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1. Perspectives on Using Fast-Dissolving Paracetamol for Mild-to-Moderate Pain Management in Elderly or Diabetic Patients with Delayed Gastric Emptying Rates: An Exploratory Study

Author

Raza SA, Keith MB, and Koh KC

Subjects
fast-dissolving paracetamol, consensus, delayed gastric emptying, pain relief, elderly, diabetics, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

S Abbas Raza,1,* Morton Brian Keith,2,* Kar Chai Koh3,* 1Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital & Research Center and National Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; 2Northbridge Medical Practice, Northbridge, New South Wales, Australia; 3Poliklinik Kepong Baru, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Kar Chai Koh, Poliklinik Kepong Baru, Jalan Ambong Kiri Satu, Kepong Baru, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, 52100, Malaysia, Email drcaseysurf@gmail.comPurpose: Pain is considered a major clinical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. Delayed gastric emptying rates allegedly influence the suitability of pain-relief medications in patient populations such as the elderly and individuals with diabetes. Faster pain relief was reportedly achieved by using a fast-dissolving paracetamol (FD-APAP) formulation. This study aims to gain insights to healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) perspectives towards using FD-APAP in addressing barriers of pain relief in patient populations susceptible to delayed gastric emptying rates.Patients and Methods: A two-step modified Delphi consensus study was conducted among a panel of 10 general practitioners (GPs) and four endocrinologists. The first step comprises in-depth discussions around evidence relevant to FD-APAP for pain management in patient populations with delayed gastric emptying rates (elderly/diabetics). The second step (a survey) was based on the summarized input from the first step. Consensus was accepted upon ≥ 70% agreement. Perspectives on pain management by FD-APAP for elderly patients were explored among GPs, while those for diabetic patients were explored among GPs and endocrinologists.Results: Consensus was achieved, whereby all panel members found FD-APAP to be favorable and relevant for pain management in the elderly and the diabetic patient populations. GPs additionally raised the consensus on the importance of considering comorbidities associated with diabetes while having minimal complications during pain management.Conclusion: The panel found the faster disintegration and absorption of FD-APAP relevant and useful for patients with delayed gastric emptying, wherein, pain in the elderly and those with diabetes could be treated effectively with limited side-effects.Keywords: fast-dissolving paracetamol, consensus, delayed gastric emptying, pain relief, elderly, diabetics

Published
2022

3. An in-the-wild study to find type of questions people ask to a social robot providing question-answering service

Author

Raza, SA, Vitale, J, Tonkin, M, Johnston, B, Billingsley, R, Herse, S, Williams, MA, Raza, SA, Vitale, J, Tonkin, M, Johnston, B, Billingsley, R, Herse, S, and Williams, MA

Abstract

The role of a human assistant, such as receptionist, is to provide specific information to the public. Questions asked by the public are often context dependent and related to the environment where the assistant is situated. Should similar behaviour and questions be expected when a social robot offers the same assistant service to visitors? Would it be sufficient for the robot to answer only service-specific questions, or is it necessary to design the robot to answer more general questions? This paper aims to answer these research questions by investigating the question-asking behaviour of the public when interacting with a question-answering social robot. We conducted the study at a university event that was open to the public. Results demonstrate that almost no participants asked context-specific questions to the robot. Rather, unrelated questions were common and included queries about the robot’s personal preferences, opinions, thoughts and emotional state. This finding contradicts popular belief and common sense expectations from what is otherwise observed during similar human–human interactions. In addition, we found that incorporating non-context-specific questions in a robot’s database increases the success rate of its question-answering system.

Published
2022

5. Human feedback as action assignment in interactive reinforcement learning

Author

Raza, SA and Williams, MA

Subjects
Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing, 0801 Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing, 1702 Cognitive Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

© 2020 ACM. Teaching by demonstrations and teaching by assigning rewards are two popular methods of knowledge transfer in humans. However, showing the right behaviour (by demonstration) may appear more natural to a human teacher than assessing the learner's performance and assigning a reward or punishment to it. In the context of robot learning, the preference between these two approaches has not been studied extensively. In this article, we propose a method that replaces the traditional method of reward assignment with action assignment (which is similar to providing a demonstration) in interactive reinforcement learning. The main purpose of the suggested action is to compute a reward by seeing if the suggested action was followed by the self-acting agent or not. We compared action assignment with reward assignment via a user study conducted over the web using a two-dimensional maze game. The logs of interactions showed that action assignment significantly improved users' ability to teach the right behaviour. The survey results showed that both action and reward assignment seemed highly natural and usable, reward assignment required more mental effort, repeatedly assigning rewards and seeing the agent disobey commands caused frustration in users, and many users desired to control the agent's behaviour directly.

Published
2020

6. Endovascular Neuromodulation: Safety Profile and Future Directions

Author

Raza, SA, Opie, NL, Morokoff, A, Sharma, RP, Mitchell, PJ, Oxley, TJ, Raza, SA, Opie, NL, Morokoff, A, Sharma, RP, Mitchell, PJ, and Oxley, TJ

Abstract

Endovascular neuromodulation is an emerging technology that represents a synthesis between interventional neurology and neural engineering. The prototypical endovascular neural interface is the StentrodeTM, a stent-electrode array which can be implanted into the superior sagittal sinus via percutaneous catheter venography, and transmits signals through a transvenous lead to a receiver located subcutaneously in the chest. Whilst the StentrodeTM has been conceptually validated in ovine models, questions remain about the long term viability and safety of this device in human recipients. Although technical precedence for venous sinus stenting already exists in the setting of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, long term implantation of a lead within the intracranial veins has never been previously achieved. Contrastingly, transvenous leads have been successfully employed for decades in the setting of implantable cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. In the current absence of human data on the StentrodeTM, the literature on these structurally comparable devices provides valuable lessons that can be translated to the setting of endovascular neuromodulation. This review will explore this literature in order to understand the potential risks of the StentrodeTM and define avenues where further research and development are necessary in order to optimize this device for human application.

Published
2020

7. Anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody (Pembrolizumab) induced pancreatitis diagnosed on 18F-FDG PET/CT

Author

Sharjeel Usmani, Anjali Jain, Khulood Al Riyami, Raza Sayani, and Vipin V Jayakrishan

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Immunotherapy related adverse events are commonly seen with immune check point inhibitors therapy. We report the case of a 40-year-old female diagnosed with stage IVB endometroid grade III endometrial cancer, on pembrolizumab immunotherapy, an anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody. Patient was referred for 18F-FDG PET/CT for restaging. 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated diffuse increased FDG uptake throughout the body of the pancreas associated with fat stranding in the peripancreatic region, suggestive of pembrolizumab-induced pancreatitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by elevated amylase and lipase levels. Immune-related adverse events are frequently identified on 18F-FDG PET-CT, which may lead to early diagnosis, close clinical follow-up, and appropriate clinical management of immune-related adverse events. Key Words: 18F-FDG PET/CT; pembrolizumab; pancreatitis; anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 (PD-1) antibody

Published
2024
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8. Integrating personality and mood with agent emotions

Author

Ojha, S, Vitale, J, Raza, SA, Billingsley, R, and Williams, MA

Abstract

© 2019 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (IFAAMAS). All rights reserved. An intelligent agent should be able to show different emotional behaviours in different interaction situations to become believable and establish close relationships with human counterparts. It is widely accepted that personality and mood play an important role in modulating emotions. However, current computational accounts of emotion for intelligent agents do not effectively integrate the notions of personality and mood in the process of emotion generation. Previous attempts that have been made are mostly based on the assumptions of the researcher, rather than on empirical data and scientific validation. In this paper, we present the results of a novel supervised machine learning approach used to train a network of emotions that integrates the factors of personality and mood, which provides a high emotion intensity prediction accuracy.

