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The impact and relative relevance of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, processing temperature (room temper- ature or 180 ◦C), and gelling agent (GA) (carrageenan and alginate) on the bioactive compounds and oxidation status of olive and echium oils gelled formulations with 40% lipid incorporation was assessed. In vitro digestion was not affected by the GA, with >90% lipolysis in all formulations, but was the most relevant variable, pro- moting oxidation (MDA) regardless of the oil type, GA or temperature applied. Tocopherols and phenolic decreased with digestion, which could be interpreted as a protective response to pro-oxidative conditions during digestion. Temperature decreased olive oil phenolics. Gelification of echium oil using alginate reduced secondary oxidation products formation in comparison with carrageenan, with oxidation degrees after digestion equivalent to those shown with olive oil. The use of alginate with olive oil resulted in the most stable formulations, although not protecting its minor bioactive compounds from thermal degradation.

Both vitamin A and E support female reproduction and embryonic development. These vitamins have been associated with decreased fertility or failure to end the pregnancy in animals. An observational study was conducted on follicular fluid (FF) samples to determine the concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins of women undergoing

Cv. Arbequina fruits were inoculated during one day with suspensions of Aureobasidium pullulans, Epicoccum nigrum or both species (104 spores/g olives), isolated from olive leaves, aiming to increase the phenolic content of the olive oils. Oils were extracted from non-inoculated (control) and inoculated olives, being evaluated for their oxidative stability, and phenolic composition. Compared to the control oils, those extracted from inoculated olives showed higher oxidative stability (+1629%), phenolic acids contents (up to+37%), phenolic alcohols (up to+101%), flavonoids (up to+154%) and secoiridoid derivatives (up to + 12%). These positive effects could be attributed to the hydrolytic activity of enzymes secreted by the studied fungi on the fruit cellular membranes and extracted phenolics, increasing the extractability and, consequently, altering the phenolic concentration. Considering the two fungi species, E. nigrum inoculation had a more significant positive impact on the contents of tyrosol, oleuropein, and ligstroside derivatives, showing an inhibition effect regarding the oleacein formation. Contrary, A. pullulans inoculation mainly resulted into an accentuated increase of luteolin and oleacein contents (3 and 12-times higher compared with control oils, respectively). Overall, no enhanced positive synergetic effect could be attributed to the inoculation with a suspension containing both fungi. The significant changes observed on the phenolic contents, due to the fungal inoculation, allowed the successful discrimination of the four types of extracted oils using an electronic tongue. This device acts as an artificial taste device allowing anticipating an impact at the oils basic taste sensations due to the fungi inoculation., The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for fnancial support by national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020), CEB (UIDB/04469/2020), REQUIMTE-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020) units and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020); to Project “GreenHealth—Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well being and promote green health” (Norte-01–0145-FEDER-000042) and to Project AgriFood XXI (NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000041), funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 ‐ Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Ítala M.G. Marx acknowledges the Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/137283/2018) pro vided by FCT. Nuno Rodrigues thanks to National funding by FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientifc employment program-contract, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Roasting is a key step for preparing sesame oil that leads to important changes in its organoleptic properties and quality. In this study, white sesame seeds were roasted for 20 min in an electric oven at different temperatures (120, 150, 180, 210, 250 and 300 °C). The oils extracted from unroasted and roasted seeds were compared for their chemical composition: fatty acids (including trans isomers), phytosterols, lignans (sesamin and sesamolin), tocopherols and total phenolic compounds, as well as their oxidative stability and antiradical capacity. There were no obvious differences in the oil densities, refractive indexes or iodine values, but the saponification values were affected by temperature. Relevant primary and secondary lipid oxidation were observed at T > 250 °C, resulting in a higher p-anisidine value and K232 as well as K268 values. Roasting improved oil yield (from 33.5 to 62.6%), increased its induction period (from 5.5 to 10.5 h) and enhanced the total phenolic content (from 152 to 194 mg/100 g) and antiradical activity of the extracted oil. Depending on roasting temperature, a gradual decline was recorded in total amounts of phytosterols (up to 17.4%), γ-tocopherol (up to 10.6%), sesamolin (maximum of 27.5%) and sesamin (maximum of 12.5%). All the investigated oils presented a low quantity in triglyceride polymers, clearly below the maximum tolerated quantity according to the European regulation. The optimal roasting temperature for obtaining high nutritional grade oil within the permissible values was 210 °C. The unsaponifiable components (including lignans and sterols) extracted from roasted seeds have been shown to be natural additives to fresh meatball products to extend shelf life. The results of this study may help to boost the nutritional content of plant-based diets by allowing for the use of roasted sesame seed oil and its components.

