateral vs. completely dorsal. The new species together with R. pauliani and R. dussarti forms a rather close-knit, Gondwanan, monophyletic lineage. The principal morphological differences between these species are as in Table 2.

Key to the Indian species of the genus Halicyclops Norman, 1903 1. Spine formula 2.3. 3.3........................................................... H. (H.) canui Lindberg, 1941 - Spine formula 4.4. 4.3......................................................... H. (H.) tenuispina Sewell, 1924 2. Genital double-somite with lateral process, spine formula 3.4. 4.3............................................... 3 - Genital double-somite without lateral process, spine formula 3.4. 4.3............................................. 4 3. Genital double-somite with long lateral spinous process................................. H. (H.) spinifer Kiefer, 1935 - Genital double-somite with small, blunt lateral process............................... H. (H.) electus Lindberg, 1941 4. Second endopodal segment of legs 2���4 with 1 inner seta..................................... H. (H.) martinezi n. sp. - Second endopodal segment of legs 2���4 with 2 inner setae..................................................... 5 5. Caudal ramus 1.5 times as long as wide, length-width ratio of leg 4 third endopodal segment 2.2................................................................................................ H. (H.) konkanensis Lindberg, 1949 - Caudal ramus 1.2 times as long as wide, length-width ratio of leg 4 third endopodal segment 1.2..................................................................................................... H. (H.) pilifer Lindberg, 1949, Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1941) Cyclopoides nouveaux du continent Indo-Iranien. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 87 - 95.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1924) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Crustacea, Copepoda. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 771 - 851.","Kiefer, F. (1935) Zur Kenntnis der Halicyclopiden (Crustacea Copepoda). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 100, 10 - 13."]}

Anzcyclops indicus n. sp. (Figs. 38���44) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 24 ��C; pH 7.0) at Madipadu village (16 �� 48 ��� 50 ������N 80 ��04��� 22 ������E, elevation 40 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11870) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11871), dissected on 3 slides each; 45 paratypes: 2 females, dissected on 3 slides each (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11872 ��� 11873), 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11874 ��� 11875) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11876), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, and 4 males and 37 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11877); 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. South India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, River Krishna at Taduvayi village (16 �� 45 ��� 32.3 ������N 80 ��07��� 35.8 ������E; elevation 31 m; water temperature 27 ��C; pH 7.0), 27 July 2008: 1 male and 1 female at Challagariga village (16 �� 45 ��� 32 ������N 80 ��07��� 35 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 32 ��C; pH 7.5), 78 km from type locality, 12 October 2008: 1 male and 3 females; 23 November 2008: 3 males and 4 females; at Chamarti village (16 �� 34 ���56.0������N 80 �� 16 ��� 31.7 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5), 27 July 2008: 4 females only; at Ramannapeta village (16 �� 34 ���06.0������N 80 �� 46 ��� 11.6 ������E; elevation 39 m; water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5), 7 km from type locality, 27 July 2008: 2 females only; Coll. V. R. Totakura & P. Kondala Rao. Farm bore (water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.5) at Chintapalli village (16 �� 45 ��� 32 ������N 80 ��07��� 35 ������E; elevation 39 m), 0 3 July 2008: 1 male and 4 females; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, total body length of females 241���282 ��m and of males 249���273 ��m; greatest width in posterior half of cephalothorax; body length/width ratio in dorsal view 2.4���2.8 in females and 2.5 in males; cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite in females; hyaline fringes of all somites narrow and smooth; genital double-somite with somewhat inflated anterior part but without lateral recesses, about as long as wide in dorsal view; caudal rami 1.4 times as long as wide and armed with six setae; female antennule 10 -segmented, second and fourth segments with 6 and 1 seta(e), respectively; male antennule 15 -segmented and digeniculate; antenna 4 -segmented, without exopodal seta, with armature formula 1.2.5.6; mandibular palp represented by 2 long plumose setae; maxilla 5 -segmented, with armature formula 2.3.3.2.3; maxilliped 4 - segmented, armature formula 2.2.1.2; spine and setal formulae of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.3. 3.2, and 5.4. 4.4, respectively; intercoxal sclerite with concave distal margin and without any surface ornamentation; all legs with inner coxal seta; leg 1 basis without inner spine and first exopodal segment unarmed; second endopodal segment of leg 4 about 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 1 apical spine and 3 inner setae. Leg 5 1 -segmented, quadriform, armed with 2 unequal setae apically; leg 6 with 2 elements. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 248 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 38 a, b) somewhat dorso-ventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.5 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax (122 ��m). Body perforated, length/width ratio 2.4. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital double-somite. Rostral projection (Fig. 40 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 dorsal sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded postero-lateral corners. Pseudosomite present between prosome and urosome. Cephalothorax (Fig. 38 a) as long as its greatest width and 41.6 % of total body length; ornamented with several small sensilla, with slightly developed, smooth, mid-dorsal hyaline fringe; no other ornamentation discernible. Fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital double-somite and with somewhat pronounced, pointed postero-lateral angles, with narrow, smooth hyaline fringe dorsally and ventrally, and ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla (Fig. 39 a). Genital double-somite about as long as wide, maximum width at about proximal third and somewhat narrow behind; hyaline fringe of genital somite and next 2 somites smooth on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Seminal receptacle (Fig. 39 b) composed of anterior and posterior parts, anterior part slightly larger, with both external margins rounded; copulatory duct short and straight; ovipores crescentic, covered by sixth legs (Fig. 39 a���c). Anal somite (Figs. 38 a, 39 a���b) ornamented with transverse row of long spinules on ventro-lateral posterior margin, 2 small, dorsal sensilla and 1 proximo-lateral pore (Fig. 39 c). Anal operculum (Fig. 39 a, c) moderately developed, convex, 53.3 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite and fringed with a row of fine spinules along posterior margin. Anal sinus narrow, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Fig. 39 a���c): parallel and close to each other and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width, sub-proximally dilated on inner margin and with 1 row of small spinules on postero-ventral margins; similar spinules also occurring at base of outermost apical setae at inner distal corners. Dorsal seta 0.8 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length, and biarticulate at base. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.7 times as long as maximum width of ramus. Outermost apical seta spiniform, about as long as ramus, inserted subapically. Innermost apical seta slender, 0.4 times as long as of outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Outer seta 5 times as long as outermost apical seta, 0.4 times as long as urosome. All setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 40 b): strong, 10 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on first segment. Setal formula: 7.6.2.1.3.2.2+aes.3.2.7+aes. Segments 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 with 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 and 5 long plumose setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.6: 0.2: 0.1: 0.4: 0.4: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5. Probable segmental homology: 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���XI), 3 (XII���XIII), 4 (XIV), 5 (XV���XVI), 6 (XVII���XX), 7 (XXI���XXIII), 8 (XXIV), 9 (XXV), 10 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 40 c) 4 -segmented; consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 2 setae, ornamented with row of long spinules on outer margin. Second segment 1.5 times as long as maximum width and armed with 1 seta on inner distal margin ventrally, 2 setae at inner distal corner; 2 setae on distal margin; ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal margin. Third segment 1.8 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 spinular rows on outer margin and armed with 6 unequal, apical setae. Labrum (Fig. 40 d): trapezoidal; anterior edge almost straight, with 18 tiny, blunt, equal teeth between blunt, rounded lateral corners; ornamented with elongate hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 40 e���g): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 moderate teeth and a small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 1 pinnate outermost seta and 2 long spinules on ventral surface. Palp represented only by 2 equal plumose setae. Paragnaths (Fig. 41 a): conical, with serrulate lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 41 b): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 6 medial elements; second proximalmost seta largest, pinnate. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 smooth and 1 plumose), smooth medial setae of about same length; endopod with 2 apical and 1 subapical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 41 c): 5 -segmented, consisting of praecoxa, coxa, basis and endopod. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 unequal setae (1 plumose, 1 simple); distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite mobile, elongate and armed with 2 plumose, equal, apical setae; coxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along inner margin and armed with 2 setae, 1 small seta at base; strong seta 0.9 times as long as claw and pinnate. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 1 robust claw and 1 bipinnate seta, which is slightly shorter; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. All strong setae and basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 41 d): 4 -segmented; composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod; syncoxa 1.4 times as long wide; basis 1.6 times as long as maximum width. Setal formula 2.2.1.2; all setae bipinnate except 1 smooth seta on basis. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 42 a���d): 2 -segmented exopod and endopod; endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on all legs. Leg 1 shorter than others and its second exopodal segment subspherical or oval in outline, bearing 5 setae, but 4 setae on other legs. Intercoxal plates with small, rounded, unornamented prominences on all legs. Hairs present on inner corner of basis, and also along margins of exopod and endopod, as illustrated. Outer seta on basis of leg 1 as long as exopod; same seta on legs 2���4 much shorter. Leg 1 without outer spine on first exopodal segment. On all legs, coxa armed with seta and unornamented and without inner spine on basis; first exopodal segment without inner seta. Leg 4 endopod about as wide as exopod, 1.4 times as long as it own width, as long as inner seta and twice as long as apical spine The spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.4. 4.4. Spine and setal formulae of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 1 -0 0-1 0-0 3, 2+ II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, II 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 5 (Fig. 39 a���c): composed of protopod completely fused to somite and free exopod. Protopodal seta moderate in size and plumose; exopod small, 1 -segmented, slightly longer than wide, with 2 apical unequal simple setae, inner seta being longer. Leg 6 (Fig. 39 c): small cuticular plate; bearing 2 tiny spines. Description of adult male. Total body length excluding caudal setae 256 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 43 a) slenderer than female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.6, greatest width (109 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio 2.5. Cephalothorax 1.9 times as wide as genital somite and representing 38.6 % of total body length. Free pedigerous somites gradually narrowing, with slightly produced, pointed postero-lateral corners. Hyaline fringes on all somites narrow and smooth. Fifth pedigerous somite with oblique lateral margins and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Genital somite 1.4 times as wide as long. Anal somite and operculum as in female. Caudal rami (Fig. 44 a���c): similar to female, 15.2 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.4 times as long as maximum width. Armature and ornamentation almost as in female; innermost seta somewhat longer. Antennule (Fig. 43 b, c): 15 -segmented, digeniculate; proximal geniculation between segments 9 and 10 and distal geniculation between segments 11 and 12. Setal formula: 9 + 2 aes. 4.1 +aes. 0.1 aes. 1 +aes.0.0.0.0.1.0.1aes. 2.9 +aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.4: 0.2: 0.4: 0.4: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.6: 0.5: 1.2: 0.9: 1.3. