29 results on '"Realis"'
Search Results
2. The final particle uè in Longxi Qiang: A marker of realis and stance.
- Author
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Zheng, Wuxi
- Subjects
- *
NARRATIVES , *CERTAINTY - Abstract
This paper explores the nature of the final particle uè in Longxi Qiang, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in China. Previous studies have briefly described the uses of sentence final particles in 'tail-head' construction in Qiang varieties such as Longxi, Ronghong, and Puxi Qiang. Other studies indicate that the distribution of uè is not restricted to 'tail-head' construction. More features of the Qiang language are found by analyzing the uses of uè in narratives and conversations. First, the absence and presence of uè reflect the realis and irrealis distinction. The Qiang language lacks grammatical tense, but uè serves as a temporal reference to distinguish future and non-future. The choices of the final particle and person marker do not depend on aspect, but rather the realistic status of the events. Second, the use of uè signals the interlocutor's/narrator's evaluation from a third-party perspective, as well as his/her strong epistemic certainty or personal viewpoint regarding an entity or proposition. • Unlike previous studies on varieties of Qiang, I found that the distribution of uè is not restricted to 'tail-head' constructions. • In terms of a narrative discourse composed of sequential actions, uè functions to identify temporal junctures for narrative advancement. • The choices of the final particle and person marker do not depend on the time reference, but the realistic status of the events. • The use of uè in narratives and conversational stories signals the narrator's evaluation and viewpoint of the proposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. But let your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.' Meaning construction in medical encounters.
- Author
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Kárpáti, Eszter and Kleiber, Judit
- Subjects
CONSTRUCTION ,MEDICAL communication ,MENTAL representation - Abstract
This paper investigates interpretation in medical context. Our question is how institutional context influences the utterance meaning: if it is really triple layered (literal, utterance-type or pragmatic, Levinson 2000), or rather a continuum (Wilson 2016). Even idiomatic language use (Kecskes 2017) can induce uncertainty and obscurity, which can be and has to be solved in the given dialogue or discourse context (Wilson and Kolaiti 2017). The paper analyzes various medical encounters in a formal pragmasemantic model called ReALIS (Alberti and Kleiber 2014). The benefit of applying this system is that it represents the interlocutors' mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) supplemented by the parameter of authority, by which the occurring mismatches can be captured formally. We have found that two main types of mismatch can be differentiated, and both of them can be originated from the fact that the context is not the same for the participants. Our findings support the view that meaning construction is rather flexible and context-sensitive: it can be considered as wandering along the meaning continuum without any clues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Sandawe
- Author
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Eaton, Helen, Vossen, Rainer, book editor, and Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., book editor
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. PEMERANAN TOKOH TRISNO DALAM PERTUNJUKAN NASKAH TITIK-TITIK HITAM KARYA NASYAH DJAMIN
- Author
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Ricky Agu Renaldy
- Subjects
Realis ,Akting Stanislavsky ,Pemeranan ,Titik-Titik Hitam - Abstract
Pemeran menggunakan metode akting Stanislavsky untuk pendekatan terhadap akting realis dalam memerankan tokoh Trisno. Capaian dari metode akting ini adalah mewujudkan yang natural dan tidak di buat-buat. Penciptaan pemeranan ini menggunakan dua teori, yaitu: teori Sense of Memory dari Stanislavsky dan teori spiritual akting dari WS Rendra. Tahapan untuk memerankan tokoh Trisno dimulai dari tahap membaca naskah, membangun khimestry dan menjalin relasi dengan tata pentas, tata rias, tata busana dan tata musik.
- Published
- 2022
6. Subject marking interrupted: Perturbations from the development of Northern Mao’s future tense suffix
- Author
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Michael Ahland
- Subjects
Mao ,Omotic ,subject agreement ,realis ,irrealis ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
Northern Mao, an Omotic-Mao language of Ethiopia, exhibits three partially overlapping but distinct subject-marking paradigms in its verbal system: subject prefixes on realis verbs which correspond closely to free pronouns, subject suffixes on irrealis negative non-future verbs which exhibit regular changes from the realis prefixes, and a third, more divergent, subject suffix system on irrealis future verbs which exhibits an [m] form not attested as a person marker elsewhere in the language or extended family. It is argued (from internal evidence) that the irrealis future verbs developed from a periphrastic subordinate + final verb complexes and that the intrusive [m] was, at an earlier stage, part of a subordinating morpheme.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Whither Realis marking.