Published
2019

9. UTS Unleashed! RoboCup@Home SSPL Champions 2019

Author

Pfeiffer, S, Ebrahimian, D, Herse, S, Le, TN, Leong, S, Lu, B, Powell, K, Raza, SA, Sang, T, Sawant, I, Tonkin, M, Vinaviles, C, Vu, TD, Yang, Q, Billingsley, R, Clark, J, Johnston, B, Madhisetty, S, McLaren, N, Peppas, P, Vitale, J, and Williams, MA

Subjects
Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing
Abstract

© 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This paper summarizes the approaches employed by Team UTS Unleashed! to take First Place in the 2019 RoboCup@Home Social Standard Platform League. First, our system architecture is introduced. Next, our approach to basic skills needed for a strong performance in the competition. We describe several implementations for tests participation. Finally our software development methodology is discussed.

Published
2019

10. Enhancing quantum utility: Simulating large-scale quantum spin chains on superconducting quantum computers

Author

Talal Ahmed Chowdhury, Kwangmin Yu, Mahmud Ashraf Shamim, M. L. Kabir, and Raza Sabbir Sufian

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We present the quantum simulation of the frustrated quantum spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain with competing nearest-neighbor (J_{1}) and next-nearest-neighbor (J_{2}) exchange interactions in the real superconducting quantum computer with qubits ranging up to 100. In particular, we implement the Hamiltonian with the next-nearest neighbor exchange interaction in conjunction with the nearest-neighbor interaction on IBM's superconducting quantum computer and carry out the time evolution of the spin chain by employing the first-order Trotterization. Furthermore, our implementation of the second-order Trotterization for the isotropic Heisenberg spin chain, involving only nearest-neighbor exchange interaction, enables precise measurement of the expectation values of staggered magnetization observable across a range of up to 100 qubits. Notably, in both cases, our approach results in a constant circuit depth in each Trotter step, independent of the number of qubits. Our demonstration of the accurate measurement of expectation values for the large-scale quantum system using superconducting quantum computers designates the quantum utility of these devices for investigating various properties of many-body quantum systems. This will be a stepping stone to achieving the quantum advantage over classical ones in simulating quantum systems before the fault tolerance quantum era.

Published
2024
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11. Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and application of microporous hyper cross-linked polyphosphazenes with naphthylamine group for CO2 uptake

Author

Abid Amin, Nazeer Shahid, Kiran Laraib, Raza Saqlain, Ahmad Ikram, Masood Hafiz Tariq, Tighezza Ammar M., Shahzadi Sana, Khawar Muhammad Ramzan, La Moonwoo, and Choi Dongwhi

Subjects
polyphosphazenes, characterization, thermal stability, hyper cross linked, co2 adsorption, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Physical and theoretical chemistry, QD450-801
Abstract

There are numerous problems in the world, but environmental pollution is the biggest threat to life. Air pollution is the most critical form of environmental pollution because air is the most essential need of life. However, industrialization, population growth, and fossil fuel use increase hazardous and greenhouse gas concentrations daily. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute to global warming; hence, efficient, inexpensive, sustainable, and ecologically friendly air purification solutions are required. This study proposed a new method for synthesizing N- and P-rich polyphosphazene-based hyper cross-linked polymer (HCP) for CO2 adsorption. Due to their persistent porosity, low density, and high surface area, hyper cross-linked porous organic–inorganic hybrid phosphorus and nitrogen-rich polymers are cost-effective and promising gas adsorption materials. We synthesized hybrid organic and inorganic polyphosphazenes with nitrogen and phosphorus backbones and aromatic side groups cross-linked by the Friedel–Crafts alkylation process. HCP-A and HCP-B were cross-linked phosphazene-based microporous hybrid organic–inorganic polymers. HCP-A and HCP-B were produced in two stages. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene reacts with 1-napthylamine to form naphthyl amino phosphazene, which is cross-linked under optimum conditions to make cyclic HCP-A. Phosphorous dichlorophosphazene reacts with 1-naphthylamine to form poly[bis(1-naphthylamino) phosphazene] and is cross-linked to form linear HCP-B. HCP-A and HCP-B porous networks were studied with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of 170.89 and 492.03 m2 g−1 and narrow pore sizes of 0.8–1.18 nm. These polymers are promising CO2 adsorbents due to their easy and cost-effective production, thermal stability, surface area, and CO2 absorption capacity.

Published
2024
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12. Privacy First: Designing Responsible and Inclusive Social Robot Applications for in the Wild Studies

Author

Tonkin, M, Vitale, J, Herse, S, Raza, SA, Madhisetty, S, Kang, L, Vu, TD, Johnston, B, Williams, MA, Tonkin, M, Vitale, J, Herse, S, Raza, SA, Madhisetty, S, Kang, L, Vu, TD, Johnston, B, and Williams, MA

Abstract

© 2019 IEEE. Deploying social robots applications in public spaces for conducting in the wild studies is a significant challenge but critical to the advancement of social robotics. Real world environments are complex, dynamic, and uncertain. Human-Robot interactions can be unstructured and unanticipated. In addition, when the robot is intended to be a shared public resource, management issues such as user access and user privacy arise, leading to design choices that can impact on users' trust and the adoption of the designed system. In this paper we propose a user registration and login system for a social robot and report on people's preferences when registering their personal details with the robot to access services. This study is the first iteration of a larger body of work investigating potential use cases for the Pepper social robot at a government managed centre for startups and innovation. We prototyped and deployed a system for user registration with the robot, which gives users control over registering and accessing services with either face recognition technology or a QR code. The QR code played a critical role in increasing the number of users adopting the technology. We discuss the need to develop social robot applications that responsibly adhere to privacy principles, are inclusive, and cater for a broad spectrum of people.

Published
2019

13. Factors influencing the selection of surgical specialty among Pakistani medical graduates

Author

Avan, BI, Raza, SA, Hamza, H, Khokhar, S, and Awan, F

Subjects
Curricula, Planning, Study and teaching, Company business planning, Surgery -- Study and teaching, Career development -- Planning -- Study and teaching, Medical students -- Curricula -- Planning -- Study and teaching
Abstract

CONTEXT: The delineation between selection of surgery and non-surgery residency programmes could provide a pragmatic view of the influences on medical graduates' careers. This would also help coordinators and educators [...]

Published
2003

15. Non-singlet quark helicity PDFs of the nucleon from pseudo-distributions

Author

Robert Edwards, Colin Egerer, Joseph Karpie, Nikhil Karthik, Christopher Monahan, Wayne Morris, Kostas Orginos, Anatoly Radyushkin, David Richards, Eloy Romero, Raza Sabbir Sufian, Savvas Zafeiropoulos, and on behalf of the HadStruc collaboration

Subjects
Lattice QCD, Parton Distributions, Hadronic Spectroscopy, Structure and Interactions, Lattice Quantum Field Theory, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract The non-singlet helicity quark parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the nucleon are determined from lattice QCD, by jointly leveraging pseudo-distributions and the distillation spatial smearing paradigm. A Lorentz decomposition of appropriately isolated space-like matrix elements reveals pseudo-distributions that contain information on the leading-twist helicity PDFs, as well as an invariant amplitude that induces an additional z 2 contamination of the leading-twist signal. An analysis of the short-distance behavior of the space-like matrix elements using matching coefficients computed to next-to-leading order (NLO) exposes the desired PDF up to this additional z 2 contamination. Due to the non-conservation of the axial current, we elect to isolate the helicity PDFs normalized by the nucleon axial charge at the same scale μ 2. The leading-twist helicity PDFs as well as several sources of systematic error, including higher-twist effects, discretization errors, and the aforementioned z 2 contaminating amplitude are jointly determined by characterizing the computed pseudo-distribution in a basis of Jacobi polynomials. The Akaike Information Criterion is exploited to effectively average over distinct model parameterizations and cuts on the pseudo-distribution. Encouraging agreement is observed with recent global analyses of each non-singlet quark helicity PDF, notably a rather small non-singlet anti-quark helicity PDF for all quark momentum fractions.

