Search

The participation of transgender individuals in sporting spaces continues to receive increased attention in both popular media and in academic scholarship. However, while attention is growing, little is known about the attitudes the general public holds toward transgender sport participation. This is particularly true when it comes to attitudes participants hold toward transgender persons and their participation in recreational sport programming. As such, this study quantitatively explores the attitudes of intramural and club sport participants across the United States toward transgender persons and transgender participation in recreational sport programming. Specifically, results emphasize (a) the general attitudes of recreational sport participants toward transgender persons, (b) the attitudes of recreational sport participants toward the participation of transgender persons in recreational sport programs, (c) differences in attitudes by gender, and (d) differences in attitudes by program area (intramural vs club sport). Discussion of these differences and practical implications for recreational sports are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent COVID-19 pandemic created an unpredictable environment regarding the safety operations of sport and recreation organizations. This study was designed to examine how safety climate and organizational innovativeness could promote preferred organizational behavior outcomes in college campus sport and recreation centers. A total of 227 sport and recreation employees were recruited through the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association. With the collected data, we employed structural equation modeling to assess the research hypotheses. The results indicated that safety climate and innovativeness positively influenced job engagement, therefore leading to enhanced safety compliance and employee innovativeness, which ultimately resulted in higher levels of organizational performance. Peer safety compliance was also found to be a moderator in the relationship between job engagement and safety compliance. In this study, the authors offer new insights into sport organizational performance by emphasizing safety and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coaches play an instrumental role in the experiences of youth sport participants. Though girls participate in youth sport at similar rates as boys, coaching positions continue to be dominated by men. Existing research supports the value of diverse role models, especially for culturally diverse youth, and women coaches of color are especially important in sport given the low participation rates of ethnocultural minorities. Given the importance of diverse role models as sport coaches, this study investigates the experiences of women of color who coach sport at the recreational level. Based on interviews with 14 individuals, and grounded in socioecological theory, our findings describe the experience of research participants at each level (individual, interpersonal, organizational, and sociocultural) with a focus on the entry experience, barriers, and supports. Findings suggest that gendered and racial norms influence experiences across the model, and further lead to practical implications for sport managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk management is an essential component of effective campus recreational sport programming. However, research on risk management policies, procedures, and practices within recreational sports is both limited and outdated. As such, this study provides an overview of current risk management policies, procedures, and practices across North American collegiate recreational sports departments. Specifically, the results emphasize current training practices for both part-time and full-time staff, practices in establishing and updating emergency action plans, and contents covered in emergency action plans. The results suggest that while the vast majority of recreational sport programs have established risk management procedures and engage in risk management training, they diverge in best practices related to emergency action plans and in terms of contents covered in such plans. Applications of these results for practitioners and institutions are emphasized, including discussions around best practices in risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the origins and early development of sports video games. The first generation of sports video games were developed by scientists in laboratories for academic purposes. Together with the rise of microcomputers and the widespread adoption of television (TV) sets, commercial video games began to emerge in the early 1970s. Like their laboratory predecessors, most of the first-generation commercial games were sports-themed and primarily designed as a platform for competition between players. In the second half of the 1970s, ball-and-paddle-based games began to be replaced by more sophisticated games adopting the rules and actions of real-life sports. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, intense competition between video game companies gave birth to many innovative titles, with various sports disciplines adapted into games. Most of the sports games created in this period were based on competitive sports including American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and tennis, as well as recreational sports like bowling, pool, and darts, many of them long popular in Western Europe and North America, some with a huge fan base in Japan. They were clearly produced to cater to the needs of gamers and sports fans in the world's three major TV, personal computer, video game, and sports markets at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic spaces are often perceived as unwelcoming by sexual minority (SM) athletes, contributing to disparities in sports persistence in early adulthood. Further examination of how SM navigate decisions about sports participation during the transition to college is needed to develop and maintain inclusive campus athletic offerings, including recreational sports. By analyzing interview data from 23 SM college students, we found that SM find supportive athletic community through important vetting of these spaces prior to initiation. SM look at two aspects of a program's makeup—its' values and visible diversity of its members—through one's own personal "vibe check" either in-person or online. SM men in particular look for gender "outsiders," as all-male spaces threaten their perceived safety. Among those who had previously dropped out of sports, finding mixed-gender teams through this vetting process provided promise for an eventual return to sport, highlighting the importance of recreational sports in engaging underrepresented groups of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although involvement in recreational sports has been found to be beneficial for college students, sparse research has explored how recreational sports student employment has benefitted college graduates who are now active in the professional workforce. Filling this critical gap, this study explored how former recreational sports student employees (n = 10) developed marketable skills and increased their career readiness and professional capabilities. Findings suggest graduates did develop marketable skills that they regularly use as professionals, including interpersonal communication, teamwork and leadership, organization, and cross-cultural competency. Implications for research and recreational sports administration are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More often than not, students with physical disabilities are not provided equitable access to recreational sport programs or clubs, even though they often pay the same fees as their peers without disabilities. Involvement in recreational sports is a large component of the college campus experiences, yet those living with disability are likely to experience a variety of challenges associated with