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1-5 similar to those of female. Leg 6 (Fig. 44 a���c): both legs partly fused basally; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, armed with 2 unequal, simple setae and reduced spinous projection. Variation. Sometimes apical spine on second endopodal segment of leg 4 is apically curved inwards or outwards (Fig. 42 e, f). Etymology. The specific epithet, indicus, refers to the occurrence of this species in India and denotes the first description of this new species of the genus Anzcyclops from the Indian subcontinent; derived from the root indic; gender masculine. Distribution. The new species is known only from type locality. Ecology. The new species was collected on several occasions in the hyporheic zone of the River Krishna and only once in riparian farm bore, just about 500 m from the river bank. It co-occurred with several other taxa in different localities. It co-existed with Atopobathynella operculata Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella vaitarini Ranga Reddy & Totakura, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, Folioquinpes chathamensis (Sars), ostracods, mites, amphipods, and oligochaetes, cyclopoids, Parastenocaris sp., and other unidentified harpacticoids at the type locality; Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, ostracods, and oligochaetes at Ramannapeta; only with P. curvispinus at Taduvayi; with P. curvispinus, Serbanibathynella secunda Totakura & Ranga Reddy, mites, and oligochaetes at Chamarti; with H. vaitarini; H. schminkei Ranga Reddy, H. plenituda, Atopobathynella sp., Kinnecaris godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke, P. curvispinus, mites, nematodes, oligochaetes, ostracods, and chironomid larvae at Challagariga; with Habrobathynella sp., P. curvispinus, amphipods, nematodes, cladocerans, insect larvae in a farm bore. Remarks. The genus Anzcyclops was established by Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, (2011 with the Anzcyclops yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011 as its type species and four other congeners, all from Australia and New Zealand (see Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch 2011). Anzcyclops indicus n. sp., which is the first record of Anzcyclops from Asia, fulfills most of the principal generic criteria. For example, legs 1���4 relatively are short, with 2 -segmented rami; endopods are only slightly shorter than exopods; all legs are without inner seta on first exopodal segment, and the spine formula of the second exopodal segment is 2.3.3.2; second exopodal segment of leg 1 subspherical or oval in outline, bearing five setae, but four setae on other legs; the second endopodal segment of leg 4 has a single apical spine and three setae; leg 5 exopod is small, somewhat quadrate and armed apically with two small setae, and the protopodal seta is plumose and of moderate size and; leg 6 has two elements. Also, the body is dorsoventrally flattened and somewhat primitively cyclopiform; antennule is 10 - segmented; and the overall structural and armature details of antenna to maxilliped closely conform, if not identical, to what obtains in Anzcyclops. However, A. indicus n. sp. differs from all its known congeners in other respects: body length is 241���282 ��m vs. 304-500 ��m; anal is operculum short, convex and finely serrulate vs. long, linguiform and smooth; antennal armature formula 1.2. 5.6 vs. 2.1.6(5). 7; the remnant of the mandibular palp is not discernible vs. distinctly seen; maxillary armature formula 2.3. 3.2. 3 vs. 2.3.2.2.3; maxilliped armature formula 2.2. 1.2 vs. 2 (0). 2 (1). 1.2; leg 1 basis without vs. with inner spine, first exopodal segment without vs. with outer spine, and second endopodal segment with two vs. three inner setae. And yet, we think that it would not be advisable at this juncture to establish a separate genus for the new species based on these apparently trivial differences. It is hardly unlikely that future investigations in other parts of the peninsular India would bring to light several other allied species when it would be more appropriate to critically evaluate the generic position of the new species. Compared with the four Western Australian species, viz. Anzcyclops ballensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. yarriensis Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, A. belli Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and A. euryantennula Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch, 2011, and also to A. silvestris (Harding, 1958) from Australia and New Zealand, A. indicus n. sp. displays somewhat closer morphological kinship with A. ballensis by possessing identical number of antennular segments in both sexes (in females, segment 2 long being fused with the next segment; segment 6 with 3 setae), and also the same armature details on legs 2 and 3. However, A. indicus n. sp. can be easily distinguished from A. ballensis, inter alia, by dorso-ventrally compressed vs. normal body; moderately developed vs. large anal operculum; two setae vs. none on the first segment of maxilliped; six setae vs. seven setae on distal segment of antenna; proximally only slightly dilated vs. distinctly dilated genital doublesomite; dorsal seta longer vs. shorter than caudal rami; and outer seta on second endopodal segment of leg 4 present vs. absent. By having unarmed proximal exopodal segment on leg 1, the new species is close to the Indian Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005 and Haplocyclops godavari n. sp. ��� perhaps a case of convergent evolution. Likewise, the new species lacks the inner spine on leg 1 basis as in the case of Haplocyclops and Rybocyclops., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 62-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Karanovic, T., Eberhard, S. M., & Murdoch, A. (2011) A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of Australian Metacyclops and Goniocyclops, with description of four new species and three new genera (Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Crustaceana, 84, 1 - 67. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121610 X 546698","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) primitivus n. sp. (Figs. 45���50) Type locality. River Godavari, Kapileswarapuram village (16 �� 47 ���09.0������N 82 ��03��� 39.3 ������E; elevation 23 m; water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11878) and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11879), dissected on 3 slides each, and 6 paratypes: 1 female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11890); 2 females whole-mounted on 1 slide each (MNHN-IU- 2013-11891 ��� 11892), 1 male and 1 female in alcohol in 1 vial (MNHN-IU- 2013-11893); 2 females in senior author���s personal collection. 20 July 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. South India, Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari, River Godavari at Atreyapuram village (water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0), 20 July 2008: 1 male and 3 females; at Dhawaleswaram village (water temperature 27 ��C, pH 7.5), 20 July 2008: 2 females in senior author���s personal collection; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, cyclopiform and integument smooth. Genital double-somite large and of characteristic shape, swollen both laterally and ventrally, with genital field situated at 3 / 4 of genital doublesomite���s length; anal operculum bowl-shaped, extending up to or beyond the somite���s limit; caudal rami about 1.5���1.7 times as long as wide, with lateral seta inserted in proximal half almost dorsally; ornamented with transverse row fine spinules at the base of lateral seta and dorsal seta; principal inner apical seta 1.3 times as long as principal outer apical seta; female antennule 11 -segmented, lateral seta present on ultimate segment, and with only 2 setae on seventh segment; male antennule 16 -segmented, digeniculate; antenna 4 -segmented, with setal formula 2.1. 5.7 and without exopodal seta; mandibular palp lacking; maxillulary palp 2 -segmented; maxilla 4 - segmented, with small lateral seta on basis; and maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 1.2.1.2; 2 -segmented exopod and endopod on legs 1���4, without any coxal armature; leg 1 basis without inner spine; spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula: 5.4.4.4; endopod of leg 4 with 1 spine and 1 seta apically; leg 5 represented by 3 setae, of which 2 setae on small protuberance and 1 basal plumose seta; female leg 6 as distinct cuticular plate, armed with 2 unequal setae and 1 tiny spinous process; the same leg in male with 2 minute spinous processes and 1 slender seta. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 318���347 ��m (holotype 338 ��m). Habitus (Fig. 45 a) robust, cyclopiform and dorsoventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.5 and greatest width (102 ��m) at distal end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio about 3.4 (dorsal view); cephalothorax almost 1.5 times as wide as genital double-somite. Free pedigerous somites without particular expansions, lateral margins somewhat curved. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Rostral projection (Fig. 47 a) well developed, membranous, broadly triangular, tip rounded and furnished with 2 large sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 45 a) 1.7 times as long as greatest width (dorsal view) and 35.7 % of total body length; pleurotergites of free pedigerous somites ornamented with small sensilla; no other ornamentation visible. Hyaline fringes of prosomites narrow and smooth. Arthrodial membranes well developed. Third pediger longer than fourth one, fourth pediger unornamented. Fifth pediger (Fig. 46 a) ornamented with 4 small dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe smooth dorso-ventrally. Genital double-somite (Fig. 46 a���c) proximally expanded, large, about as wide as long (dorsal view) and ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe of genital double-somite as well as next 2 urosomites smooth. Copulatory pore (Fig. 46 b) small, ovoid, situated at 3 / 4 of somite���s length; copulatory duct narrow, well sclerotized. Seminal receptacle with large anterior expansion but somewhat narrow behind, representing 61.5 % of double-somite���s length; oviducts broad and weakly sclerotized. Ovipores situated dorso-laterally, covered with reduced sixth legs. Anal somite ornamented with 2 large sensilla dorsally and 1 transverse row of minute spinules along posterior margin ventrally and laterally. Anal operculum large, bowl-shaped/sublinguiform, extending slightly beyond somite���s limit, smooth, with almost straight caudal margin, representing 65.3 % of anal somite���s width. Anal sinus somewhat wide. Caudal rami (Fig. 46 a���c): subcylindrical, parallel, 1.5 times as long as wide; ornamented with a row of spinules on subdistal dorsal surface close to dorsal seta. Dorsal seta about 1.9 times as long as ramus, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus and just above the level of outermost apical seta, biarticulate at base (Figs. 45 a, 46 a���c). Lateral seta arising somewhat dorso-laterally at 3 / 5 of ramus length, 0.7 times as long as ramus width; 1 short transverse row of fine spinules lying beside its base. Outermost apical seta slightly longer than ramus. Innermost apical seta small and slender, 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Inner apical seta 3.3 times as long as caudal rami, 1.3 times as long as outer apical seta. All setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 45 b): 11 -segmented, 73.6 % of the length of cephalothoracic shield and unornamented; armature formula: 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.3.3.3.7+aes. Setae articulating at basal part on segments 7, 8, and 11, and segments 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 with 4, 1, 2, 1, 1, and 3 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal end and along caudal margins 1.0: 0.2: 0.5: 0.2: 0.1: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4: 0.5. Probable segmental homology: 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���VII), 3 (VIII���XI), 4 (XII���XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV���XVI), 7 (XVII���XX), 8 (XXI���XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), and 11 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 47 b): 4 -segmented, comprising coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis large, somewhat cylindrical, 2.5 times as long as wide, armed with 2 short, smooth seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment stout, 1.3 times as long as wide, with inner smooth seta, and 1 arched row of spinules on outer margin. Second endopodal segment about twice as long as wide, bearing 5 setae and ornamented with 1 spinular row on outer distal margin. Third endopodal segment cylindrical, 2.6 times as long as wide, armed with 7 smooth, prehensile apical setae, and ornamented with 1 spinular row on outer distal margin. Labrum (Fig. 47 c): relatively small, trapezoidal plate; anterior edge slightly concave, with about 20 small blunt teeth between rounded lateral corners; ornamented with 2 groups of long hair-like spinules on dorsal surface. Mandible (Fig. 47 d): coxal gnathobase roughly divided into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group of 3 moderate teeth and 1 small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 2 long spinules on ventral surface and 1 unipinnate outermost seta. Maxillule (Fig. 47 e): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 very strong claw-like spinous processes and 1 stout pinnate seta and 7 medial elements, of which second proximal one largest and pinnate. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 3 medial setae (2 slender, smooth and 1 strong, bipinnate); endopod with 3 smooth (2 apical and 1 subapical) setae. Maxilla (Fig. 47 f): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod; praecoxa fused to coxa; proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 setae; distal endite small, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite fused at base, moderate in size, elongate and armed apically with 2 unequal pinnate setae, proximal seta being 1.2 times longer; syncoxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, armed with 2 setae; 1 small seta at base and 1 strong pinnate proximal seta about as long as claw. Endopod 2 - segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 robust, unequal, bipinnate setae; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. All strong setae and basal claw prehensile. Maxilliped (Fig. 47 g): 4 -segmented, composed of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Armature formula: 1.2. 1.2. Ornamentation consisting of longitudinal rows of spinules on first 3 segments. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 48 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Endopod only slightly shorter than exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly reduced in size on leg 4. Armature formula of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 2, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1 +I Second exopodal segment spine formula 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula 5.4. 4.4. Apical spine on second endopodal segment of legs 1���3 about as long as segment, but distinctly longer on leg 4. Intercoxal sclerites of all swimming legs with concave distal margins and rounded lateral prominences fringed with long hairs. Praecoxae short, narrow and ornamented with 1 row of spinules each at outer distal margin. All coxae ornamented with 1 row of spinules each at outer distal margin. Basis with round inner distal corners, ornamented with long hairs. Inner spine on basis of leg 1 absent. Second endopodal segment of leg 4 as long as wide, armed with 1 spine and 1 seta apically; first segment ornamented with a row of spinules on distal margin (Fig. 47 d). Leg 5 (Figs. 45 a, 46 a���d): with 3 setae, basipodal seta strong, visible clearly in dorsal and lateral views, arising from prominent protuberance; other 2 setae unequal, smooth and located on small protuberance; 1 row of spinules occurring at base of protuberance. Leg 6 (Fig. 46 e): distinct at base, small, semicircular cuticular plate, armed with 2 unequal, spiniform setae and 1 small spinous projection; outer seta about 1.5 times as long as inner one. Description of adult male. Total body length 338 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 49 a) slightly slenderer than in female, prosome/urosome ratio about 1.5 and greatest width (96 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.6; cephalothorax about 1.7 times as wide as genital somite. Cephalothorax 1.2 times as long as wide (dorsal view) and 35.2 % of total body length. Ornamentation of prosomites as illustrated. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth both ventrally and dorsally. Genital somite (Fig. 50 a, b) about as long as wide, with smooth hyaline fringe dorsally, ornamented with 2 sensilla dorsally; 2 relatively small, ovoid spermatophores visible from inside; next 3 urosomites without any sensilla, integument ornamented only with smooth hyaline frill. Anal somite with transverse row of spinules all along caudal margin. Anal operculum almost similar to female. Antennule (Fig. 49 b, c): 16 -segmented, digeniculate, proximal geniculation between 8 and 9 and distal geniculation between 14 and 15 segments; ornamented with spinules only on first segment. Armature formula: 10.3.3.1.0.1.0.0.1+aes.2.1.1.1.0.1.10. Short unipinnate seta present on segment 13; segments 1, 6 and 16 with 1, 1 and 4 long pinnate seta(e), respectively. Aesthetascs on segments 4 and 9 smooth and of moderate length; 4 setae on segment 16 with articulate base. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.1: 0.1: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.2: 0.3: 0.7: 0.7: 1.2. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, legs 1���3 and 5, and caudal rami similar to those of female. Leg 4 (Fig. 48 f): second endopodal segment about as long as wide, with 1 apical seta, 1 apical spine and 1 inner seta; otherwise as in female. Leg 6 (Fig. 50 b): large, unornamented cuticular plate fused at base; armed with 1 seta and 2 diminutive prominences on outer distal corner, as in female. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective, primitivus, alluding to several plesiomorphic character states. Gender masculine. Variation. Second exopodal segment of leg 3 with additional inner seta (Fig. 48 e), second endopodal segment of leg 4 with additional inner seta (Fig. 48 f). Ecology. The new species was found in very small numbers in the present samples. It was, however, accompanied by various taxa at the type locality: Parvulobathynella distincta Ranga Reddy, Elia & Totakura, Habrobathynella plenituda Ranga Reddy & Schminke, and Kinnecaris godavari Ranga Reddy & Schminke; and at Atreyapuram, it co-existed with Serbanibathynella secunda Totakura & Ranga Reddy, Habrobathynella plenituda Schminke & Ranga Reddy, Habrobathynella savita Ranga Reddy & Totakura, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, oligochaetes, nematodes, and insect larvae Remarks. Kiefer (1952) erected the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952, to accommodate the Madagascan Haplocyclops gudrunae Kiefer, 1952. Later, Kiefer (1955) added Haplocyclops pauliani Kiefer, 1955, and Haplocyclops neuter Kiefer, 1955, from the same region. The description of both these species was repeated by Kiefer himself (1956), but only with some additional drawings. Lindberg (1956) relegated Haplocyclops to a species group in the genus Bryocyclops Kiefer, 1927. Kiefer (1960 a, b) did not completely accept Lindberg���s (1956) decision, but treated Haplocyclops as a subgenus of Bryocyclops, when he described Bryocyclops (Haplocyclops) monodi from the continental Africa. Haplocyclops was considered as subgenus of the genus Bryocyclops by several authors, e. g. Dussart (1981, 1982), Dussart & Defaye (1985), Lescher-Moutou�� (1986), Rocha & Carvalho Bjornbberg (1987), and Pesce (1996). The validity of Haplocyclops was accepted by Reid (1999), Dussart & Defaye (2001) and Fiers (2002) after it was critically examined and redefined by Rocha et al. (1998). Finally, six species have so far been recognized under Haplocyclops (see Kiefer 1955, 1960b; Rocha et al. 1998) including the Indian H. (K.) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005, which is, incidentally, the most reduced free-living cyclopoid (see Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005). Now, the rationale behind assigning H. primitivus n. sp. to Haplocyclops needs to be explained. The new species has the following characters, which are considered by Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005) the significant ���autapomorphies��� of Haplocyclops: the genital double-somite with ovipores situated in the posterior half and the caudal rami with lateral seta inserted in the proximal half. The other supportive characters include: large anal operculum; principal apical setae without breaking planes; seventh antennular segment armed with 2 setae; fifth legs completely fused to somite and represented by 3 slender setae in both sexes. It must, however, be clarified that H. primitivus n. sp. has at least two interesting plesiomorphic character states that are as yet unknown in Haplocyclops: both rami of legs 1���4 are 2 -segmented, and the second exopodal segment has a setal formula of 5.4. 4.4. Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005) subdivided the genus Haplocyclops into two subgenera: Haplocyclops s. str. Kiefer, 1952 and Kiefercyclops Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005. The former contains seven species, mostly from the Gondwanan landmasses of Madagascar, Africa, and South America whereas the latter heretofore is monotypic with the Indian H. (K.) fiersi. Both H. (K.) primitivus n. sp. and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. described herein belong to the latter subgenus mainly because the mandibular palp is completely absent and the legs 1���4 have no coxal armature. H. primitivus n. sp. has a set of primitive characters, and is thus at variance with H. (Kiefercyclops) diagnosis in the following features: coxobasis of antenna with 2 setae vs. 1 seta; maxillulary palp 2 -segmented vs. 1 -segmented; maxilla with vs. without lateral small seta on basis; leg 1 first exopodal segment armed vs. unarmed; exopod of leg 3, as well as endopod of legs 2 and 3, 2-segmented vs. 1 -segmented; and leg 6 with 2 setae vs. 1 seta. Despite these differences, we think it advisable to allocate H. primitivus n. sp. to Kiefercyclops rather than to Haplocyclops s. str. H. primitivus n. sp. can be readily separated from both H. (K.) fiersi and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. by the following features: cyclopiform habitus; dorsal caudal seta 1.9 times as long as ramus length; presence of a row of transverse row of fine spinules at base of dorsal seta and lateral seta; lateral seta present on ultimate segment of antennule; leg 1 without spine on basis; legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod; and leg 4 second endopodal segment armed with one spine and one seta (the 1 -segmented endopod in H. (K.) fiersi and H. (K.) godavari n. sp. also has similar armature)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 72-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Kiefer, F. (1952) Haplocyclops Gudrunae n. g. et n. sp. ein neuer Ruderfuβkrebs (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 149, 240 - 243.","Kiefer, F. (1955) Neue Cyclopoida Gnathostoma (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar, II. Cyclopinae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 154, 222 - 232.","Lindberg, K. (1956) Les Cyclopides (Crustaces Copepodes) tres evolues en tant qu'habitants des eaux souterraines; Revue des travaux recents concernant les Bryocyclops Kiefer et Speocyclops Kiefer. Actes prem. Congres International de Speleologie, 1953, 71 - 83. [Paris]","Kiefer, F. (1960 a) Zwei neue Cyclopiden (Crust. Cop.) als Bewohner des Sandluckensystems im Niger (Franzosischer Sudan). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 22 (A 2), 395 - 401.","Kiefer, F. (1960 b) Beitrage zur Copepodenkunde (XX). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 165, 37 - 45.","Dussart, B. H. (1981) Contribution a l'etude des Copepodes d'Iran. Crustaceana, 41, 162 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854081 X 00200","Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (1985) Repertoire mondial des Copepodes Cyclopoides. C. N. R. S. Centre Regional de Publications de Bordeaux, 1985, 1 - 236.","Lescher-Moutoue. F. (1986) Copepoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae des eaux douces souterraines continentales. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna Mundi. E. J. Brill / Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 299 - 312.","Rocha, C. E. F. da & Carvalho Bjornbberg, M. H. G. (1987) Copepods of the Jureia Ecological Reserve, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, II. The genera Hesperocyclops, Muscocyclops, and Bryocyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopidae). Hydrobiologia, 153, 97 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00006642","Pesce, G. L. (1996) Towards a revision of Cyclopinae copepods (Crustacea, Cyclopidae). Fragment a Entomologica Roma, 28, 189 - 200.","Reid, J. W. (1999) New records of Bryocyclops from the continental U. S. A. Puerto Rico, and Brazil (Copepoda: Cyclopoida). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 19, 84 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1549550","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2001) Introduction to Copepoda. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 16. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 344 pp.","Fiers, F. (2002) The genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae): Redescription of the type-species, H. gudrunae, and its congeners. Hydrobiologia, 474, 155 - 169. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1016579619924","Rocha, C. E. F. da, Torres, I. C. & Maia-Barbosa, P. (1998) Haplocyclops torresi n. sp. and Potamocaris estevesi Reid, 1991 from Brazil, with a proposal for revalidation of the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 (Copepoda). Beaufortia, 48, 1 - 15.","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941) (Figs. 2���8) Synonymy. Cyclopetta orientalis Lindberg, 1941 (female): 87���88, Fig. 1 a���h; Lindberg, 1946 (male) (no Fig.): 84-85; Dussart & Defaye, 2001: 114, 230, Fig. L 84; Dussart & Defaye, 2006: 9. Paracyclopina orientalis ( Lindberg, 1941): Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: 44. Material examined. Female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11848) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11849), dissected on 3 slides each; 1 female and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11850), whole-mounted on 1 slide each; 1 female, 1 male and 1 female juvenile (fifth copepodid stage), dissected on 3 slides each, in senior author���s personal collection; River Godavari at Angara village (water temperature 23 ��C; pH 7.5; 16 o 45 ��� 19.3 ���N, 81 o 54 ���07.6���E; elevation 34 m) in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. 24 January 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Redescription of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 398���462 ��m (n = 3). Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 2 a) cyclopiform, robust, somewhat compressed dorso-ventrally, and prosome-urosome boundary well demarcated at podoplean position. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.2 and greatest body width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.7. Prosome comprising cephalothorax and 4 pedigerous somites. Cephalothorax 2.2 times as wide as genital double-somite and not produced postero-laterally. Rostral projection (Fig. 4 a) broadly triangular and furnished with 2 ventral sensilla. Free pedigerous somites with straight postero-lateral corners, but fourth pedigerous somite with rounded lateral margins. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome short. Fifth pedigerous somite slightly wider than genital double-somite and with oblique lateral margins (Fig. 2 a). Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a) 0.7 times as long as its greatest width, about 25 % of total body length; ornamented with several small sensilla, as illustrated; hyaline fringe moderately developed dorsally and smooth. First pedigerous somite free but partly concealed by posterior extension of dorsal cephalic shield. Free pedigerous somites 1���4 with narrow and smooth hyaline fringe each mid-dorsally (not on later margins) and ornamented with sensilla on dorsal surface, as illustrated. Hyaline fringe on fifth pedigerous somite smooth dorsally and ventrally and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital doublesomite subcylindrical in dorsal (Figs. 2 a, 3 a) and ventral views (Figs. 2 b, 3 b), proximally dilated, 1.2 times as long as wide and with a small indentation on either side at about midlength (details of genital apparatus could not be depicted because of unexpected difficulties with slide preparation). Hyaline fringe of genital double-somite and next 2 urosomites with finely serrulate margin both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 3 a, b). Anal somite (Figs. 2 a, 3 a, b) ornamented with row of dorsal and ventral spinules on distal margin, about as long as wide. Anal operculum (Fig. 2 a) moderately developed, close to anterior margin of anal somite, smooth, 53 % of somite���s width, ornamented with 2 moderately long sensilla at base of anal operculum. Anal sinus widely open, unornamented. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, 3 a, b) parallel and close to each other and about as long as anal somite; each ramus 2.6 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with a ventral row of spinules on distal margin (Fig. 3 b) and armed with 6 setae; dorsal seta 0.4 times as long as principal outer apical seta, inserted at distal fifth of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta slender, moderately strong, arising from about midlength of outer margin of ramus and about as long as ramus; outermost apical seta about as long as ramus, slightly shorter than innermost seta and inserted on small projection. Principal apical setae with breaking planes. Inner seta 1.6 times as long as outer seta, and 5.5 times as long as caudal ramus. Innermost apical seta slightly longer than caudal rami. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 4 b): 17 -segmented, extending up to 4 / 5 of cephalothorax, ornamented with row of spinules proximally on first segment. Setal formula: 3.5.9.2.2.4+aes.2.1.0.1.1.2.1+aes.2.1.3.7+aes. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 1.0: 1.