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Objectives Mindfulness and mindfulness-based constructs, such as self-compassion and mindful eating, have been positively associated with healthier eating and body related perceptions. Exploration of mindfulness and related concepts have not been investigated extensively in gay and bisexual men, a population where eating and body related concerns have been found to be widespread. Method Participants completed an online questionnaire, assessing mindfulness, self-compassion, mindful eating, body image and body acceptance. Correlation analysis and further mediation analysis was conducted to explore the relations between these constructs within the present sample (n = 163). Results A community sample showed a positive association of body image to mindfulness-based concepts, and negative to body non-acceptance, within the target population. Mediation analysis showed the role of body acceptance in explaining the relation between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating to body image. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of body acceptance when considering the development of a mindfulness or compassion-based intervention to attenuate body related issues among gay and bisexual men. Preregistration This manuscript has not been preregistered.

Objectives Mindfulness practices are increasingly being recognised as beneficial in supporting health, wellbeing, and psychological functioning. There is currently limited evidence of how mindfulness is used within a population of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). In order to effectively inform the development of future psychological mindfulness-based interventions for this population, it is imperative to first understand how individuals with CF are currently engaging with mindfulness. Method Internet-mediated research (IMR) was used to explore attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding the use of mindfulness practices across a CF population. IMR allowed for a natural, unobtrusive method of data collection that involved the collection of publicly available posts from two global online CF forums. Results A variety of formal and informal mindfulness practices were positively experienced by the CF community, with beneficial impacts upon emotional and psychological wellbeing, and physical health. The data highlighted a clear interest in proactive mindfulness practice, whilst also exploring some of the associated challenges with certain practices. Conclusions Proactive psychological support that considers the use of mindfulness and self-care practices may form a particularly valuable tool in supporting the quality of life for present and future generations of people with CF. Increased awareness and education regarding the use of different formal and informal mindfulness practices in CF care would be beneficial in enabling people to make more informed choices.

Research illustrates that high levels of self-compassion are associated with individuals eating in a mindful way. Previous research focusing upon emotional eating behaviours has suggested that body esteem is a mechanism that links self-compassion to eating behaviours, whilst mindful eating relates negatively to emotional eating and displays another, more adaptive way of eating. The present research explored whether body esteem could explain (i.e. mediate) the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion. Two hundred participants were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, self-compassion, and body esteem. The present study highlights a positive correlation between mindful eating and body esteem, with a mediation effect being observed for mindful eating on self-compassion via the appearance subscale of body esteem. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the inclusion of body esteem within weight management interventions focusing upon mindful eating and self-compassion.

Continual exposure to energy dense foods is suggested to promote overeating and obesity. The aim of the present research was to explore whether or not mindfulness could reduce visual attention towards food cues. In two laboratory studies, participants with a normal weight range completed an eye-tracking paradigm, and their eye-movements were recorded. In study 1, participants were exposed to either mindfulness meditation or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards low energy density (LED) vs high energy density (HED) food cues were measured. In study 2, participants were assigned to a mindful eating condition using a Mindful Construal Diary (MCD) or a control condition, and their eye-movements towards LED or HED food vs. non-food cues were recorded. In study 1, participants in the mindfulness meditation condition had greater attention duration towards LED food cues, whilst those in the control condition exhibited greater attention duration towards HED food cues. In study 2, there were no significant differences in the maintenance of attentional biases towards food cues between the two conditions. Mindfulness meditation may be beneficial in increasing attention towards LED food cues. Future research should further explore the effect of mindfulness and mindful eating on visual attention towards food cues with people who suffer from excess weight or have obesity, and also within naturalistic settings.

Objectives Regularly choosing unhealthy energy-dense foods can have negative health consequences. The present study tested whether a mindful eating–specific tool, namely Mindful Construal Reflection (MCR), would promote healthier eating behaviors. Methods Eighty-five university students were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness or control condition and were served M&Ms and grapes as an unhealthy and healthy option respectively. Results Participants in the mindfulness condition consumed significantly less M&Ms than those in the control condition, but no significant differences were found in the consumption of grapes between the two conditions. Furthermore, control participants ate significantly more M&Ms when displaying some hunger compared to those presenting no hunger, and although participants in the mindfulness condition also ate more when displaying some hunger, this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that the MCR may be effective in reducing consumption of unhealthy energy-dense foods. However, future research is warranted in developing the MCR to encourage consumption of healthier food options.