RATIONALE Steroid refractory graft-vs-host disease (sr-GvHD) represents a challenging complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Intestinal microbiota (IM) diversity and dysbiosis were identified as influencing factors for the development of acute GvHD. Fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) is hypothesized to restore IM dysbiosis, but there is limited knowledge about the significance of FMT in the treatment of sr-GvHD. OBJECTIVES We studied the effects of FMT on sr-GvHD in allo-HCT patients from two German tertiary clinical centers (n = 11 patients; period: March 2017 until July 2019). To assess safety and clinical efficacy, we analyzed clinical data pre- and post-FMT (day -14 to +30 relative to FMT). Moreover, IM were analyzed in donor samples and in a subset of patients pre- and post-FMT by 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Post-FMT, we observed no intervention-associated, systemic inflammatory responses and only minor side effects (5/11 patients: abdominal pain and transformation of peristalsis-each 3/11 and vomiting-1/11). Stool frequencies and volumes were significantly reduced [pre- vs post-FMT (d14): P

Background Contamination of the catheter hub is an important source of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI); catheter hub caps incorporating a 70% isopropyl alcohol aim are designed to reduce contamination and hence CLABSI rates. Supporting data in high-risk hematological and oncological patients on the clinical effectiveness of this approach are sparse. Methods We conducted a before-after single center study accompanying the introduction of such caps at our department. Retrospective data from the year prior to the introduction were compared to 1 year of prospective data. Results The control and antiseptic barrier cap (ABC) groups consisted of 309 and 289 patients presenting a CLABSI rate of 15.28 and 10.38 per 1,000 catheter days (P= .042), respectively. However, after multivariate analysis, ABCs were not identified as a statistically significant independent protective factor for the occurrence of CLABSI (hazard ratio 0.69, P= .120). There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to time to CLABSI (P= .681), nor the proportion of catheters removed due to suspicion of infection (P= .076). Conclusions The introduction of ABCs in this high-risk population did not significantly alter CLABSI rates.

The production of superhydrophobic coatings inspired by the surface of plant leaves is a challenging goal. Such coatings hold a bright technological future in niche markets of the aeronautical, space, naval, building, automobile, and biomedical sectors. This work is focused on the adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) surfaces of the leaflet of the Ceratonia silique L. (carob), a high-commercial-value Mediterranean tree cultivated in many regions of the world. The adaxial and abaxial surfaces feature hydrophobic and superhydrophobic behaviors, respectively. Their chemical composition is very simple: monopalmitin ester and palmitic acid are protuberant in the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers of the adaxial surface, respectively, whereas 1-octacosanol dominates in the abaxial wax layers. In both surfaces, epicuticular wax is organized along a randomly oriented and intricate network of nanometer-thick and micrometer-long plates, whose density and degree of interconnection are significantly higher in the abaxial surface. The measured tilting angles for the abaxial surface (12-70°) reveal unusual variable density and water adhesion of the nanostructured plate-based texture. Optical measurements demonstrate that light reflectance/absorbance of the glaucous abaxial surface is significantly higher/lower than that of the nonglaucous adaxial surface. In both surfaces, diffuse reflectance is dominant, and the absorbance is weakly dependent on the light incidence angle. We show that the highly dense nanostructured platelike texture of the epicuticular abaxial layer of the C. siliqua leaflet works as a sophisticated light and water management system: it reflects solar radiation diffusely to lower the surface temperature, and it has superhydrophobic character to keep the surface dry. Such attributes enable efficient gas exchange (photosynthesis and respiration), transpiration, and evaporation. To mimic for the first time the abaxial surface, a templation approach was adopted using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/poly(methylphenylsiloxane) (PMPS) positive/negative replicas and a soft polymer/siloxane negative replica produced by the sol-gel process. Because high topographical variations of the biotemplate and wax adhesion to the biohybrid film affected the replication quality, the reproduction of the wax texture via the synthesis of 1-octacosanol-grafted siloxane-based hybrid materials is proposed as a suitable route to duplicate the abaxial surface with high fidelity. The natural chemical/physical strategy adopted by the C. siliqua leaflet to face the harsh Mediterranean climate is a powerful source of bioinspiration for the development of diffuse reflecting and superhydrophobic material systems with foreseen applications as dual-functional antiglare and water-repelling coatings.