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.9: 0.9: 0.4: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.6: 0.5: 0.7: 0.5: 0.6: 0.9. Probable segmental homology: segment 1 (I���II) double, segment 2 (III���V) compound, segment 3 (VI���IX) compound, segment 4 (X) free, segment 5 (XI) free, segment 6 (XII���XIV) compound, segment 7 (XV���XVI) compound, segments 8 (XVII) ��� 16 (XXV) all free, and apical segment 17 (XXVI���XXVII) compound. Antenna (Fig. 4 d): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 1 short, smooth seta and 1 elongate, bipinnate seta at outer distal corner (perhaps representing exopod), the latter seta 3.1 times as long as the former, and 1 plumose seta at inner distal corner, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on proximo-ventral surface, 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. First endopodal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 plumose seta at about mid-inner margin, and unornamented. Second endopodal segment shortest, 1.5 times as long as maximum width, armed with 5 unequal setae, as illustrated, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margin. Third endopodal segment 2.2 times as long as wide, armed with 7 unequal setae and ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 4 e): subtriangular, with smooth free margin; ornamentation not discernible on ventral surface. Mandible (Fig. 5 a): coxa 2.1 times as long as wide, with well developed gnathobase having 1 large innermost tooth (on dorsal surface), 3 bifurcate and 4 pointed teeth in a group and moderately long outermost, unipinnate seta on ventral surface. Palp consisting of large basis, 2.2 times as long as wide and 1.9 times as long as exopod, armed with 1 plumose seta on subdistal inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on mid-outer margin. Exopod 4 -segmented, proximal 3 segments with 1 seta each at inner distal corner, and distal segment with 2 apical setae. Endopod 2 -segmented, 0.7 times as long as exopod; proximal segment with 2 apical setae and 1 subapical seta; ornamented with long hairs on inner margin; distal segment with 6 unequal simple setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 b): biramous, composed of praecoxa and palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 4 very strong distal claws and 5 medial elements on ventral side (proximalmost spine longest and pinnate) and 1 distally plumose seta arising from coxal endite. Palp composed of coxobasis, exopod and endopod. Coxobasis subcylindrical, 2.4 times as long as wide, armed with 5 setae (4 simple and 1 stout, pinnate). Exopod 1 -segmented, 1.8 times as long as wide, bearing 4 smooth, apical setae. Endopod 1 -segmented, 0.9 times as long as exopod, with 2 setae on inner margin, and 5 apical, simple setae; both rami proximally directed. Maxilla (Fig. 5 c): 6 -segmented, consisting of praecoxa, coxa, basis and 3 -segmented endopod. Praecoxa well developed, 1.2 times longer than coxa, proximal endite of praecoxa small, armed with 2 bipinnate setae and 1 smooth long seta; distal endite small, with only 1 bipinnate seta. Proximal endite of coxa with 3 bipinnate setae; distal endite elongate, expanded distally and armed with 3 apical, bipinnate setae. Basis drawn out into robust, prehensile claw with serrulate inner margin and armed with 1 small simple seta at base and 1 strong bipinnate seta. Endopod 3 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 4 robust, bipinnate setae; second segment with 2 bipinnate setae; distal segment smallest, with 1 unipinnate apical claw and 2 slender and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 d): 3 -segmented, composed of syncoxa (suture between praecoxa and coxa incomplete), basis and 1 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 4 endites, with 1, 1, 2, and 2 setae, respectively. Basis armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 pinnate seta. Endopod 1 -segmented, 1.2 times as long as wide, with 2 subapical and 3 apical, unequal setae. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 6 a���d): with 3 -segmented exopod and endopod; leg 1 relatively short. Hairs present on outer margin of coxa, inner margin of basis and along outer margins of exopod and endopod of all legs, as illustrated. Both rami equal in length on leg 1, but endopod slightly shorter than exopod on legs 2���4. Third exopodal segment spine formula of legs 1���4: 4.4.4.3; setal formula: 4.5. 5.5. Intercoxal plate small and unornamented on leg 1 (Fig. 2 c), but large and with 2 transverse rows of spinules (distal row slightly interrupted at middle on leg 2) in anterior view (Fig. 2 e); no ornamentation discernible in posterior view of legs 2���4 (leg 2, Fig. 2 d). All legs with inner distal seta on coxa and outer seta on basis; leg 1 basis with pinnate spine on inner distal margin. Spine and setal formulae as follows (legend: the spines and setae are denoted by Roman and Arabic numerals, respectively; the element or elements on inner margin of any segment are given first, separated by a hyphen from the outer margin element or elements; the armature of the terminal segment of each ramus has three parts separated by commas and are give in the sequence: inner margin, distal margin, and outer margin): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 3 1 2 3 Leg 1 1 -0 I- 1 1 -I 1 -I 3, 1+I, III 1 -0 1 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 2 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, III 1 -0 2 -0 3, 2, 1 Leg 4 1 -0 0-1 1 -I 1 -I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 2 -0 2, 2, 1 Leg 5 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a���b): baseoendopod fused to the somite and exopod distinct at base. Baseoendopod armed with outer plumose seta, inserted on elongate basal protuberance and ornamented with 1 row of fine ventral spinules at base of exopod. Exopod about twice as long as wide; armature consisting of 3 strong but unequal spines and 1 apical plumose seta; inner apical spine 0.3 times as long as segment and 1.8 times as long as outer apical spine; outer apical spine 1.3 times as long as proximalmost spine; apical plumose seta 1.4 times as long as segment. Ornamentation as illustrated. Leg 6 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a): located dorso-laterally on genital double-somite on a small proximal hump, and as a small plate bearing 2 tiny spinules. (* = incomplete description and/or figures;? = no details available; no. = number) Redescription of adult male. Total body length, excluding caudal setae, 412 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 7 a) slenderer than that of female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.3, greatest width (148 ��m) at middle of cephalothorax. Body length/ width ratio 3.1. Rostral expansion moderately developed. Cephalothorax 2.3 times as wide as genital somite and representing 31.4 % of total body length. Free pedigers 1���3 with almost straight lateral margins, but fourth one with rounded lateral corners. Hyaline fringes of cephalothorax and pedigers 1���3 smooth, slightly produced mid-dorsally and fourth pediger with very narrow hyaline frill, not clearly discernible. Fifth pedigerous somite expanded distally and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome narrow. Genital somite bulbous, about 0.7 times as long as wide; ornamented with 2 sensilla posteriorly (Fig. 7 a). Anal somite as in female. Spermatophore (Fig. 8 a, b) oval, 1.4 times as long as wide. Caudal rami (Fig. 8 a, b) 2.4 times as long as maximum width. Armature and ornamentation almost as in female. Antennule (Fig. 7 b, c): 17 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 10 and 11, and 14 and 15. Setal formula: 4.2.5.1.1.3.3.0.2.1.0.3.0.1.0.2.5+ 2 aes. Segments 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14 and 15 with 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2 and 2 long bipinnate setae, respectively. First segment ornamented with row of spinules at base; 11 th segment plate-like, protruded dorsally (Fig. 7 c). Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.6: 0.3: 0.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.3: 0.5: 0.7: 0.2: 0.4: 0.8: 0.5: 0.3: 0.8: 1.1: 1.2. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1���5 as in female. Leg 6 (Fig. 8 a, b): cuticular plate, fused to somite at base and armed with 2 unequal, plumose setae and 1 acute spinous process; outer seta 1.3 times as long as inner one. Ecology and distribution. As already pointed out, Paracyclopina is an Indo-Pacific genus. The ecological and geographic distribution of its hitherto known species is as follows: P. nana Smirnov, 1935: brackish water species and known from Vladivostok, Russia (Smirnov 1935); Japan, South Korea, and China (Tai & Chen 1979; Ueda et al. 2001; Chang 2009). P. orientalis (Lindberg, 1941): brackish water Indian species so far reported from Puducherry (erstwhile Pondicherry), Mahim, Angara (Lindberg 1941, 1946). P. intermedia (Sewell, 1924): brackish water Lake Chilka (Sewell 1924) and from both brackish and freshwater conditions of Lake Kolleru (Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna 1984), both in India. P. longifurca (Sewell, 1924): same as at P. intermedia. P. minuta (Sewell, 1934): freshwater conditions of the River Hughli, Calcuttta (now Kolkata), India (Sewell 1934). P. sacklerae Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: anchialine and brackish habitat on the coast of Muna Island, Indonesia (Boxshall & Jaume 2012). Lindberg (1941) described the females of Paracyclopina orientalis taken from shallow salty waters near the coast of Puducherry and from a lagoon at Oupalom on the southeast coast India. The males of this species were subsequently collected by Lindberg (1946) from a northwestern costal locality at Mahim in Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay). This shows that the species is distributed along both the southeast and northwest costal places adjacent to the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, respectively. Unfortunately, Lindberg (1941) did not specify whether this species is interstitial or benthic. In the present study, it was collected in brackish interstitial conditions of pits dug out on the sandy bank of the River Godavari, following Karaman & Chappuis method (Chappuis, 1942). Given the fact that all its congeners occur near the bottom, it is difficult to clearly establish whether this is a truly interstitial or epibenthic form. Circumstantial evidence, however, shows that this species is most probably hyporheic because it was accompanied by typically interstitial taxa such as Parvulobathynella distincta Ranga Reddy, Elia & Totakura, 2011, a bathynellacean, Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970, a harpacticoid copepod, and other unidentified cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods. Remarks. Paracyclopina was originally established by Smirnov (1935) for the type and only species, Paracyclopina nana Smirnov, 1935. Smirnov (1935) commented on the affinities between P. nana and the two Indian species, viz. Cyclopina intermedia Sewell, 1924 and Cyclopina longifurca Sewell, 1924. Subsequently, Lang (1946) transferred the latter two species and also another Indian species, Cyclopina minuta Sewell, 1934, to the genus Paracyclopina. The validity of these species was confirmed by Lindberg (1952), who also provided a short generic diagnosis, which has been used till date. Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna (1984) redescribed Paracyclopina intermedia (Sewell, 1924) and Paracyclopina longifurca (Sewell, 1924) based on the material collected from both brackish and freshwater conditions of Lake Kolleru. Mart��nez Arbizu (2000 a) reexamined some of these species and confirmed the validity of the genus. According to World Copepoda database on the genus Paracyclopina (Boxshall 2011), three species (the Russian Paracyclopina pacifica Smirnov, 1935, the Indian Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941), and the Indonesian Paracyclopina sacklerae Boxshall & Jaume, 2012) in addition to the above-mentioned species are also listed as valid, thus bringing the species tally to seven. However, Boxshall & Jaume (2012) did not recognize P. pacifica as a member of Paracyclopina, and provided an identification key only for the remaining six species. Mart��nez Arbizu (2000 a, b, 2001 a, b) split the family Cyclopinidae Sars, 1913 into four families: Cyclopettidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2000 a, Giselinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2000 b, Hemicyclopinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2001 a, and Psammocyclopinidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2001 b. Subsequently, Mart��nez Arbizu (2006) also added another family Schminkepinellidae Mart��nez Arbizu, 2006, thus the total number of cyclopinid families going up to seven. However, according to Karanovic (2008), the characters considered by Mart��nez Arbizu for establishing these new cyclopinid families are ���unreliable���. Similarly, Boxshall & Jaume (2012) also expressed doubt about the validity of the families because ���no comprehensive parsimony-based test of the validity of the new families derived from the breakup of the Cyclopinidae has yet been carried out���. As for Paracyclopina orientalis (Lindberg, 1941), the original account is rather incomplete in several respects. Hence it is redescribed here based on the present material. The principal morphological characters in which P. orientalis differs from its congeners are given in Table 1. The material under examination closely agrees with the original account of P. orientalis (Lindberg, 1941) except for some minor differences (see below). Surprisingly, this species, as rightly observed by Boxshall & Jaume (2012), has closer affinity with the Indonesian P. sacklerae, than with any of its three Indian congeners, as evident from the strikingly robust terminal spine on the exopod of leg 4 in both sexes and also the presence of three robust spines on the free exopodal segment of the female leg 5. The present study shows that the endopod of maxilliped in P. orientalis is only one-segmented whereas it is two-segmented in P. sacklerae (see Boxshall & Jaume, 2012: 38, Fig. 2 g), and in P. longifurca and P. intermedia (Ranga Reddy & Radhakrishna, 1984: 34, Pl. 6, Fig. 8). The discrepancies in Lindberg���s (1941) account, due most probably to incomplete depiction, are as follows: i) the first exopodal segment of the mandible is without vs. with a seta; ii) the maxillulary endopod has five instead of seven setae; iii) the one-segmented endopod of maxilliped has six vs. five setae; and iv) leg 5 exopodal segment has longer apical seta, but it is rather short in Lindberg���s figure (1941, Fig. 1 f). As already pointed out, Lindberg (1946) provided no figures for the male of P. orientalis. Hence, it is not possible to make a critical comparison of the present material with Lindberg���s (1941) account of the male., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 7-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Lindberg, K. (1941) Cyclopoides nouveaux du continent Indo-Iranien. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 87 - 95.","Lindberg, K. (1946) Cyclopoides (Crustaces Copepodes) nouveaux et peu connus de l'Inde. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 71, 84 - 95.","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2001) Introduction to Copepoda. 2 nd Edition. Vol. 16. Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 344 pp.","Dussart, B. H. & Defaye, D. (2006) World Directory of Crustacea Copepoda of Inland Waters II- Cyclopiformes. Backhuys Publishers BV, Leiden, 354 pp.","Boxshall, G. A. & Jaume, D. (2012) Three new species of copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida and Cyclopoida) from anchialine habitats in Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3150, 36 - 58.","Smirnov, S. S. (1935) Zur Systematik der Copepoden-Familie Cyclopinidae G. O. Sars. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 109, 203 - 210.","Tai, A. Y. & Chen, G. X. (1979) Cyclopoida Sars, 1886. In: Chen, C. J. (Ed.), Fauna Sinica, Crustacea, Freshwater Copepoda. Science Press, Peking, pp. 301 - 420.","Ueda, H., Ohtsuka, S., Seike, Y. & Ohtani, S. (2001) Second record of Cyclopina kiraensis, a small, brackish-water cyclopoid copepod, in Japan. Limnology, 2, 49 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 102010170016","Chang, C. Y. (2009) Inland-water Copepoda. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea. Vol. 42. Jeonghaeng-sa, Ministry of Education, Seoul, 687 pp.","Sewell, R. B. S. (1924) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. Crustacea, Copepoda. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 5, 771 - 851.","Ranga Reddy, Y. & Radhakrishna, Y. (1984) The Calanoid and cyclopoid (Crustacea, Copepoda) of Lake Kolleru, South India. Hydrobiologia, 119, 27 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00016862","Sewell, R. B. S. (1934) A Study of the Fauna of the Salt Lakes, Calcutta. Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 45 - 121.","Chappuis, P. A. (1942) Eine neue Methode zur Untersuchung der Grundwasserfauna,. Acta Scientifica Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Universitat Francisco-Josephinae, Koloszvar, 6, 1 - 7.","Ranga Reddy, Y., Bandari, E. & Totakura, V. R. (2011) First Asian record of the genus Parvulobathynella (Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) with description of two new species from southeastern India and amendment of the generic diagnosis. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 31, 485 - 508. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1651 / 10 - 3435.1","Enckell, P. H. (1970) Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from Ceylon. Arkiv for Zoologi, New Series 2, 22, 545 - 556.","Lang, K. (1946) Einige fur die schwedische Fauna neue marine Cyclopoida Gnathostoma nebst Bemerkungen uber die Systematik der Unterfamilie Cyclopininae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 38, 1 - 15.","Lindberg, K. (1952) Cyclopoides (Crustaces Copepodes) du royaume du Cambodge. B ulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 28, 1 - 16. [Biologie]","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2000 a) A new species of Cyclopetta from the Arctic Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean), with recognition of Cyclopettidae fam. nov., a new monophylum of free-living Cyclopoida (Copepoda). Bulletin de l'Institut des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,, 70, 91 - 101. [Biologie]","Boxshall, G. A. (2011). Halicyclops Norman, 1903. In: Walter, T. C. & Boxshall, G. A. (Ed.), World of Copepods database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 106433 (accessed 30 August 2011)","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2000 b) Gieselinidae fam. nov., a new monophyletic group of cyclopoid copepods (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Atlantic deep sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 54, 190 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 101520000051","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2001 a) Hemicyclopinidae n. fam., a new monophyletic group of marine cyclopinid Cyclopoida, with description of one new genus and two new species (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81, 37 - 54.","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2001 b) Psammocyclopinidae fam. n., a new monophyletic group of marine Cyclopoida (Copepoda, Crustacea), with description of Psammocyclopina georgei sp. n. from the Magellan Region. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 18, 1325 - 1339. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752001000400025","Martinez Arbizu, P. (2006) Phylogenetic relationships within Schminkepinellidae fam. n., a new monophyletic group of marine cyclopinids (Cyclopoida: Copepoda), description of two new genera and four new species. Invertebrate Zoology, 3, 185 - 207."]}

Brevicyclops viduus n. g., n. sp. ( Figs. 34���37) Type locality. Farm bore at Araveetikota village (15 o 34.746 ���N, 78 o 55.561 ���E; elevation 263 m) in Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN. Cp 2395); 3 paratype males wholemounted on 1 slide each (MNHN. Cp 2392���2394); 0 1 April 2006; Coll. Y. Ranga Reddy. Diagnosis. Small cyclopinae, total body length of males 228���300 ��m; body cyclopiform, moderately strong; male genital somite 0.7 times as long as wide; anal operculum bowl-shaped, hardly reaching distal margin of anal somite; caudal rami 1.9 times as long as wide, with greatly reduced principal outer apical seta being shorter than innermost apical seta; antennule 16 -segmented in male; mandibular palp lacking; maxilliped 4 -segmented, setal formula 2.1.1.2; spine formula: 2.3.3.2; legs 1���4 with 2 -segmented rami; setal formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 5.5.5.4; leg 1 basis without spine; coxal seta present on legs 2 and 3; intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with rounded small prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae; leg 6 reduced to 2 distinctly unequal setae. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 240 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 34 a) moderately robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 0.7 and greatest width (102 ��m) at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3. Rostral projection (Fig. 36 a) well developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 short sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded lateral margins. Pseudosomite absent between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite as wide as genital somite, and with oblique lateral margins. Cephalothorax (Fig. 34 a) 2.1 times as wide as genital somite, 1.2 times as long as its greatest width and 40.5 % of total body length; not produced postero-laterally. Hyaline fringes of prosomites smooth and narrow. Fifth pedigerous somite with smooth fringe dorsally, ornamented with 2 pairs of sensilla posteriorly. Genital somite 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view, about as long as wide in lateral view, ornamented with 2 pairs of sensilla dorsally, hyaline fringe smooth. Anal somite (Figs. 34 a, b, 35 a, b) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of latero-ventral spinules on posterior margin at base of caudal ramus (Fig. 34 b) and ornamented with 2 small dorsal sensilla. Anal operculum (Figs. 34 a, 35 b) smooth, moderately developed, 71 % of somite���s width, not reaching posterior margin of somite, distal margin straight. Anal sinus narrow, without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Figs. 34 a, b, 35 a, b) straight and close to each other and 15 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width, with slightly concave outer edge and nearly straight inner edge (Fig. 35 b); ornamented with 1 pore proximo-ventrally (Fig. 35 a), 1 row of tiny spinules at base of outermost apical seta. Dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length, and about as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta spiniform, plumose, 0.7 times as long as ramus, unipinnate, inserted subapically; innermost apical seta much slender and 0.6 times as long as outermost apical seta; principal outer apical setae without breaking planes; outer seta greatly reduced and somewhat shorter than innermost apical seta; inner seta 8.4 times as long as caudal ramus and with heteronomous setulation; all caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 36 b): 16 -segmented, digeniculate, unornamented. Armature formula as follows: 7 + 3 aes.4.1.3+aes.1.2.1.1.0.3.2.1.1+aes. 1.3.10 +aes. All aesthetascs slender; most setae slender and smooth; short unipinnate setae present on segments 12 and 14. Segments 1, 4, 6, 15 and 16 with 2, 1, 1, 1, and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.4: 0.2: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.3: 0.3: 0.1: 0.3: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.5: 0.5: 0.8. Antenna (Fig. 36 c): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis 1.9 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta subterminally on inner margin, and ornamented with 1 crescentic row of minute spinules at outer distal corner; second segment 2.2 times as long as maximum width, armed with 5 unequal setae (1 mid-inner margin, 2 subterminal, 2 inner distal corner) and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer distal margin. Third segment 2.5 times as long as wide, armed with 7 unequal simple setae and ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 36 d): relatively small, trapezoidal, no ornamentation discernible. Anterior cutting edge almost straight, with tiny, acute, equal teeth between slightly produced lateral corners. Mandible (Fig. 36 e), maxillule (Fig. 36 f), maxilla (Fig. 36 g): same as in type species. Maxilliped (Fig. 36 h): syncoxa 1.8 times as long as wide; other details same as in type species. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 37 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis, and lateral margins of exopod and endopod as illustrated. Endopod nearly equal in length to exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.3.3.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Intercoxal plate with 2 lateral, rounded, unornamented prominences each on all legs. Outer seta on basis short and plumose on all legs. Coxa without seta on legs 1 and 4, but with 1 plumose seta each on legs 2 and 3. Legs 1���4 armature formulae as follows (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 1 - I 4 + 1 +I+ I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, II 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 5 (Fig. 35 a, c, d): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae. Basal seta on small protuberance; 2 other setae representing ancestral distal segment, located on short but somewhat broad prominence; latter 2 setae unequal, plumose and shorter than basal plumose seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 35 a): both legs partly fused medially; each leg large, cuticular plate, with medial septum, and armed with 2 distinctly unequal setae. Etymology. The specific epithet, viduus, is derived from Latin adjective, vidua (= deprived of), alluding to the absence of females in the sample; gender masculine. Female unknown. Ecology. The taxa that co-occurred with the new species included a parabathynellacean (Atopobathynella sp. ) and a bogidiellid amphipod. Remarks. As has already been pointed out, Brevicyclops n. g. is close to the Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, among the genera containing small cyclopoids. This is obvious from the following characters: cyclopiform body shape; 11 -segemented antennule in female; 2 -segmented exopod and endopod of legs 1���4; and details of maxilla and maxillule. However, Brevicyclops n. g. is distinct from the Rybocyclops in the antennal setal formula being 1.1. 5.7 vs. 1.1.5.6; the spine formula of legs 1���4 either 2.2. 2.2 or 2.3. 3.2 vs. 2.2.2.2; and the principal outer apical caudal seta either extremely short, when present, or absent vs. always long. Clearly, the signal synapomorphy of the new genus is the greatly reduced (B. brevisetosus n. sp. and B. viduus n. sp.) or non-existent (B. asetosus n. sp.) principal outer apical seta on caudal rami. In fact, this character is a completely novel facet to the family Cyclopidae as a whole. Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. sp. and B. asetosus n. sp., while sharing the synapomorphy of the genus, also show identical spine formula of 2.2. 2.2 on second exopodal segment of legs 1���4. However, R. brevisetosus n. sp., R. asetosus n. sp. and R. viduus n. sp. differ from one another in subtle but important features as shown in the Table 3. Leg 5 is represented by only 3 setae, one of which is basal seta and the remaining two setae located on a small protuberance of the somite. This character state is shared by three genera, viz., Rybocyclops Dussart, 1982, Bryocyclops Kiefer, 1927, Palaeocyclops Monchenko, 1972, all of which indeed constitute a distinct lineage within the subfamily Cyclopinae, now called Bryocyclops -group of genera, characterized, inter alia, by 11 -segmented antennule, maxillule with distinct endopod bearing one inner and two or three apical setae and the overall armature details of maxilla, and 2 -segmented exopod and endopod on legs 1���4, with leg 1 and 4 or at least leg 4 without coxal seta. It is noteworthy that the genus Haplocyclops Kiefer, 1952 is also very close to the Bryocyclops -group in almost all the afore-mentioned characters. However, it differs from this group in the following characters: (i) legs 2���4 have one-segmented endopod and legs 3 and 4 with only one-segmented exopod (leg 1 segmentation is same as in Bryocyclops -group); (ii) the posterior location of the genital field on the double-somite of the female; and (iii) proximally located lateral seta on the caudal rami. Put differently, Haplocyclops is undoubtedly advanced over the Bryocyclops -group of genera. According to Karanovic & Ranga Reddy (2005), Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005 is the most reduced species in the whole of the family Cyclopidae., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 55-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Dussart, B. H. (1982) Crustaces Copepodes des eaux interieures. Faune Madagascar, ORSTOM-CNRS, 58, 1 - 146. [Paris]","Kiefer, F. (1952) Haplocyclops Gudrunae n. g. et n. sp. ein neuer Ruderfuβkrebs (Crustacea Copepoda) aus Madagascar. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 149, 240 - 243.","Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Brevicyclops brevisetosus n. g., n. sp. (Figs. 24���29) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 28 ��C, pH 7.0) at Kunchanapalli village (16 �� 23 ��� 42.1 ���N, 80 �� 32 ��� 28.2 ���E, elevation 26 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013-11865) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11866), dissected on 3 slides; 3 paratypes: 1 male, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013-11867), 1 male, wholemounted on 1 slide, and 1 male in alcohol in senior author���s personal collection; 0 4 January 2010; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Small cyclopinae; total body length of females 352 ��m; of males 348���361 ��m. Body robust. Female double-genital somite 0.7 times as long as wide; anal operculum bowl-shaped, reaching distal margin of anal somite. Caudal rami 1.6 times as long as wide, with principal outer apical seta greatly reduced. Antennule 11 - segmented in female, and 17 -segmented in male. Spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5.5.4; leg 4 with 2 -segmented rami in both sexes; coxa of all legs ornamented with spinular row near outer margin. Leg 1 inner basal spine absent. Coxal seta absent only on leg 4. Intercoxal plates of legs 1���4 with small, rounded and smooth prominences. Leg 5 reduced to 3 setae, 1 outer and 2 inner; the latter inserted close to each other. Leg 6 reduced to 2 very small elements. Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 351 ��m. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 24 a) somewhat robust, with prosome/ urosome ratio 1.6 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 2.8. Cephalothorax (Fig. 24 a) as long as wide, not produced postero-laterally, 41.8 % of total body length. Rostral projection (Fig. 26 a) well developed, broadly triangular, linguiform, and with 2 short sensilla on dorsal surface subdistally. Free pedigerous somites 2 and 3 with unproduced, straight postero-lateral margins; second pedigerous somite as wide as cephalothorax; fourth pedigerous somite with only slightly produced postero-lateral angles. Arthrodial membranes between free pedigerous somites well developed and hyaline frill slightly developed mid-dorsally, smooth on all segments; all somites slightly chitinised, imperforated, no spinules and cuticular windows discernible; sensilla as illustrated; somites 3 and 4 gradually narrowing. Pseudosomite between prosome and urosome absent. Posterior part of fifth pedigerous somite about as wide as genital somite, lateral margins oblique, and ornamented with 4 sensilla. Genital somite (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b) 0.7 times as long as wide, ornamented with 2 dorsal sensilla; hyaline fringe of genital somite as well as next 2 somites narrow and smooth. Spermatophore (Fig. 24 a) small, oval, 2.3 times as long as wide. Anal somite (Fig. 25 a, b) 0.6 times as long as wide, ornamented with transverse row of spinules latero-ventrally on posterior margin. Anal operculum (Fig. 24 a) moderately developed, smooth, 73 % of somite���s width, slightly overreaching posterior margin of somite, and with nearly straight posterior margin. Anal sinus without apparent ornamentation. Caudal rami (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b) parallel, close to each other and 17 % longer than anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as sub-proximal maximum width; ornamented with a row of tiny spinules disto-ventrally; spinules also occurring at base of outermost apical setae (Fig. 25 b); dorsal seta inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base, about half as long as principal inner apical seta; lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.6 times as long as maximum width of ramus; outermost apical seta 0.7 times as long as ramus, inserted subapically; innermost apical seta slender and about as long as outermost apical seta; principal apical setae without breaking planes; outer seta greatly reduced in size, bipinnate, only slightly shorter than innermost apical seta; inner seta 2.2 times as long as dorsal seta; outermost apical seta unipinnate; all other setae bipinnate. Antennule (Fig. 24 b): 17 -segmented, digeniculate, geniculation between segments 9 and 10, and 15 and 16. Armature formula as follows: 7 +aes.3.0.1+aes. 1 aes.1.1.0.1.0.0.1aes.2.0.1aes. 0.8; all aesthetascs slender and elongate; most setae slender and smooth; setae on segments 9 and 13 short unipinnate; segments 1, 13 and 17 with 1, 1 and 4 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.3: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2: 0.1: 0.2: 0.1: 0.4: 0.1: 0.3: 0.4: 0.1: 0.2: 0.6: 0.5: 0.9; concave sclerotized structures present on segments 15 and 16. Antenna (Fig. 26 c): 4 -segmented, consisting of coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1.5. 7. Coxobasis about twice as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and unornamented; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 1 seta on subdistal inner margin. Second segment 1.9 times as long as maximum width, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at outer distal corner and armed with 5 unequal setae (1 inner marginal, 2 subapical, 2 disto-marginal); third segment cylindrical, 2.3 times as long as wide, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer distal margin and armed with 7 unequal simple setae. Labrum (Fig. 26 c): small, trapezoidal, anterior cutting edge almost straight, with small, acute teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral corners; no ornamentation discernible. Mandible (Fig. 26 d): coxal gnathobase cutting edge with 2 large teeth on anterior surface; ventralmost tooth stronger and complex; a row of 6 teeth on apical margin between large teeth and unipinnate seta and also a row of small spinular teeth on ventral subapical surface. Palp absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 26 e): conical, apparently separate; ornamented with hair-like spinules on lateral margins. Maxillule (Fig. 26 f): composed of praecoxa and 2 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 strong clawlike spinous processes and 1 stout, pinnate seta and 6 medial elements (proximal one longest and pinnate, others naked). Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with 1 smooth proximal (exopodal) seta and 1 strong apical, bipinnate spine, 2 apical simple setae distally; endopod with 2 apical and 1 subapical plumose setae. Maxilla (Fig. 26 g): 4 -segmented; praecoxa fused to coxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa small and armed with 1 short, simple seta and 1 long pinnate seta; distal endite much reduced, unarmed. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 smooth seta; distal endite elongate and armed apically with 2 equal pinnate setae, which are not distinct at base; no ornamentation discernible on posterior surface of coxa. Basis expanded into robust, prehensile claw with serrulate inner margin, and armed with 2 setae: 1 smooth, weak seta at base of claw and 1 very strong bipinnate seta, slightly longer than claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 pinnate claws, proximal claw with serrulate inner margin and 2.1 times as long as distal one; distal segment smallest, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender, smooth, subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 26 h): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basis and 2 -segmented endopod. Syncoxa 1.8 times as long as wide, armed with 2 subdistal setae on small protrusion, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Basis 1.6 times as long as wide, armed with 1 seta at inner distal corner and 1 seta on distal margin, and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer distal margin. First endopodal segment armed with 1 seta; second one with 2 unequal setae. All segments with bipinnate setae. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 27 a���d): relatively short, with 2 -segmented exopod and endopod. Hairs present on rounded inner margin of basis; lateral margins of exopod and endopod ornamented hair-like spinules, as illustrated. Endopod nearly as long as exopod on legs 1���3, but distinctly shorter on leg 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula of legs 1���4: 2.2.2.2; setal formula: 5.5. 5.4. Coxae of all legs ornamented with a row of spinules near sub-proximal outer corner. Intercoxal plate with 2 small, smooth, rounded prominences each on all legs. Inner basal spine absent on leg 1. Coxal seta present on legs 1���3 only. Spine and setal formulae (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 3 1 -0 0-1 0- I 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I+0 Leg 5 (Figs. 24 a, 25 a, b): completely fused to somite and represented by 3 plumose setae; basal seta longest and lying on small protuberance; other 2 setae small, unequal and located on short prominence, representing ancestral distal segment. Leg 6 (Fig. 25 a, b): both legs partly fused proximally; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, with distinct septum medially, and armed with 2 small, equal setae on distal margin. Description of adult female. Total body length 357 ��m. Prosome/urosome ratio about 1.7 and greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 3.1. Cephalothorax about as long as wide, representing 43 % of total body length. Hyaline fringe of fifth pedigerous somite smooth and ornamented with 4 dorsal sensilla, as in male. Genital double-somite (Figs. 28 a, 29 a, b) about as long as wide, with smooth, narrow hyaline fringe dorsally and ornamented with 2 large sensilla; seminal receptacle small, consisting of anterior posterior parts; anterior part relatively large and concave; a small internal cuticular thickening visible, but not copulatory duct; next 2 urosomites without any sensilla and hyaline fringe narrow. Anal somite and caudal rami same as in male. Antennule (Fig. 28 b): 11 -segmented, ornamented with proximo-ventral row of spinules on first segment (no pits or other integumental structures), with armature formula as follows: 7.2.5.2.1.2.2.3.5.3.7+aes. Segments 1, 3, 9, 10 and 11 with 1, 2, 2, 1 and 3 long bipinnate setae, respectively; all other setae smooth; no aesthetascs. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.3: 0.2: 0.4: 0.6: 0.5: 0.3: 0.5: 0.6. Antenna, labrum, mandible, paragnaths, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and legs 1���5 similar to male. Leg 6 (Fig. 29 a, b): large, unornamented cuticular plate, with 2 short spinous projections. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective setosus (= bristle-bearing) to which the Latin brev i- (= short) is prefixed, alluding to the greatly reduced principal outer apical caudal seta; gender masculine. Variation. Body length of males ranges from 323 ��m to 356 ��m; inner medial apical seta is 1.8���2.2 times as long as dorsal seta. Distribution and ecology. The new species was collected only from type locality, and it was accompanied by Nitocrella sp., and a new parastenocaridid sp., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235

Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga (2015): Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species. Zootaxa 3945 (1): 1-93, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1

Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) godavari n. sp. (Figs. 51���54) Type locality. River Godavari (water temperature 26 ��C; pH 7.5) at Bhadrachalam town (16 �� 41 ��� 933.5 ���N, 82 ��03��� 945.5 ���E; elevation 10.8 m) in Khammam District, Telangana State, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11894), and allotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11895), dissected on 3 slides each; 8 paratypes: 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013-11896) and 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11897), dissected on 3 slides each; 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013-11898 ��� 11899) and 2 males (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11900 ��� 11901), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 2 females, dissected on 3 slides each in senior author���s personal collection; 12 October 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Very small cyclopinae, with almost harpacticoidal habitus and smooth integument. Genital doublesomite strikingly large compared with rest of urosome, swollen both proximo-laterally and ventrally, with copulatory pore and ovipores situated at 4 / 5 of double-somite length. Anal somite with large crescentic anal operculum, protruding beyond somite���s limit. Caudal rami about 1.5 times as long as wide, parallel; lateral seta inserted in proximal half almost dorsally. Antennule in female 11 -segmented, without lateral seta on ultimate segment and with only 2 setae on segment 7; the same appendage 13 -segmented in male, strongly digeniculate. Antenna 4 -segmented, with setal formula 1.1. 5.6. and without any seta representing exopod. Cephalic appendages with reduced armature and/or segmentation: mandibular palp completely absent; maxillulary palp 1 -segmented, endopod not distinct at base with 2 setae; maxilla without lateral seta on basis; and maxilliped 3 -segmented, armature formula: 1.1. 2. Legs 1���4 without any coxal armature and with only outer seta on basis: exopod of legs 1 and 2 as well as endopod of leg 1, 2-segmented, while all other rami 1 -segmented (although armature of exopods reflects ancestral 2 -segmented condition, the same could not be traced on endopods); spine formula of second exopodal segment of legs 1���4 (ancestral in case of legs 3 and 4) 2.2. 2.2 and setal formula 5.4. 4.3. Leg 1 with inner seta on first endopodal segment. Leg 5 completely fused to somite, represented by 3 slender setae. Leg 6 distinct cuticular plate, armed with 2 tiny setae in both sexes. Description of adult female. Total body length, measured from base of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 280 ��m. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Body (Fig. 51 a) slender, almost harpacticoidal, dorso-ventrally compressed, with prosome/urosome ratio 1.3 and greatest width at middle of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 4.1. Cephalothorax about as wide as genital double-somite, not produced posterolaterally. Rostral projection (Fig. 51 a) moderately developed, broadly triangular, furnished with 2 small sensilla. Free pedigerous somites 2���4 with rounded postero-lateral corners. Pseudosomite absent between prosome and urosome. Fifth pedigerous somite 0.7 times as wide as genital double-somite and with oblique lateral margins, ornamented with 4 sensilla. Cephalothorax 1.3 times as long as its greatest width and 32.2 % of total body length. Hyaline fringes of all somites very narrow and smooth; ornamentation not discernible on urosomites 3 and 4. Arthrodial membranes well developed, making the whole body flexible. Strongly sclerotized joint (as pseudosomite) present between fifth pediger and genital-double somite. Genital double-somite huge (2.4 times as long as rest of abdomen, characteristic in shape), swollen both laterally and ventrally, 0.9 times as wide as long, ornamented with pair of dorsal sensilla. Copulatory pore (Fig. 51 c) small, ovoid, situated near the level of leg 6; copulatory duct short and straight, medially dilated, straight and well sclerotized. Seminal receptacle small, representing 31.3 % of double-somite���s length, with clear distinction between large anterior and small posterior expansions; both expansions semicircular. Ovipores (Fig. 51 c) situated laterally at 4 / 5 of somite length, covered with reduced sixth legs. Third urosomite greatly telescoping into genital double-somite. Anal somite without ornamentation except for 2 small dorsal sensilla; operculum large, crescentic, smooth, 74 % of somite���s width, and produced slightly beyond somite���s limit. Anal sinus wide and smooth. Caudal rami (Fig. 51 a���c): symmetrical, parallel and close to each other with narrow space between them and 0.8 times as long as anal somite; each ramus 1.7 times as long as maximum width, basal part much narrower than the rest of ramus. Dorsal seta 2.1 times as long as caudal ramus, 0.7 times as long as principal outer seta, inserted at 4 / 5 of ramus length and uniarticulate at base. Lateral seta arising from dorsal surface close to outer margin at 3 / 5 of ramus length and 0.6 times as long as maximum width of ramus in dorsal view. Outermost apical seta spiniform, about as long as ramus, inserted subterminally. Innermost apical seta slender and 0.4 times as long as outermost apical seta. Principal apical setae without breaking planes. Inner seta 1.3 times as long as outer seta, 0.4 times as long as urosome and 4 times as long as caudal ramus. All caudal setae plumose. Antennule (Fig. 52 a): 11 -segmented, extending up to middle of cephalothorax, ornamented with 1 row of spinules at base of first segment. Setal formula: 6.3.4.1.2.0.2.1.2.2.5+aes. Lateral seta on ultimate segment absent. Segments 3, 7, 8 and 11 with 2, 1, 1 and 2 long pinnate setae, respectively. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.2: 0.6: 0.2: 0.2: 0.3: 0.5: 0.