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The novel orange to red color Bi24Al2-xCrxO39 (0≤ x ≤ 0.5) compounds were successfully synthesized by the solid state method. With the increase of Cr content, the colors of compounds are tuned from orange red to dark red. The X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples are indexed with cubic Bi24Al2O39 structure with the space group of I23. The oxidation state of Cr in the oxide is confirmed to be +4 valence by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Based on the analysis of Cr oxidation state and UV–Visible spectrum, the red hue is due to the d-d transition of Cr4+ in tetrahedral sites. The as-synthesized red color compounds also show excellent stability in acid and base environments.

This study presents a part of a research project on retouching wet Collodion and dry gelatine glass plate negatives from Golestan Palace photo archive in Tehran, Iran, dating from the mid-19th century. The collection belongs to Qajar era. This is a case study on the use of red paint in retouching wet collodion glass plate negatives and aims to help the understanding of retouching material and their application. Red paints in four retouched negatives, and also their binder, identified in this study by means of, micro Fourier transform infrared (µ-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and stereo microscopy technique. Elemental analysis performed with (SEM-EDS) revealed the presence of Lead (Pb), and Iron (Fe) elements in the paint. Thus, red Iron & red Lead pigments were identified as the red paints. The results confirmed by micro Fourier transform infrared (µ-FTIR), and a natural resin (probably gum Arabic) is identified as the binder of all paints as well. Red Lead, is realized as a paint to cover the boundaries, create more brightness, and as a binder to adhere masking papers, to the intended areas. Red Iron, is also found as a paint to correct emulsion defects and, make a perfectly clear and clean sky or background. Apparently, all these choices have been made consciously. It is believed that this study will contribute much to better understanding of retouching materials and the need to preserve them.

Cosmetic are mixture of materials that are ready to be used on the outside of the body. One type cosmetics makeup that is often used is Blush-On. This Blush-On cosmetics has a distinictive red color, so it issu red color, so it is suspected that there is still a misuse in the addition of Rhodamine B to Blush—n cosmetics, especially cosmetics that are not registered to BPOM (The Nationalof Drug and Food Control). Based on the PERMENKES RI No. 445/Menkes/Per/V1998 concerning certain dyes declared dangerous it is a synthetic dye Rhodamine B which is one of the dyes that is prohibited for use in-cosmetics products because the fidings of BPOM from 2014 to 2015, Rhodamine B is still used as one of the dyes. This study aims to knowthe misuse of the addition of synthetic dye Rhodamine B to Blush-On cosmetics and to know how much Rhodamine B is contained in the Blush-On cosmetic samples. The results of the qualitative test with the staining method on the Blush-On cosmetics samples A,B,C,D, and E, it is sample E that produces a clear reddish color that has he potential to contain Rhodamine B . Furthemore, it is continued with a quantitative test by using Uv-Vis Spectrofotometry, and it obtains levels of Rhodamine B in sample E is 9,98mquantitative test by using Uv-Vis Spectrofotometry, and it obtains levels of Rhodamine B in sample E is 9,98mg/g.

The major aim of the current study was to assess thermal stability of red pigments produced by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16362/PTCC 5303 in submerged fermentation. Natural pigments were produced by Monascus purpureus using stirred tank bioreactor. Stability of Monascus purpureus pigments was assessed under various temperature (50.2–97.8°C), salt (0%–2.5%), and pH (4.3–7.7) values. Thermal degradation constant and half‐life value of the red Monascus purpureus pigments were analyzed using response surface methodology followed by a first‐order kinetic reaction. Results of this study showed that pH, temperature, and salt content could affect red color stability of Monascus purpureus. The pigment showed various stabilities in various thermal conditions (temperature, salt, and pH). At high temperatures, degradation constant of the red pigments increased with decreasing pH, revealing that the Monascus red pigment was destroyed at lower pH values and salt could affect stability of the red pigments at lower temperatures.