- Author
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Pearce, Elizabeth
- Subjects
LINGUISTICS ,PHONOLOGY ,CLAUSES (Grammar) ,COMPARATIVE grammar ,PHONOLOGICAL encoding - Abstract
Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Realis mood, focus, and existential closure in Tundra Yukaghir.
- Author
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Matić, Dejan and Nikolaeva, Irina
- Subjects
- *
YUKAGHIR language , *EXISTENTIAL constructions (Grammar) , *FOCUS (Linguistics) , *MOOD (Grammar) , *LINGUISTIC typology , *ENDINGS (Literature) , *DENOTATION (Linguistics) - Abstract
The nature and the typological validity of the categories ‘realis’ and ‘irrealis’ has been a matter of intensive debate. In this paper we analyse the realis/irrealis dichotomy in Tundra Yukaghir (isolate, north-eastern Siberia), and show that in this language realis is associated with a meaningful contribution, namely, existential quantification over events. This contribution must be expressed overtly by a combination of syntactic and prosodic means. Irrealis is the default category: the clause is interpreted as irrealis in the absence of the marker of realis. This implies that the relevant typological question may turn out to be the semantics of realis, rather than irrealis. We further argue that the Tundra Yukaghir realis is a hybrid category composed of elements from different domains (information structure, lexical semantics, and quantification) unified at the level of interpretation via pragmatic enrichment. The concept of notional mood must therefore be expanded to include moods which come about in interpretation and do not constitute a discrete denotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective
- Author
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Krajinovic Rodrigues, Ana, Krifka, Manfred, Verstraete, Jean-Christophe, and Barbour, Julie
- Subjects
mood ,tense ,aspect ,fieldwork methodology ,Modus ,Typologie ,realis ,Vanuatu ,language documentation ,Sprachbeschreibung ,ddc:410 ,Pragmatik ,TMA ,410 Linguistik ,semantics ,EF 48100 ,Iamitive ,irrealis ,language description ,Semantik ,Metodologie in Feldforschung ,Perfekt ,Tempus ,Oceanic languages ,Nafsan ,Aspekt ,TAM ,ozeanische Sprache ,Sprachdokumentation ,typology ,pragmatics ,perfect - Abstract
In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Vanuatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach-übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Um ihre Bedeutungen in Nafsan zu analysieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner Feldarbeit (Krajinovic, 2017b). Meine Analysen zeigen, dass Perfekt in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die für das Perfekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit von Iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass die von Klein (1994) vorgeschlagene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue Iamitive-Kategorie zu etablieren. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeutung von Realis unvereinbar sein sollten. Ich schlage vor, dass “Realis” gelegentlich Realis-Bedeutungen durch pragmatischen Wettbewerb mit Irrealis erhaltet. Indem ich das “branching-times’’ Modell annehme, das den Ausdruck von Modalität und zeitlichem Bezug vereint (Prince, 2018), zeige ich, dass Nafsan und mehrere andere ozeanische Sprachen Beweise dafür liefern, dass Irrealis als Modalitätskategorie, die sich auf nicht-aktuelle Welten bezieht, eine semantisch sinnvolle Kategorie ist. In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories, frequently disputed in the literature. In order to analyze their meanings in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by storyboard and questionnaire elicitation in my fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b). I found that the Nafsan perfect has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of the newly proposed category of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to `already' and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that, when language-internal processes are considered, the semantic definition of perfect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” in Nafsan only occasionally receives realis meanings through pragmatic competition with the irrealis category. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (Prince, 2018), I also show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category.