Published
2023
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16. Expert Opinion: Patient Selection for Premixed Insulin Formulations in Diabetes Care

Author

Kalra, S, Czupryniak, L, Kilov, G, Lamptey, R, Kumar, A, Unnikrishnan, AG, Boudiba, A, Abid, M, Akanov, ZA, Latheef, A, Araz, M, Audehm, R, Bahendeka, S, Balde, N, Chaudhary, S, Deerochanawong, C, Fasanmade, O, Iraqi, H, Latt, TS, Mbanya, JC, Rodriguez-Saldana, J, Hyun, KS, Latif, ZA, Lushchyk, M, Megallaa, M, Naseri, MW, Nguyen, QB, Ramaiya, K, Randeree, H, Raza, SA, Shaikh, K, Shrestha, D, Sobngwi, E, Somasundaram, N, Sukor, N, Tan, R, Kalra, S, Czupryniak, L, Kilov, G, Lamptey, R, Kumar, A, Unnikrishnan, AG, Boudiba, A, Abid, M, Akanov, ZA, Latheef, A, Araz, M, Audehm, R, Bahendeka, S, Balde, N, Chaudhary, S, Deerochanawong, C, Fasanmade, O, Iraqi, H, Latt, TS, Mbanya, JC, Rodriguez-Saldana, J, Hyun, KS, Latif, ZA, Lushchyk, M, Megallaa, M, Naseri, MW, Nguyen, QB, Ramaiya, K, Randeree, H, Raza, SA, Shaikh, K, Shrestha, D, Sobngwi, E, Somasundaram, N, Sukor, N, and Tan, R

Abstract

Premixed insulins are an important tool for glycemic control in persons with diabetes. Equally important in diabetes care is the selection of the most appropriate insulin regimen for a particular individual at a specific time. Currently, the choice of insulin regimens for initiation or intensification of therapy is a subjective decision. In this article, we share insights, which will help in rational and objective selection of premixed formulations for initiation and intensification of insulin therapy. The glycemic status and its variations in a person help to identify the most appropriate insulin regimen and formulation for him or her. The evolution of objective glucometric indices has enabled better glycemic monitoring of individuals with diabetes. Management of diabetes has evolved from a 'glucocentric' approach to a 'patient-centered' approach; patient characteristics, needs, and preferences should be evaluated when considering premixed insulin for treatment of diabetes.Funding: Novo Nordisk, India.

Published
2018

17. Clinical audit: a necessity or a formality?

Author

Sami Ajaz, Muhammad Ahmad, and RAZA SARFRAZ

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Dear Editor, Clinical auditing is a widely accepted practice world wide to assess the quality of health care given by a provider (1). It is described as a quality improvement approach that aims to enhance patient care and outcomes by systematically examining of treatment against stated criteria and implementing change (2). A clinical audit provides a service with the capacity to identify deficiencies, areas of excellence, and generate relevant suggestions that would drive change. It enhances the practice of evaluating against established standards (1). In developed countries, it is an essential component of clinical practice; nevertheless, it has yet to achieve equal status in developing countries. As a result, the demand for a structured Clinical Audit program is long overdue. Surprisingly, a thorough online literature search from 2021 till date was conducted on PakMediNet and PubMed that yielded only three clinical audit studies in Pakistan as shown in Table - 1. All these studies are closed-loop audits that follow accurate guidelines and reported significant improvement after intervention in the re-audit cycle. Ashraf M et al. reported that operative notes can be improved, by using audits to identify poor areas (3). According to Shah MH et al. standard venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment and prophylactic prescription guidelines were not followed, but after intervention and re-audit, it was discovered that a simple and effective educational intervention improved VTE risk assessment and prophylactic prescribing practices (4). Similarly, Rabbani RA et al. emphasize the need for clinical audits in improving standard surgical procedures (5). No doubt that clinical audits are a tool that, when used correctly, can result in a change in the quality of care provided by a service (1). New research and clinical audit programs are crucial to the future of quality care in Pakistan (2). As a result, it is critical that our future healthcare workers understand how to conduct clinical audits and lead them during their training (2). Continuous improvement can be achieved by a healthcare unit that incorporates frequent audits with clinical practice in its curriculum. Clinical auditing will help to strengthen and increase their clinical knowledge and communication abilities. At the end of the day, it will result in improved patient care and outcomes. Therefore, the need of the hour is to promote clinical audit studies among healthcare workers.

Published
2023
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18. Effects of excessive screen time during online teaching on the physical and mental health of medical and dental students

Author

Sadia Rehman, Hasan Ali, Zara Sami, Raza Sarfaraz, and Madiha Ata

Subjects
Online Teaching, Screen Time, Academic Performance, Mental Health, Medicine
Abstract

To assess the effects of excessive screen time on the health of medical and dental students due to online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in Bahria University of Health Sciences from June 2022 to September 2022 after getting ethical approval. A total of 200 students who attended online teaching modules for at least one year through online teaching Apps, were included. A structured questionnaire was distributed using google forms. The results revealed that factors including strain on the eyes, restlessness, declined academic performance and exercise during lockdown, along with feeling connected as a group had a significant association with increased screen time. Excessive screen time has various adverse effects on the physical and mental health of medical and dental students. For improving students’ physical and mental health during online teaching we need to change teaching strategies and support the introduction of flipped classroom.

Published
2023
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19. Unconventional formats of background knowledge from human teacher in reward shaping

Author

Raza, SA and Williams, MA

Abstract

© 2017 Authors. This research evaluates reward shaping with unconventional formats of human input. Conventionally, a human teacher is assumed to provide numeric rewards for complete task training. However, there are limitations to this conventional format. Firstly, the continuous demand of numeric rewards is onerous. Secondly, it is limited in extracting useful knowledge from humans. In this research, we have tested three unconventional formats of human input, two to increase social appeal of reward shaping and one to efficiently extraction knowledge from humans. The preliminary results on simulated domains validate the usefulness of these formats in terms of user's comfort and learning performance.

Published
2017

20. Potential based reward shaping using learning to rank

Author

Raza, SA and Williams, MA

Abstract

© 2017 Authors. This paper presents a novel method for the computation of potential function using human input for potential based reward shaping. It defines a ranking over state space which is used to define a potential function. Specifically, it seeks multiple, partial to full, rankings of robot's states from a user in a HRI scenario. These rankings are used to learn a ranking model using a learning-to-rank algorithm. The ranking model is used to define a complete ranking of states. From the ranked states, a potential function is computed using a mapping function. For the proof of concept, we compared it with a base-line reinforcement learner in a simulated domain. The empirical results showed that the proposed method clearly outperformed the benchmark.

Published
2017

21. Percutaneous endovascular removal of a broken port-a-catheter from right atrium using manual made snare

Author

Muhammad Azeemuddin, MBBS, FCPS, Anosha Khan, MBBS, Iflah Ansari, MBBS, Jehanzeb Shahid, MBBS, FCPS, Faheemullah Khan, MBBS, Tanveer Ul Haq, MBBS, FCPS, FRCR, Junaid Iqbal, MBBS, FCPS, Raza Sayani, MBBS, FCPS, and Taif Khattak, MBBS

Subjects
Port-a-catheter, Fracture, Retreival, Snare, Endovascular, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Fracture and migration of port-a-catheter, following long term access into the central venous vasculature is a rare clinical scenario. The consequences of fracture and migration includes fragmented device relocating into the right atrium or ventricle, eventually causing life threatening complications such as arrhythmias, pseudoaneurysms, perforations or very rarely embolization. We report a case of a 67-year-old female with a broken port-a-catheter which had been placed initially for chemotherapy for bilateral breast cancer. Chest radiograph showed the fragmented catheter had migrated to the right atrium; which was successfully removed via percutaneous radiological endovascular intervention. No immediate post procedure complication was noted.