Among the structures using for fabricating white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) such as the conformal coating or in-cup geometries, the remote phosphor structure gives the highest luminous efficacy. However, in terms of color quality, its performance is not as good as the others. The red-light compensation has been reported as the effective solution for enhancing the color quality of WLEDs. Hence, this study adopted the idea and applied to the dual-layer phosphor structure. The phosphor used to boost the red color in light formation is (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu particle. The dual-layer remote phosphor structure was simulated with the red (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu phosphor layer above the original yellow phosphor YAG:Ce3+ one. The WLEDs with different correlated color temperatures of 5600 K, 6600 K and 7700K were experimented. Mie-theory and Lambert-Beer law were applied to examine the results. The growth in color rendering index (CRI) and color quality scale (CQS) with the increase of (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu phosphor concentration was observed. Nevertheless, the lumen efficacy would be degraded if the concentration was over a certain number. The information provided in this article is useful for the development of high-power WLED production with greater color quality.

Coloration of red grapes under high temperature and narrow day/night temperature range conditions is a great challenge. The aim of the investigation was to test the effect of Sulis® fertilizer which has recently commercially released in Egypt on the color of ‘Redglobe’ grapes. In 2018, the treatments were water (control), 1 ml L-1 Sulis®, or 2 ml L-1 Sulis®. ‘Redglobe’ berries were darker red color due to Sulis® treatments, with no different effect between both Sulis® concentration. While, The 2019 treatments were water (control), 150 mg l-1 ABA + 250 mg l-1 Ethephone, 1 ml L-1 Sulis®+ 250 mg l-1 Ethephone, or 1 ml L-1 Sulis®. During both seasons, the treatments gave the same effect on physical berry characteristics. The bunches sprayed with ABA or Sulis® +ethephone were harvested 10 days earlier than those treated with Sulis® alone, and 20 days earlier than the control clusters. The treatments gave higher packable yield percentages at first pick harvest and SSC/TA ratio than the control. L*, a*, b*, C* and h˚ of berry color traits were decreased due to the treatment applications. Sulis®+ethephone and Sulis® treatments increased the red color index and anthocyanin content in berry skin than the control treatments. Sulis® fertilizers is promising as a coloring agent in grapevines cultivation.

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of background color on the growth, skin pigmentation and breeding performances of guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Guppy fish was reared in tanks with four different colors as treatments such as T0 (transparent), T1 (red), T3 (blue) and T4 (green) for 5 months. There were significant differences in growth and coloration among the treatments. The growth performance was found significantly higher in transparent background compared to the other treatments. The results showed that the highest mean weight (0.259 ±0.018 g), mean length (3.067±0.208 cm) and SGR (0.165±0.012) of the fish were significantly higher in T0. Least mean weight (0.167± 0.025 g), mean length (2.53±.0.058 cm) and SGR (0.104±0.017) were observed in T1 indicating association of red color with slower growth performance of guppy, compared to other treatments. Study showed significant influence of background color in skin pigmentation. Fishes reared in transparent tanks showed the highest value of carotenoid (0.00175±0.00004mg/g) and fishes reared in the red tank showed the lowest value of carotenoid (0.00092±0.000035 mg/g). Green background enhanced red orange color on fish skin and provided high amount of carotenoid value (0.00143±0.000046 mg/g) than that with blue (0.00095±0.000025 mg/g). These results suggest significant influence of background color on growth and skin pigmentation patterns of Guppy.

The regulation of multicolor fluorescence changes in mechanochromic fluorescence (MCF) remains a challenging task. Herein, we report the regulation of MCF using a donor-acceptor structure. Two crystal polymorphs, BTD-pCHO(O) and BTD-pCHO(R) produced by the introduction of formyl groups to an MCF dye, respond to a mechanical stimulus, allowing a three-color fluorescence change. Specifically, the orange-colored fluorescence of the metastable BTD-pCHO(O) polymorph changed to a deep-red color in the amorphous-like state to finally give a red color in the stable BTD-pCHO(R) polymorph. This change occurred by mechanical grinding followed by vapor fuming. The two different crystal packing patterns were selectively regulated by the electronic effect of the introduced functional groups. The two types of selectively formed crystals in BTD(F)-pCHO bearing fluorine atoms, and BTD(OMe)-pCHO bearing methoxy groups, respond to mechanical grinding, allowing for the regulation of multicolor MCL from a three-color change to two different types of two-color changes.

