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Drug abuse has been proven to be a mental disorder because of the heavy intake of substances usage controlled by the environment. Environmental factors play a significant role in drug addiction and recovery. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding environmental factors contributing to relapse and hinder motivation for recovery among drug addicts in Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this research is to find out the impact of the environment on drug relapse and motivation recovery in former addicts. For this purpose, a cross-sectional research design was utilized whereby a self-administered questionnaire was randomly distributed among 50 Malaysian drug addicts. Data were analysed through IBM SPSS software version 25.0, and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach supported by Smart-PLS 3.3 to analyse the research model. The findings of the study indicated that the environment significantly impacts motivation recovery and relapse. Furthermore, the positive environment influences motivation for recovery in former addicts and pushes the addicts to relapse after rehabilitation. The study will provide insights into the environmental factors that contribute to drug addiction and relapse in Malaysia.

Beberapa model dan teori telah digunakan oleh kebanyakan pengkaji untuk menerangkan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kecenderungan berulang. Dalam memahami konsep tingkah laku berulang, proses tersebut dilihat bukan sahaja disebabkan gangguan faktor luaran sahaja, malah faktor dalam diri penagih dadah itu sendiri dapat memberikan rangsangan dan gesaan terhadap mereka untuk kembali mengambil dadah. Ia merangkumi faktor-faktor kognitif yang melibatkan tekanan yang mereka hadapi seperti masalah emosi negatif, menghadapi konflik interpersonal seperti perselisihan faham, percanggahan pendapat dan matlamat dengan ahli keluarga, rakan-rakan dan anggota masyarakat dan mengalami tekanan sosial seperti desakan atau tekanan daripada persekitaran yang berupaya mencetuskan kecenderungan berulang. Hal ini menjadikan penagih dadah bertindak balas secara negatif. Tanpa kemahiran yang tinggi untuk mengawal tekanan tersebut, kecenderungan untuk berulang menjadi lebih tinggi. Bukan itu sahaja, faktor luaran yang menyumbang kepada tingkah laku berulang termasuklah persekitaran keluarga, sokongan sosial oleh keluarga, rakan-rakan dan masyarakat. Berdasarkan teori kawalan sosial, tingkah laku berulang boleh terjadi disebabkan oleh ketidaksempurnaan dalam proses sosialisasi dalam sesebuah keluarga terutamanya ibu, bapa, sekolah dan agen-agen kawalan sosial utama. Dengan kata lainnya, kawalan sosial yang ketat daripada keluarga, guru, dan masyarakat sehinggalah rakan sebaya dapat mengekang seseorang itu daripada melakukan tindakan yang bertentangan dengan nilai sosial yang ada dan dipersetujui bersama-sama. Ibu dan bapa perlu lebih cekap dalam mengawal tingkah laku anak-anak. Mereka harus lebih mengutamakan hubungan emosi, kawalan dan pemantauan ke atas tingkah laku anak-anak, tegas dalam mendisiplinkan anak-anak dan sekiranya didapati tingkah laku anak-anak adalah bercanggah dengan nilai dan norma, ahli keluarga haruslah memperbetulkan tingkah laku tersebut. Ibu bapa yang tidak mampu melak

Substance abuse in society is a source of concern, especially since it is spreading among women. Previously, substance abuse was associated with drug use by men, but today, women are increasingly involved as well. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence relapse among female former addicts. This was a cross-sectional study of 50 former substance abusers, six months after receiving treatment at the Cure & Care Rehabilitation Centre. All respondents completed the questionnaires and the outcome was evaluated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show a positive and significant relationship between family support and relapse (r = 0.183), and there is a positive and significant relationship between support from friends and relapse (r = 0.009). On the other hand, there is a significant but negative relationship between motivation and relapse (r = -0.387). There is also a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and relapse (r = -0.035). Women with drug addiction suffer from multiple stresses and a high risk of relapse and require significant social support from family and friends to resist the urge to relapse. It may be concluded that the inclination to relapse decreases when there is an increase in family and friend support, motivation, and self-esteem.

Although the government has carried out countless efforts to prevent relapse among drug addicts after receiving treatment, the increasing rate of relapsed addicts still remains at a worrying level. To this day, the country bears a high cost to treat and rehabilitate former drug addicts. This study aims to identify the levels of inclination of relapse based on eight high-risk situations usually faced by former addicts. This study involved 242 former drug addicts that completed the treatment and rehabilitation period, utilizing the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations instrument (IDTS) by Annis and Martin (1985). The findings show the inclination to relapse among former addicts are at a high level for all high-risk situation dimensions. This means the participating respondents are at a high-risk of relapse. Therefore, in their efforts to combat the problem of relapse, the National Antidrug Agency (AADK) and the Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre (CCRC) must take into account risk factors that contribute to relapse among addicts, and then adopting them as a guideline to further strengthen strategies to combat this problem in the future.