Mental health is leading to rising costs to the economy and increasing strain on professional healthcare services. Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an effective tool to support people with ill mental health. This study explored the experiences of MHFA volunteers to increase knowledge of how to support them. Twelve students who had successfully completed the two-day MHFA training course participated in a semi-structured interview. Being a Mental Health First Aider (MHFAer) was a responsibility highly valued by participants, however the anxiety that accompanies this role was paramount within the data. It was clear to see the compassionate nature of MHFAers, however it was apparent that for many participants this was at the expense of self-compassion. This study suggests a need to enhance the support materials for MHFA volunteers, alongside a model of compassionate self-care for enhancing personal coping, health and wellbeing.

Background: People who have obesity often experience problematic eating behaviours, contributing towards their excessive weight gain. Aims: Understanding problematic eating behaviours and their association to self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating is important for the development of future interventions that improve weight-loss and weight-regulation. Methods: One hundred and one participants attending their first session of a 6-session dietetic programme within a Tier 3 medical weight management service in the West Midlands, UK were recruited to complete questionnaires on self-compassion, mindfulness, mindful eating and eating behaviours, such as, emotional, restrained, external, fat and sugar consumption and grazing. Results: The findings suggested all three constructs, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating were significantly and negatively associated with grazing and emotional eating, but mindful eating was the only construct that also displayed a significant and negative association with other eating behaviours that are often barriers to successful weight regulation, such as external eating and fat consumption. Further investigation suggested mindful eating had an indirect effect on fat consumption and grazing via external eating. Conclusion: Whilst, self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating displayed a negative relationship with grazing and emotional eating, mindful eating also displayed a negative relationship with fat consumption and external eating. Possible explanations and directions for future work are discussed with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.

Previous research acknowledges that prolonged social media use is associated with several negative psychological consequences, including higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. In order to protect individuals from social stressors, research illustrates the role that self-compassion can play, with individuals high in self-compassion reporting greater emotional wellbeing; hence, proposing self-compassion could be a trait that is positively related to social media use. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between Instagram use and self-compassion, and whether this relationship can be explained through the relation to psychological wellbeing (depression, anxiety, and stress). A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate this relationship amongst young adults (n = 173), utilizing a revised version of The Multidimensional Facebook Intensity Scale to explore Instagram, The Self-Compassion Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Instagram intensity appeared to influence psychological wellbeing, with participants who spent more time on Instagram reporting poorer psychological wellbeing. Whilst higher levels of self-compassion were associated with lower levels of reported depression, anxiety, and stress, the relationship between Instagram intensity and self-compassion was not mediated to the extent as expected by wellbeing. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed as to what could explain the positive relationship between self-compassion and Instagram use.

Background Food selection is an important factor in the prevalence of obesity, and regularly choosing nutrient-poor high-energy foods can have negative health consequences. The present study tested whether the use of mindful construal diaries (MCD) combined with self-kindness could promote healthier eating choices. Method Ninety participants were randomly assigned to either a self-kindness to the mind condition or self-kindness to the mind and body condition, and were served M&Ms and grapes as an unhealthy and healthy option, respectively. Results The results suggested that a difference in consumption was found between the two conditions, with participants in the self-kindness to the mind condition consuming significantly more grapes than those in the self-kindness to the mind and body condition. However, this difference was restricted to those who are usually low consumers of fruit and vegetable. Conclusion The effect of self-kindness towards promoting heathier eating whilst considering the body thus appears to require further investigation. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.