To achieve high color rendering and proper color temperature, a red color converter is essential for phosphor-converted white lighting devices. CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ (CASN) is a highly suitable red phosphor for white light-emitting diodes. However, it can be hardly used in high-power laser lighting due to poor thermal/chemical performance of the phosphor/silicone resin mixture. A series of all-inorganic CASN-based phosphors (e.g., composite ceramic and phosphor-in-glass) were developed to avoid the use of resin. However, new challenges emerged: none of them showed sufficient luminous efficacy (i.e., >50 lm/W) and adequate saturation-threshold (i.e., >30 W or 10 W/mm2). Here, we report a facile fabrication of CASN/glass composite films using a simple and efficient blade-coating method. Upon 450 nm excitation, the resultant composite film presents a high internal quantum efficiency of ~83%, comparable to that of pristine CASN powder (~90%). When irradiated with a blue laser, the composite film shows a record high luminous efficacy of 82 lm/W. Furthermore, its saturation threshold was investigated in high power and high power density mode, respectively. When measured in high power mode, it shows a high saturation threshold over 29.7 W (1.75 W/mm2), thus achieving a high luminous flux of 1576 lm; when measured in high power density mode, it shows a saturation threshold of ~10.2 W/mm2 (1.13 W). With abovementioned excellent properties, the CASN/glass composite film has great potential for use in high-power and high color rendering laser lighting.

The use of ceramics has been around for thousands of years as a part of human culture. Color is a cultural element almost as old as the use of ceramics. Red is probably the first color to be used consciously on ceramics. The strong symbolic significance of this color can be seen in thousands of years of cave paintings and its use in different cultural fields. In the research, it has been determined that while humanity is trying to reach the red color, the main color, red, also includes intermediate tones such as orange, brown, pink, burgundy, purple, etc. Within the scope of the research, while explaining the ways to reach the red color, in addition to the main color red, the accent colors and semitones of red were also included. Based on the question of why mankind uses the color red in ceramic making, what cultural meanings he attributes to this color and the symbolic language in the use of color are examined. Then the question “how is this color obtained, in other words, what is the technology?” has been asked. Information was given about the material properties that enabled the color to emerge, the different technological stages observed in the historical process and the techniques used for obtaining the color. Accordingly, different techniques such as clay coloring, surface coloring, glaze and alternative firing in ceramics are explained.

Innovation in increasing the wet noodles performance was conducted by substituting super red dragon fruit (pitaya) peel (DFP) puree to get DFP wet noodles that have red color and rich in fiber. Wheat flour (WF) was substituted with super red DFP puree in a portion of 0-20%. A single factor experiment arranged in Completely Randomized Design with four replications for each treatment was conducted. Hedonic and quality hedonic properties for color, aroma, texture, and taste were determined. Data were analyzed by the Friedman test continued by the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. The DFP wet noodle with DFP puree substitution of 10% gave the best hedonic sensory response for overall acceptability with the properties of like for color, texture, and taste, but rather like for aroma. The DFP wet noodles have hedonic quality properties of a light reddish color, slightly scented of dragon fruit peel with a texture of rather hard and rather taste of DFP. The fiber content of the DFP wet noodles was 0.135 ± 0.003%.

Red spinach is known as a food stuff for protein, vitamins A, B, and C and contains mineral salts. Red spinach is used as a natural dye because it is thought that red spinach has betacyanin and anthocyanin content that can produce a purpleish red color. Efforts to increase vegetable consumption are carried out by modifying as a velva, a frozen beverage product that are almost the same as low-fat ice cream Velva. The purpose of this study is to know the interaction of the addition of red spinach extract and CMC stabilizing material, to know the influence of red spinach concentration, and to know the influence of differences in cmc concentrations on Velva characteristics. The implementation of the experiment used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) that was factorially arranged consisting of 2 factors. Factor 1 is the concentration of red spinach extract consisting of 3 levels namely 20%, 25%, and 30% while factor 2 is CMC concentration consisting of 3 levels which is 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. Observation parameters include vitamin C levels, melting power, viscosity, antioxidants, anthocyanins, and organoleptics that include color, aroma, taste, texture, and fondness. The results showed that red spinach extract had a significant effect on antioxidants with the greatest value in B3 treatment (Spinach Extract 30%) 53.70%; vitamin C with the greatest value in B3 treatment (CMC 1%) 6.3 g/mL, and anthocyanins with the best 3 treatments are B3 at 1.1675 mL/L, while CMC has a significant effect on melting power, viscosity, and vitamin C Velva spinach red. The results showed that red spinach Velva contains a small amount of glycine so that the pigment contained is betacyanin.