- Published
- 2020
10. Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective
- Author
-
Krifka, Manfred, Verstraete, Jean-Christophe, Barbour, Julie, Krajinovic Rodrigues, Ana, Krifka, Manfred, Verstraete, Jean-Christophe, Barbour, Julie, and Krajinovic Rodrigues, Ana
- Abstract
In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Vanuatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach-übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Um ihre Bedeutungen in Nafsan zu analysieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner Feldarbeit (Krajinovic, 2017b). Meine Analysen zeigen, dass Perfekt in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die für das Perfekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit von Iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass die von Klein (1994) vorgeschlagene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue Iamitive-Kategorie zu etablieren. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeutung von Realis unvereinbar sein sollten. Ich schlage vor, dass “Realis” gelegentlich Realis-Bedeutungen durch pragmatischen Wettbewerb mit Irrealis erhaltet. Indem ich das “branching-times’’ Modell annehme, das den Ausdruck von Modalität und zeitlichem Bezug vereint (Prince, 2018), zeige ich, dass Nafsan und mehrere andere ozeanische Sprachen Beweise dafür liefern, dass Irrealis als Modalitätskategorie, die sich auf nicht-aktuelle Welten bezieht, eine semantisch sinnvolle Kategorie ist., In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories, frequently disputed in the literature. In order to analyze their meanings in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by storyboard and questionnaire elicitation in my fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b). I found that the Nafsan perfect has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of the newly proposed category of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to `already' and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that, when language-internal processes are considered, the semantic definition of perfect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” in Nafsan only occasionally receives realis meanings through pragmatic competition with the irrealis category. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (Prince, 2018), I also show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category.
- Published
- 2020
11. The realis 1 and irrealis distinction in the Iquito 2 language.
- Author
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LAI, I-wen
- Abstract
This paper discusses the structural characteristics and the semantic properties of realis and irrealis mood in Iquito, a highly endangered Zaparoan language spoken in the northern Peruvian Amazonia. The grammatical expression of mood is conveyed through a typologically unique strategy, word order change and vowel-hiatus resolution. The assignment of realis vs. irrealis reflects the speaker's assessment of factuality or time. This study adds another dimension to the close connections among tense and mood, and contributes to linguistic documentation of Iquito and Amazonian languages, and to research on crosslinguistic variation of temporal semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
12. The message in the navel: (ir)realis and negation in Swahili
- Author
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Contini-Morava, Ellen
- Subjects
- *
GRAMMAR , *REALIZATION (Linguistics) , *ENCODING , *LINGUISTICS , *GRAMMATICAL categories , *MODALITY (Linguistics) , *SYNONYMS - Abstract
Abstract: It is argued that the encoding of conceptual categories such as ‘realis’ should be investigated by analyzing the meanings of linguistic signs rather than by focusing on a priori message-categories that may not be expressed by specific linguistic forms. Applying this method to the expression of ‘realis’ in Swahili reveals a complex relationship between tense-aspect-modality, negation, and realis status in which some forms signal information related to irrealis, but no forms explicitly signal the meaning ‘realis’; the two negation markers span the realis/irrealis divide. Sign-based analysis makes it possible to identify subtle differences between apparently synonymous messages that are conveyed by forms differing in realis status. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Clause-type, primary illocution, and mood-like operators in English
- Author
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Allan, Keith
- Subjects
- *
CLAUSES (Grammar) , *COMPARATIVE linguistics , *SEMANTICS , *PHILOSOPHY of language - Abstract