Published
2022
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22. Complexity reduction of influence nets using arc removal

Author

Haider, S and Raza, SA

Subjects
Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing
Abstract

© 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. The model building of Influence Nets, a special instance of Bayesian belief networks, is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. No formal process exists that decision makers/system analyst, who are typically not familiar with the underlying theory and assumptions of belief networks, can use to build concise and easy-to-interpret models. In many cases, the developed model is extremely dense, that is, it has a very high link-to-node ratio. The complexity of a network makes the already intractable task of belief updating more difficult. The problem is further intensified in dynamic domains where the structure of the built model is repeated for multiple time-slices. It is, therefore, desirable to do a post-processing of the developed models and to remove arcs having a negligible influence on the variable(s) of interests. The paper applies sensitivity of arc analysis to identify arcs that can be removed from an Influence Net without having a significant impact on its inferencing capability. A metric is suggested to gauge changes in the joint distribution of variables before and after the arc removal process. The results are benchmarked against the KL divergence metric. An empirical study based on several real Influence Nets is conducted to test the performance of the sensitivity of arc analysis in reducing the model complexity of an Influence Net without causing a significant change in its joint probability distribution.

Published
2015

23. On designing socially acceptable reward shaping

Author

Raza, SA, Clark, J, Williams, MA, Raza, SA, Clark, J, and Williams, MA

Abstract

© Springer International Publishing AG 2016. For social robots, learning from an ordinary user should be socially appealing. Unfortunately, machine learning demands an enormous amount of human data, and a prolonged interactive teaching session becomes anti-social. We have addressed this problem in the context of reward shaping for reinforcement learning. For efficient reward shaping, a continuous stream of rewards is expected from the teacher. We present a simple framework which seeks rewards for a small number of steps from each of a large number of human teachers. Therefore, it simplifies the job of an individual teacher. The framework was tested with online crowd workers on a transport puzzle. We thoroughly analyzed the quality of the learned policies and crowd’s teaching behavior. Our results showed that nearly perfect policies can be learned using this framework. The framework was generally acceptable in the crowd’s opinion.

Published
2016

24. Reward from demonstration in interactive reinforcement learning

Author

Raza, SA, Johnston, B, Williams, MA, Raza, SA, Johnston, B, and Williams, MA

Abstract

Copyright © 2016, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All right reserved. In reinforcement learning (RL), reward shaping is used to show the desirable behavior by assigning positive or negative reward for learner's preceding action. However, for reward shaping through human-generated rewards, an important aspect is to make it approachable to humans. Typically, a human teacher's role requires being watchful of agent's action to assign judgmental feedback based on prior knowledge. It can be a mentally tough and unpleasant exercise especially for lengthy teaching sessions. We present a method, Shaping from Interactive Demonstrations (SfID), which instead of judgmental reward takes action label from human. Therefore, it simplifies the teacher's role to demonstrating the action to select from a state. We compare SfID with a standard reward shaping approach on Sokoban domain. The results show the competitiveness of SfID with the standard reward shaping.

Published
2016

26. Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management of Chyle Leak Following Esophagectomy for Cancers

Author

Sivesh K. Kamarajah, BMedSci, MBChB, MRCS, Manjunath Siddaiah-Subramanya, MD, Alessandro Parente, MD, Richard P. T. Evans, MRCS, MBChB, Ademola Adeyeye, MD, Alan Ainsworth, MD, Alberto M. L. Takahashi, MD, Alex Charalabopoulos, MD, Andrew Chang, MD, Atila Eroglue, MD, Bas Wijnhoven, MD, Claire Donohoe, MD, Daniela Molena, MD, Eider Talavera-Urquijo, MD, Flavio Roberto Takeda, MD, Gail Darling, MD, German Rosero, MD, Guillaume Piessen, MD, Hans Mahendran, MD, Hsu Po Kuei, MD, Ines Gockel, MD, Ionut Negoi, MD, Jacopo Weindelmayer, MD, Jari Rasanen, MD, Kebebe Bekele, MD, Guowei Kim, MD, Lieven Depypere, MD, Lorenzo Ferri, MD, Magnus Nilsson, MD, Frederik Klevebro, MD, B. Mark Smithers, MD, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen, MD, Peter Grimminger, MD, Paul M. Schneider, MD, C. S. Pramesh, MD, Raza Sayyed, MD, Richard Babor, MD, Shinji Mine, MD, Simon Law, MD, Suzanne Gisbertz, MD, Tim Bright, MD, Xavier Benoit D’Journo, MD, Donald Low, MD, Pritam Singh, PhD FRCS, Ewen A Griffiths, MD, FRCS, and on behalf of the Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit collaborative

Subjects
Surgery, RD1-811
Abstract

Objective:. This Delphi exercise aimed to gather consensus surrounding risk factors, diagnosis, and management of chyle leaks after esophagectomy and to develop recommendations for clinical practice. Background:. Chyle leaks following esophagectomy for malignancy are uncommon. Although they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, diagnosis and management of these patients remain controversial and a challenge globally. Methods:. This was a modified Delphi exercise was delivered to clinicians across the oesophagogastric anastomosis collaborative. A 5-staged iterative process was used to gather consensus on clinical practice, including a scoping systematic review (stage 1), 2 rounds of anonymous electronic voting (stages 2 and 3), data-based analysis (stage 4), and guideline and consensus development (stage 5). Stratified analyses were performed by surgeon specialty and surgeon volume. Results:. In stage 1, the steering committee proposed areas of uncertainty across 5 domains: risk factors, intraoperative techniques, and postoperative management (ie, diagnosis, severity, and treatment). In stages 2 and 3, 275 and 250 respondents respectively participated in online voting. Consensus was achieved on intraoperative thoracic duct ligation, postoperative diagnosis by milky chest drain output and biochemical testing with triglycerides and chylomicrons, assessing severity with volume of chest drain over 24 hours and a step-up approach in the management of chyle leaks. Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent results. In stage 4, data from the Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit demonstrated that chyle leaks occurred in 5.4% (122/2247). Increasing chyle leak grades were associated with higher rates of pulmonary complications, return to theater, prolonged length of stay, and 90-day mortality. In stage 5, 41 surgeons developed a set of recommendations in the intraoperative techniques, diagnosis, and management of chyle leaks. Conclusions:. Several areas of consensus were reached surrounding diagnosis and management of chyle leaks following esophagectomy for malignancy. Guidance in clinical practice through adaptation of recommendations from this consensus may help in the prevention of, timely diagnosis, and management of chyle leaks.