Leaves incorporation during the extraction of olive oils can enhance their chemical-sensory quality. Thus, leaves from cvs. Arbequina or Santulhana were added (1%, w/w) during the extraction of Arbequina oils using an Abencor system, being discussed the impacts on the phenolics and volatiles formation enzymatic pathways. Leaves addition contributed to a significant decrease (P-value, The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), CEB (UIDB/04469/2020), REQUIMTE-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020) units and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/ 2020); to BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004), to Project “GreenHealth - Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well-being and promote green health” (Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042) and to Project AgriFood XXI (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041), funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Ítala M.G. Marx acknowledges the Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/137283/2018) provided by FCT. Nuno Rodrigues thanks to National funding by FCT- Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduction Patient-level data from Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) treated in an intensive care setting is limited, despite the growing medical and financial burden of CDI. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 100 medical intensive care unit patients at the University Hospital Cologne with respect to demography, diagnostics, severity scores, treatment, and outcome. To analyze factors influencing response to treatment and death, a backward-stepwise multiple logistic regression model was applied. Results Patients had significant comorbidities including 26% being immunocompromised. The mean Charlson Comorbidity Index was 6.3 (10-year survival rate of 2.25%). At the time of diagnosis, the APACHE II was 17.4±6.3 (predicted mortality rate of 25%), and the ATLAS score was 5.2±1.9 (predicted cure rate of 75%). Overall, 47% of CDI cases were severe, 35% were complicated, and 23% were both. At least one concomitant antibiotic was given to 74% of patients. The cure rate after 10 and 90 days was 56% and 51%, respectively. Each unit increment in APACHE II score was associated with poorer treatment response (OR 0.931; 95% CI 0.872–0.995; p = 0.034). Age above 65 years was associated with death (OR 2.533; 95% CI 1.031–6.221; p = 0.043), and overall mortality at 90 days was 56%. Conclusions CDI affects a high-risk population, in whom predictive scoring tools are not accurate, and outcomes are poor despite intensive treatment. Further research in this field is warranted to improve prediction scoring and patient outcomes.

Tocopherols are compounds with high biological activity, beneficial for human health that can be found in vegetable oils like olive oil, contributing for its resistance to oxidation. In this work, the tocopherol contents of olive oils extracted from centenarian olive trees of six cultivars (cvs. Lentisca, Madural, Rebol~a, Redondal, Verdeal, and Verdeal Transmontana) were evaluated during five consecutive crop seasons (2013–2017). Three tocopherol isoforms (α-, β- and γ-tocopherols) were detected in all analyzed olive oils, and their content varied significantly with the cultivar and year of production. The highest amounts were found in cv. Lentisca (456 122 mg/kg olive oil), while the lowest were observed in cv. Verdeal (179 45 mg/kg olive oil). Crop year was the most influential factor, with the highest contents observed in 2013 and lowest in 2014. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis helped differentiate olive oils according to cultivar or production year. These data suggest that tocopherol composition may serve as a chemical marker to distinguish the subject cultivar olive oils from centenarian trees either by olive cultivar or by crop year, being some cultivars identified as potential candidates for guaranteeing the production of olive oils rich in these compounds. This work was financially supported by Project UIDB/00690/2020 (CIMO) and Project UID/QUI/50006/2019 (REQUIMTE-LAQV); all funded by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. This work was also supported by PRODER project OliveOld—Identificação e caraterização de oliveiras centenárias para obtenção de produtos diferenciados” nº 53988. Nuno Rodrigues thanks FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for the PhD Grant SFRH/BD/104038/2014 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Classically, vicariant phenomena have been essentially identified on the basis of biogeographical and ecological data. Here, we report unequivocal evidences that demonstrate that a physical-chemical characterization of the epicuticular waxes of the surface of plant leaves represents a very powerful strategy to get rich insight into vicariant events. We found vicariant similarity between