BackgroundMechanisms for improving resiliency, and the potential benefits of doing so, are not well evidenced and understood. This research explored the relationship between mental health and resiliency, to broaden the perspectives of influ-ences on resiliency by controlling for mindfulness and self-compassion.Participants and procedureOne questionnaire comprised four pre-developed questions, examining mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety and stress), resilience, mindfulness and self-compassion. Participants (N = 551) were recruited from the general public across the West and East Midlands of England.ResultsThe results showed that poor mental health was related negatively to resilience. Furthermore, the negative relation-ship of resiliency with mental health was mediated when controlling for mindfulness and self-compassion.ConclusionsMindfulness and compassion-based interventions have the potential to develop resiliency by influencing their rela-tionship with health. Future directions are discussed.

Background The role of music on energy intake is conflicting, and recent research has suggested a positive association between classical music listening and mindfulness. Objective The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of music, specifically classical music on state mindfulness and calorie intake of energy-dense foods. Method One hundred participants were randomly assigned to either a classical, popular or no music condition, and were served a variety of sweet (i.e., chocolate and cookies) and savoury (i.e., crisps) energy-dense foods. Results: The results found no significant differences in state mindfulness, overall calorie intake, or intake of sweet foods across the three conditions. However, participants in the classical music condition did consume significantly less savoury food than those in the no music condition. Conclusion Playing classical music may be beneficial in reducing intake of savoury foods, but not through the association to changes in state mindfulness. Future research should explore extended sessions of music listening on state mindfulness and other experiential evaluations of mindfulness to conclude on the direct and indirect effects of music on sweet and savoury foods.

Purpose Self-regulation in eating is significant for enhancing life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), but research with this population is scarce. Methods In a cross-sectional study, adults with CF completed a number of psychometric scales exploring typical eating behaviours that may increase calorific intake including motivations to eat palatable foods and scales that may be associated with decreased calorific intake: mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion. Results Findings suggested that motivations to eat palatable foods and eating behaviours correlate with higher BMI, while mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion did not reach significance. Mindfulness and mindful eating moderated the relationship between emotional eating and BMI, while self-compassion did not moderate this relationship. Conclusions There is a need to develop healthy and effective means of enhancing calorific intake, where this is indicated, adapting mindful eating principles to focus on increasing both self-regulation and pleasure in eating while reducing emotional eating may be one means of doing this. Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Foods high in fat and sugar can often act as emotional regulators during negative emotional states, and regularly engaging in such behaviour can contribute towards weight gain. The present study investigated whether using mindful construal diaries (MCD) adapted with the element of self-distancing could improve state mindfulness, attenuate negative affect, and reduce chocolate intake. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, self-immersed, self-distanced, and control, and after evoking a negative state affect through a film excerpt, participants were served chocolate. The findings suggested there were no significant differences in improving state mindfulness or state negative affect across the three conditions. However, participants in the control condition did consume significantly more chocolate than those in the self-immersed and self-distanced conditions. Whilst there were no significant differences in chocolate intake between the two experimental conditions, those in the self-distanced condition did consume the least amount of chocolate. The concept of self-distancing may be beneficial in improving emotional eating behaviours further in mindful and attentive eating interventions. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Background Nutritional status and weight are closely linked to lung function and health status in cystic fibrosis (CF). The investigation of eating behaviours has shown mindfulness practices to be useful in modifying eating behaviours, particularly with obesity; to date, no research specifically explores how these concepts may be utilised within a CF population who face specific challenges in eating behaviours. Method Adult patients (n = 20, M = 8, age range 21–62 years) were recruited from a UK CF regional centre to take part in qualitative semi-structured interviews. Experiences of eating behaviours focusing on the use of mindful (or mindless) eating as barriers and enablers to achieving and maintaining optimal nutritional status were explored. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with a contextualist approach to understand how participants experienced eating behaviours within the context of health and weight status. Results Participants engaged readily in discussions of eating behaviour describing active self-regulation of food eaten and calorie intake. Participants who struggled to maintain weight employed strategies to increase calorie intake such as distraction and multitasking while eating. Most participants reported no pleasure in food, describing eating as another treatment to endure. Confusion existed around how to eat healthily for CF alongside co-morbid health conditions including diabetes, cholesterol and heart disease. Conclusion Participants were highly aware of their eating behaviours, engaging in intentional and deliberate preparations, which could be described as mindful, for making eating a more automatic or mindless activity. Modifications to usual mindful eating interventions are needed to support people with CF.

