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Hybrid supercapacitors are energy storage technology offering higher power and energy density as compared to capacitors and batteries. Cobalt-doped manganese oxide (Co@MnO2) was synthesized using an easy and affordable sol–gel process and measured the electrochemical properties. A value of the specific capacity of 1141.42 Cg−1 was obtained which was larger in comparison to the reference sample (MnO2 = 673.79 Cg−1). The value of the specific capacitance was achieved 1902 Fg−1. To design a hybrid supercapacitor device, Co@MnO2 was used as the positive electrode and the activated carbon was employed as the negative electrode in two-electrode assembly. According to calculations, the measured value of the specific capacitance of Co@MnO2 was 713.25 Fg−1. The charge storage mechanism is supported with the help of Randles–Ševčík and Dunn's models. The estimated value of energy and power densities were 3200 Wh kg−1 and 24 Wkg−1, respectively. The stability of this device was checked by putting it to 1000 charging and discharging cycles, and it retained 86% of its initial capacity. Our result provides a platform for enhancing the functionality of energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on economic, ecological and relative benefits from organic and conventional farming systems has gained significant importance. Organic farming increases species diversity, enhances biological control services, and thus complements sustainable pest management. However, published literature is scarce on cotton crops grown organically with respect to the abundance and diversity of biological control agents and their effects on herbivore populations, typically from developing nations. To address the question, the non‐transgenic cotton variety CIM‐573 was cultivated under two fertility management systems, that is, organic and conventional in 2019 and 2021, and subsequently, differences in the abundance and diversity of arthropod communities were carried out. We applied cattle manure in organic fields 1 month before planting; however, synthetic fertilizers were used in conventional fields. We sampled arthropods weekly after 7 weeks of sowing from the middle rows of treatments for both types of fields. We recorded 10 herbivores as well as eight natural enemy species. Herbivores were more abundant in conventional cotton. However, natural enemies were higher in organic cotton fields. Principal component analysis of herbivores assemblages depicted that Shannon diversity and abundance were positively correlated in the conventional cotton while Menhinick richness and Simpson dominance index were higher in organic cotton. Likewise, natural enemies' abundance, Shannon diversity, Menhinick richness and Simpson dominance were typically more concentrated in organic cultivated cotton. Regression analysis confirmed that the abundance and diversity of natural enemies played a significant role in lowering herbivores populations. Seed cotton yield was significantly higher in conventional cotton and the yield difference between organic and conventional cotton was 27.98%. Our study clearly demonstrates that organic cotton provides more functional and complementary niches to natural enemies and plays a crucial role in pest suppression. Implications of our results for future pest management with respect to ecosystem services in organically grown cotton crops are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the processes that make people with panic disorder more vulnerable to the anxiety brought on by exposure to carbon monoxide. Study Design: Randomized, Cross-over Design. Setting: Hayatabad Medical Complex and Khyber Girls Medical College. Period: April 2022 to December 2022. Material & Methods: Patients with anxietyrelated conditions and volunteers in good health who underwent CO2 testing were included in the research. Various gas mixtures, including air, 5% CO2, and 7.5% CO2, were administered to participants in a random order. Behavioral measures, physiological parameters, and biochemical markers were assessed during and after CO2 inhalation. Results: Panic episodes were elicited in both patients with panic disorder and healthy controls by inhaling 5% CO2. Panic disorder patients experienced significantly higher anxiety, nervousness, dread, and sadness levels during 5% CO2 inhalation compared to healthy subjects. Physiological effects, such as increased pulse rate, contrasted those with panic disorder with those without it. No significant changes were seen in either group as a result of inhaling CO2 with respect to bloodstream levels of "free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, cortisol, growth hormone, or prolactin". Conclusion: The inhaling of CO2 may trigger panic episodes and cause more intense behavioral and physicological reactions in those with panic disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) remains a global health challenge, necessitating exploration into adjunctive therapeutic approaches. The intricate link between nutritional status and PTB progression underscores the potential role of zinc and vitamin A in modulating host responses. Objective: To find out whether zinc and vitamin A supplements improve the antituberculosis treatment's effectiveness in terms of clinical outcome and dietary intake. Methodology: The two-year trial at the Rehman Medical and Dental College, involved 130 patients divided into micronutrient and placebo groups from January 2020 to December 2022 was conducted. The micronutrient group received zinc and vitamin A supplements alongside antituberculosis medications, while the placebo group only received antituberculosis medications. Capsule-shaped supplements containing 10mg retinol equivalents, vitamin A, and 20 mg zinc were administered. Statistical analyses, employing student t-tests and multivariate analysis, assessed therapy effects at baseline, 2 and 6 months, with a significance threshold of P = 0.05. Results: In our study, out of 130 patients 40 participants were eliminated because they had missed medication or had negative effects. After six months of antituberculosis therapy, the micronutrient group exhibited superior outcomes, including higher Karnofsky scores (91.0 ± 0.7), greater decrease in lesion region (91.94 ± 12.31) after two months, and increased plasma retinol concentrations (1.13 ± 0.05). Two cases of drug resistance were observed in the placebo group. Conclusion: In conclusion, the incorporation of vitamin A and zinc supplementation alongside PTB therapy shows promise in enhancing the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment and expediting the breakdown of sputum smears. This suggests a potential avenue for improving outcomes in TB patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]