The effect of olive leaves addition (1%, w/w, cvs. Arbequina or Santulhana), during the industrial extraction of Arbequina oils, on their physicochemical, color, phenolic profile, and sensory characteristics, was studied. Leaves incorporation reduced the primary oxidation (peroxide value by 33% and K232 by 17%) and increased the oxidative stability (19%), with the impact being more pronounced for Arbequina leaves. For these latter oils, leaves incorporation increased the total phenolic content (293±9 mg GAE/kg), which became richer in secoiridoid derivatives (143.7±3.0 mg/kg). Also, only Arbequina oils extracted with their own leaves supported the health claim regarding the protection of blood lipids against oxidative stress (hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol derivatives content greater than 5 mg per 20 g of olive oil). On the other hand, the incorporation of leaves from cvs. Arbequina and Santulhana during extraction enhanced the bitterness (5559%) and decreased the pungency (2533%). Santulhana leaves promoted an increase of the green-fruitiness (5.3±0.5), while Arbequina leaves enhanced the oils sweetness (7.0±0.4). Moreover, a potentiometric laboratory-made electronic tongue was applied, as a taste sensor device, being capable of successfully discriminating Arbequina oils extracted without or with addition of leaves, allowing the identification of (un)deliberated leaves incorporation during oils extraction. Lastly, it was found that the quality and composition of Arbequina oils industrially extracted were leaf cultivar dependent, with the low level of phenolics of control oils promoted by the incorporation of Arbequina leaves., The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), CEB (UIDB/04469/2020) and REQUIMTE-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020) units and to the Associate Laboratories for Green Chemistry-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020), as well as to BioTecNorte operation (NORTE‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐000004) and to Project “GreenHealth—Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well-being and promote green health” (Norte-01–0145-FEDER-000042) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 ‐ Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Ítala M.G. Marx acknowledges the Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/137283/2018) provided by FCT. Nuno Rodrigues thanks to National funding by FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Both vitamin A and E support female reproduction and embryonic development. These vitamins have been associated with decreased fertility or failure to end the pregnancy in animals. An observational study was conducted on follicular fluid (FF) samples to determine the concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins of women undergoing in vitro fertilization and its correlation with assisted reproductive technology characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) and alpha-tocopherol on granulosa cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and hormonal production were evaluated. No association was identified between fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in FF and infertility aetiology, body mass index or woman’s age. There were differences in follicular antioxidant profiles and ovarian response stimulation. In vitro evaluation of atRA and alpha-tocopherol reveals that, at physiological concentrations, both compounds may affect the viability of granulosa cells. In addition, these compounds are able to protect granulosa cells from oxidative stress, as well as to affect estradiol and progesterone production. Our data suggest that atRA and alpha-tocopherol levels should be well controlled as they may have implications in the function and viability of granulosa cells and highlights retinol as a marker of the oxidative defenses within ovary environment.

"Available online 24 June 2022", At olive oil industrial extraction, water addition is a practice overcoming the formation of thick pastes. The effect of water addition (0 to 6.2%, kgadded water/kgolives), during the industrial milling of cv. Arbequina olives, on the oils chemical-sensory quality, was evaluated. Despite the extra virgin olive oil classification, compared with the water incorporation (1.2-6.2%), extraction without water addition resulted into oils that showed less primary oxidation (lower peroxide values and K232), greater total phenolic content (+12-22%) and higher oxidative stability (+22-31%). No water addition increased the oils secoiridoids content (+5-13%), mainly oleacein (+27-79%). Oils extracted without water addition had a more intense ripe fruity sensation ( +11%) but lower fruit intensities (at least 4%). Thus, the quality and stability of the cv. Arbequina oils can be favoured if extracted without adding water during the olives industrial milling., The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), CEB (UIDB/04469/2020), REQUIMTE-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020) units and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020); to BioTecNorte operation (NORTE‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐000004), to Project “GreenHealth - Digital strategies in biological assets to improve well-being and promote green health” (Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042) and to Project AgriFood XXI (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041), funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 ‐ Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Ítala M.G. Marx acknowledges the Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/137283/2018) provided by FCT. Nuno Rodrigues thanks to National funding by FCT- Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In Mozambique, rural communities produce flours from the dried pulp of