Published
2022
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27. Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

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Stephen R Knight, Catherine A Shaw, Riinu Pius, Thomas M Drake, Lisa Norman, Adesoji O Ademuyiwa, Adewale O Adisa, Maria Lorena Aguilera, Sara W Al-Saqqa, Ibrahim Al-Slaibi, Aneel Bhangu, Bruce M Biccard, Peter Brocklehurst, Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri, Kathryn Chu, Anna Dare, Muhammed Elhadi, Cameron J Fairfield, J Edward Fitzgerald, Dhruv Ghosh, James Glasbey, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen, J.C. Allen Ingabire, T Peter Kingham, Marie Carmela Lapitan, Ismaïl Lawani, Bettina Lieske, Richard Lilford, Janet Martin, Kenneth A McLean, Rachel Moore, Dion Morton, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Faustin Ntirenganya, Francesco Pata, Thomas Pinkney, Ahmad Uzair Qureshi, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Aya Riad, Hosni Khairy Salem, Joana Simões, Richard Spence, Neil Smart, Stephen Tabiri, Hannah Thomas, Thomas G Weiser, Malcolm West, John Whitaker, Ewen M Harrison, Arben Gjata, Maria Marta Modolo, Sebastian King, Erick Chan, Sayeda Nazmun Nahar, Ade Waterman, Dominique Vervoort, Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada, Bernardo De Azevedo, Ana Gabriela Figueiredo, Manol Sokolov, Venerand Barendegere, Gerald Ekwen, Arnav Agarwal, Qinyang Liu, Juan Camilo Correa, Kalisya Luc Malemo, Jacques Bake, Jakov Mihanovic, Kamila Kunčarová, Julius Orhalmi, Hosni Salem, Jyri Teras, Aristotelis Kechagias, Alexis P Arnaud, Judith Lindert, Vasileios Kalles, Maria-Lorena Aguilera-Arevalo, Gustavo Recinos, Zsolt Baranyai, Basant Kumar, Harish Neelamraju Lakshmi, Sanoop Koshy Zachariah, Philip Alexander, Sunil Kumar Venkatappa, C Pramesh, Radhian Amandito, Christina Fleming, Luca Ansaloni, Gianluca Pellino, Ahmed M. Altibi, Ibrahim Nour, Intisar Hamdun, Ali M. Ghellai, Donatas Venskutonis, Tomas Poskus, Justas Zilinskas, Precious Malemia, Yong Yong Tew, Elaine Borg, Sarah Ellul, fatima Zahraa Wafqui, David W Borowski, Anne Sophie van Dalen, Cameron Wells, Harissou Adamou, Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Adewale Adisa, Kjetil Søreide, Sara Al Saqqa, Osaid Alser, Haya Tahboub, Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse, Sebastian Shu Yip, Piotr Major, António Sampaio Soares, Matei Razvan Bratu, Andrey Litvin, Armen Vardanyan, JC Allen Ingabire, Ahmad Gudal, Naif Albati, Jovan Juloski, Miran Rems, Sarah Rayne, Stephanie Van Straten, Yoshan Moodley, Irene Ortega Vázquez, Jaime Ruiz-Tovar, Kithsiri Janakantha Senanayake, Sujeewa Priyantha Bandara Thalgaspitiya, Omer Abdelbagi Omer, Anmar Homeida, Yucel Cengiz, Daniel Clerc, Muhammad Alshaar, Hanen Bouaziz, Yuksel Altinel, Matthew Doe, Maryna Freigofer, Ella Teasdale, Rakan Kabariti, Joshua Michael Clements, Stephen Richard Knight, Ahsan Ashfaq, Ijeoma Azodo, Gabriela Wagner, Ivan Trostchansky, Mayaba Maimbo, David Linyama, Helidon Nina, Amanda Zeko, Claudio Gabriel Fermani, Santiago Villalobos, Federico Carballo, Pablo Farina, Sebastian Guckenheimer, Marilla Dickfos, Ankit Ajmera, Chester Chong, Ralph Gourlay, Sikandar Hussaini, Yi Jia Lee, Adeeb Majid, Peter Martin, Rebecca Miles, Owen James Morris, Jamie Phua, William Ridley, Tarunpreet Saluja, Ryan Renxin Tan, Jen Teh, Anna Wells, Bharti Arora, Qaasim Dollie, Debbie Ho, Yanru Ma, Omattage Mahasha Perera, Anthony Truong, Amanda Caroline Dawson, Bryan Lim, Upuli Pahalawatta, Jacqueline Phan, Xiao-Ming Sarah Woon-Shoo-Tong, Andrea Yeoh, Lillian Charman, Andrew Drane, Sharon Laura, Charmaine Chu Wen Lo, Amy Mozes, Rita Poon, Hao Han Tan, Ellen Wall, Prakshi Chopra, Jasmine De Giovanni, Bal Dhital, Brian Draganic, Alexander Duller, Jonathan Gani, Yao Kuan Goh, Jun Young Jeong, Brendan McManus, Prakash Nagappan, Peter Pockney, Anya Rugendyke, Mahsa Sarrami, Stephen Smith, Vanessa Wills, Hsu Ven Wong, Geoffrey Ye, Geoffrey Zhang, Ethan Brooker, Daniel Feng, Bonnie Lau, Carlin Ngai, Sarah Birks, David Gyorki, Jaime Otero de Pablos, Ali Abbosh, Chris Gillespie, Ahmed Mahmoud, Bianca Kwan, Joshua Lawson, Andrea Warwick, Janne Bingham, Andrew J Cockbain, Nagendra Naidu Dudi-Venkata, Jordan Ellaby-Hall, Ben Finlay, Emily Humphries, Jade Pisaniello, Monique Pisaniello, Salma Salih, Tarik Sammour, Haidar Hadri Abd Wahab, April De Silva, Nicola Hayward, Kartik Iyer, Guy Maddern, Gian Andrea Prevost, Naga Annapureddy, Krishna Pranathi Settipalli, Jeremy Yeo, Lucy Hempenstall, Lily Pham, Shaun Purcell, Cherry Talavera, Ashish I Vaska, Gurpreet Chaggar, Phillip Chrapko, Annelise Cocco, Sarah Michelle Crystal Jade Coulter-Nile, Grahame Ctercteko, James French, Houchen Gong, Martijn Gosselink, Thuvarahan Jegathees, Ivan Jin, Michelle Kalachov, Kathryn Kiefhaber, Katherine Lee, Jason Luong, Steven Phan, Henry Pleass, Kelly Veale, Zhi Zeng, Angela Au, Ashe DeBiasio, Idy Deng, Jananee Myooran, Amrita Nair, Peter Stewart, Anton Stift, Lukas Walter Unger, Kerstin Wimmer, Nabila Ahmed, Syed Hasan, Saber Rahman, Margaret O'Shea, Greg Padmore, Adrian Peters, Pietro Perduca, Guenda Pulcina, Nicolas Tinton, Frederic Buxant, Elsa Dabin, Giulia Garofalo, Francis Dossou, Freddy Houehanou Rodrigue Gnangnon, Yacoubou Imorou Souaibou, Pako Motlaleselelo, Omphile Tlhomelang, Igor Lima Buarque, Gustavo Mendonça Ataíde Gomes, Aldo Vieira Barros, Ilia Batashki, Nikolai Damianov, Vladislav Stoyanov, Dragomir Dardanov, Svilen Maslyankov, Plamen Petkov, George Todorov, Evgeni