The inclination to relapse among drug addicts is related to the desire of former addicts to relapse drugs after the end of their treatment and rehabilitation process. Identifying the predictor factor for the inclination to relapse among former addicts could not only prevent relapse, but also recognise the largest influence in their lives that contribute to their relapse. This study uses the questionnaires of the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, General Self Efficacy, Coping Strategy and Social Provisions Scale. The findings show there are six identifiable significant predictor variables and the main contributors to the inclination to relapse; problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, self-efficacy, family support, and peer support towards the inclination to relapse. Based on the results, it could be concluded that these six predictor variables have been identified as significant and the main contributors to the inclination to relapse. The findings also found self-efficacy to have a significant effect on the inclination to relapse. This study could indirectly aid the government in their efforts to overcome the drug problem, and benefit the affected parties in formulating various rehabilitation and prevention programmes for former addicts, as failure to solve this problem not only threatens the lives of individuals, but also the national social and economic development.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to identify predictors (optimistic and motivation) that correspond to relapse among former drug abuse in Malaysia. Methodology: This study involves 50 former drug abuse who completed their questionnaire treatment and rehabilitation period and utilises three instruments, the Relapse Motivation Questionnaire (RMQ), Optimism used Life Orientation Test (LOT) and relaps was using the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations (IDTS). This study uses descriptive statistical method or frequency to see the percentage for the demographic factor, while the inferential statistical method such as the Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used to test the research question. Main findings: Results showed that there is not any correlation between relapse towards drug addiction and optimism is (r=-0.261, p-value=.067) while there is significant correlation between relapse towards drug addiction and motivational (r= -.387**, p-value=.006) as well as motivational and optimism (r= .536**, p-value=.000). This relationship between motivational and relapse is negative between motivational and relapse while positive between motivational and optimism, which indicates that as the motivational increase the chances of relapse towards drug addiction decrease while on the other hand if motivational increase then optimism increase. Multiple regression analysis indicated that a both the variables statistically not significant and didn’t predict F (3, 46) = 57.208, p-value < .005, R2 = .789. So, without optimism, motivational behavior and strong cooperation among human beings it would be complicated to help former addicts to restart their lives as common human beings this country.

Adolescence is very difficult to comprehend. The transition from childhood to adolescence leads to internal conflicts among teenagers. This internal conflict and crisis leads to negative impacts, especially when adolescents are unable to address them in a proper manner. These crisis and conflict-prone adolescents require proper guidance from their parents at a very young age, so they are able to adjust to their social surroundings as they reach that confusing period. The adolescent mind pictures themselves as unique individuals well-prepared to project their identity to society, through self-adjustment or forwarding their viewpoints for acceptance. Therefore, identifying both risk and protective factors for adolescents should be a priority because their face demands from society to explain their identity, role, and meaning of their existence.

These days, the void in appreciating the national history is becoming more apparent especially among the younger generation. This issue should be taken seriously as history is an important mechanism for the implementation of national identity of the multi-ethnic community in Malaysia. Thus, this paper discusses the relationship between history and national identity, the disparity of the younger generation in appreciating history and the measurement mechanisms for the appreciation of the history of the country. This discussion is based on content analysis of relevant literature materials. The results of this discussion need to be highlighted as history is often disregarded by most communities in the face of modernity. The significance of history should be emphasized as a thrust to the adoption of national identity in the community and to build human sustainability for the survival of future civilizations in Malaysia.Keywords: history, national identity, young generation, human sustainability, measurement of history appreciation

The phrase’asabiyyahwasprofoundly foregrounded600 years ago by Ibn Khaldun in his magnum opus, theMukadimah, as the principal determinant to the rise and fall of a civilisation. Nevertheless, the debate on contemporary concepts such as nationalism, patriotism, national identity and sense of belonging are adopted in addressing statehood and nation which are deeply related to the discussion of Ibn Khaldun’s’asabiyyah. Accordingly, this article presents the revisiting act of discussing Ibn Khaldun’s ‘asabiyyahwithin contemporary notions. This discussion involves a qualitative approach through content analysis from various literatures wh ich considers the views of scholars on the concepts of patriotism, nationalism, national identity and sense of belonging and these concepts were derived from Ibn Khaldun’s’asabiyyah. Ergo, many scholars have recognised the contribution of Ibn Khaldun's’asabiyyah, and it stays relevant in today’s contemporary concepts

This study aims to identify the relationship between the social support and relapse among former drug addicts. This study involves 242 former addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period and utilises two instruments, the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, (IDTS) by Annis and  Martin (1985) and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) by Russell and Cutrona (1984). This study uses descriptive statistical method or frequency to see the percentage for the demographic factor, while the inferential statistical method such as the Pearson correlation were used to test the research question. The Pearson correlation analysis shows a significant relationship between social support and to relapse. The results conclude that the friends and societal could influence the inclination to relapse among former addicts. In summary, social become a source of rationalization for various types of devian behaviour and affecting former drug addicts to decide to relapse.