Robust and selective quantification methods are required to better analyze feed supplementation effectiveness with specific amino acids. In this work, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection is proposed and validated for lysine quantification, one of the most limiting amino acids in ruminant nutrition and essential towards milk production. To assess and widen method applicability, different matrices were considered: namely Li2CO3 buffer (the chosen standard reaction buffer), phosphate buffer solution (to mimic media in cellular studies), and rumen inoculum. The method was validated for all three matrices and found to be selective, accurate (92% ± 2%), and precise at both the inter- and intra-day levels in concentrations up to 225 µM, with detection and quantification limits lower than 1.24 and 4.14 µM, respectively. Sample stability was evaluated when stored at room temperature, 4 °C, and −20 °C, showing consistency for up to 48 h regardless of the matrix. Finally, the developed method was applied in the quantification of lysine on real samples. The results presented indicate that the proposed method can be applied towards free lysine quantification in ruminant feeding studies and potentially be of great benefit to dairy cow nutrition supplementation and optimization.

Environmental-friendly, cost-effective and fast methods were developed and validated for the analysis of seven PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in three distinct seafood matrices (muscle, liver and plasma) and feed using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction approach for solid samples and a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) for plasma. Instrumental analyses were performed with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS) and negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS) to assess BDE-209. Statistical validation showed recoveries for all target substances near 100% with average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) lower than 9% and recovery standards higher than 65% (average RSD below 20%). Average calculated Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were lower than 65 pg·g−1 wet weight (WW) for muscle, 5.35 ng·g−1 WW for liver, 4.50 ng·g−1 WW for feed, and 0.60 ng·mL−1 for plasma samples. Quality assurance and quality control practices were comprehensively described. Methods scored high in an analytical Eco-scale, thus being classified as “an excellent green analysis”. Finally, real seafood samples collected in local markets and local fishermen were analyzed. Positive samples presented both PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in safe amounts (0.28–125.80 ng·g−1 WW) for human consumption.

El estudio de la epidemia de obesidad en México requiere abordajes que den cuenta del entrelazamiento de múltiples dimensiones y elementos que están en juego para su emergencia y reproducción. Este trabajo recupera la perspectiva de la Historia social de la comida, de Patricia Aguirre y propone una periodización que incluye tres transiciones de las cuales este artículo se enfoca únicamente en presentar, a manera de ejemplo, un esbozo de la Primera transición (1900-1940). Además, con la noción de genealogía, concebida como historia del presente, se abordan de manera muy general los procesos que a la larga favorecieron la aparición de la epidemia, en los cuales se entrelazan elementos económicos, demográficos, de urbanización, político-ideológicos y de políticas de salud y alimentarias, cuyas interrelaciones moldearon, en conjunto, las formas culturales de la época — sobre todo las alimentarias—, que a su vez incidieron retroactivamente en la consolidación y expansión de dichos procesos. Se concluye que la Primera transición tuvo como eje estructural y articulador la transformación política que trajo consigo la Revolución Mexicana, cuya base ideológica fue el pensamiento eugenésico y de higiene social que permeó la época, los cuales produjeron cambios determinantes en la demografía, los procesos de urbanización, las políticas educativas, de salud y alimentarias que, en conjunto y de manera retroactiva, consolidaron el modelo capitalista. Se muestran algunos resultados de las interrelaciones entre las dimensiones política, económica e ideológico-cultural y de los cambios en los imaginarios sociales que a su vez modificaron las aspiraciones, conductas y formas de consumo de una parte de la población urbana que se afanó en alcanzar el ideal civilizatorio impulsado por los gobiernos posrrevolucionarios, mediante la negación del pasado indígena y campesino, y la imitación de la forma de vida de las clases altas y los modelos extranjeros que ellas asumieron. También se incluyen algunos ejemplos de cómo inició la modificación de la vida cotidiana de los mexicanos con la incipiente incorporación de alimentos industrializados en su dieta; el contexto general en que aparecieron las primeras industrias de alimentos, el papel de la medicina y la educación en la configuración de prácticas alimentarias, el de la radio en la de las prácticas de sueño y el de los transportes en las formas de movilidad de las personas.