Self-compassion is increasingly recognised as an important and beneficial factor in quality of life and mental health-related research, but research within the adult cystic fibrosis (CF) population is scarce. In a cross-sectional study, 114 (56 female, 58 male) adults with CF completed and returned a series of validated questionnaires that assessed CF-related quality of life, negative emotional states (depression, anxiety and stress), self-compassion, and self-criticism. Quality of life and self-compassion were positively correlated, and each in turn were inversely correlated with negative emotional states and self-criticism. Negative emotional states correlated positively to self-criticism. Self-compassion and/or self-criticism moderated ten relationships between various sub-domains of quality of life and negative emotions. Psychological interventions that increase self-compassion may be beneficial for enhancing mental health and quality of life for adults with CF.

Background: Previous research acknowledges the impact mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion has upon weight regulation and motives to eat palatable foods, with mindful eating showing an increased impact of eating behaviours. Some research has identified that present moment awareness should be the primary focus of mindful eating. Aim: This research aimed to explore the relationship between mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating with motivations to eat palatable food. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate this relationship among university students ( n = 211), utilizing a newly developed mindful eating scale primarily focusing on present moment awareness. Results: Results indicated significant negative correlations between both self-compassion and mindful eating and motives to eat palatable foods. Mindful eating positively correlated with self-compassion and other mindfulness elements that are suggesting indirect acceptance measurements of the mindful eating scale. Conclusion: Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the reinterpretation of elements that are investigated and explored in eating literature.

BackgroundResearch into dieting and mindfulness has primarily focused upon how mindfulness and mindful eating affect dieting. However, the effect is bi-directional, with the process of dieting also impacting on mind-set and eating. We therefore aimed to investigate how people on different diets experience mindfulness and mindful eating. The present research aimed to explore whether or not specific weight loss diets are likely to prompt more of the elements described in mindfulness and mindful eating theory.Participants and procedureA community sample (N = 312) who were dieting at the time of recruitment were asked to fill in mindfulness and mindful eating measures, where commercial weight loss programmes (CWLP), low carbohydrate (LC), and intermittent fasting (IF) were used as dieting methods, as well as general healthy eating (GHE). Analyses of variance were conducted with the intention of comparing those groups in mindfulness and mindful eating, as well as their corresponding sub-constructs. The questionnaires and demographic information were provided through an online database, as well as other information relating to the diet, duration and history of dieting.ResultsThe results showed intermittent fasting dieters to score higher across mindfulness and mindful eating scores, although the differences from the rest of the groups were not significant. Investigating mindful eating further through the subscales revealed that CWLP scores were significantly higher in ‘routine’ when compared to GHE. Trait mindfulness subscales displayed no significant differences, except ‘describe’, which was higher in CWLP over LC dieting.ConclusionsSpecific emphasis is given to future directions, and the potential to identify diets that are theoretically and prac-tically consistent with the theory and practices of mindfulness and mindful eating.

Background: The importance of compassionate care within health care services is at the forefront of training and workplace policy and practice. The challenges for Health Care Professionals (HCPs) in delivering compassionate care are wide-ranging. Aims: This study explored the experiences of HCPs in delivering compassionate care and examined the impact of working in the health profession on their own health and wellbeing in order to increase knowledge around how to support HCPs in the workplace. Methods: A phenomenological approach was adopted, and individual semi-structured interviews were carried out with a sample of twenty-three qualified and student HCPs. The data was analysed using thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) procedural steps. Results: Four major themes were constructed: (a) Keeping it real: The need for authentic compassion, (b) Compassion takes time: Barriers to delivering compassionate care, (c) There’s no time to think about myself: Self compassion, self-care and health behaviours, and (d) Does anybody care? Accessing support. Participants talked of the occupational difficulties of providing high quality compassionate care and described a deficit of self-care in both their working and non-working lives. Conclusions: This study suggests an ethical and pragmatic imperative to enhance the care and support for HCPs, particularly given the current and projected shortage of HCPs alongside a suggested model of compassionate self-care for improving health and wellbeing Keywords: Health Care Professionals, Compassion, Self-compassion, Self-care, Health behaviours