Zhivkov, Aygulya Akisheva, Miguel Angel Castilla Moreno, Geno Genov, Ivelina Ilieva, Tsvetomir Ivanov, Martin Karamanliev, Azhar Khan, Emil Mitkov, Tsanko Yotsov, Boyko Atanasov, Nikolay Belev, Mihail Slavchev, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Elgan Jones, Simon Stock, Steve Kyota, James Brown, Tresor Mabanza K., Lemery Nigo Samuel, Chidi Otuneme, Ngwang Prosper, Franklin Umenze, Marylise Boutros, Natasha Caminsky, Sinziana Dumitra, Richard Garfinkle, Dominique Morency, Ebram Salama, Alexander Banks, Lorenzo Ferri, Haitian He, Amit Katz, Alexander Sender Liberman, Sarkis Meterissian, Allison Pang, Elena Parvez, Usmaan Hameed, Fahima Osman, Sangita Sequeira, Natalie Coburn, Alisha Jaffer, Paul Karanicolas, Matthew Mosseler, Reilly Musselman, Xinyuan Liu, Ching Wan Yip, Juan Sebastian Garces-Otero, Carolina Guzman, Sebastian Sierra, Andres Uribe Valencia, Paulo Andrés Cabrera Rivera, Saul Camelo, Andrea Gonzalez, Alejandro González-Orozco, Manuel Santiago Mosquera Paz, Carlos J- Perez Rivera, Felipe Gonzalez, Andres Isaza-Restrepo, Laura Nino- Torres, Natalia Arias Madrid, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango, Justin Tsandiraki, Damir Jemendžić, Branislav Kocman, Oliver Šuman, Renata Canic, Darko Jurišić, Ivana Karakas, Ana Krizanovic Rupcic, Vlatka Pitlovic, Josip Samardžić, Mario Kopljar, Ivan Bacic, Edgar Domini, Robert Karlo, Danijela Miljanić, Andrea Simic, Mariam Ahmed, Majdi Al Nassrallah, Rabiya Altaf, Talal Amjad, Ruba Eltoum, Heba Haidar, Alhassan Hassan, Omar Khalil, Marwan Qasem, Rommel Ramesh, Gautham Sajith, Maham Wisal, Jan Žatecký, Michele Bujda, Katerina Jirankova, Ales Paclik, Aya Abdallah, Mariam Abdulgawad Almogy, Esraa Ayman El-sawy, Ahmed Moustafa ElFayoumy, Nourhan Elghareeb, Nourhan Ahmed Esmat, Ahmed Fadel, Abdullah Habater, Heba Hamdy, Amr Hefni, Marwa Kamal, Norhan Mohamed Abobakr, Ahmed Sayed, Nancy Shaker, Ehab Taha, Hoda Tharwat, Omar Zakaria, Ibrahem Abdelmotaleb, Ali Al-Dhufri, Hamza S. Al-Himyari, Enas El sheikh, Asmaa Eldmaty, Aya Elkhalawy, Ahmed M.Elkhashen, Kithara Magdy, Safa Mostafa, Habib Doutoum Sadia, Mohamed mahmoud Saleh, Dina Samir, Mohamed Yahia Mohamed Ali, Mahmoud A. Nassar, Samar Abdelhady, Aly Abdelrazek, Israa Abdelsalam, Aya El-Sawy, Eman Essam, Mohamed Gadelkarim, Khaled Ghaly, Mohamed Hassabalnaby, Rana Masarani, Nourhan Mohamed Shaaban, Ahmed Sabry, Menatalla Salem, Nourhan Akram Soliman, Diaaaldin Zahran, Moustafa Ramadan Abou El.soud, Esraa Tarek Badr, Hala Borham, Nehal Elmeslemany, Mohammad Elsayed, Fawzia Elsherif, Sara Eslam, Gehad Gaber, Sondos Ibrahim, Yara Kamh, Abdelrahman Mahmoud, Shimaa gamal Mohamed, Eman Morshedy, Cinderella Omar, Fatima Salem Soliman, Shaza Abdelkawy, Naglaa Abdelmohsen, Mahmoud Abdelshakour, Ahmed Dahy, Norhan Gamal, Mohammed Gamal, Ahmad Hasan, Helal Hetta, Nehad Mousa, Mohamed Omar, Somia Rabie, Mahmoud Saad, Bakeer Saleh, Marwa Sayed Mohamed, Muhammad Shawqi, Heba Abdelhady Mousa, Mostafa Alnoury, Mohamed Elbealawy, Ahmed Elshafey, Muhammad Essam Ibrahim El Desouki Muhammad Ahmed, Mennatullah Ghonaim, Fawzy Hgag, Mohamed Ibrahim, Mahmoud Morsy, Mohamed Reda Loaloa, Ahmed Refaat, Hadeer Samir, Fatma Shahien, Mohamed Sobhy, Fathy Sroor, Esraa Abdellatif, Marina Adel, Amr Abdelghani Afifi, Eman Afifi, Marco Antaky, Amr Dawoud, Naira El Zoghby, Amira El-remaily, Ali Abdelazez Elzanfaly, Ahmed Gadallah, Fatma Alzahraa Gamal, Omar Hashem, Shrouk Medhat Youssef, Aliaa Muhammad Attyah, Malak Munir, Omar Shazly, Esraa Taha, Karim Wilson, Sawsan Adel, Asmaa Ali, Esraa Eid, Esraa Elhelow, Marwa Elmahdy, Bassant Elshatby, Amany Hossam el-din Zakaria, Ahmad Hossny, Eman Ibrahim, Ahmed M.Yonis, Maram Metwalli, Basant Yousry, Esraa Zid, Mina A Yacoub, Ahmed Abdelhakim, Nervana Abouelsoad, Mo'min Alkhatib, Ahmed Ashraf, Alaa Ashraf, Yasmin Elazab, Mahmoud Elfanty, Osama Elkabir, Mai Elsayed, Ahmed Elshimy, Hager Elsobky, John Eskander, Ahmed Gad, Ward Hamsho, Noura Khaled Abdelwahed, Menna Magdy, Dalia Moharam, Abeer Osama, Shereen Ramadan, Radwa Roum, Taqwa Sayed, Tarneem Shehada, Ahmed Mohy Zidan, Khalid Abbas, Amr Ali, Mohamed Attia, Mohamed Balata, Ayman El Nakeeb, Mohamed Ibrahim Elsayed Elewaily, Ahmed Elfallal, Hossam Elfeki, Ahmed Elkhadragy, Sameh Emile, Helmy Ezzat, Hasnaa Hosni, Islam Mansour, Waleed Omar, Gehad Othman, Kareem Sadek, Mostafa Shalaby, Noura Shehab-Eldeen, Rawda Anas khalifa, Helmy Badr, Mostafa Eldeep, Ahmed Eldeep, Amany Eldoseuky mohammed, Salwa Khallaf, Eman Magdy Hegazy, Rokia Mahmoud, Pola Mikhail, Mahmoud Morsi, Sara Mowafy, Dina Raafat, Amina Safy, Marwa Sera, Ahmed shible Sera, Mostafa Salim Mohamed AbdAllah, Muhammad Abdelkader, Abdulrahman Osama Abdou, Ahmedgaber Ahmed, Shireen Gaafar, Fatma Ibrahim negm, Mina Lapic, Ahmed Maher, Hagar Mahmoud, Ahmed Mostafa, Mohamed Samir, Fatma Samy, Nourhan Semeda, Hind I. Shalaby, Alaa El-taweel, Ahmed Galal Elnagar, Ahmed Gamal Hemidan, Mohamed Hussein, Ahmed.A. Kandil, Mf Moawad, Ayat Allah Nasser Hamamah, Mostafa Soliman, Mohamed Abdelkhalek, Noura Abdelmaksoud Tawakel, Ahmed Mohamed Abdelwahed, Alrawy Abdou, Khalid Atallah, Mohammed Yasser Elsherbeny, Eman Emara, Mohamed Hamdy, Omar Hamdy, Amira Haron, Salma Ismail, Islam Hany Metwally, Nihal Mohamed Hamed Elgaml, Ahmed Nassar, Basel Refky, Mirna Sadek, Mahmoud Saleh, Asmaa Yunes, Mai Zakaria, Mohammed Zuhdy, Notila Fayed, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan Mohammed, Sander Kütner, Priit Melnik, Indrek Seire, Toomas Ümarik, Eppu Ainoa, Verner Eerola, Hanna Koppatz, Laura