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas, comparando la vía de inoculación intraperitoneal (i.p.) y la vía oral (i.o.), mediante la ingestión alimentos infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Materiales y métodos: En modelo múrido, se comparó la parasitemia en la infección adquirida vía i.p. y vía i.o. Se formaron dos grupos que fueron inoculados con la cepa NINOA de T. cruzi (3x103); uno se administró vía i.o. y otro, se administró vía i.p. Además, se realizó un estudio histopatológico del tejido cardiaco de los individuos. Finalmente, se determinó y comparó la respuesta inmune montada como resultado de la inoculación por ambas vías, evaluando la concentración de IgG séricas contra T. cruzi mediante la realización de una ELISA casera. Resultados: El comportamiento de la infección fue diferente en ambas vías de inoculación. A través de los métodos parasitoscópicos e histopatológicos empleados no fue detectable la infección en aquellos individuos infectados i.o., interesantemente, la infección sí fue detectable mediante métodos inmunológicos. Aquellos individuos infectados vía i.o. empleando açaí tuvieron un comportamiento inmune similar al presentado por aquellos inoculados vía i.p. Discusión: La estrecha convivencia con los insectos transmisores facilita la adquisición de la infección mediante diversas vías. Conocer las variantes en el curso de la infección que implica cada vía de inoculación, aumenta el éxito del diagnóstico. Conclusión: El presente estudio demuestra que la vía de infección del hospedero es determinante para la evolución de la enfermedad. Este hallazgo, representa un área de oportunidad del sector salud para el mejoramiento del diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas (sobre todo en áreas endémicas).

Contar con una medida psicométrica apropiada para evaluar los comportamientos moralmente relevantes de los atletas es importante para fomentar la investigación y permitir estrategias de intervención efectivas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar las propiedades psicométricas de la Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Sport Scale (PABSS) para el contexto brasileño. La muestra consistió en 360 atletas de ambos sexos (promedio de edad 16.1 ± 3.61; 64.7 % hombres). El análisis factorial exploratorio indicó la relevancia de la estructura que consta de cuatro factores: (1) Comportamiento prosocial dirigido a compañeros de equipo (CPC); (2) Comportamiento prosocial dirigido a oponentes (CPA); (3) Comportamiento antisocial dirigido a compañeros de equipo (CAC); (4) Comportamiento antisocial dirigido a oponentes (CAA), explicando conjuntamente el 66.1 % de la varianza total, lo que corrobora la hipótesis teórica. Además, el análisis factorial semiconfirmatorio mostró pruebas del modelo compuesto por cuatro factores: [(ƛ2 = 126.685, gl = 116, p = .234; ƛ2 /gl = 1.09; CFI = 0.99 (IC 95% = 0.997-0.999); GFI = 0.99 (IC 95 % = 0.997-0.999); RMSEA = 0.018 (IC 95 % = 0.016-0.020)]. Todos los factores tenían índices de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach deseables mayores a 0.78 y omega de McDonald mayores a 0.88. También se observaron asociaciones entre el comportamiento moral y los valores en el deporte. En conclusión, la versión brasileña del PABSS reúne evidencia psicométrica adecuada y puede ser utilizada en futuros estudios. Having an appropriate psychometric measure for assessing the morally relevant behaviors of athletes is important to encourage research and enable effective intervention strategies. The aim of this research was to verify the psychometric properties of the Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors Sport Scale (PABSS) for the Brazilian context. The sample consisted of 360 athletes of both sexes (average age 16.1±3.61; 64.7% men). The exploratory factorial analysis indicated the adequacy of the structure comprising four factors: 1) Prosocial behavior directed to teammates (CPC) 2) Prosocial behavior directed to opponents (CPA); (3) Anti-social behavior directed to teammates (CAC); (4) Anti-social behavior directed to opponents (CAA), which jointly explains 66.1% of the total variance, thus corroborating the theoretical hypothesis. In addition, Semi-confirmatory Factor Analysis showed evidence of the four-factor model: [(ƛ2 = 126.685, gl= 116, p= .234; ƛ2 /gl= 1.09; CFI= 0.99 (IC 95%= 0.997-0.999); GFI= 0.99 (IC 95% = 0.997- 0.999); RMSEA= 0.018 (IC 95%= 0.016-0.020)]. All factors had desirable internal consistency indexes of Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.78 and McDonald’s Omega greater than 0.80. Associations between moral behavior and values in sports were also observed. In conclusion, the Brazilian version of the PABSS presented adequate psychometric evidence and can be used in future studies.

