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The US is a major importer of wildlife in terms of species diversity and quantity. The wildlife trade has the potential to facilitate the spread of zoonotic pathogens with pandemic-scale impacts. Regulatory policies crafted to prevent entry of zoonotic pathogens should be based on scientifically sound, standardised, comparable risk analyses. In this paper, we explore how the terms domesticated animalsand wildlifeare applied across US federal agencies, as well as the implications thereof. We demonstrate how use of these terms strays from their scientific meaning, confounds regulatory authorities and procedures, and thus reduces scientific integrity of US wildlife trade data available for zoonotic risk analyses. To better prevent importation of zoonotic pathogens, we recommend standardising federal terminology based on scientific principles, publication of an updated list of animals recognised as domesticated, and species-specific customs codes. Although these recommendations are US-directed, they are conceptually applicable to national biosecurity regulations worldwide.

The article explores the impact of terminology in legal and policy frameworks related to invasive species, highlighting potential misdirection of intent and consequences. It discusses the definitions of invasive species in the U.S. and international organizations, emphasizing the criminalization of entire species and the need to shift focus towards addressing human behavior as the primary driver of harm to biodiversity.

Is there a “new economic reality” as the United States gradually emerges from the Great Recession? It appears that some major new forces are indeed likely to persist and must be taken into account in public policy and business planning. Others may or may not be transitory. Still other major factors, both good and bad, are not new but are likely to persist for the foreseeable future. This NABE presidential address describes the factors that are likely to have the most influence on the U.S. economic future and the implications that they have for economists in contributing to productive analysis and debate.

The number of documentaries being made about language has recently increased. Many of these have tremendous value in informal educational settings, but using them in classroom contexts in the United States often proves somewhat tricky. There are concerns about curricular fit, educational goals, potentially incendiary portrayals of topics, etc. High‐stakes testing further reduces the likelihood that language‐related documentaries will be used in schools, especially among populations who may benefit most from exposure to sociolinguistic perspectives. This article offers an evaluation of the usefulness of recent and older media in teaching about language in formal educational contexts. From this review emerges an incipient roadmap for adapting media so that it will be attractive to teachers and improve the likelihood that teachers will be successful incorporating said media in their classrooms.

Although there is a well‐established tradition of social engagement in sociolinguistics, there is little explicit discussion of the rationale, methods, and procedures for implementing the principle of linguistic gratuity. What approaches to the dissemination of sociolinguistic information must be adopted with communities and with the general public when language diversity is interpreted in terms of a prescriptive, correctionist model? What venues, activities, and products are the most effective in dialect awareness programs? And how does linguist–community collaboration work on a practical level? We consider theoretical, methodological, and practical issues in sociolinguistic engagement and dialect awareness outreach programs based on a range of experience in a variety of local and general public venues. The approach is based on the principle that the public is inherently curious about language differences and that this intrigue can be transformed into informal and formal public education. It is further premised on evidence that language differences can be linked to legitimate historical and cultural legacies, and that positively framed presentations of language differences in sociocultural and sociohistorical contexts can effectively counter dominant, seemingly unassailable ideologies in non‐confrontational ways. A variety of venues are considered in collaborative engagement, including video documentaries, oral history CDs, museum exhibits, formal curricular programs, and popular trade books on language differences. Challenges in operationalizing linguistic gratuity include working with the community; balancing community linguistic expertise and community perspectives; design and audience, and practical logistical issues.

Context. A complete overview of the supernova remnant (SNR) population is required to investigate their evolution and interaction with the surrounding interstellar medium in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC).Aims. Recent XMM-Newton observations of the SMC cover three known SNRs (DEM?S5, SNR?B0050-72.8, and SNR?B0058-71.8), which are poorly studied and are X-ray faint. We used new multi-frequency radio-continuum surveys and new optical observations at?H?, [S?ii], and [O?iii]?wavelengths, in combination with the X-ray data, to investigate their properties and to search for new SNRs in the SMC.Methods. We used X-ray source selection criteria and found one SMC object with typical SNR characteristics (HFPK?334), that was initially detected by ROSAT. We analysed the X-ray spectra and present multi-wavelength morphological studies of the three SNRs and the new candidate.Results. Using a non-equilibrium ionisation collisional plasma model, we find temperatures kT around 0.18?keV for the three known remnants and 0.69?keV for the candidate. The low temperature, low surface brightness, and large extent of the three remnants indicates relatively large ages. The emission from the new candidate (HFPK?334) is more centrally peaked and the higher temperature suggests a younger remnant. Our new radio images indicate that a pulsar wind nebulae (PWN) is possibly associated with this object.Conclusions. The SNRs known in the SMC show a variety of morphological structures that are relatively uncorrelated in the different wavelength bands, probably caused by the different conditions in the surrounding medium with which the remnant interacts.

Current work in linguistics is not well represented in the school curriculum in the USA, partly because of a mismatch with traditional foci in the K‐12 (kindergarten through twelfth grade) standard course of studies and because there are very few materials for teaching about the nature of language and language variation. This article sketches the process of developing curricular materials to accompany the 3‐hour video documentary, Do You Speak American?and suggests some of the decisions that must be made in developing materials for educational settings concerning scientific knowledge about language.

As part of a large epidemiologic study of lung cancer, 55 000 subjects, we have conducted a nation-wide survey of particulate exposures in the US trucking industry. The goal is to differentiate the risks from various types of particulate exposures, such as traffic emissions and general air pollution. We hypothesize that exposures defined by job and work site characteristics can be linked with subjects using their personal job histories. This report covers exposures at 36 randomly chosen large truck freight terminals in the US. Measurements were made of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) upwind of the terminal (background) and in work areas, and by personal samples. Significant differences in exposure intensity, μg m−3, were found for work locations and jobs relative to background levels (GM[GSD]) at terminal sites: PM2.5 9.8[2.34], EC 0.5[3.24], and OC 5.0[1.76]. Using EC as a marker for diesel particles, work locations varied significantly: office 0.3[3.7], dock area 0.7[2.89] and shop area 1.5[3.52]), as did job titles (non-smokers): clerk 0.1[9.98], dock worker 0.8[2.13], and mechanic 2.0[3.82]. Cigarette smoking contributed substantially to personal exposures, approximately doubling PM2.5 and OC, but having less of an effect on EC. Large differences were seen across the terminal sites due to differences in local regional air pollution levels from traffic and other sources. We conclude that it will be possible to estimate current exposures of the cohort using an exposure assignment matrix based on job title, work location, and terminal site. This distribution overlaps substantially with the general public’s exposure to these sources.