participation, which may inhibit them from fully engaging in sports with their peers and pursuing an active lifestyle. To examine the impact of involvement in an inclusive adaptive sport program on the college experience, a qualitative phenomenological approach was implemented with a convenience sample of 8 college students currently participating in a CTRS-driven inclusive wheelchair basketball program. A semi-structured interview procedure was utilized to elicit the participants' experiences of involvement in the adaptive sports program. Of 8 college students, five were individuals without, and 3 were individuals with an identified physical disability. The adaptive sports program had a positive impact on both groups of students. Four themes and 10 subthemes emerged from the data analysis. Four themes identified were: (a) Sense of Community; (b) Access to Resources and New Opportunities; (c) Inclusive; and (d) Personal Growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze and compare the physiological responses of women during singles and doubles beach tennis sessions. Methods: In this crossover trial, twenty-two women with previous participation in amateur beach tennis tournaments randomly performed two experimental sessions: singles and doubles beach tennis. The routine for both sessions consisted of 10-min of seated rest, followed by 45-min of beach tennis and 30-min of post-exercise recovery. Participants were matched against opponents of the same competition level, defined according to their local beach tennis ranking (advanced or intermediate level). They warmed up with basic techniques for 5-min and played 3 matches lasting 12-min, interspersed with 2-min recovery intervals. Heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (EE), number of steps (STEPS), handgrip strength (HS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and enjoyment were assessed throughout the sessions. Generalized estimating equations were employed to examine the main effects between experimental sessions over the time and in relation to competition level. Results: HRmean and HRmax (Δ: HRmean = 13 ± 3 bpm; HRmax = 11 ± 3 bpm) as well as EE and Steps (Δ: EE = 66 ± 22 kcal; RPE = 2 ± 0 A.U.; Steps = 250 ± 52 A.U.) were higher in singles than doubles (p < 0.05). The percentage of total time spent in the highest HR zone (91–100%HRmax) was significantly greater in singles than in doubles (39% ± 22% vs. 15% ± 18%; p < 0.05). Differences were found in the percentage of total time spent in each HR zone, recovery HR, and HS between competition levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Singles beach tennis resulted in higher physiological demands than doubles in women, and players' competition level partly affects the training responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Returning to recreational sporting activities after adult spinal deformity (ASD) correction may significantly impact the patient's perceived quality of life. This study sought to characterize participation in sporting activities before and after ASD surgery, and to identify factors associated with impaired return to sports. Cross-sectional survey and retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Patients who underwent posterior-only thoracolumbar ASD surgery between 2016 and 2021 with ≥1 year follow-up and ≥3 levels of fusion to the pelvis were included. Preoperative and postoperative participation in sports, timing of return to these activities, and reasons for limited sports participation postoperatively were assessed. A survey was used to evaluate outcome measures. Differences in demographic, surgical, and perioperative variables between patients who reported improved, unchanged, or worsened activity tolerance were evaluated. Ninety-five patients were included (mean age: 64.3±10.1 years; BMI: 27.3±6.1 kg/m2; median levels fused: 7). The survey was completed at an average of 43.5±15.9 months after surgery. Sixty-eight (72%) patients participated in sports preoperatively. The most common sports were swimming (n=33, 34.7%), yoga (n=23, 24.2%), weightlifting (n=20, 21.1%), elliptical (n=19, 20.0%), and golf (n=11, 11.6%). Fifty-seven (83.8%) returned to at least one sport postoperatively, most commonly 6-12 months after surgery (45%). Elliptical had the highest rate of equal or improved participation (53%). Patients generally returned below their preoperative level to all other sports. Reasons for reduced sporting activities included physical limitation (51.4%), fear (20.0%), pain (17.1%), and surgeon advice (8.6%). There were no differences in the demographic, surgical, or perioperative characteristics between those who returned to sports at the same or better level compared with those who returned at a lower level. About 84% of patients successfully resumed sporting activities after undergoing fusion to the sacrum/pelvis for ASD. However, this return is typically at a lower level of participation than their preoperative participation, particularly in higher demand sports. Understanding trends in sporting activity may be valuable for counseling patients and setting expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of sports participation and appreciation on sports identification and engagement with sports spectatorship with the sport type as a moderator through a perspective of the social and emotional development of elementary school students in Taiwan. This research specifically explores the influence of baseball and badminton activities on students' engagement and connection with sports. An experimental design, supplemented with questionnaires, was utilized, involving 111 students from middle and upper grades who either participated in a recreational sports camp or did not. This study aimed to uncover quasi-causal relationships among active sports participation, personal identification with sports, and spectator behaviors. Pre- and post-camp surveys indicated that participation in sports camps significantly enhanced sports identification and interest in spectating, particularly in baseball, because of more frequent viewing opportunities. The findings highlight the importance of the type of sport and the level of identification with it in sustaining an ongoing interest in sports spectatorship. Interestingly, introducing spectatorship at badminton camps resulted in decreased sports identification and engagement intentions, suggesting that programs must be tailored to developmental needs and meet the abilities of young learners to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freediving (synonyms: breath-hold diving, apnea diving) has become a popular leisure activity and continues to gain popularity and recognition as both a competitive and recreational sport. Formal freediving competitions are sanctioned by the international Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) or the Association Internationale pour le Développement de l'Apnée (AIDA). Both organizations have set up rules and guidelines for competitive pool disciplines where athletes compete for maximum submerged breath-hold time or underwater swimming distance with or without fins. › In freshwater disciplines athletes strive for maximum depth using different freediving techniques. These aquatic breath-holding activities carry unique medical risks that are related to environmental factors eliciting extreme physiological challenges. Pool disciplines carry an increased risk of hypoxemia and, consequently, loss of consciousness, particularly in untrained individuals. Hypoxic complications are reported to occur in up to 10% of dives during freediving competitions. Shallow water blackout following hyperventilation to extend breathhold capability is a serious risk applying to all aquatic breath-hold activities, however, is more common during recreational freediving. › Deep freediving poses the athlete to further risks such as barotrauma of ear drums or lungs, immersion pulmonary edema, nitrogen narcosis, and decompression sickness when reaching great depths. While serious complications in competitive freediving are rare, however, the risk clearly rises with increasing depth. Special breathing techniques to increase lung volumes such as glossopharyngeal insufflation carry additional risks. › This article reviews possible complications and injury that may occur in competitive freedivers and discusses strategies for management and prevention of possible injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to obtain information about the quality of life of the elderly, by including them in sports and recreational activities. We are conducting a study of good practices for the active life of the elderly in European countries and Bulgaria. With age, body weight in men and women is above the norm according to BMI. Quality of life is accompanied by reduced motor activity and poor health. It is recommended to include dancing, hiking, swimming, cycling in the programs for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussions sustained during sports and recreational activities are a concern for young athletes. The purpose of this study was to estimate past 12-month sport- and recreation-related (SRR) traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) among a sample of children. Pilot data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Concussion Surveillance System were analyzed. National Concussion Surveillance System utilized a cross-sectional random-digit-dial telephone survey using computer-assisted telephone interviewing to collect self/proxy-reported data from 2018 to 2019. Adults with children aged 5–17 in the household were asked about head injuries sustained by their children. Estimates were stratified by sociodemographic and injury circumstance characteristics. Data analysis occurred from April 2022 to July 2023. Utilizing a tiered case definition developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.0%–7.8%) of the sample's 5–17-year-old children sustained at least one probable or possible SRR-TBI in the previous 12 months; 3.3% (95% CI, 2.7%–4.0%) of the children sustained at least one probable SRR-TBI. An estimated 63.6% (95% CI, 58.1%–69.0%) of all reported TBIs were attributed to SRR activities. Of the SRR-TBIs reported, 41.1% (95% CI, 33.0%–49.2%) were experienced while playing contact sports. Symptoms did not resolve for 8 or more days or had not resolved at the time of the interview for 18.1% (95% CI, 13.0%–23.1%) of the children's most recent SRR-TBI. Many proxy-reported TBIs among children aged 5–17 years were due to sports and recreational activities. Athletic trainers and healthcare providers can play a role in the prevention, identification, and management of SRR-TBIs in their respective environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational sports are essential for boosting physical health and improving quality of life. The goal of this research is to optimize the planning of leisure sports by presenting a new method based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Acknowledging the intricacy of organizing recreational sports events, we suggest an approach that concurrently maximizes several goals, such as the use of resources, player happiness, and ecological impact. The topic is first formulated as a multi-objective optimization task in the paper, and a genetic algorithm is used to handle the objectives' inherent conflict. With its ability to effectively explore the solution space, the genetic algorithm produces a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that show trade-offs for the conflicting goals. The integration of several factors, including time preferences, geographical limitations, and environmental sustainability, guarantees a thorough and equitable strategy for leisure sports scheduling. In the area of leisure sports planning, the use of a multi-objective genetic algorithm offers a reliable solution that can be tailored to meet various circumstances and goals. As the need of encouraging healthy lifestyles becomes more widely acknowledged, this research offers a useful tool for maximizing the organization and performance of recreational sports activities, enhancing the overall wellbeing of people and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College student participation in extracurricular activities is recognized as a contributing factor to an increase in academic cheating behaviors. National Intramural and Recreational Sport Association (NIRSA)-sponsored sports emphasize that all participants demonstrate appropriate ethical behaviors (i.e., sportsmanship) throughout competition. This study explores the impact that participation in recreational sports programs in college has on the frequency of self-reported instances of academic cheating. Specifically, we assess whether participation in NIRSA-sponsored activities which focus on the development of ethical behaviors in sports (i.e., sportsmanship), translates into ethical behaviors in the classroom, as measured through self-reported instances of academic dishonesty. Results show that participation in NIRSA-sponsored programs is directly related to an increase in self-reported instances of academic cheating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social competition for resources is widespread among animals. Females of many species compete for foraging resources through interference competition, which is a behavioural interaction between animals that reduces an individual's access to shared resources. In addition to competition from other females, females also often face harassment from males during and after the breeding season. The female competition hypothesis predicts that female-initiated aggression associated with foraging competition increases as a function of group size, but we expected this effect to be more pronounced in higher quality foraging habitat. The male harassment hypothesis predicts that male harassment of females should also increase as a function of group size as well as a function of the ratio of males to other group members. Here, we tested the female competition and male harassment hypotheses for caribou (Rangifer tarandus) within the context of variation in the social environment (i.e., group size and sex ratio) and the physical environment (i.e., variation in habitat quality). We conducted focal observations of caribou on Fogo Island, Newfoundland, over three years and quantified aggressive social interactions in different habitat types to test our hypotheses. Specifically, we took advantage of natural variation in caribou behaviour in our system and observed caribou foraging in an enhanced habitat (i.e., recreational sports complex field) and natural habitat (i.e., lichen barrens). We found limited support for the female competition hypothesis, possibly because of females' propensity to increase foraging rates in enhanced habitats. By contrast, we found strong support for the male harassment hypothesis, where males increase the frequency of harassment as group size increased. Our results suggest costs of grouping for female caribou in the post-rut time period may be related to the presence of males potentially seeking mating opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The purposes of this study were to: 1) develop an exercise program incorporating the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” for older people in senior citizen schools; 2) investigate the effects of the exercise program incorporating the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” on the physical fitness of older people in senior citizen schools; and 3) assess the satisfaction level of older people with the exercise program incorporating the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen”. Materials and methods. This was a two-group experimental study including the experimental group of 17 people (65.53 ± 3.43 years) and the control group of 17 people (65.76 ± 3.60 years). The participants in this study were healthy individuals aged 60 years and above, who were actively engaged in the elderly school program. They were selected using a purposive sampling method and subsequently assigned them to the experimental and control groups using a matching method based on BMI. The research tools consisted of the exercise program, which incorporated the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” developed by the research team, and the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). For a period of 8 weeks, the experimental group involved in an exercise regimen comprising 60 minutes of daily training in the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen”, with a frequency of 3 days per week. The control group was instructed to maintain their normal daily routine and did not participate in any physical activities or exercise programs during the experiment. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t-test. Results. 1) The exercise program incorporating the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” for older people in senior citizen schools can be appropriately used to promote exercise and sports in elderly schools in Thailand. The IOC value was 0.97. 2) A significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the 8-foot up-and-go test between the pre-experimental (mean = 7.94, SD = 1.34) and post-experimental (after 8 weeks) (mean = 6.70, SD = 0.79) periods for the experimental group at the level of 0.05. The mean scores of the 8-foot up-and-go test between the control group (mean = 7.84, SD = 1.16) and the experimental group (mean = 6.70, SD = 0.79) were also found to be significantly different at the level of 0.05. 3) The experimental group expressed high levels of satisfaction with the exercise program involving the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” for older people in senior citizen schools, with a mean score of 4.62 ± 0.51 points. Conclusions. The exercise program incorporating the Thai recreational sport “Jik Sen” can effectively enhance the dynamic balance of older individuals in senior citizen schools. Furthermore, it has been shown to facilitate social interaction, improve cognitive abilities including thinking and planning skills, and promote enjoyment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Sports-related outcomes and the role of recreational sports activities for shoulder function after intramedullary stabilization (IMS) of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures (DMCFs) in the general population are not well known. In this study, we aimed to determine the sport-related outcomes (return-to-sports [RTS] rate, type of sports, time until RTS, and intensity) and to explore the role of sports after IMS of DMCFs. Materials and Methods This single-center, retrospective, cohort study included patients who underwent IMS of DMCFs between 2009 and 2022 at a Level II trauma center in Germany, experienced no major complications, and had completed at least 1 year of follow-up. Propensity score matching was conducted to obtain a balanced sample of patients who did not engage (cases) and engaged (controls) in postoperative sports activities by adjusting for age and fracture complexity. Groups were compared to assess the impact of regular sports activities on subjective shoulder functioning at follow-up, as evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand and Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) questionnaires, after controlling for the patient- (i.e., sex and smoking) and treatment- (i.e., surgery duration and physical therapy) factors. Results Among the 199 patients included, the RTS rate was 97.5%, and 160 patients practiced regular postoperative activity, mostly in the same sport and intensity. In the matched cohort (39 cases and 39 controls), practicing regular sports activities postoperatively was the only independent factor associated with a higher OSS in the multiple regression analysis (unstandardized regression coefficient = 2.40; Bias-corrected and accelerated 95% confidence interval [0.28, 4.69]). Conclusions The sport-related outcomes after IMS of DMCFs in our cohort were comparable to those achieved after plate osteosynthesis, and IMS reported in the literature. Recreational sports activities benefitted subjective shoulder function, thereby encouraging further research and potentially influencing management policies. Level of evidence Grade IV – a retrospective observational cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the U.S. population ages, park and recreation (P&R) professionals face increasing demand to provide age-appropriate and health-promoting programming for older adults. Recent qualitative research suggests older adults are interested in participating in sport programs tailored to their age group. Using socioecological theory as the guiding framework, and leisure constraint theory specifically, the current study explored participation and interest in recreational sport among older adults across the U.S. and their perceptions of how local P&R agencies currently meet, or fail to meet, their needs. Data, collected in 2019 via a nationwide online survey completed by 1,203 adults aged 50 and over, provided insights into the current population of older adults who are diverse in terms of health status, amount of discretionary time, and interest/experience with sport. Although most participants suggested they do not regularly participate in recreational sport, approximately half indicated they would be interested to try a new sport if opportunities were available, and they are motivated by health benefits, social opportunities, and enjoyment of recreational sport. Sports with the most interest were golf, pickleball, and softball. Additionally, participants expressed interest in bowling, hiking, tennis, volleyball, and swimming. Unfortunately, less than 20% of participants indicated they were satisfied or highly satisfied with the sport opportunities for older adults available through their local P&R department. Related to constraints, participants reported that constraints hindering their participation in recreational sport include physical or health-related factors (e.g., not being in good enough shape, not having the sport-related skills), lack of companions with whom to participate, lack of awareness of opportunities, lack of access to fields/facilities, and cost. The findings also relate to leisure facilitators within the constraint negotiation model, and suggests P&R agencies can facilitate sport participation among older adults by promoting the health, social, and fun aspects of participation; offering opportunities targeted at beginners with no skill/ experience required; ensuring programs are age-specific and modified to reduce risk of injury; facilitating introductions among players or providing opportunities for individuals to join teams; ensuring that low-cost options exist, and increasing awareness among older adults through channels effective for this age group (e.g., personal invitation, Facebook). The findings highlight the importance of making older adults a priority when planning sport opportunities and understanding their sport-related interests and unique needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational team sports have received great acceptance lately, in different populations, indicating encouraging results in health-related quality of life. This study examined the efficacy of a 3-month basketball exercise program on selected indices of health (body mass—BM, body fat—BF, blood pressure—BP), functional capacity (flexibility of lower and upper limbs, balance), and physical fitness (maximum strength of lower limbs, trunk and handgrip, aerobic capacity) in middle-aged individuals. Forty middle-aged individuals (males and females; 40–55 years old) were randomly divided into (a) exercise (EG; n = 20) and (b) control groups (CG; n = 20). The EG followed a 3-month modified basketball exercise program (2 times/week; 24 training units), including different basketball drills with and without the ball (dribbling, passing, pivot, stops, etc.), to improve participants' health and physical fitness. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the EG significantly increased their flexibility (17.23–74.88%; p < 0.001), static balance (44.76–54.69%; p < 0.001), and strength of lower limbs and trunk (11.67–13.13%; p < 0.001), while reducing BP (7.31–12%; p < 0.001), heart rate and RPE (5.30–34.37%; p < 0.001), and time during time-up-and-go test (−10.91%; p < 0.001). Handgrip strength, BM, and BF did not change following the program in the EG (p > 0.05). In the CG, the above variables remained stable. In conclusion, this program may be used to eliminate the detrimental effects of aging on health, functional capacity, and physical fitness parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charity sport activities provide a sense of contributing to the lives of others and offer participants an extra source of motivation. SL has been used in a variety of sports and recreational contexts to research dedication to leisure activities. However, no study has investigated SL in charity sports events. In this regard, a model integrating key variables from the studies of serious leisure, charity sport event participation motivation, experience value, and behavioral intentions was proposed and tested on the participants of charity sport events. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will help to understand the multidimensional aspects of charity sports event participation, which may increase the effectiveness of the organization of charity sports events. Besides, this research adds to the literature by providing empirical data analysis regarding charity sports events from an unexplored country (Turkey). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an assumption that physically active adults lead an overall healthy lifestyle. To examine this assumption, we administered a cross-sectional, web-based survey to a sample of young-to-middle-aged US adults between 18 and 49 who self-reported participation in at least one recreational sporting event in the past month. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine demographic characteristics associated with cancer risk and protective behaviors. Gender was represented equally (N = 938), and the average age was 32 years (SD: 8.4). Most participants reported >three days of moderate- to high-intensity physical activity (79%), but not meeting fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines (78%). Many reported current tobacco use (32%), binge drinking at least once in the past 30 days (62%), and suboptimal sun protection use (67%). Participation in lifestyle-related cancer risk and protective behaviors varied based on age, sex, education, routine doctor visits, perceived overall health, health-information-seeking behavior (how participants obtained health information), or team-based sport participation in regression models. Future interventions should be tailored to address varied cancer risk profiles among even physically active adults to encourage multiple healthy behavior changes.

Intramuscular degloving injuries (IDIs) are a rare and unique type of muscle injury where there is a dissociation between the inner and outer components of a particular muscle. This type of injury is seen exclusively within the rectus femoris (RF) muscle due to its unique muscle-within-a-muscle anatomy and represents 9% of RF injuries. Despite the significance of this injury, limited knowledge exists regarding the mechanism, management, and prognosis of IDIs, and IDIs are not currently included among the various muscle injury classifications. We present a 38-year-old active male with a one-week history of acute onset right anterior mid-thigh pain and palpable lump after playing kickball. Right thigh MRI revealed an IDI of the RF muscle, edema within the inner and outer muscular portions of the muscle, and a retraction of the torn inner indirect myotendinous complex of the RF. He was managed with physical therapy while being advised to avoid aggressive quadriceps contractions, high-intensity, or high-impact exercise. This is the first reported case of an IDI that occurred in an older recreational athlete (versus young competitive athletes), and the first case of an IDI in a kicking sport other than soccer (kickball). This case emphasizes the importance of a broader awareness of this injury, and a heightened index of suspicion is advised in assessing potential IDIs to improve patient prognosis and rehabilitation. Given the limited understanding and rarity of this injury, we also provide a comprehensive review describing the IDI to the RF.

PurposeTo analyze and compare the physiological responses of women during singles and doubles beach tennis sessions.MethodsIn this crossover trial, twenty-two women with previous participation in amateur beach tennis tournaments randomly performed two experimental sessions: singles and doubles beach tennis. The routine for both sessions consisted of 10-min of seated rest, followed by 45-min of beach tennis and 30-min of post-exercise recovery. Participants were matched against opponents of the same competition level, defined according to their local beach tennis ranking (advanced or intermediate level). They warmed up with basic techniques for 5-min and played 3 matches lasting 12-min, interspersed with 2-min recovery intervals. Heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (EE), number of steps (STEPS), handgrip strength (HS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and enjoyment were assessed throughout the sessions. Generalized estimating equations were employed to examine the main effects between experimental sessions over the time and in relation to competition level.ResultsHRmean and HRmax (Δ: HRmean = 13 ± 3 bpm; HRmax = 11 ± 3 bpm) as well as EE and Steps (Δ: EE = 66 ± 22 kcal; RPE = 2 ± 0 A.U.; Steps = 250 ± 52 A.U.) were higher in singles than doubles (p < 0.05). The percentage of total time spent in the highest HR zone (91–100%HRmax) was significantly greater in singles than in doubles (39% ± 22% vs. 15% ± 18%; p < 0.05). Differences were found in the percentage of total time spent in each HR zone, recovery HR, and HS between competition levels (p < 0.05).ConclusionSingles beach tennis resulted in higher physiological demands than doubles in women, and players’ competition level partly affects the training responses.

Abstract: Introduction: Sports psychiatry is an emerging medical and psychiatric discipline that has experienced significant development in recent years. This growth has been accompanied by an increase in scientific outputs from sports psychiatrists and other academics that address the three fields of activity of sports psychiatry: namely, mental health and disorders in competitive and elite sports, mental health and sport-specific mental disorders in recreational sports, and the use of sport, exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Conceptual publications have discussed the scope of sports psychiatry and education and training. However, some topics receive more attention than others, with evidence gaps in other key areas of sports psychiatry. Advancing the field towards evidence-based practice requires an assessment of the current state of the literature and the development of a strategic research agenda. Methods: Following the Working Group on Research Gaps, Priorities and Agenda at the Summit on Sports Psychiatry arranged by the International Society for Sports Psychiatry (ISSP), the ISSP Scientific Committee conducted a narrative review of the sports psychiatry literature to benchmark the current academic state of the discipline and further developed the research agenda to provide a strategic framework for future research directions. Results: We discuss a research agenda according to five key areas: sports psychiatry as a discipline, education and training in sports psychiatry, and the three clinical fields of activity of sports psychiatry. Conclusion: This sports psychiatry research agenda provides a framework to guide the strategic development of the scientific literature in the field.