The surface of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was successfully coated with mesostructured silica templated by surfactant assemblies using cetyltrimethylammonium ions. By repeating the coating operation, it was possible to control the thickness of the mesostructured silica phase. In the sample obtained with ten coatings, in particular, the aggregation and sintering of the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was suppressed, and the bright red before the heat treatment was maintained even after a heat treatment at 1300 °C.

Safflower, a natural dye representing red, is the dye that materials and dyeing method are recorded in the literature, including materials and dyeing. Although the safflower is the same, the ash used as a mordant is recorded differently in each literature, which greatly affects the aesthetic perspective in realizing the traditional safflower red. Therefore, the optimal conditions for realizing the traditional safflower red were sought. The experiment was conducted by pH investigation, dyeing and color analysis by dyeing solution water, concentration, and temperature by ash, and the unique color of red was confirmed. A s a result of t he test, t he pH p oint o f time when t he uniq ue c olor w as e xpressed was 11.53 as goosefoot ash (natural bedrock water), which was 1:100 for concentration and 70°C for temperature, which was easier to extract red pigment than other ash, indicating that it is suitable for safflower dyeing. The analysis of the ash showed that K and Si play an important role in dyeing, especially Si, which is an element that inhibits carthamon. The color of red was similar to that of KS Standard vivid purplish red in the ash of the goosefoot, and the other ash was deep purplish pink. In the light of findings, it was possible to quantify the dyeing method through traditional materials and find the standard color of red color, and it is judged to be a basic data for studying the unique color of natural materials.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of light reflecting colored mulches and only one time spraying with selected insecticides to control the insect vector of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) at the central farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207. The experiment was carried out in three blocks layouted with RCBD comprising eight treatments viz. T0 (control/no spray), T1 (1 time spray with imitaf), T2 (1 time spray with protect), T3 (1 time spray with tiddo plus), T4 (1 time spray with terbine), T5 (light reflecting silver color mulch), T6 (light reflecting red color mulch) and T7 (light reflecting black color mulch) with three replications. The mulches were used before sowing and insecticides were sprayed at 30 DAS. It was observed that among the light reflecting colored mulches, the lowest disease incidence (11.48%) was recorded in the plots which mulched with red color mulch (T6). Among the insecticides, the lowest disease incidence (30.17%) was recorded in plots that was sprayed with terbine (one time). Yield and yield contributing characters, morphological and physiological features of okra plant that changes due to disease infection which cause damages in okra production and reduce the fruit quality as well as market value was also the part of this study. Yield and yield contributing characters showed significant variance among the selected treatments. In the relationship study, it was noticed that the yield and plant height was showed negative relationship with disease incidence. However, considering all measuring parameters, spraying with terbine (one time) and used red color mulch may be recommended as good management approaches that will give higher okra production and lower disease incidence of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV).

This study was carried out to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and LED light on improving postharvest quality of 0900 Ziraat cherry fruits. In the present study, UV-B treated to cherry fruits 10, 20, and 40 min, and then stored dark conditions. On the other hand, the blue (M), red (KR) and ultraviolet-A (UVA) LED light had applied to fruit during storage, continuously. Fruits without application were used as a control. Cherry fruits were stored at 4±1°C temperature with 85-90% RH for 35 days. As a result of the study, the best treatment in terms of increasing the TSS/TA rate (19.3), fructose (5.27%), glucose (6.22%), total soluble phenol (170.16 mg/100 mL CAE) and anthocyanin content (12.11 mg/kg FW), red color, and taste quality (4.63) of fruits was UVB20. It has also been seen that the KR treatment could be used to reducing the titratable acidity content, and increase the amount of fructose, total soluble phenol. The UV-A LED treatment is particularly significant in reducing weight loss, and providing in the fruit stalk remains green. Also, the treatments of both UVB and LED improved the color quality of cherries by increasing brightness, darkening red color, and protection of anthocyanins, whereas increased the EL. As a result, it might be concluded that the UVB20 (5.95 kJ / m2s) treatment was the best and usable treatment to maintaining both biochemical and taste quality cherry fruits during cold storage.