Abstract: This paper is about the semantics of English clause-types and of the subsentences (a generic term for subclauses and clause or sentence fragments) that function like clauses. The formal defining characteristics for declarative, interrogative, imperative, hypothetical, and expressive clauses and subsentences, and their exclamative counterparts, are described in terms of lexical, morphosyntactic and prosodic marking, their characteristics in main and subordinate clauses, and under negation. The main focus is upon their semantic properties identified in terms of their typical primary illocution (PI). The PI is the semantics (rather than pragmatics) of the clause-type; the PI is often identifiable with ‘mood’; but we shall see that the traditional term mood does not adequately fit what we find. The binary category realis–irrealis is more appropriate. I discuss relations between mood, the realis–irrealis distinction, clause-type, and illocution in English. Declaratives (PI T), interrogatives (PI Q) and imperatives (PI I) are in contrast with one another, and all three in contrast with one very small set of just two hypotheticals (PI H) and a somewhat larger set of idiomatic subsentences that have the primary illocution of expressives (PI X). Most hypotheticals occur within the scope of T, Q, I or X where they modify the interpretation to hypotheticality. Although hypotheticals have sometimes been called ‘subjunctives’, there is a conflict with traditional notions of the exclusivity of moods. Exclamatives all occur as modifications of the other five clause-types or subsentences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. “You may think that; I couldn’t possibly comment!” Modality studies: Contemporary research and future directions. Part II
- Author
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Hoye, Leo Francis
- Subjects
- *
PSYCHOLOGICAL typologies , *PHILOSOPHY of language , *GENERAL semantics , *PRAGMATICS - Abstract
Abstract: This is the second part of a two-part article which critically reviews eight recent works in the field of mood and modality. Part I explored three different theoretical approaches – generative, cognitive–pragmatic, and typological – with the main focus on languages other than English. It also examined an in-depth account of the modal verb system in Danish. In Part II, the emphasis is on (mostly corpus-driven) work in relation to (primarily) English and on non-verbal as well as verbal carriers of modal meanings. Thus, description and analysis move purposefully towards a more comprehensive account of the field, to embrace modal expressions such as modal lexical verbs, modal adverbs, and modal adjectives. The pragmatics of modality; the discursive functions of modal expressions, especially modal adverbs; and the treatment of modality in modern descriptive grammars of English are also covered. The article reflects mounting interest in recent years in modality studies. Whilst broadening the scope of modality studies to include treatment of non-verbal modal expressions is to be welcomed, comparatively little attention has so far been given to how different types of modal expression may combine in text to create modal synergy. Following a case study investigation into pragmatics and modality, the paper ends by outlining an agenda for further research within a discourse and pragmatic perspective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective: The perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis mood
- Author
-
Krajinovic, Ana and Krajinovic, Ana
- Abstract
In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories. Given the diversity of TMA systems in languages of the world, the status of many TMA categories as cross-linguistically valid has been disputed in the linguistic literature. Two such debates concern the cross-linguistic validity of the perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis distinction. Oceanic languages feature some of the most controversial aspects of the semantics of these categories. For instance, many Oceanic languages, including Nafsan, have perfects that denote the meaning of change of state, a property which has recently been attributed to a new TMA category called “iamitive” (Olsson, 2013). Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, Nafsan and other Oceanic languages are said to express this distinction by portmanteau subject markers. Both the validity of the realis/irrealis mood and its expression by subject markers have been criticized in the literature (Bybee, 1998; Cristofaro, 2012). In order to analyze the meanings of the perfect aspect and the realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by my own fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b) which relied on semantic elicitation through storyboards (see Burton & Matthewson, 2015) and questionnaires (e.g. Dahl, 2000c). These types of elicitation methods were used to target fine-grained TMA meanings of Nafsan, which were then analyzed through some formal semantic models, such as branching-times, and compared with descriptions of other Oceanic languages through typological methods, such as semantic maps. Regarding the perfect aspect, I found that the Nafsan marker pe has all the