Koskenvuo, Ville Sallinen, Sini Takala, Jevgeni Katunin, Arto Turunen, Niki Christou, Muriel Mathonnet, Vincent Lavoue, Krystel Nyangoh Timoh, Lucie Soulabaille, Romain Lesourd, Aude Merdrignac, Laurent Sulpice, Benoît André, Elodie Chantalat, Charlotte Vaysse, Bertrand Dousset, Sebastien Gaujoux, Gregory Martin, Octavian Clonda, Domantas Juodis, Klaus Kienle, Andras Mravik, Samuel Palmer, Gabor Szabadhegyi, Anita Eseenam Agbeko, Solomon Gyabaah, Frank Enoch Gyamfi, Nuhu Naabo, Atta Owusu senior, Joseph Yorke, Frank Owusu, Francis Abantanga, Theophilus Teddy Kojo Anyomih, Abdul-Jalilu Mohammed Muntaka, Emmanuel Owusu Abem, Mohammed Sheriff, Paul M. Wondoh, Dimitrios Balalis, Dimitrios Korkolis, Georgios Gkiokas, Eirini Pantiora, Theodosios Theodosopoulos, Argyrios Ioannidis, Konstantinos Konstantinidis, Sofia Konstantinidou, Nikolaos Machairas, Anna Paspala, Anastasia Prodromidou, Christos Chouliaras, Konstantinos Papadopoulos, Ioannis Baloyiannis, Ioannis Mamaloudis, George Tzovaras, Ioanna Akrida, Maria-Ioanna Argentou, Stylianos Germanos, Evangelos Iliopoulos, Ioannis Maroulis, George Skroubis, George Theofanis, Christos Chatzakis, Orestis Ioannidis, Lydia Loutzidou, Panagiotis Karathanasis, Nikolaos Michalopoulos, Charalampos Theodoropoulos, Dimitrios Theodorou, Tania Triantafyllou, Zoe Garoufalia, Natasha Hasemaki, Michalis Kontos, Gregory Kouraklis, Stylianos Kykalos, Theodore Liakakos, Eustratia Mpaili, Alexandros Papalampros, Dimitrios Schizas, Athanasios Syllaios, Ekaterini Christina Tampaki, Antonios Tsimpoukelis, Maria Ioanna Antonopoulou, Eirini Deskou, Dimitrios K. Manatakis, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, Menelaos Zoulamoglou, Christos Anthoulakis, Michalis Margaritis, Nikolaos Nikoloudis, Veronica Campo, André Ceballos, Mario-Andrés Flores, Waleska Giron, Donghyun Ko, Gabriel Martinez, Verónica Rivera Lara, Nataly Rueda, Andres Sanchez, Jorge Carlos Guillermo Tejeda Garrido, Alvaro Eduardo Alvarez Rivera, Elvis Benjamin Bamaca Ixcajoc, Lilian Elizabeth Barreda Zelaya, Patricia Chacòn-Herrera, Ligia Margarita Corea Ruiz, Guillermo Echeverria-Davila, Mario Garcia, Danilo García, Edgar Fernando Gutiérrez Mayen, Noriega José, Nery Mazariegos, Diego Méndez, Michael Paniagua Espinoza, David Bardos, Marton Benke, Kristof Illes, Balint András Kokas, Réka Szabó, Akhila Appukuttan, Anjitha Asok, Vijaykumar D.k, Kapil Malik, Praveen Ravishankaran, Ritesh Tapkire, Guru Moorthy, Joyner Abraham, Ramesh Muthuvel, John Alapatt, Abhay Kattepur, Nizamudheen Pareekutty, Mebanshanbor Garod, Caleb Harris, Cliff Wanniang, Ashish Gupta, Deepak Nehra, Sanjeev Parshad, Rajgopal Acharya, Rajendra Badwe, Manish Bhandare, Urvashi Jain, Karishma Kirti, Nita Nair, Shailesh Shrikhande, Purvi Thakkar, Premkumar Anandan, Archana C S, Arun Holenarasipur Narasannaiah, Tejaswi Jagarlamudi, Rashmi M R, Mallikarjuna Manangi, Abhishek Raghavendra, K. Seshagiri Rao, Vinay S, Vinay Sajjan, Aneesh Shenoy, Santhosh Shivashankar Chikkanayakanahalli, Kavya Tharanath, Sushmita V, Peter Adidharma, Raksheeth Agarwal, Phebe Anggita Gultom, Ghafur Rasyid Arifin, Matthew Billy, Zatira Elfizri, Alessa Fahira, Devi Felicia, Triana Hardianti Gunardi, Nadya Johanna, Nadia Rahmadiani Nugrahadi, Sonar Soni Panigoro, Siti Rahmayanti, Retta Catherina Sihotang, Santi Yuanita Brata, Hadi Winoto, Nastaran Barati, Manoochehr Karami, Hamidreza Khorshidi, Homa Naderifar, Mazin A. Abdulla, Maggie Coleman, Ronan J Doherty, Rob Hannon, Brenda Murphy, Aine Stakelum, Des Winter, Lylas Aljohmani, Richard Farnan, Yeshey Seldon, Tanna Tan, Shriya Varghese, Mohammad Alherz, Muaaz Ather, Mohammad Bajilan, Vivien Graziadei, Isobel Pilkington, Omar Quidwai, Paul Ridgway, Haaris Shiwani, Abd al-Rahman Tahir, Eimear Blunnie, Daniel Burke, Niall Kennedy, Kate Macdonagh, Maeve O'Neill, Siobhan Rooney, Giuseppe Falco, Guglielmo Ferrari, Simone Mele, Gabriela Elisa Nita, Lara Ugoletti, Maurizio Zizzo, Gianmaria Confalonieri, Giovanni Pesenti, Fulvio Tagliabue, Gianluca Baronio, Deborah Ongaro, Giacomo Pata, Bruno Compagnoni, Renato Salvadori, Lucio Taglietti, Nicola D'Alessandro, Pierpaolo Di Lascio, Giovanni Pascale, Luca Bortolasi, Tommaso Campagnaro, Massimo Carlini, Giorgio Lisi, Davide Lombardi, Corrado Pedrazzani, Domenico Spoletini, Giulia Turri, Paola Violi, Donato Francesco Altomare, Fabrizio Aquilino, Nicola Musa, Vincenzo Papagni, Arcangelo Picciariello, Leonardo Vincenti, Dario Andreotti, Savino Occhionorelli, Matteo Tondo, Stefano Maria Massimiliano. Basso, Paolo Ubiali, Riccardo Cirelli, Marco Enrico Mario Maino, Guglielmo Niccolò Piozzi, Emanuele Picone, Rosa Scaramuzzo, Giovanni Sinibaldi, Alfonso Amendola, Lorenzo Anastasio, Luigi Bucci, Emanuele Caruso, Antonio Castaldi, Sara Di Maso, Vincenza Paola Dinuzzi, Giovanni Esposito, Maria Gaudiello, Mariano Cesare Giglio, Paola Antonella Greco, Gaetano Luglio, Andrea Manfreda, Ester Marra, Federica Mastella, Gianluca Pagano, Roberto Peltrini, Vincenzo Pepe, Michele Sacco, Viviana Sollazzo, Giovanni Spiezio, Ettore Cianchetti, Nunzia Menduni, Michele Maria Carvello, Francesca Di Candido, Antonino Spinelli, Fabio Corsi, Luca Sorrentino, Fabio Marino, Emanuele Luigi Giuseppe Asti, Luigi Bonavina, Emanuele Rausa, Martina Asta, Andrea Belli, Francesco Bianco, Carmela Cervone, Paolo Delrio, Armando Falato, Andrea Fares Bucci, Rita Guarino, Ugo Pace, Daniela Rega, Emilia De Luca, Gaetano Gallo, Giuseppe Sammarco, Giuseppe Sena, Giuseppina Vescio, Letizia Santandrea, Giampaolo Ugolini, Davide Zattoni, Nicola