Objectives Previous qualitative data highlight why individuals with Cystic Fibrosis may be motivated to initiate in risky behaviours (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and illicit drug use). To inform interventions aimed to reduce the occurrence of risky behaviours, we investigated how Cystic Fibrosis health care professionals perceive the issue of risky behaviours, providing insight into what interventions could work in practice. Methods This research had two phases of data collection. In phase one, nine Cystic Fibrosis Specialist Nurses participated in a semi-structured interview via telephone. In phase two, health care professionals, who work within a Cystic Fibrosis multi-disciplinary team, participated in a dissemination meeting. Results Cystic Fibrosis health care professionals identified that although risky behaviours were a major concern within the Cystic Fibrosis population, education regarding the adverse health effects of such behaviours is not embedded within practice, with the issue of risky behaviours being addressed on an individualised basis. Health care professionals suggested that they would welcome interventions, and that such interventions first need to raise health care professionals awareness and knowledge regarding risky behaviours before focusing upon patients. Discussion Within this research, health care professionals provided practical insight into the need for policy change for the prevention and reduction of risky behaviours by informing current advice and practice.

Objectives Cystic Fibrosis (CF) care is entering a period of personalised medicine with the emergence of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies. Anecdotally individuals are reporting life-changing effects of modulator therapies, proposing an important area of study. Methods Twenty adult participants (males: 8, age range: 22–51 years, average FEV1: 53.45%) were recruited via social media to participate in a semi-structured interview; 17 participants were currently taking Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor (Kaftrio). Results An appreciation of a “normal life” post-modulator therapy is paramount, with improvements in symptoms and quality-of-life bringing a more urgent imperative for the provision of effective support to encourage positive health and lifestyle choices. Discussion In this new era of CF care, there remains many challenges present for the CF community, with participants suggesting that proactive psychological support is required along with proactive awareness regarding health risk behaviours for the current and future CF generations.

Contemporary research investigating obesity has focused on grazing (i.e., an uncontrolled and repetitive consumption of small amounts of food). Meanwhile, the association between grazing and motivations or actual consumption of energy-dense foods as explanatory factors has not been explored in current weight regulation research. The association among grazing, motivations to eat palatable foods and fat and sugar consumption were explored in a cross-sectional study with university students (n = 318) who were recruited to participate in an online study. Results indicated that both motivations to eat palatable foods and fat and sugar consumption were positively related to grazing, but only motivations to eat palatable foods explained the positive relationship between grazing and current weight. Motivations to eat palatable foods appears to be more explanatory of grazing in the sphere of weight regulation and grazing than the actual consumption of fat and sugar. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies or reports of expert committees.

BackgroundTreatment adherence is a major concern in cystic fibrosis (CF), with accumulating evidence that health outcomes are worse in patients with lower levels of adherence. This study investigates how adherence differs for adults with CF during a weekday and a weekend day by examining the roles of sex, anxiety, depression, and lung function as predictors of adherence.Participants and procedureFifty-two adult participants with CF were recruited. Demographics and spirometry results were recorded. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and two daily phone diaries in order to record their adherence to pancreatic enzymes, vitamins, physiotherapy and exercise. Based on previous findings, it was hypothesised that reported adherence would be higher during the weekend in comparison to weekdays, due to lower time pressure during the weekend.ResultsPaired sample t-tests indicated that overall participants had higher reported adherence during the weekend in comparison to weekdays, with sex, anxiety, depression and lung function being predictors of adherence.ConclusionsClinical implications and future directions are discussed, with an emphasis on the need for further qualitative research. We are now conducting another research project utilising qualitative interviews with participants to further investigate adherence within the CF population. Our aim is to identify the main adherence barriers and to develop interventions to improve treatment adherence in the CF population.