- Published
- 2019
16. THE PARAMETERS OF ASPECT FOR OḌIA.
- Author
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MAHAPATRA, Bibhuti Bhusan
- Subjects
ORIYA language ,AUXILIARIES (Grammar) ,VERBS ,MORPHEMICS ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
Copyright of Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes is the property of Presses Universitaires de Vincennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
17. The Linguistic Marking of (Ir)Realis and Subjunctive
- Author
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Mauri, Caterina, Sansò, Andrea, Nuyts, Jan, book editor, and van der Auwera, Johan, book editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Analyses of the Semantics of Mood
- Author
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Nikolaeva, Irina, Nuyts, Jan, book editor, and van der Auwera, Johan, book editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Modality and Mood in Oceanic
- Author
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Lichtenberk, Frantisek, Nuyts, Jan, book editor, and van der Auwera, Johan, book editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Mood Alternations
- Author
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Deen, Kamil Ud, Lidz, Jeffrey, book editor, Snyder, William, book editor, and Pater, Joe, book editor
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Processes of fine arts and the leftist ideology in the interwar Lithuania
- Author
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Veljataga, Pillė
- Subjects
Kostas Korskas ,Dailė / Art ,Kostas Korsakas ,Art criticism ,Realism ,ideological engagement of arts ,Realis ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Modernizmas / Modernism ,Tarpukario Lietuvos meninis gyvenimas ,Petras Cvirka ,Realizmas ,Dailės kritika ,Angažuotumas ,Art life in the interwar Lithuania - Abstract
Straipsnis skirtas svarbiai tarpukario Lietuvos estetinės minties temai – dailės proceso ir ideologijos ryšiui. Nagrinėjama marksistine meno klasinės prigimties teorija besivadovavusių meno kritikų meno socialinio determinuotumo samprata, siekiama atskleisti jos, kaip dailės kritikos metodologinio atspirties taško, vaidmenį. Išryškinami realizmo / modernizmo priešstatos padariniai vertinant lietuvių dailės procesą ir raidos kryptį. The topic of the article is the interconnection between processes of the fine arts and the ideologies. This issue was of great importance to the aesthetic thought of the interwar Lithuania. The author analyses the views on the social determination of arts that have been declared by art critics, who represented the political left, and derived their outlooks from the Marxian theory of a class-based nature of the arts. The article is an attempt to reveal the role, which the art criticism, based on the methodological approach of social determination, played in the process of valuation of the Lithuanian fine arts. The author concludes that while the social criticism called for the engagement of the fine arts, this requirement supposed contraposition of realism to modernism. Keeping in mind the context of the young generation of Lithuanian artists – representatives of lyrical expressionism – that succeeded in their aspirations to create national art, this contraposition is a clear evidence of methodological weakness of leftist art criticism.
- Published
- 2015
22. Conditional and future tense impairment in non-fluent aphasia
- Author
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Silvia Martínez-Ferreiro, Roelien Bastiaanse, Adrià Rofes, and Faculteit Medische Wetenschappen/UMCG
- Subjects
Linguistics and Language ,FEATURES ,TIME REFERENCE ,Verb ,VERB-2ND ,Language and Linguistics ,Sentence completion tests ,Catalan ,Realis mood ,Aphasia ,Non-fluent aphasia ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,PADILIH ,GERMAN AGRAMMATISM ,ENGLISH ,Transcortical motor aphasia ,Irrealis mood ,Irrealis ,SPEECH ,Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie ,LPN and LVN ,medicine.disease ,SYNTACTIC TREE ,Linguistics ,INFLECTION ,Future tense ,Realis ,Neurology ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Conditional tense ,AGREEMENT ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,AGRAMMATIC SPEAKERS ,Sentence - Abstract
Background: Morphological errors of tense and agreement are salient in agrammatic aphasia. The PADILIH predicts impairments in discourse linking that translate to greater difficulties in referring to a past event time than to a future or a present event time. In Catalan, the Periphrastic conditional tense (e.g., if the man had had time, he would have...) refers to the past and the Simple conditional tense refers to the future (e.g., if the man had time, he would...). These two tenses refer to an event that may happen (irrealis).Aims: We fill in the gap of the conditional tense and provide further data to study contrasts in verb inflection for time reference. We predict that verb forms that refer to an irrealis past event (Periphrastic conditional) are more impaired than forms that refer to an irrealis future event (Simple conditional and Future). We also predict that there are no differences between verb forms that refer to an irrealis future event (Simple conditional and Future). We also assessed whether problems in time reference extend to individuals with non-fluent aphasia that are not typical agrammatic Broca aphasia.Methods & Procedures: A sentence completion task that included 60 sentences (20 per type) of equal length in a Conditional structure (if-sentences) was designed. We tested three sentence types: Periphrastic conditional, Simple conditional and Future. The task was administered to nine participants with non-fluent aphasia and nine age-matched non-brain-damaged participants.Outcomes & Results: The Control group scored at ceiling on the three sentence types. Participants with non-fluent aphasia were most impaired in the production of the Periphrastic conditional as compared with the Simple conditional and the Future.Conclusions: When irrealis event times are compared, past events are more impaired than future events. These results can be explained by a deficit in time reference as predicted by the PADILIH. Our data reveal that the predictions of the PADILIH also hold for non-fluent speakers who have been diagnosed with Transcortical motor aphasia.