The high proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) represent one of the most important technological and nutritional features of olive oils. The present study details the fatty acid (FA) composition of autochthonous cultivars (Lentisca, Madural, Redondal, Rebolã, Verdeal, and Verdeal Transmontana) produced from centenarian trees during five crop years (2013–2017). Olive cultivar highly influenced the FA composition, namely, oleic acid (70.3% for Madural to 80.7% for Redondal) and palmitic acid (10.4% for Lentisca to 13.5% for Verdeal). Similarly, crop year significantly influenced the individual FA contents. Principal component analysis of FA data enabled the unsupervised classification by cultivar and, within each cultivar, by crop year. Furthermore, the levels of nine individual FAs, together with the polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, selected using the simulated annealing algorithm, allowed for their correct classification, on the basis of linear discriminant analysis, according to the olive cultivar, with an overall sensitivity of 92%, for leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. Globally, the cultivar effect superimposed that of crop year, showing that some cultivars, such as Redondal and Verdeal Transmontana, have consistently high and homogeneous proportions of MUFA, indicating that they are worth exploring in terms of future selection of cultivars that are able to produce olive oils with increased nutritional value and that are less prone to oxidation. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), and to REQUIMTE (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-LAQV (UIDB/50006/2020). This work was also supported by PRODER project OliveOld—“Identificação e caraterização de oliveiras centenárias para obtenção de produtos diferenciados” no. 53988. Nuno Rodrigues thanks national funding by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

High consumption of free sugars, particularly through soft drinks, represents a health concern on a global scale. Therefore, several measures, including taxation, were tentatively employed to reduce their intake. However, the decrease of sugars in soft drinks has been occurring mostly at the expense of adding non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). This study aimed to investigate the recent trends in soft drink reformulations by the food industries and to verify if these modifications can potentially lead to other health implications. For this purpose, the most consumed soft drinks in Portugal (N = 68) were purchased in local supermarkets in 2019 and their free sugar and NNS content were determined by liquid chromatography. The results were further compared with analytical data from 2008. For sugar drinks in 2019 (N = 10), 39% of the samples had a total sugar content near 5 g.L−1 and only a small fraction (15%) was above the upper bound limit of taxation (80 g.L−1). The profile and amount of sugars were distinct between groups with “colas” and “juice drinks” showing the highest variability between brands, being mostly represented by fructose and glucose. Non-nutritive sweeteners were present in most samples (85%), often in mixtures and very dependent on the type of drink. Nevertheless, the main NNS were cyclamate, aspartame and acesulfame K, with the former approaching the recommended daily dose for younger children consuming two cans per day. Over the last decade, sugar content has been reducing, especially in “Juice drinks”, together with a reduction of aspartame in these food products, balanced by an increase in cyclamate, sucralose and steviol glycosides. Unfortunately, the reformulations did not follow any attempt to reduce sweet taste intensity, which could gradually constitute a long-term educational measure. The research leading to these results received financial support from FEDER (Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização - COMPETE 2020), and from FCT/MCTES through projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031949 and UID/QUI/info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB/50006/2020/PT.