Pendayaupayaan psikologi dalam kajian ini merupakan perubahan yang positif kepada dimensi psikologi ahli-ahli PWPK seperti efikasi diri, kebanggaan diri dan tingkahlaku proaktif yang diperolehi setelah menyertai Organisasi Berasaskan Komuniti (OBK).Atas alasan ini kajian ini dilakukan bagi menentukan hubungan antara tahap penyertaan(pembuatan keputusan, perlaksanaan dan penerimaan faedah dengan pendayaupayaan psikologi dalaman ahli PWPK di Johor. Seramai 366 ahli daripada 60 kumpulan PWPK telah dipilih dengan menggunakan kaedah persampelan kelompok pelbagai peringkat (cluster multistages sampling) sebagai responden kajian ini. Maklumat kajian dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan soal selidik dan dianalisis menggunakan Pearson product moment correlation SPSS. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan ketiga-tiga tahap penyertaan mempunyai hubungan yang positif dengan pendayaupayaan psikologi. Justeru itu, bagi memastikan PWPK berfungsi sebagai medium pendayaupayaan, maka tahap penyertaan aktif perlu diperluaskan lagi.

This study aims to identify a relationship between the personal factor of coping; the interpersonal factors of familial, friend, and societal support and the inclination to relapse. This study involves the participation of 169 former addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period, by utilising four instruments: the Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, (IDTS) by Annis and Martin (1985); Coping Strategy Inventory (COPE) by Carver and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS) by Russell and Cutrona (1984). The findings shows the inclination to relapse among former addicts are at a high level for the eight dimensions of the inclination to relapse. This means the participants of this study are at a high risk of relapsing into drug use. The descriptive analytical results towards the problem-focused coping, the emotional coping and evasive coping variables show it at a low level. This also applies to the analysis for the family, friend, and societal support variables. In addition, the correlation analysis for the variables of problem-focused, emotional, and evasive coping, selfefficacy, and family, friend, and societal support, shows a negative significant relationship with the inclination to relapse, with the relationship strength between r=-.60 and r=-.80. Therefore this study shows the importance of the personal and interpersonal factors in reducing the problem of inclination to relapse among former addicts that completed their treatment and rehabilitation period. In conclusion, results show the importance of the personal and interpersonal factor in the problem of inclination to relapse.

The drug addiction problem is a global problem faced by all nations, and Malaysia was not exempted from this phenomenon. According to the United Nations Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Malaysia, among Southeast Asian nations, ranks fifth in the number of drug addicts. Almost 1.2 million Malaysians are drug addicts, a considerable number considering Malaysia’s population of 28.3 million. This paper discusses issues and challenges of drug addiction among students in Malaysia. In this context, there are many factors contributing to drug abuse among students, such as individual inclination to partake in drugs, family situation and their surroundings. The role of parents, teachers, schools, and law enforcement authorities in ensuring the reduction of drug addiction is important, as drug addicts needed support from their surroundings. In fact, the success or failure of a student to quit drug use is dependent on the strong support of his environment. Previous studies and theories discusses in this paper shows that all parties play an important role in resolving this problem.

Di Malaysia jumlah penagih dadah yang kembali berulang didapati semakin meningkat setiap tahun. Sungguhpun telah banyak usaha yang dijalankan oleh pihak kerajaan untuk memastikan penagih dadah tidak berulang selepas mereka menerima rawatan namun kadar peningkatan jumlah penagih dadah yang berulang masih lagi berada pada tahap yang membimbangkan. Negara menanggung kos kerugian yang tinggi akibat daripada masalah ini seperti kos menyediakan kemudahan rawatan dan pemulihan, kos pengurusan program pencegahan dan kos bagi pemantauan oleh anggota penguatkuasaan. Kebiasaannya bekas penagih dadah yang telah tamat tempoh rawatan di pusat pemulihan mempunyai keazaman dan keyakinan yang tinggi mereka akan berjaya menghindari diri daripada terjebak semula ke kancah penagihan, namun tidak semua daripada mereka berjaya menghadapi tekanan dalam diri dan tekanan sosial selepas mereka keluar daripada pusat rawatan dan pemulihan. Sungguhpun pada hakikatnya mereka cuba untuk bertahan tetapi terdapat banyak faktor yang menyebabkan mereka menyerah kalah dan kembali menggambil dadah semula. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti sama ada terdapat perkaitan antara faktor personal iaitu daya tindak dan efikasi diri; faktor interpersonal iaitu sokongan keluarga, sokongan rakan-rakan dan sokongan masyarakat dengan kecenderungan berulang. Kajian ini juga bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor peramal kepada kecenderungan berulang dalam kalangan bekas penagih dadah dan mengenal pasti peranan efikasi diri sebagai faktor pengantara ke atas hubungan antara faktor daya tindak, faktor sokongan keluarga, faktor sokongan rakan-rakan dan faktor sokongan masyarakat ke atas kecenderungan berulang dalam kalangan bekas penagih dadah. Kajian ini melibatkan 242 orang bekas penagih dadah yang telah tamat tempoh rawatan dan pemulihan dengan menggunakan empat instrumen iaitu Inventory of Drug-Taking Situations, (IDTS) oleh Annis dan Martin (1985); Coping Strategy Inventory (COPE) oleh Carver, Scheier dan Weintra