We provided an overview of narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that summarize primary evidence of how physical activity (PA) relates to structural progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA). This overview can serve as a resource for healthcare providers when recommend-ing PA to patients with, or at risk, for knee OA. We searched the PubMED database for publications on "exercise" [MeSH Terms] and "knee osteoarthritis" [MeSH Terms]. We restricted our search to review articles, originally published in English, from 2005 to 2020. We then added several original studies to provide more detailed support of the findings of the review articles, based on the authors familiarity with the literature. We summarized the findings of 20 reviews and an additional 12 original studies. We found consistent evidence that common forms of PA (walking, running, and certain recreational sports) are not related to structural progression of knee OA, and can be safely recommended to patients with, or at risk, for knee OA. Healthcare providers can refer to this overview of the evidence, as well as current PA guidelines, when recommending PA to their patients with, or at risk for, knee OA. Future studies can support PA guidelines that target preserving the structural integrity of the knees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using culturally relevant frameworks, this study explored students' self-reported sense of belonging and noncognitive learning outcomes as a result of cocurricular involvement in recreational activities at a South African University. Survey responses from 1,884 students involved in various cocurricular activities suggest the positive influence recreational sport involvement has on student learning outcomes, with students' gender, finances, and accommodation playing a role. This study contributes to the literature by providing insights from a non-U.S. context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports psychiatry is a young field of medicine and psychiatry that focuses on mental health among athletes, and sports and exercise within psychiatry and mental disorders. However, the development of sports psychiatry and its fields of activity vary from region to region and are not uniform yet. Sports psychiatry and the role of sports psychiatrists have also already been discussed in the field of sports and exercise medicine, and within medical teams in competitive and elite sports. A uniform definition on sports psychiatry, its fields of activity, sports psychiatrist, and the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities (plus attitudes, eKSA+A) of the sports psychiatrist were developed as part of an International Society for Sports Psychiatry (ISSP) Summit, as well as First International Consensus Statement on Sports Psychiatry. Three fields of activity can be distinguished within sports psychiatry: (i) mental health and disorders in competitive and elite sports, (ii) sports and exercise in prevention of and treatment for mental disorders, and (iii) mental health and sport‐specific mental disorders in recreational sports. Each of these fields have its own eKSA+A. The definitions on sports psychiatry and sports psychiatrists, as well as the framework of eKSA+A in the different fields of activity of sports psychiatrists will help to unify and standardize the future development of sports psychiatry, establish a standard of service within sports psychiatry and together with the neighboring disciplines, and should be included into current, and future sports psychiatry education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azadi Stadium from the spectators' perspective using a contingent valuation approach (CVM). Methodology: This research was descriptive and applied in nature. The statistical population includes fans who have attended matches at Azadi Stadium at least once in 2022. A sample of 418 individuals was selected from this population using simple random sampling, and the necessary information was collected through the willingness-to-pay questionnaire developed by Wicker and Colleagues (2016). Data analysis was conducted using the logit method, utilizing the Stata and Shazam software. Findings: The findings reveal that the average willingness of fans to pay to attend games at Azadi Stadium is 91,000 Tomans per game, and the estimated economic and recreational value for one season is approximately 1,350 billion Rials. Furthermore, factors such as income, watching matches on television, satisfaction with stadium facilities, and enjoyment of the games significantly and positively impact the willingness to pay to attend stadium matches. On the other hand, variables like age, education level, proposed price, and marital status negatively influence this willingness to pay. Originality: Limited research has been conducted on the economics of recreational sports facilities, explicitly focusing on contingent valuation methodology. Estimating the economic value is crucial for decision-making regarding investment, improvement, and operation of stadiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underrepresentation of female research participants, women, and girls has been highlighted as an issue of concern within a variety of research areas and disciplines across academia. More specifically, this lack of visibility has contributed to widening knowledge gaps regarding these populations while also perpetuating and strengthening existing inequities. Given these concerns, the purpose of this review was to explore whether similar imbalances could exist within the sport psychology literature and, if so, what future research projects might be completed to rectify these issues. To do so, all articles (n = 3,005) published between the years of 2011 and 2021 in five journals of sport psychology were assessed. Following an analysis of the relevant studies collected, it was found that more articles including all boys, men, and male athletes (n = 343) were published within this time frame compared with articles including exclusively girls, women, and female athletes (n = 155). Additionally, it also appeared that research working with girls, women, and female athletes was lacking: (a) in recreational sport, (b) at both young and older ages, and (c) within team sport contexts. Further, most of the studies assessed often conflated participant sex- and gender-descriptive terminology. As such, it is highly encouraged that researchers in sport psychology make greater strides to conduct purposeful and targeted research focusing on girls, women, and female athlete participants and their specific issues over the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on leisure and sport consumption. While many sports and recreational activities, including sports, were suspended to contain the spread of the virus, golf presented an opportunity for individuals to engage in outdoor activity where social distancing was possible. We investigated the importance of risk perception and safety management practices in relation to repeated leisure activity participation among recreational golfers via online survey (N = 268). The results indicated that recreational golfers' perceived risk of leisure activity participation and perceived managerial safety climate had a significant effect, while cognitive and affective COVID-19 risk perceptions did not have a significant influence on recreational golfer' revisit intention. The findings provide empirical evidence on how recreational golfer perceived the domainspecific risks associated with COVID-19 and managerial safety climate influence their sports and recreational activity consumption decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined parental decision-making factors regarding their child's participation in tackle (TF) versus non-tackle (NTF) youth football leagues (YFLs, n = 91). The study also aimed to determine if these variables differed between parents who allowed their child to participate in TF and those who only allowed their child to participate in