In this study, we evaluated the inter-unit variability of the lateral response artifact for multiple flatbed scanners, focusing on the dual-channel method, and investigated the correction method of the lateral non-uniformity. Four scanners with A3+ paper-size and five scanners with A4 paper-size were evaluated. To generate the dose–response curves, small pieces of the Gafchromic EBT3 and EBT-XD films were irradiated, and five of the pieces were repeatedly scanned by moving them on the scanner to evaluate the lateral non-uniformity. To calculate the dose distribution accounting for the lateral non-uniformity, linear functions of the correction factor, representing the difference between the pixel values at offset position and the scanner midline, were calculated for red and blue color channels at each lateral position. Large variations of the lateral non-uniformity among the scanners were observed, even for the same model of scanner. For high dose, red color showed pixel value profiles similar to symmetric curves, whereas the profiles for low dose were asymmetric. The peak positions changed with dose. With correction of the lateral non-uniformity, the dose profiles of the pyramidal dose distribution measured at various scanner positions and that calculated with a treatment planning system showed almost identical profile shapes at all high-, middle- and low-dose levels. The dual-channel method used in this study showed almost identical dose profiles measured with all A3+ and A4 paper-size scanners at any positions when the corrections were applied for each color channel.

In the development of new optoelectronic devices, mainly those related to solid state technology (SSL), the generation of luminescent materials with high intensity in visible region and low cost is of vital importance. For this reason, this work presents the luminescent properties of zinc phosphate glasses doped with the manganese ion 2+. The manganese ion offers a series of advantages with respect to rare earths, such as a more accessible cost and an intense emission in the red color that make it a great candidate for the generation of new optoelectronic devices. The methodology for the synthesis is presented in this work, as well as its luminescent properties, for concentrations of 2%, 10%, 13% and 15% atomic.

This research aimed to study the environmental stabilization for bio-composites. The weight content of eggshell powder (ESP) was set 5% by weight into the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Two natural colors of Sappan wood (red color) and Jackfruit tree (yellow color) were dyed into ESP. PLA was compounded with ESP and natural color dyed of ESP in the internal mixer and fabricated by injection molding. The specimens were tested light-radiation exposure to Rayong’s climate for 15 and 30 days. The physical changes in color, functional group analysis, and mechanical properties of specimens before and after exposure were determined. These results indicated that natural colors dyed ESP filled PLA, bio-composites changed the appearances of color variations more than ESP filled PLA. However, ESP and natural colors dyed of ESP did not affect functional group positions after light exposure testing, but the significant change concerned bands between 1800 and 1680 cm−1 that attributed to the carbonyl group in PLA. Crystallization behavior revealed that the Tg of specimen tended to decrease after exposure testing. Furthermore, the yellow dyed from Jackfruit tree would encouragement the crystallization that was seen a slight development in the %crystallinity of the PLA-ESP biocomposites. The tensile strength of all samples would be increased with after light exposure, but %strain at break of PLA and ESP filled PLA decreased with light exposure. On the other hand, the elongation of two natural colors dyed of ESP filled PLA tended to increase after 30 days of light exposure when compare with neat PLA.

NaMnF3:Yb,Er and NaMnF3:Yb,Er@NaGdF4:xEu (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9) samples were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The as-obtained NaMnF3:Yb,Er particles show a single red emission under the irradiation of infrared light (980 nm), due to the energy exchange transfer process between Mn2+ ions and Er3+ ions. Notably, further growth of NaGdF4:Eu on the basis of NaMnF3:Yb,Er enhanced the green up-conversion luminescence of Er3+ ions, which gradually shifted from red to green with the increase of the Gd3+ ion doping amount. In addition, NaMnF3:Yb,Er@NaGdF4:Eu exhibits red color under ultraviolet excitation (397 nm). These results provide a possible means for controlling the luminescence properties of the lanthanide doped up-conversion system. The luminescent film synthesized with NaMnF3:Yb,Er@NaGdF4:Eu can show different luminescent colors under different light irradiation (near infrared and ultraviolet), which indicates that they have potential applications in multi-mode anti-counterfeiting.

Anthocyanin accumulation is responsible for the red color of the skin of apple fruits (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, soil factors, tree factors, and ...