- Published
- 2014
23. The role of the Berber deictic ad and TAM markers in dependent clauses in Zenaga
- Author
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Taine-Cheikh, Catherine, Taine-Cheikh, Catherine, Isabelle Bril, Langues et civilisations à tradition orale (LACITO), and Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
injunctive ,demonstrative ,tense ,aoriste ,aspect ,anaphora ,anaphore ,Zenaga ,référentiel ,perfective ,déictique ,[SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,berbère ,deixis ,Ḥassāniyya Arabic ,interrogative ,conditionel ,assertive ,protase ,prohibition ,injonctif ,focalization ,apodose ,presentative ,implication ,Berber ,temps ,consecutive ,futur ,indirect speech ,future ,conditionnel ,Touareg ,mood ,apodosis ,present ,realis ,consequence ,comment ,optatif ,grammaticalisation ,imperative ,complementizer ,démonstratif ,aorist ,cataphora ,clause order ,copule ,generic ,referential ,arabe classique ,cataphore ,rhématisation ,rhematization ,[SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,relative ,negation ,Classical Arabic ,optative ,copula ,protasis ,discourse ,deictic - Abstract
The deictic ad fulfills many functions in Mauritanian Berber (demonstrative, copula, relater, injunctive particle, etc.). For most of them, its uses are found more or less in all the Berber languages. However, Zenaga differs markedly on several points: in this language, ad is not used as a preverb to express the future; it is used, on the contrary, as a conditional and quotational particle. The author analyses these divergent evolutions and proposes explanations for the various grammaticalization phenomena involved by conjointly studying the TAM (tense-aspect-mood) markers and sentence structure. Indeed, the polygrammaticalization of the deictic is partly linked to the semantic indetermination of the Aorist and to the particular conditions which bear on fronted verbs., Le déictique ad remplit de multiples fonctions dans le berbère de Mauritanie. Pour la plupart, ces emplois (de démonstratif, de copule, de relateur, de particule injonctive...) se retrouvent peu ou prou dans l'ensemble des parlers berbères. Toutefois, le zénaga se distingue clairement sur plusieurs points : ad n'y est pas employé comme préverbe pour exprimer le futur; il y est employé, en revanche, comme particule du conditionnel et du quotatif. L'auteure analyse ces évolutions divergentes et se propose d'expliquer ces différentes grammaticalisations en étudiant conjointement le fonctionnement des marques TAM (temporalité-aspectualité-modalité) et les structures des énoncés, simples et complexes. À côté des cas où ad assume pleinement une fonction syntaxique, il en est d'autres où la présence du déictique semble d'abord se justifier du point de vue sémantico-référentiel. En effet, la polygrammaticalisation du déictique est liée, pour partie, à l'indétermination sémantique de l'Aoriste et aux conditions particulières qui pèsent sur un verbe pour qu'il accède à la position de topique.