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.8. Probable segmental homology 1 (I���V), 2 (VI���VII), 3 (VIII���XI), 4 (XII���XIII), 5 (XIV), 6 (XV���XVI), 7 (XVII���XX), 8 (XXI���XXIII), 9 (XXIV), 10 (XXV), 11 (XXVI���XXVIII). Antenna (Fig. 52 b): 4 -segmented, consisting of long coxobasis and 3 -segmented endopod. Setal formula of endopod: 1, 1, 5 and 6. Coxobasis twice as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 1 bipinnate seta at inner distal corner; exopodal seta absent. First endopodal segment 1.6 times as long as maximum width, armed with 1 simple seta on mid-inner margin and ornamented with 1 row of spinules near outer margin; second endopodal segment 1.4 times as long as wide, armed with 5 unequal setae. Third endopodal segment with 6 unequal, simple setae; ornamented with minute spinules along outer margin. Labrum (Fig. 52 c): elliptical/trapezoidal, unornamented. Anterior edge slightly convex, with about 20 small, equal teeth between slightly produced triangular lateral corners. Mandible (Fig. 52 d): coxal gnathobase divided roughly into 3 groups of teeth; inner group of 3 large unequal teeth, innermost one being larger; middle group consisting of medium-sized teeth and a small sub-distal spinular row; distal group with 1 pinnate outermost seta and 2 long spinules on ventral surface. Paragnaths (Fig. 52 e): conical lobe, ornamented with spinules on both margins. Maxillule (Fig. 52 f): composed of praecoxa and 1 -segmented palp. Praecoxal arthrite bearing 3 strong clawlike spinous processes and 1 stout plumose seta and 6 medial elements on ventral side, proximalmost one largest and plumose. Palp composed of coxobasis and endopod. Coxobasis with 3 medial setae (2 smooth and slender, 1 strong and bipinnate), smooth medial setae unequal and 1.3 times as long as bipinnate seta; endopod fused at base, with 2 smooth setae (1 apical and 1 subapical). Exopodal seta absent. Maxilla (Fig. 52 g): 4 -segmented, consisting of syncoxa, basipod and 2 -segmented endopod. Praecoxa fused with coxa to form syncoxa. Proximal endite of praecoxa robust, armed with 2 equal, unarticulated, pinnate setae; distal endite absent. Proximal endite of coxa with 1 bipinnate seta; distal endite fused at base, elongate and armed apically with 2 smooth, equal setae; coxa unornamented. Basis expanded into robust claw, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along inner margin and armed with 1 strong, pinnate seta as long as claw. Endopod 2 -segmented; proximal segment armed with 2 robust setae of about same length; distal segment small, with 1 robust, unipinnate, apical claw and 2 slender, equal and smooth subapical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 52 h): 3 -segmented, composed of coxobasis and 2 -segmented endopod. Coxobasis about 3.1 times as long as wide and armed with 1 bipinnate seta inserted on spinulose protuberance at inner distal corner. First endopodal segment 0.3 times as long as coxobasis and armed with 1 bipinnate seta at unornamented inner distal corner. Second endopodal segment small, armed with strong and unipinnate seta apically and shorter, smooth seta subapically. Legs 1���4 (Fig. 53 a���e): leg 1 relatively short; exopod of legs 1 and 2, as well as endopod of leg 1, 2-segmented; all other rami 1 -segmented (armature of exopods reflects ancestral 2 -segmented condition, but not clear on endopods) and fringed with hairs. Endopod nearly equal to exopod in length on legs 1 and 2, but appreciably shorter on legs 3 and 4. Second exopodal segment spine formula: 2.2. 2.2, and setal formula: 5.4. 4.3. Intercoxal plates on all legs with rounded small, smooth prominences. Outer seta on basis of leg 1 relatively long and pinnate distally. Coxal seta on legs 1���4 absent. Armature formula of legs 1���4 (legend: same as that of Paracyclopina orientalis): Coxa Basis Exopod Endopod 1 2 1 2 Leg 1 0-0 0-1 0-0 4, 1+I, I 1 -0 1, 1+I, 1 Leg 2 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I - I+1, 1 Leg 3 0-0 0-1 0- I 3, 1+I, I - 1, I+ 1 Leg 4 0-0 0-1 0- I 2, 1+I, I - 1 +I Leg 5 (Fig. 51 a���d): completely fused to somite, represented by 3 slender setae. Remnant of basal segment represented by barely visible elevation, bearing 1 plumose outer basal seta, about 2.2 times as long as others; 2 other setae (armature of ancestral distal segment) subequal and smooth. Leg 6 (Fig. 51 b, c): distinct, small cuticular plate, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, short setae. Description of adult male. Total body length excluding caudal setae 277 ��m, paratypes 256���289 ��m. Habitus (Fig. 54 a) slenderer than that of female. Prosome/urosome ratio 1.2, greatest width at posterior end of cephalothorax. Body length/width ratio 4.6. Cephalothorax about 1.2 times as wide as genital somite and 30.4 % of total body length; fifth pedigerous somite somewhat expanded at midlength and 0.8 times as wide as genital somite. Genital somite (Fig. 54 a, b, c) about as long as wide, with slightly curved lateral margins. Third and fourth urosomites and anal somite similar to female, but anal operculum not extending beyond posterior margin of somite. Caudal rami (Fig. 54 a���c): similar to female. Antennule (Fig. 52 i): digeniculate, 13 -segmented. Segments 1 and 3 each with 1 slender aesthetasc. Setal formula: 3 + 3 aes.2.1.0.0.1.1.0.1.2.0.0.4. Other cephalic appendages and legs 1���5 as in female. Length ratios of antennular segments along medial axis: 1.0: 0.4: 0.1: 0.2: 0.2: 0.2: 0.5: 0.5: 1.0: 0.7: 1.0. Segments 3 and 7 each with 1 bipinnate seta. Segments 3, 9 and 11 with setae having articulate basal part. Leg 6 (Fig. 54 c): both legs partly fused medially; each leg large, cuticular plate-like, armed with 2 unequal setae. Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the River Godavari from which the new species is collected; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name. Distribution. Haplocyclops godavari n. sp. was collected only from the type locality. Remarks. Because of the overwhelming resemblance of Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) godavari n. sp. with Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) fiersi, we initially mistook the former for the latter. Scrutinous examination, however, has revealed that the former is indeed a valid new species belonging to the subgenus Haplocyclops (Kiefercyclops) Karanovic & Ranga Reddy, 2005. H. (K.) godavari n. sp. fulfills all the criteria of the subgenus Kiefercyclops as follows: coxobasis of antenna armed with only one seta; mandibular palp completely reduced; maxillulary palp 1 -segmneted; maxilla without lateral small seta on basis; maxilliped 3 -segmented; legs 1���4 without any coxal armature; leg 1 first exopodal segment unarmed; exopod of leg 3 as well as endopods of all legs have reduced armature. The only exception is that leg 6 of the new species is armed with two setae instead of one seta. H. (K.) godavari n. sp. can be distinguished from both H. (K.) primitivus n. sp. and H. (K.) fiersi by several morphological characters (see Table 4)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2015, Groundwater cyclopoid copepods of peninsular India, with description of eight new species, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3945 (1) on pages 81-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3945.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/288235, {"references":["Karanovic, T. & Ranga Reddy, Y. (2005) First Haplocyclops Kiefer (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Indian subterranean waters: the most reduced free-living cyclopoid. Annales de Limnologie, 41, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 2005011"]}

Habrobathynella pseudoindica n. sp. (Figs 16–22) Type locality. River Krishna (water temperature 27 °C; pH 7.5) at Chamarti village (16 ° 34 '56.0"N, 80 ° 16 ' 31.7 "E; elevation 35 m) in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype &female; (MNHN-IU- 2013-11844), dissected on 3 slides and allotype &male; (MNHN-IU- 2013-11845), dissected on 4 slides and 3 paratypes: 1 &female;, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013- 11846); 1 &male;, dissected on 3 slides, and 1 &male; whole-mounted on 1 slide (MNHN-IU- 2013-11847); also, 1 &male; juvenile, dissected on 4 slides, in senior author’s collections; 30 June 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. Male Th VIII relatively short, subglobular; dentate and inner lobes only moderately produced, dentate lobe with 3 transverse rows of denticles distally; outer lobe smooth, fused with protopod; uropodal sympod with inhomonomous row of 4 spines, of which the ultimate spine distinctly larger than the others, which are similar in size; setae on uropodal endopod about as long as spur; pleotelson slightly protruded in lateral view; maxilla with 2 distinctly unequal setae on first segment; second segment armed at inner distal corner with claw-like seta, which is 43 % of apical claw in length. Labrum vaulted, with 10 main, large teeth; first endopodal segment of Th I unarmed. Description of adult male. Total body length 0.96 mm; paratypes 0.91–0.97 mm. Body (Fig. 16) elongate, heavily chitinised and perforated, 10.2 times as long as wide, and thoracomeres and pleomeres telescoping into each other to varying degrees. In lateral view, pleomeres wider than thoracomeres. Head 1.2 times as long as wide, 23.3 % longer than first 2 thoracomeres combined. Antennule (Figs 16, 17 a): 6 -segmented; no sexual dimorphism, measuring 21.1 % as long as head. First segment with 1 plumose seta on small protuberance on outer margin, 2 plumose setae and 1 long simple seta on dorsal surface subdistally, and 1 small ventral plumose seta near inner margin subdistally. Second segment with 3 plumose setae in a row on dorsal surface, 1 ventral plumose seta on protuberance near outer margin, and 1 ventral seta on inner distal margin. Third segment with 1 long simple seta and 1 plumose seta at inner distal corner, and 1 ventral simple seta subdistally. Inner flagellum subquadrate, bearing 3 unequal simple setae. Fourth segment with stout apophysis, overreaching midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae; 1 plumose seta on small protuberance and 1 stub seta on distal margin. Fifth segment with 3 unequal aesthetascs, somewhat overreaching sixth segment, 1 subapical seta at outer distal corner, 2 simple setae on distal margin, and 1 short modified seta at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 unequal, slightly subeaqual aesthetascs and 4 unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 17 b): 2 -segmented, proximal segment bare, 0.6 times as long as distal segment; second segment 1.6 times as long as wide, with 1 small outer proximal seta, 2 strikingly unequal terminal setae, of which inner seta plumose and 1.6 times as long as segment, and 1 reduced subterminal dorsal seta. Labrum (Fig. 17 c): dentate margin moderately vaulted on either side, bearing 10 main, large, nearly uniform, pointed, curved teeth and 1 small tooth on either side. Also, 4 rows of fine spinules (ctenidia) and 2 teats on ventral surface, as illustrated. Mandible (Figs 17 d–e): distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth. Tooth of ventral edge large, articulate, and with smooth lateral margins. Pars molaris developed into pyriform outgrowth, 1.4 times as long as wide, carrying 2 curved smooth lateral teeth and 3 straight slender, serrulate teeth in a group at distal end and 1 small tooth at disto-outer corner. Palp completely absent. Paragnaths: not studied. Maxillule (Fig. 18 a): with 2 endites; proximal endite small, subquadrate, carrying 4 unequal claws on distal margin, one of which very small. Distal endite subcylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, and armed with 2 apical claws, distalmost one larger, bent inwards, 4 unequal claws on inner margin and 3 subterminal setae on outer distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 18 b): 2 -segmented; basal segment twice as long as wide, with 2 distinctly unequal setae at inner distal, rounded corner. Second segment 2.2 times as long as basal segment and armed with 15 setae including 2 setae at midlength of inner margin. Third segment completely fused with terminal falcate claw, which has finely serrulate inner distal margin. Th I–VII (Figs 19 a–d, 20 a–c): as in H. ajraoi n. sp. Th VIII (Fig. 21 a–e): subglobular in lateral view; protopod well developed. Outer lobe small, fused with protopod. Both dentate and inner lobes only slightly produced. Dentate lobe a little longer than inner lobe, with 3 transverse rows of fine denticles. Inner lobe somewhat conical in shape. Basipod well defined at base and armed with 1 seta at inner distal angle. Exopod plate-like, ending in a row of fine denticles. Endopod represented by a seta, as long as exopod in lateral view. Pleopod 1 absent. Uropod (Figs 22 a–b): sympod 2.7 times as long as maximum width, dilated in distal half of inner margin, bearing inhomonomous row of 4 serrulate spines, proximal 3 spines slender, equal in size; ultimate spine thickest and largest. Exopod cylindrical, 41.3 % of sympod length and armed with 1 apical and 1 subapical, barbed setae; outer seta longer than inner one. Endopod falcate, 88.9 % of sympod length, distal inner margin ornamented with spinules and with 2 unequal, long setae at proximal fourth of outer margin; inner seta longer than outer one, spur somewhat slender and incurved. Pleotelson (Figs 22 a–b): slightly protruded, with 1 ventral seta on either side at base of caudal furca; seta shorter than furca. Anal operculum (Fig. 22 a): medially concave in dorsal view. Caudal furca (Figs 22 a–b): longer than maximum width, bearing 1 terminal and 3 inner spines with serrulate margins and 2 unequal dorsal plumose setae; each spine with transverse row of delicate spinules at base; furcal organ small, ventral. Description of adult female. Total body length 1.10 mm, paratypes 0.97–1.26 mm. Body and all appendages except Th VIII as in male. Th VIII (Fig. 18 c): small, broadly triangular and plate-like lobe. Description of juvenile (Figs 23 a–e). Total length 0.73 mm. Body form as in adult, 8.2 times longer than maximum width. Pleomeres wider than thoracomeres. Head 1.2 times as long as wide. Body segmentation and various details of cephalic appendages as in adult, but differing in the following respects: Th I–IV adult-like; Th V–VII (Figs 23 a–c) rudimentary; epipod present; basis without seta; exo- and endopod unsegmented; exopod slightly shorter than endopod and with 2 apical weak setae; endopod unarmed. Th VIII (Fig. 23 d) rudimentary; protopod shorter and outer lobe subtriangular and fused with protopod. Basipodal and endopodal setae not discernible. Dentate lobe rectangular, smooth, as long as inner lobe. Pleotelson as in adult. Uropodal exopod straight, 35.6 % of sympod length and endopod 77.7 % of sympod length; armature as in adult. Furcal spines relatively small, without any basal spinules. Etymology. The specific epithet alluding to the apparent resemblance of the new species with H. indica insofar as the spine row of the uropodal sympod on distal margin (Latin pseudo = spurious); gender feminine. Remarks. The new species is closely related to H. indica in the following respects: number and pattern of sympodal spines; unequal aesthetascs on ultimate and penultimate segments; 10 main teeth on free labral margin; setae on uropodal endopod more or less equal to endopodal spur (Ranga Reddy & Schminke 2005). The new species is strikingly different from H. indica in that the penile lobes are much shorter. It also differs from the latter in the following features: first exopodal segment of Th I unarmed vs. armed; the male Th VIII outer lobe smooth and fused with protopod vs. denticulate and fused with penile region; proximal endite of maxilla bearing 2 vs. 3 setae; mid-inner margin of maxilla with 2 vs. 3 setae; number of teeth on pars molaris 6 vs. 5. Also, spine pattern on sympod of H. pseudoindica n. sp. is same as in the Indian H. indica (see Ranga Reddy & Schminke 2005) and the Madagascan H. milloti and H. jeanneli (see Delamare Deboutteville & Paulian 1954).