Nanostructured Fe2O3/TiO2 composite pigments with improved NIR reflectance were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method using urea and NH4OH. The optical and morphological properties of the resulting pigment were investigated by varying the weight ratio of Fe2O3 to TiO2 and the calcination temperature. The resulting composite pigment has a nanostructure in which Fe2O3 nanoparticles of 20–30 nm size are well coated on the surface of TiO2 (∼100 nm) and the reflectance is greatly improved in the wavelength range of 620–1350 nm. The ratio of Fe2O3 to TiO2 and the calcination temperature were optimized to provide both high NIR reflectance and red color, which were 0.1 and 700 °C. As a result, compared with pure Fe2O3 (Eg = 2.06 eV, a* = 22.6), the optimized Fe2O3/TiO2 composite pigment (Eg = 2.09 eV, a* = 24.8) showed similar color properties and improved NIR reflectance by about 23.8%. In addition, the Fe2O3/TiO2 composite pigment showed about 62.7% larger reflectance at 905 nm than Fe2O3. According to a temperature rise test under IR illumination, the Fe2O3/TiO2 composite pigment was confirmed to have improved heat shielding properties. Therefore, the nanostructured Fe2O3/TiO2 powder could be potentially applied as a LiDAR detectable cool red pigment for autonomous vehicles.

Betacyanins are one of the reddish to violet betalain pigments that are unstable under an oxygen atmosphere, greatly limiting their application and commercial potential. To improve the betacyanins color stability, we explored synergistic effects between ascorbic acid (AA), polysaccharides, and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to improve the color stability of betacyanins in acidified conditions. We found that alginate and low methoxy pectin (LMP), among the thirteen studied polysaccharides, increased the red color stability of beetroot extract at pH 3.2 during thermal treatment. Our results proved that there is a synergistic effect between polysaccharides, AA, and EDTA, for enhancing the betacyanins color stability. Further, the red color in a model sports beverage recipe protected by the LMP, AA, and EDTA was stable for up to 45 days at room temperature and under natural light. The synergistic stabilization of betacyanins in acidified beverages was confirmed through ATR-FTIR and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation analyses., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Improved the color stability of betacyanin in acidified conditions • Effect of polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, and EDTA on betacyanin stability • Interactive role of thirteen polysaccharides on betacyanin stability was studied • LMP, AA, and EDTA enhance betacyanin shelf life at room temperature • Betacyanin color was stable for up to 45 days in model sports drink formulation

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different colors produced by light emitting diode (LED) on Brown Tsaiya ducks.Methods: A total of 144 female Brown Tsaiya ducks were randomly allocated into three individual cage rearing chambers with different LED illumination colors as treatments. Three different treatments were: i) white color, ii) blue color, and iii) red color. The experiment periods were from ducks 21 to 49 weeks of age, determined traits included i) egg laying performance, ii) feed intake, iii) egg shell breaking strength, iv) egg shell thickness, v) egg Haugh unit, vi) egg weight, vii) serum Estradiol and Progesterone concentration, and viii) behavior pattern.Results: The results indicated that when compared with white and blue color, red color could stimulate ducks sexual maturation and raised the egg laying performance. The red light group was also observed to have the highest feed intake among three treatments. The blue treatment had the lowest egg shell breaking strength and the highest egg weight among three treatments, nevertheless, no significant difference was observed among three treatments on egg shell thickness and egg Haugh unit. The red light group had higher serum estradiol concentration than the white and blue groups, but no significant difference among treatments on the serum Progesterone concentration was found. The results of behavior pattern indicated that red light group showed more feeding and less resting behavior compared to the blue light group.Conclusion: We found a potential of applying red light illumination in the indoor laying duck raising system with positive results on egg laying performance and acceptable egg weight, equivalent egg qualities compared to white and blue light.