- Published
- 2010
24. 西北方言的惯常性行为标记'呢'
- Author
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Lamarre, Christine, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale (CRLAO), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Lamarre, Christine
- Subjects
惯常,西北官话,现实,非现实,汉语夸方言对比,呢 ,irrealis ,Sinitic ,[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences ,[SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,[SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,realis ,Habitual ,cross-dialect comparison ,Northwest Mandarin ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences - Abstract
This paper discusses a habitual clause-final marker NI used in Northwest Chinese (in Mandarin or Jin dialects), which may also express an ongoing state or an action in progress. In Beijing Mandarin (and to a lesser extent in Standard Mandarin), NE (the cognate of Northwest Mandarin NI) exhibits a similar progressive meaning, but does no mark habitual. This shows that Sinitic languages may use both markers related to realis and irrealis mood to encode habitual. Northwest Mandarin NI belong to the former type, like Southern Min ū (‘to have’), whereas Standard Mandarin modal auxiliaries such as huì and yào belong to the latter type. Habitual marking is not compulsory in Sinitic, but habitual markers used in overt marking exhibit much variation in their forms, their source, and their syntactic position., 本文讨论句末助词“呢”在西北方言中标注惯常性行为(habitual)的功能。“呢”出现在谓词短语末尾,各地的语音形式不仅相同,我们的材料主要依据陕西省西部岐山县蒲村镇的调查,音为 [.ȵi],本文记为“呢”。西北官话的“呢”可以表达与共同语类似的进行体功能,但是其标注惯常行为的用法是西北部的官话方言和晋方言特有的。我们简单地描述“呢”所出现的惯常句后指出,论文还讨论汉语标注惯常动作的不同表达方式,指出有的汉语方言使用与现实情态有关的标记如“呢”(闽南话的“有”也属于这一类),还有的方言使用与非现实情态有关的标记。
- Published
- 2009
25. The Modal System of Earlier Egyptian Complement Clauses : A Study in Pragmatics in a Dead Language
- Author
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Uljas, Sami and Uljas, Sami
- Published
- 2007
26. Dos cuestiones insuficientemente debatidas acerca de los supuestos en economía
- Author
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Marqués, Gustavo and Marqués, Gustavo
- Abstract
Two methodological problems obstruct the tests of economic theories: 1) usually it is not possible to ascertain whether the domain assumptions are satisfied before (and independently) of the applications of the theory; 2) if it is admissible to modify the domain assumptions of a theory, it must also be accepted that the class of its supposedly relevant predictions can be modified. Both thesis are the foundations of Friedman's argumentation against the realism of the economic assumptions, but they have not been debated explicitly and therefore, his arguments haven't received an adequate response., El trabajo identifica dos problemas metodológicos que dificultan la contrastación de teorías económicas: 1) en su empleo habitual, no es posible decidir si se satisfacen sus condiciones de aplicación, antes e independientemente de la aplicación de las mismas; 2) si es admisible modificar las condiciones de aplicación de una teoría, debe aceptarse que también pueda ser "manipulada" su clase de predicciones consideradas relevantes. Ambas tesis conforman la base de la argumentación de Milton Friedman contra el realismo de los supuestos, pero no han sido debatidos explícitamente y, consecuentemente, sus argumentos no han recibido una respuesta adecuada de parte de sus críticos.
- Published
- 2004
27. Expressing reality status through word order : Iquito irrealis constructions in typological perspective
- Author
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Hansen, Cynthia Irene Anderson
- Subjects
- Iquito, Zaparoan, Word order alternation, Reality status, Realis, Irrealis, Typology, Grammar, Comparative and general
- Abstract
Iquito, a highly endangered Zaparoan language of the Peruvian Amazon, exhibits a typologically unusual word order alternation that marks the grammatical category of reality status (i.e. the distinction between realized (realis) and unrealized or hypothetical (irrealis) events). This alternation is the only reliable marker of the category; Iquito does not employ morphology to mark the realis/irrealis distinction. While the word order of Iquito realis constructions is reliably SVO, the word order of irrealis constructions does not fall into one of the canonical orders. It is characterized by an element (X) intervening between the subject and the verb, resulting in the order SXV. In this dissertation, I provide a detailed description and analysis of the realis/irrealis word order alternation. Using data from both elicitation and texts that I collected while in the field, I describe the types of elements that occur in the preverbal position of the irrealis construction, determine what unifies these elements, and establish which element of the sentence will occur in this position and what conditions this choice. Relying on the available data for the other languages in the family, I examine the expression of reality status in these languages and discuss how reality status comes to be associated with word order. I also provide a survey of other languages exhibiting similar word order alternations and discuss how they compare to the alternation we see in Iquito, concluding that Iquito is an example of an “ideal” word order alternation because word order is the sole indicator of the grammatical category with which it is associated.
- Published
- 2011
28. Le rôle des pères dans la stimulation précoce de leurs enfants: une étude de cas.
- Author
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Bédard, Marie-Lee and Bédard, Marie-Lee
- Abstract
A une époque où il existe différentes réalités familiales et dans lesquelles les partenaires se partagent davantage les rôles qu'autrefois, la place des pères suscite l'intérêt de nombreux chercheurs et de professionnelles en soins et en services sociaux. Puisque les modèles de couples parentaux sont diversifiés, chacune des figures d'attachement a un rôle à jouer et une place à occuper dans le développement de leurs enfants. Par ailleurs, la littérature scientifique soulève les défis et les enjeux que peuvent vivre les pères en difficultés et vulnérables. Parmi ceux-ci, on retrouve notamment une difficulté à demander et à reconnaitre qu'ils ont besoin d'aide et à se sentir suffisamment et adéquatement impliqués dans les différents services d'intervention disponibles pour les familles. Cette recherche se base sur ces deux questions principales : 1_ Comment les pères se comportent-ils avec leur enfant dans une activité de stimulation précoce à travers le quotidien ? 2 Comment les autres membres de la famille réagissent face à la stimulation effectuée par le père ? A partir de celles-ci, l'étude de cas a été ciblée comme méthode de recherche. Elle consiste à analyser des échantillons prédéterminés et à les observer selon des critères appelés « des centrations Ces demières permettent de répondre aux deux questions précédemment posées. En guise de ligne directrice à cette étude de cas, la littérature scientifique concemant l'évolution du rôle des pères révèle le changement et la progression de plusieurs modèles d'hier à aujourd'hui. Tout d'abord, il a été constaté qu'actuellement les pères et les conjoints se montraient en général intéressés à s'engager lors de la grossesse de la conjointe ainsi qu'à la suite de l'arrivé du bébé en ce qui a trait à leurs soins et leur développement. Cependant, les pères vivant dans un contexte de vulnérabilité socioéconomique (pauvreté, scolarité déficiente, etc.) sont potentiellement plus à risque d'éprouver des difficultés dans leur e
29. Le rôle des pères dans la stimulation précoce de leurs enfants: une étude de cas.
- Author
-
Bédard, Marie-Lee, Bédard, Marie-Lee, Bédard, Marie-Lee, and Bédard, Marie-Lee
- Abstract
A une époque où il existe différentes réalités familiales et dans lesquelles les partenaires se partagent davantage les rôles qu'autrefois, la place des pères suscite l'intérêt de nombreux chercheurs et de professionnelles en soins et en services sociaux. Puisque les modèles de couples parentaux sont diversifiés, chacune des figures d'attachement a un rôle à jouer et une place à occuper dans le développement de leurs enfants. Par ailleurs, la littérature scientifique soulève les défis et les enjeux que peuvent vivre les pères en difficultés et vulnérables. Parmi ceux-ci, on retrouve notamment une difficulté à demander et à reconnaitre qu'ils ont besoin d'aide et à se sentir suffisamment et adéquatement impliqués dans les différents services d'intervention disponibles pour les familles. Cette recherche se base sur ces deux questions principales : 1_ Comment les pères se comportent-ils avec leur enfant dans une activité de stimulation précoce à travers le quotidien ? 2 Comment les autres membres de la famille réagissent face à la stimulation effectuée par le père ? A partir de celles-ci, l'étude de cas a été ciblée comme méthode de recherche. Elle consiste à analyser des échantillons prédéterminés et à les observer selon des critères appelés « des centrations Ces demières permettent de répondre aux deux questions précédemment posées. En guise de ligne directrice à cette étude de cas, la littérature scientifique concemant l'évolution du rôle des pères révèle le changement et la progression de plusieurs modèles d'hier à aujourd'hui. Tout d'abord, il a été constaté qu'actuellement les pères et les conjoints se montraient en général intéressés à s'engager lors de la grossesse de la conjointe ainsi qu'à la suite de l'arrivé du bébé en ce qui a trait à leurs soins et leur développement. Cependant, les pères vivant dans un contexte de vulnérabilité socioéconomique (pauvreté, scolarité déficiente, etc.) sont potentiellement plus à risque d'éprouver des difficultés dans leur e
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