NTF. This study was of cross-sectional survey design and included items on parent demographics, child demographics, and factors influencing parent decision-making, divided into two groups: health- and league-related factors. The survey was piloted, housed, and created in a web-based platform. YFL parents rated decision-making factors on a 6-point scale. Descriptive statistics were run for all demographic variables, and non-parametric test were utilized to compare responses between groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare TF versus NTF, parent sex, parent concussion history, and child's concussion history. The Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to compare parent sport history. Female parents (n = 61) rated injury risk and concussion risk higher than male parents (n = 30). Parents who did not play a sport (n = 14) rated CTE higher than parents who played football (n = 13), another sport (n = 46), or football plus another sport (n = 18). The NTF parents (n = 10) rated injury risk, concussion risk, and CTE risk higher than TF (n = 81), while TF parents rated coach's level of training, league success, and league safety higher than NTF. This study provides insights into parents' decision-making processes and may help YFL programs tailor their approach to address these concerns and provide a safer environment for children participating in YFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry into force of the Order of January 13, 2023, which establishes and regulates the closed seasons, periods and conditions for the exercise of recreational and sport inland fishing in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, offers the opportunity to make a universal analysis on the issue of fishing for exotic species in continental surface waters in Spain. Starting from its regulatory scope, the legitimacy of its fishing and the legal limits of its return to the environment after its capture are debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's participation in sport is a critical component to their physical and social development and as such, efforts should be made to provide all children with the opportunity to play. In recent years, there has been an observed shift in the focus of youth sports from that of participation for the health benefits of physical activity and fun to that of winning and competing. As a result, there has been a rise in club sports offerings and a subsequent reduction in recreational sports opportunities. This change presents unique challenges to children's access to sport and may not adequately support their overall physical, social, and emotional development. This commentary will discuss the benefits and barriers to increasing recreational sport opportunities using the Social Ecological Model as a framework. It also will propose solutions that can be implemented at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels to revive recreational sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In France during the 1930s, sports leisure activities were progressively expanding. Table tennis experienced a surge of popularity in 1932–1933, in particular in the back rooms of drinking establishments. Yet from 1934, there was a dip in the number of spectators attending table tennis events, in its practice in clubs, in articles about it in the press, and in the market for table tennis gear. This study analyses whether this indicated a true decline in the sport or if the picture was more complex, reflecting differences between institutional sport and recreational leisure activities, as well as an effect of the press contributing to the lower visibility of table tennis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that coaches who enroll in coach education courses may have diverse levels of openness to learning about positive youth development (PYD), the purpose of this study was to profile coaches' openness to PYD before, during, and after their participation in a coach education course. A multimethod approach that involved field notes, nonparticipant observations, and interviews was used to create three profiles illustrating coaches' varying levels of openness. Participants were three male coaches involved in competitive and recreational youth sport who had been coaching youth for more than 12 years. The profile of Graham represents a coach who was open to PYD. The profile of Fonseca represents a coach who was partially open to PYD. Finally, the profile of Taylor represents a coach who had no openness to PYD. Results are discussed in relation to how performance outcomes remain a high priority in youth sport, compelling some coaches to pay "socially desirable lip service" to PYD without any real intentions to modify their coaching practice. Revised policies and funding models, developed with input from multiple levels of stakeholders in the sport system, may prove useful in inspiring more coach openness to learning about PYD. This study may help further our understanding on how coach educators can use differentiated pedagogical approaches that may help make PYD a worthwhile and tangible objective for coaches who register in PYD coach education courses. Moving forward, future investigations on coach openness could be expanded to other sport contexts and coach development systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As physical therapists and exercise professionals, we have an obligation to promote health and well-being through participation in sport and recreational/physical activity. We play an active role in facilitating and encouraging movement for a large percentage of the population, including our transgender patients/clients. It is integral that we include transgender individuals in supportive and inclusive atmospheres of play, and it is critical for us to lead the conversation around the inclusion of the transgender community in recreational activities and sport. This commentary provides evidence for the physical therapy community to support, advocate for, and include all populations as we promote healthy habits through sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students that wish to participate in organized intercollegiate sports programs in college face two options, club sports or varsity sports. Although both options allow for students to compete against students from other institutions, the structure and experiences of both programs is drastically different. This study aims to compare club athletes and varsity athletes on their perceptions of their coach's behaviors and the influence those behaviors have on sportsmanship development, and to identify the differences between the two sport types and the social development outcomes that are commonly associated with sports participation. The results of this study show that the assessed coaching behaviors were more predictive within varsity athletes than club athletes, and that club athletes rated wanting to develop a new skill and be physically active as more important in their participation than it was for varsity athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the increasing prevalence of equine non-infectious respiratory disease, the air contamination in equine housing (Stables A-C) and training facilities (indoor riding arenas A - C) was investigated. The aim of the study was to monitor gaseous pollutants, bioaerosols, and dust concentrations at three different sites (stables and riding halls), where different floor materials were used in the riding halls. Materials and methods: Air quality was monitored in housing for horses and in riding halls in terms of dust concentration, the presence of gaseous chemical pollutants, and concentrations of biological aerosol. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The levels obtained were compared with acceptable limits. Results: Among the gaseous pollutants identified, the highest concentration was obtained for ammonia in stables B and C (16.37 and 22.39 mg/m3, respectively). Standards for total dust were exceeded in stables B and C and in riding halls B and C. The highest numbers of bacteria and fungi were recorded in stables A and C and in riding hall B. Ulocladium sp. had the highest percentage share among the moulds identified. Conclusions: The results confirm that the wrong choice of bedding in the stable and indoor riding arenas may contribute, even in short training periods, to equine non-infectious respiratory disease (equine asthma). Bioaerosol suspended in the air together with released gaseous pollutants can exacerbate this phenomenon, which even in the case of short training periods can lead to equine asthma of varying degrees of severity. For this reason, the choice of floor material in riding halls should be treated as a priority, as the wrong decision can shorten the period during which the horse can be used for recreational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon in the human body, but it is prone to injury, especially in modern times when recreational sports are growing in popularity. As a result, Achilles tendon rupture is becoming an increasingly common medical problem in modern society. The main objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of percutaneous repair and open repair for the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving a total of 316 patients who had undergone surgical treatment for Achilles tendon rupture between 2013 and 2021. The data collected from the medical history of these patients included the type of surgical procedure, the mechanism of injury, the age and sex of the patients, the time spent in the hospital, and any possible complications of the surgical treatment (such as infections, reruptures, or sural nerve injuries). Results: The study revealed that there was no significant difference between percutaneous and open surgical approaches in terms of sural nerve injury. However, there was a statistically significant advantage of the percutaneous method in terms of the number of infections, which was significantly lower than that of the open method. Additionally, the median length of hospital stay was found to be four days longer with the open approach. However, the study noted that a statistically significant advantage of the percutaneous method for rerupture could not be established due to the small number of patients with rerupture and the insufficient ratio of patients with rerupture in relation to the size of the observed population. Conclusions: Percutaneous repair is an effective treatment option for Achilles tendon rupture and has outcomes equal to or better than those of open repair. Therefore, this approach is recommended as the preferred method of treatment due to the presence of fewer complications, provided that the indications for this technique are appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present systematic review investigated the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS) of several frequent and established PROMs used to assess patients who have undergone TKA. This study was conducted according to the 2020 PRISMA statement. Methods: In September 2023, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were accessed with no time constraint All clinical studies investigating tools to assess the clinical relevance of PROMs used to evaluate patients having received TKA were accessed. Only studies which evaluated the MCID, PASS, or SCB were eligible. The PROMs of interest were the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12), the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and its related subscales activity of daily living (ADL), pain, quality of life (QoL), sports and recreational activities, and symptoms, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) score, the Knee Society Score (KSS) and related function score, and the Short Form-12 (SF-12) and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Results: Data from 29,737 patients were collected. The overall risk of bias was low to moderate. The great variability of thresholds for MCID, SCB and PASS between questionnaires but also between investigated aspects was noted, whereby MCIDs for the SF-36 appear lower than for knee-specific questionnaires. Conclusion: Despite its critical role from a patient's perspective, the dimension of SCB is still neglected in the literature. Moreover, thresholds for the different concepts need to be condition-specific. We encourage authors to specifically report such data in future studies and to adhere to previously reported definitions to allow future comparison. Level of evidence Level IV, systematic review and meta-analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on special interest tourism has burgeoned since the 1980s. Although this expanding research interest is relatively new, the phenomenon of special interest tourism is not of recent origin as many of its forms, such as mountaineering, exhibit a long historical record. Most research on special interest tourism concentrates on contemporary issues. The objective is to present a historical perspective on special interest tourism. Using archival sources an analysis is undertaken of the evolution of mountaineering in South Africa as a recreational sport and incipient form of special interest tourism. Cape Town's Table Mountain and the Drakensberg mountains provide the geographical focus of discussion. The results demonstrate that during the 1920s and 1930s tourism promoters in South Africa acknowledged the potential of special interest mountaineers to contribute to tourism growth. The documented experience of early mountaineering in South Africa provides an example of racism in recreation by showing that the country's recreational practices became constructed around politically-imposed racial hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recreational fitness sports are popular worldwide and rank first among organised sports. This study aims to bridge a knowledge gap by examining which exercises are most prone to causing pain symptoms, as a possible precursor for injury, and analysing the body regions that are most frequently affected. Methods: Using an online questionnaire, 20 demographic and training-specific items and 49 sport-specific exercises were recorded. Frequent exercises as well as the incidence and distribution of pain symptoms that the athletes experienced during or in relation to their training were evaluated. Results: The study assessed common exercises and documented the frequency and distribution of pain symptoms experienced by athletes during or in relation to their training. A total of 1387 respondents were included in this study. Of these, 732 (53.1%) experienced pain during their fitness training, with 333 (24.2%) being female and 397 (22.3%) being male. The method of creating a training plan showed a significant influence (p < 0.001): athletes who devised their own plans reported pain or instability more frequently than those in the comparison groups. Guided exercises on machines resulted in the lowest frequency of pain (11.54%), while exercises with free weights were associated with the highest pain rate among respondents (19.94%). Specifically, exercises such as the back squat, deadlift, bench press, and triceps dips were identified as the exercises most commonly associated with pain. The most frequently reported pain region was the shoulder, followed by the lower back and knees. Conclusion: The findings reveal a significant number of unreported pain symptoms. The disparity between rigorous training volumes and the absence of professional care frequently leads to injuries and pain. It is incumbent upon sports medicine to investigate the root causes of these complaints (pain or instability) to implement preventive measures against potential injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Sport Exercise & Training Sciences (IJSETS) / Uluslararasi Spor Egzersiz ve Antrenman Bilimi Dergisi (USEABD) is the property of International Journal of Sport Exercise & Training Sciences (IJSETS) / Uluslararasi Spor Egzersiz v) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)