The color influence the acceptance of consumers for the final product of strawberry jam. The red color of anthocyanin is susceptible to degradation by heat treatments and storage of jam. Mixing strawberries with other byproducts may improve the color and develop a new product with higher quality and nutrition value. Watermelon rind was applied to fortify strawberry jam at different ratios of 0% (control), 20% (T1), 40% (T2), 60% (T3), and 80% (T4) to strawberry puree. Blends were mixed with sucrose (1: 0.8), and the heating was continued until the final TSS reached 68° Brix. Jams analyzed for physicochemical and sensory characteristics after processing and 180 days of storage. The stability of anthocyanin, color parameters, bioactive compounds, sensorial quality were improved by using watermelon rind at 20% and 40% compared with the other treatments by store end. Therefore, we recommend by addition watermelon rind to strawberry jam at the mentioned ratios especially at T1 (20%) to improve the color of strawberry jam produced.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of CaCO3 in liquid formulation on the incidence of sunburn and the visual quality of apples, as well as to test application times and dosages of biostimulants in increasing the red Color of the fruits. The study was carried out in partnership with the rural producer, in the orchards located in the municipality of Fraiburgo-SC, in the 2018/2019 harvest. To meet the proposed objectives, two different experiments were conducted: experiment 1 - application of calcium carbonate to reduce the incidence of sunburn in apples and experiment 2 - use of biostimulant to increase the red Color in the epidermis of apples. The variables analyzed were: production data (kg plant-1, fruits plant-1, average fruit mass and aspects related to fruit quality: pulp firmness, soluble solids content, mineral content in fruits, percentage of red Color in the epidermis of the fruits and incidence of sunburn. The tests carried out to promote the red Color of the fruits showed satisfactory results. However, the tests developed aiming at reducing the incidence of sunburn did not show reliable results, since the environmental conditions, mainly the sunstroke, were not favorable to the development of the damage to the fruits, making it impossible to obtain conclusive information on the efficiency of the CaCO3 product. in reducing the incidence of sunburn in apples. The application of CaCO3 as a sunscreen does not improve the calcium content of the harvested fruits. The application of Physiogrow® Color promotes better allocation of the harvested fruits in categories of greater coloration of the epidermis.

There are many innovations in wet noodle processing with color variations. One of wet noodle processing innovations is the use of natural dyes such as fruit or vegetable dyes. The essence of red chilies can be used as a natural dye for wet noodles. Natural dyes dissolve easily during the boiling process, therefore color retention agents can be added in the processing and expected to be able to retain the red color of chilies in wet noodles. This study aims to determine the effect of adding color retention agents on physicochemical characteristics, namely moisture content, color resistance, texture, and vitamin C content in wet noodles. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments of color retention agents each with 4 repetitions. The treatments applied were T0: without the addition of a color retention agent, T1: ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), T2: citric acid (C6H8O7), T3: magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH2)), and T4: magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). The test results were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if there is a significant effect at the 5% significance level, then proceed with the Duncan Multiple Region Test to determine the differences between treatments. All data analyses were calculated by using a computer program SPSS 21.0 for windows. Data from the test for vitamin C content were analyzed using Microsoft Excel through graphical analysis. The results is addition of color retention agent treatment to wet noodles with natural dyes from chilies had a significant effect on the color resistance, moisture content, texture, and vitamin C content of wet noodles. T4 wet noodle is the best wet noodle treatment in maintaining the red color with the physical characteristics according to SNI. Keywords: color retention agents, noodles, red chili

Petrovska klobasa is traditional dry fermented sausage with intense red color, what differentiate it from other products of the same type. Very important factor in traditional sausage production is...

This work aimed to compare the potential application of anthocyanins extracted from jabuticaba fruit (Plinia cauliflora) and purple sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) peels as potential raw materials to manufacture colorimetric indicator films. The effect of anthocyanin source on morphology, thickness, moisture content, hydrophobicity, solubility in water, chemical structure, thermal properties, color, and opacity of films was analyzed. Furthermore, color change of films when exposed to controlled visible light and their application to monitoring meat freshness at three temperatures (− 20, 4, and 20 °C) was studied. Anthocyanins from both agri-food wastes increased the molecular spacing in the polymer chains, increasing thickness values and decreasing the thermal stability of the films. However, this effect was more evident when anthocyanins from purple sweet potato peels were used. The other physicochemical properties of colorimetric films were not altered with the presence of anthocyanins. Both colorimetric indicator films showed visible changes from red color to blue color when used to monitor meat freshness at the proposed storage temperatures. Based on physicochemical and colorimetric results, jabuticaba peel is an interesting agri-food waste to manufacture colorimetric indicator films for the food packaging sector.

The color of fine gold shows paradoxical variations that have tentatively been explained by metallurgic factors. Measurements and digital photographs show a significantly redder color than predicted by theory. A novel purely optical explanation based on the multiple reflection in grooves is suggested. The analysis in the colorimetric space RGB of the photographs of several fine gold samples and coins confirms that the gold red shift comes from minute grooves that seem black but that in fact have an extremely dark orange/red color.