Habrobathynella ajraoi n. sp. (Figs 2���8) Type locality. Farm bore (water temperature 28 ��C; pH 7.0) at Govindupalem village (17 �� 27 ��� 52 ���N, 82 �� 55 ��� 53 ���E; elevation 28 m), about 20 km from Elamanchili town in Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, South India (Fig. 1). Type material examined. Holotype &female; (MNHN-IU- 2013-11837), dissected on six slides; allotype &male; (MNHN- IU- 2013-11838), dissected on five slides; one paratype &female; (MNHN-IU- 2013-11880), dissected on two slides. 15 May 2009, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. Farm bore at Rambilli village (17 �� 27 ��� 52 ���N, 82 �� 55 ��� 53 ���E, elevation 27 m; temperature 26 ��C; pH 7.0) in Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. 1 &male; and 2 &female;&female; in alcohol in the first author���s collections. 28 February 2007, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Diagnosis. On male Th VIII, both dentate and inner lobes moderately produced, extending well beyond basipod level; outer lobe smooth and conical, fused with protopod; exopod plate-like in anterior, posterior, and ventral views, but hook-like in lateral views; basipodal seta distinctly overreaching penile region. Uropodal sympod with dilated, disto-inner margin, having inhomonomous row of 7 spines, proximal 5 spines similar in size, both penultimate and ultimate spines longer than proximal ones and lying apart from each other; and ultimate spine somewhat longer than its neighbor. Mandible: tooth of ventral edge not distinct at base; pars molaris reduced in size, and roughly fork-like with 4 reduced, fused teeth. Antennular apophysis on fourth segment overreaching midlength of next segment; segments 5 and 6 with 3 unequal aesthetascs each, those on the former longer, extending beyond the tip of the latter. Labrum with 8 elongate and incurved teeth on nearly straight free margin. Female Th VIII subovate in outline. Setae on uropodal endopod shorter than spur; outer exopodal seta apical in position and about half as long as inner one. Maxilla with 3 unequal setae on proximal endite; distal segment with 1 claw-like seta as long as apical claw at inner distal corner and 1 on distal margin. Th I with unarmed first endopodal segment. Anal operculum concave. Pleotelson with smoderately long seta at base of caudal furca. Description of adult female. Total body length of holotype 0.82 mm. Body (Fig. 2) elongate, heavily chitinised and perforated, 8.2 times as long as wide, and thoracomeres and pleomeres telescoping into each other to varying degrees. In lateral view, pleomeres wider than thoracomeres. Head 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as first 2 thoracomeres combined. Antennule (Figs 2, 3 a): 6 -segmented, measuring 23.3 % longer than head, no sexual dimorphism. First segment with 1 plumose seta near outer margin, 1 plumose seta at outer distal corner, 2 plumose and 1 simple setae on dorsal surface subdistally. Second segment with 3 unequal plumose setae in a row on dorsal surface subdistally, 1 ventral plumose seta at outer distal corner and 1 simple seta at inner distal corner. Third segment with 1 plumose seta and 1 long simple seta at outer distal corner, 1 ventral plumose seta near distal margin. Inner flagellum subquadrate, with 3 unequal setae. Fourth segment with stout apophysis, reaching about midlength of next segment and with 2 unequal plumose setae; 2 plumose setae, each occurring on short protuberance, and 1 stub seta on distal margin. Fifth segment with 1 simple seta and 3 unequal aesthetascs on distal margin, all aesthetascs longer than segment 6, and 1 thread-like seta and 2 simple setae at inner distal corner. Sixth segment with 3 unequal, apical aesthetascs and 4 unequal setae. Antenna (Fig. 3 b): 2 -segmented, proximal segment bare, half as long as distal segment; second segment ovate, 1.6 times as long as wide, with 1 tiny outer proximal seta, 2 unequal terminal setae, of which inner seta plumose and 1.6 times as long as segment, and 1 subterminal dorsal seta. Labrum (Fig. 3 c): dentate margin nearly straight, bearing 8 main elongate, pointed and incurved teeth, medial 2 teeth smaller than others; also, 2 pairs of teats on ventral surface, as illustrated; no other ornamentation discernible. Mandible (Figs 3 d���e): 3.4 times as long as wide, distal part of pars incisiva with 4 unequal teeth, proximal most tooth small. Tooth of ventral edge comparatively stout, not defined at base and with smooth lateral margins. Pars molaris (���lobe���) reduced to plate-/fork-like outgrowth, 0.8 times as long as wide, with 4 teeth, proximalmost tooth largest in size and closest to mandibular body; penultimate tooth intermediate in size, 2 distal teeth small and finely denticulate; palp completely absent. Paragnaths (Fig. 3 f): coupler rounded and moderately long; lateral lobes short, denticulate spinules (���ctenidia���) present on coupler and lateral lobes. Maxillule (Fig. 4 a): with 2 endites; proximal endite small, oval, carrying 4 unequal claw-like pinnate spines on inner distal margin. Distal endite subcylindrical, 3.8 times as long as wide, and armed with 2 terminal claws, distal one distinctly larger, bent inwards; 3 unequal claws on inner margin and 3 subterminal setae on outer distal margin. Maxilla (Fig. 4 b): 2 -segmented, bent inwards; basal segment 1.9 times as long as wide, with 3 strikingly unequal setae, lying on small protuberance at inner distal corner. Second segment 1.3 times as long as basal segment and armed with a total of 15 setae including 2 setae at midlength of inner margin and 5 unequal claw-like setae, of which 1 at inner distal corner and 1 at outer distal angle particularly strong. Third segment completely fused with terminal falcate claw with fine spinules on distal inner margin. Th I���VII (Figs 5 a���d, 6 a���c): Th I���VII gradually increasing in size; epipod absent on Th I; epipod on Th II���VII biarticulate, club���shaped, exceeding midlength of basis. On all thoracopods, coxa with distinct conical projection at inner distal corner and basis with 1 simple slender seta, the latter longer than first endopodal segment on Th I, but shorter on Th II���VII; first endopodal segment without seta. Exopod 2 -segmented, about 0.8 times as long as endopod, first segment with 1 dorsal and 1 ventral plumose setae of unequal length. Second segment with 1 subterminal dorsal plumose seta and 1 terminal ventral barbed seta. Endopod 4 -segmented, fourth segment smallest. Th I with ctenidia near posterior end of second exopodal segment; endopod without ctenidia. Th II���VII with ctenidia each near posterior end of first and second exopodal segments and also second and third endopodal segments, as illustrated. Setal formulae: Th I: 0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 2 (0); Th II���VII: 0/0+ 1 /0+ 1 / 1 (0). Th VIII (Fig. 4 c): somewhat ovate in outline, not fused at base. Uropod (Figs 8 a���b): sympod 3.9 times as long as maximum width, narrow in proximal half, and somewhat dilated in distal half in dorsal view and bearing inhomonomous row of 7 serrulate spines, 5 proximal spines similar in size, penultimate spine slightly longer than proximal ones, ultimate spine longer than, and a little away from, its neighbor and lying at distal corner. Exopod straight, 21 % of sympod length, slightly indented laterally close to base (Fig. 8 c) and armed with 2 apical, unequal barbed setae, outer seta about half as long as inner seta. Endopod falcate, 41.5 % of sympod length, with 2 unequal subapical setae, shorter than endopodal spur. Pleotelson (Figs 8 a���b): only slightly produced and rounded at postero-lateral angle, with 1 moderately long, ventral seta on either side at base of caudal furca. Anal operculum (Fig. 8 a): medially concave in dorsal view. Caudal furca (Fig. 8 a���b): rounded in lateral view, longer than maximum width in dorsal view, bearing 1 terminal and 3 inner spines with serrulate lateral margins and 2 unequal dorsal plumose setae; furcal organ small, ventral. Description of adult male. Total body length 0.78 mm. Body and all appendages except Th VIII as in female. Th VIII (Fig. 7 a���e): subquadrate in lateral view, protopod of moderate size. Outer lobe conical, smooth, fused with protopod, extending but a little beyond base of exopod. Both dentate and inner lobes moderately produced, overreaching exopod. Dentate lobe only slightly longer than inner lobe and with 3 transverse rows of denticles distally. Inner lobe massive, conical in different views. Basipod well defined, ornamented with 1 spinule on inner margin (Figs 7 a, b, e) and armed with 1 very long seta at inner distal corner, overreaching penile lobe. Exopod hook���like in lateral views, plate-like in anterior, posterior and ventral views, and with fine apical teeth. Endopod represented by a seta. Pleopod 1 absent. Etymology. The species is named to honor our good friend and a rare exemplary personality, Mr. Adusumilli Jagannadha Rao, ex-Finance Officer, Acharya Nagarjuna University; the specific epithet, coined by prefixing the initial letter of his surname as well as middle name to the last name, is a noun in the genitive singular. Distribution and ecology. H. ajraoi n. sp. was collected only from the phreatic waters of two farm bores, one of which is the type locality; it was accompanied by some unidentified non-parastenocaridid harpacticoids. Remarks. The new species fulfills all the generic criteria, as revised by Ranga Reddy & Totakura (2010). Within Habrobathynella, H. ajraoi n. sp. is closely related to the Indian H. vidua Ranga Reddy & Totakura, 2010, in the following respects: ultimate and penultimate spines on uropodal sympod longer than proximal ones; uropodal endopod with two setae shorter than endopodal spur; penile region of male Th VIII is moderately extended; two setae present on mid-inner margin of maxilla; ultimate and penultimate antennular segments with longer and unequal aesthetascs. The new species, however, differs from H. vidua by having eight long, curved vs. ten short, straight main labral teeth; mandibular pars molaris fork-like with four, fused teeth vs. subpyriform with five articulate teeth; pleotelson setae present vs. absent; uropodal exopod short vs. long; male Th VIII with small, smooth outer lobe fused to protopod vs. large, denticulate and fused to penile region; basipod with vs. without spinule on inner angle; proximal endite of maxilla with three setae vs. one seta; and seta on first exopodal segment of Th I absent vs. present (see Ranga Reddy & Totakura 2010). Female Th VIII is ovate and long vs. elliptical and short. The new species is so distinctly different from the other congeners that a detailed comparison is redundant. All in all, the new species stands out in the genus Habrobathynella especially by its mandibular features, which are somewhat reflective of the close affinity between this genus and the African Haplophallonella Serban & Coineau, 1975 (see Serban & Coineau 1975)., Published as part of Totakura, Venkateswara Rao & Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, 2014, Three new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973 (Syncarida, Parabathynellidae) from the peninsular India, pp. 139-168 in Zootaxa 3826 (1) on pages 141-149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3826.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/227172, {"references":["Ranga Reddy, Y. & Totakura, V. R. (2010) A taxonomic revision of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, with the description of four new species from southeastern India (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea). Zootaxa, 2532, 1 - 54.","Serban, E. & Coineau, N. (1975) Haplophallonella heterodonta n. g., n. sp. Parabathynellide (Podophallocarida, Bathynellacea) d'Afrique (Cote d'Ivoire). Travaux de l'Institut de Speologie ' Emile Racovitza ', 14, 51 - 70."]}

Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1