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Rice blast poses a significant threat to food security in Bangladesh, particularly in irrigated lowland (boro rice), which constitutes over 50% of the country's total rice production. While using resistant varieties is an effective method to control rice blast, developing durable resistance is challenged by the pathogen's high variability. To address this, the current study examined the distribution of rice blast reaction types in the major rice‐growing ecosystem of Bangladesh, the irrigated lowland. Two surveys were conducted and 80 blast isolates were evaluated for pathogenicity against differential varieties (DVs). The results revealed that the high frequency of virulence (over 80%) for blast resistant genes, such as Pib, Pit, Pia, Pik‐s, Pi12(t), Pi19(t) and Pi20(t), whereas Pish, Pik‐m, Pi1, Pik‐h, Pi9 and Pita‐2 genes had the least virulence frequency. These low virulence frequency genes demonstrated promising potential for the development of blast resistant varieties in Bangladesh. The isolates were further categorized into two distinct cluster groups based on their reaction patterns to DVs, with theones coming from the eastern region predominantly in Cluster I, while the ones from the northern regions belonged mainly to Cluster II. Additionally, the isolates were classified based on five reaction types, namely U, i, k, z and ta, following a new designation system. Among these, U63, i0, k100, z06 and ta403 were the most dominant reaction types. Although these reaction types were prevalent across Bangladesh, their distribution frequency varied in different major rice‐growing regions. Furthermore, the study observed that early maturing varieties in the irrigated lowland ecosystem were highly susceptible to blast. The findings of this study will be crucial for developing a comprehensive and long‐lasting blast protection system in Bangladesh, focusing on broad‐spectrum resistance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject of Research. The paper presents a study of prediction method for various properties of reactions, such as the type of reaction, suitable groups of solvents, catalysts for the reaction. Molecular fingerprint differences between products and reagents were calculated using the RdKit chemical library as a representation of the reactions. Molecular fingerprints are widely used to predict various properties of molecules. Knowledge of the reaction conditions is essential for successful planning of retrosynthesis. Chemical informatics methods can effectively find the relationship between reaction reagents and the necessary conditions for the reaction. At this, the costs of time and resources spent on the determination of the necessary set of conditions for the reaction are reduced. Prediction of solvent groups can significantly improve the quality of models and the applicability of approaches. Method. LightGBM and a neural network with Deep Feature Selection were taken as machine learning models. The results were evaluated with the F1-metric. For the models training and evaluation, the data was broken down into chemically dissimilar parts. Bayesian optimization was used to optimize the searching of parameters. Main Results. Experiments were carried out to predict the reaction type, catalysts and solvent groups for the reaction. The obtained results show that the MLP type of reaction can be predicted equal to 0.99, a MLP catalyst equal to 0.7, and MLP group of solvents equal to 0.68 with F1-metric based on the difference in molecular fingerprints between reagents and products of machine learning models. Significant quantity of catalysts and solvents are considered in the paper. Practical Relevance. Automated planning of retrosynthesis is one of the topical areas of research. During planning, a sequence of necessary reactions is drawn up. The considered method can be used for recommendation system development that can suggest a possible group of catalysts and solvents to a chemical specialist, and, thus, reduce the cost of resources and time to determine the necessary reaction conditions.

The synthesis methods and applications of 4 common end modified silicone oils (amino, carboxyl, epoxy and hydroxyl modified silicone oils) are introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of the main types of synthesis are analyzed, including catalytic equilibrium reactions, hydrosilylation, and catalytic condensation. The commonly used catalysts also have been introduced, and the future development direction has been forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilletia laevis, common bunt fungus, causes substantial yield and quality losses by forming systemic infection in wheat if seed treatment with fungicides is not practiced. Considering cost and side effects of the chemicals on human and environment, using resistant/tolerant wheat varieties seems to be a sensible approach in the management of common bunt. It is particularly crucial in organic farming. The aim of the study was to examine reactions of registered spring wheat varieties to common bunt, T. laevis. In this respect, a total of 31 spring wheat varieties were tested using artificial inoculations of T. laevis. The experiment was set up using a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. Agronomic characteristics (plant height, spike length, grain weight and root dry weight) of the plants in inoculated plots were compared with the control (non-inoculated) plants. Depending on variety, T. laevis led to significant (P < 0.01) reductions in all the examined agronomic characteristics. Mean reductions in plant height, spike length, grain weight and root dry weight of all the varieties were 6.47, 6.35, 65.04 and 37.19%, respectively. The highest reductions in plant height (17.84%), spike length (15.31%), grain weight (92.82%) and root dry weight (65.80%) were detected in varieties Seri-2013, Yüreğir-89, Kale and Adana-99, respectively. Infection rates ranged from 13.88 to 94.65% among the varieties. As a result, 77.41% of the varieties were very susceptible. Neither resistant nor moderately resistant reaction type to the fungus was found, indicating vulnerability of the spring wheat varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This article reveals the importance of studying the problem of success in foreign language acquisition during the rst stage of study in the modern educational environment. Particular attention is paid to factors of successful foreign language acquisition during the primary-school ages, which depends on cognitive style features, such as reaction type and cognitive control. e content and characteristics of cognitive styles as individual styles of foreign language acquisition are analyzed in the context of a leading activity of primary school students. Objective. A hypothesis of this research was that success in foreign language acquisition depends on reaction type and cognitive control, particularly the extent of the cognitive styles of impulsivity, re exivity, rigidity and exibility in primary-school students. Design. To implement the proposed empirical tasks, the author organized and conducted research using a combination of methods intended to study the correlation between success in foreign language acquisition by primary-school students and reaction type as well as the features of cognitive control. A total of 74 elementary-school pupils aged 8-11 years were studied. A direct connection between success in foreign language acquisition and the indicators of the cognitive style “impulsivity — re exivity” was iden- ti ed using mathematical statistics methods. Results. This study found no statistically signi cant correlation between success in foreign language acquisition and the indicators of the cognitive style “rigidity — exibility”. erefore, the results con rm that success in foreign language acquisition at prima- ry-school ages is determined more by reaction type (impulsive or re exive) than by the features of cognitive control (rigidity or exibility). Conclusion: The practical significance of the study is that the obtained results can be used in the work of teachers and psychologists to improve the educational process in primary school and to promote the e ective study of foreign language by students.