Chetta, Gaetano Logrieco, Serafino Vanella, Gianluca Garulli, Nicola Zanini, Andrea Bondurri, Francesco Cammarata, Francesco Colombo, Diego Foschi, Giulia Maria Beatrice Lamperti, Anna Maffioli, Gianluca Matteo Sampietro, Al'ona Yakushkina, Gloria Zaffaroni, Enrico Cicuttin, Maria Grazia Sibilla, Harmony Impellizzeri, Marco Inama, Gianluigi Moretto, Sylvie Mochet, Elisa Ponte, Antonella Usai, Stefano Mancini, Andrea Sagnotta, Luigi Solinas, Elisa Bolzonaro, Nicolò Tamini, Gianluca Curletti, Raffaele Galleano, Michele Malerba, Sofia Campanella, Gianfranco Cocorullo, Francesco Colli, Paolino De Marco, Nicolò Falco, Tommaso Fontana, Leonel jospin Kamdem Mambou, Antonella La Brocca, Leo Licari, Brenda Randisi, Giovanna Rizzo, Giulia Rotolo, Giuseppe Salamone, Roberta Tutino, Paolina Venturelli, Stefano Malabarba, Alessandro Sgrò, Ivan Vella, Bruno Cirillo, Daniele Crocetti, Giorgio De Toma, Pierfrancesco Lapolla, Andrea Mingoli, Paolo Sapienza, Angela Belvedere, Stefania Bianchini, Margherita Binetti, Arianna Birindelli, Valeria Tonini, Mauro Podda, Fabio Pulighe, Michele De Rosa, Lorenzo Bono, Felice Borghi, Paolo Geretto, Maria Carmela Giuffrida, Corrado Lauro, Alessandra Marano, Luca Pellegrino, Paola Salusso, Diego Sasia, Michela Campanelli, Alberto Realis Luc, Mario Trompetto, Roberto Cardia, Nicola Cillara, Antonio Nicola Giordano, Antonio Costanzo, Mario Alessandro Giovilli, Luca Turati, Silvestro Canonico, Guido Sciaudone, Francesco Selvaggi, Lucio Selvaggi, Nader Albsoul, Ahmad AlBsoul, Ala'a Aldeen Alkhatib, Osama Alsallaq, Justin Z. Amarin, Rami Ayoub, Isam Bsisu, M S El Muhtaseb, Mohammad Jabaiti, Jamal Melhem, Yasmeen Z. Qwaider, Mohammad Hasan Salameh, Ahmad Suleihat, Haya H. Suradi, Mohammad Alammarin, Almoutuz Aljaafreh, Mohammad Bani hani, Zeina Bani hani, Farah Bani Hani, Toqa Fahmawee, Shadi Hamouri, Cyrine Katanani, Ra'fat Tawalbeh, Tamara Tawalbeh, Hassan Zawahrah, Mohamad K. Abou Chaar, Lana Abusalem, Mahmoud Al-Masri, Hani Al-Najjar, Lutfi Barghuthi, Zahra Ahmed, Adnan Maulana, Omar Ngotho, Charbel Kamau, Aruyaru Stanley Mwenda, Fridah Bosire, Elizabeth Mwachiro, Robert Parker, Ian Simel, Kimutai Sylvester, Abdulmunem Ahmed Mustafa Althini, Sofian Elbarouni, Aya Elseed Elbeshina, Ahmed Gwea, Ans Malek, Wedad Albashir Masoud Farag, Abdulwahab Abdalei, Abu Baker Abdel Malik, Areej Abo-khammash, Ma'aly Abuhlaiga, Nour Adnan, Marwa Albaggar, Asma Alfitory, Asma Aljanfi, Fakhruddin Almuzghi, Zohoor Altumei, Fatima Alzabti, Hana Ashoushan, Mohamed Assalhi, Joma Azzubia, Sondos Bnhameida, Malik Delhen, Houssein Elshafei, Hana Elteir, Fatima Esbaga, Abdel Aziz Gobbi, Fatma Hamouda, Hamdan Hilan, Rania Ismail, Fieruz Jebran, Muataz Kasbour, Galia Maderi, Saja Mohammad, Burooj Mohammed, Habib Murtadi, Hamassat Mustafa, Mohamed Rajab, Sarah Trenba, Mariam Wafaa, Eman Al Sagheir, Alabas Almigheerbi, Ahmed Alzahaf, Sumayyah Ghayth Bahroun, Najah Ben Dallah, Mahmoud Elshaibani, Haitem Eswaye, Maha Karar, Samah Omar, Eman Younes, Maha Younes, Dafer Zreeg, Saleh Abujamra, Firas Ashour, Mala Elgammudi, Wesal Omar F. Aljadidi, Enas Saddouh, Randa Sharif, Aya Alabuzidi, AbdulMawlay Alwerfally, Sarra Aribi, Fatma Bibas, Taha Elfaituri, Yasmine Elhajjaji, Ala Khaled, Wegdan Khalil, Tesneem Layas, Enas Soula, Ahmed Tarek, Muad fathi khalleefah Abu hallalah, Hazem Abdelkarem Ahmed, Tagwa Alsharef, Abdulsalam Ali Ben Saoud, Tasnim El Gharmoul, Ahmed Elhadi, Safa Elrais, Abdulhalim Shebani, Heba Zarti, Asaid Zeiton, Marijus Ambrazevicius, Nerijus Kaselis, Migle Stakyte, Oleg Aliosin, Agne Cizauskaite, Sarunas Dailidenas, Vitalijus Eismontas, Migle Kybransiene, Vitalija Nutautiene, Narimantas Samalavicius, Dainius Simcikas, Algirdas Slepavicius, Albinas Tamosiunas, Nerijus Ubartas, Paulius Zeromskas, Saulius Bradulskis, Edvinas Dainius, Juozas Juočas, Egle Kubiliute, Juozas Kutkevičius, Aurimas Opolskis, Audrius Parseliunas, Andrejus Subocius, Egle Virbickaite, Diana Zuikyte, Algirdas Bogusevicius, Kristina Buzaite, Daiva Čepuliené, Ieva Cesleviciene, Vaidotas Cesna, Jolanta Gribauskaite, Povilas Ignatavicius, Mantas Jokubauskas, Monika Liugailaitè, Ernest Margelis, Ruta Mazelyte, Lina Pankratjevaitè, Matas Pažusis, Agne Rackeviciute, Justina Saladyte, Monika Škimelytè, Vygintas Šlenfuktas, Monika Sudeikyte, Algimantas Tamelis, Tomas Vanagas, Žygimantas Žumbakys, Aivaras Atkociunas, Audrius Dulskas, Justas Kuliavas, Justas Birutis, Sigitas Paškevičius, Mindaugas Šatkauskas, Donatas Danys, Matas Jakubauskas, Lina Jakubauskiene, Marius Kryzauskas, Vytautas Lipnickas, Gabija Makūnaitè, Fanjandrainy Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Herizo Rasolofonarivo, Luc Hervé Samison, Bitiel Banda, Vanessa Msosa, Ahmad Imran Ahmad Izzuddin, Andre Das, Ying Yee Gan, Tan Shong Sheng, Jia yng Siaw, Mohd Fadliyazid Ab Rahim, Dyg Zahratul Hamrak Abang Jamari, Nurfariza Che Husin, Muhd Yusairi Kamarulzaman, Yi Ping Lim, Nil Amri Mohamed Kamil, Mohd Razeen Mohd Hassan, Saidah Mohd Sahid, Johari Mustafa, Elaine Hui Been Ng, Wan Khamizar Wan Khazim, Ng Chang Ern, P.g. Lingeshan, Syariz Ezuan Sulaiman, Sue Ean Ang, Muhammad Navid Bin Mohamad Sithik, Yih Jeng Cheong, Mahadevan Deva Tata, Law Jia Xian, Aravinthan Kadravello, I-Ern Koh, Li-Yen Ng, Yuki Julius Ng We Yong, Kandasami Palayan, Chi Xuan Sam, Phuah Siow Jin, Jeremy Tan Ern Hwei, Yita Tang, Alvin Zubin Ter, Michael Pak-Kai Wong, Andee Dzulkarnaen Zakaria, Zaidi Zakaria, Fitjerald Henry, Thyivya Kalaiselvan, Muhammad Fairuz Shah Abd Karim, Mohamed Rezal Abdul Aziz, Nora Abdul Aziz, