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1. Happy Feet in a Hostile World? The Future of Penguins Depends on Proactive Management of Current and Expected Threats

Author

Yan Ropert-Coudert, Andre Chiaradia, David Ainley, Andres Barbosa, P. Dee Boersma, Rebecka Brasso, Meagan Dewar, Ursula Ellenberg, Pablo García-Borboroglu, Louise Emmerson, Rachel Hickcox, Stephanie Jenouvrier, Akiko Kato, Rebecca Ruth McIntosh, Phoebe Lewis, Francisco Ramírez, Valeria Ruoppolo, Peter G. Ryan, Philip J. Seddon, Richard Brain Sherley, Ralph E. T. Vanstreels, Lauren J. Waller, Eric J. Woehler, and Phil N. Trathan

Subjects
Spheniscidae, threats, mitigation, pollution, climate change, fisheries, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Penguins face a wide range of threats. Most observed population changes have been negative and have happened over the last 60 years. Today, populations of 11 penguin species are decreasing. Here we present a review that synthesizes details of threats faced by the world’s 18 species of penguins. We discuss alterations to their environment at both breeding sites on land and at sea where they forage. The major drivers of change appear to be climate, and food web alterations by marine fisheries. In addition, we also consider other critical and/or emerging threats, namely human disturbance near nesting sites, pollution due to oil, plastics and chemicals such as mercury and persistent organic compounds. Finally, we assess the importance of emerging pathogens and diseases on the health of penguins. We suggest that in the context of climate change, habitat degradation, introduced exotic species and resource competition with fisheries, successful conservation outcomes will require new and unprecedented levels of science and advocacy. Successful conservation stories of penguin species across their geographical range have occurred where there has been concerted effort across local, national and international boundaries to implement effective conservation planning.

Published
2019
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2. Happy Feet in a hostile world? The future of penguins depends on proactive management of current and predictable threats

Author

Yan Ropert-Coudert, Andre Chiaradia, David Ainley, Andres Barbosa, P. Dee Boersma, Rebecka Brasso, Meagan Dewar, Ursula Ellenberg, Pablo García-Borboroglu, Louise Emmerson, Rachel Hickcox, Stephanie Jenouvrier, Akiko Kato, Rebecca Ruth McIntosh, Phoebe Lewis, Francisco Ramírez, Valeria Ruoppolo, Peter G. Ryan, Philip J. Seddon, Richard Brain Sherley, Ralph E. T. Vanstreels, Lauren J. Waller, Eric J. Woehler, Phil N. Trathan, Universitat de Barcelona, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, H.T. Harvey & Associates, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Global Penguin Society and Center for Ecosystem Sentinels [USA], University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Zoology, Weber State University [USA], Weber State University, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University [Churchill, Australia], Global Penguin Society and Department of Ecology [Australia], La Trobe University [Melbourne], Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciencies Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Aiuká [Brazil], International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) [USA], FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town-DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, Camborne School of Mines & Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Marine Animals [Brazil], Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Horbat] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Resource (biology), lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Population, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, Introduced species, Context (language use), lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Penguins, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, mitigation, pollution, Canvi climàtic, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Pingüins, Effect of human beings on nature, Global and Planetary Change, education.field_of_study, threats, business.industry, Influència de l'home en la natura, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Spheniscidae, Climatic change, climate change, Habitat destruction, Geography, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, fisheries, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract

International audience; Penguins face a wide range of threats. Most observed population changes havebeen negative and have happened over the last 60 years. Today, populations of 11penguin species are decreasing. Here we present a review that synthesizes detailsof threats faced by the world’s 18 species of penguins. We discuss alterations totheir environment at both breeding sites on land and at sea where they forage. Themajor drivers of change appear to be climate, and food web alterations by marinefisheries. In addition, we also consider other critical and/or emerging threats, namelyhuman disturbance near nesting sites, pollution due to oil, plastics and chemicals suchas mercury and persistent organic compounds. Finally, we assess the importance ofemerging pathogens and diseases on the health of penguins. We suggest that in the context of climate change, habitat degradation, introduced exotic species andresource competition with fisheries, successful conservation outcomes will require newand unprecedented levels of science and advocacy. Successful conservation storiesof penguin species across their geographical range have occurred where there hasbeen concerted effort across local, national and international boundaries to implementeffective conservation planning.

Published
2019

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