Health risk behaviours (HRBs) are prevalent within the cystic fibrosis (CF) population, and there is a lack of research around what influences their engagement. This research explored beliefs associated with HRBs within an adult CF population using qualitative semi-structured interviews. Participants' beliefs towards their CF and its life impact were investigated to explore reasons for engaging in HRB. A desire for normalcy was evident, often accompanied by engagement in everyday HRB as a method of minimising the illness identity. Evidence of a life-orientated illness perspective was also prevalent, with participants engaging in some risky behaviours for fun. Overall, there was a lack of knowledge on the consequences of HRB, with many participants reporting not being informed of these by clinicians. This research highlights a dilemma between clinical recommendations and personal life strategies undertaken by individuals with CF to support their identity.

Risky behaviours are prevalent within the cystic fibrosis (CF) population; however, there is a lack of research which has investigated risky behaviour engagement among adolescents with CF, with reasons for initiation currently being unknown, as no qualitative studies have been conducted. This research therefore examines knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs towards risky behaviours at an age commonly associated with initiation. Ten paediatric participants were recruited. Thematic analysis illustrated several psychological factors associated with risky behaviours. A desire for normalcy was evident, with this been associated with a desire to engage in normalised risky behaviours. Evidence of a life-orientated illness perspective was also prevalent, with participants believing that many individuals engage in risky behaviours for fun. Overall, there was a reported lack of knowledge on consequences of risky behaviours, with many participants not being informed of these by health care professionals (HCPs). This research provides insight into an area of CF paediatric care which could be improved on, with the provision of awareness regarding risky behaviours not being embedded within paediatric CF care. Consequently, this research demonstrates the need for interventions to be integrated into paediatric CF care for the prevention and reduction of risky behaviours.

While much research has focused on overeating when exploring constructs of mindfulness, mindful eating, and self-compassion, there is limited research on the specific relationship of these constructs with consumption of energy-dense foods that have a large impact on weight regulation. In a cross-sectional study, university students (n = 546) were recruited to explore the relationship between mindfulness, mindful eating, self-compassion, and fat and/or sugar consumption. Results indicated that all constructs were negatively related to fat and sugar consumption, but self-compassion did not do so in a univariate fashion. When investigating subscales, negative aspects such as isolation and over-identification show a significant positive relationship to fat and sugar consumption. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work. Level of Evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Contemporary research investigating obesity has focused on grazing (i.e. an uncontrolled and repetitive consumption of small amounts of food). Meanwhile, constructs such as mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion have received much attention in assisting individuals with eating behaviours and weight regulation. The association between those constructs and grazing, however, has not been explored. In a cross-sectional study, university students ( n = 261) were recruited to explore the relationship of mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion with current weight and grazing. Results indicated that all constructs were negatively related to grazing, but only mindful eating related negatively to current weight. In addition, mindful eating mediated the relationship between grazing and current weight. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.

Objectives In order to improve adherence, factors associated with compliance need to be identified. We investigated the relationships between the beliefs of CF adults about their treatment and reported adherence. Methods Patients attending the outpatient clinic in a regional adult CF centre were recruited over a three week period. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire. Adherence to pancreatic enzymes, vitamins, physiotherapy and exercise was recorded over two days using daily telephone diaries which use a day reconstruction method accompanied with a cued recall procedure. Demographics and spirometry results were recorded. Results 52 participants (25 male, mean age: 30 yrs) with median FEV 1 56.40% predicted were recruited (response rate: 94%). Multiple regression demonstrated that adherence was not influenced by participants' beliefs about their medications ( F (9,39) = 351, p = 0.951), with the model explaining 13.9% of the variance. However, weekday adherence and participants' beliefs about medication necessity were negatively correlated ( r = –0.305). Lung function ( r = –0.350) and anxiety ( r = –0.052) were negatively correlated with physiotherapy adherence. Conclusion This small-scale study highlights the impact patients' beliefs about medication-necessity, as well as disease severity and psychological status, have upon adherence. Further research utilising qualitative interviews with participants is under way to identify the main adherence-barriers and to develop interventions to improve treatment adherence in the CF patient population.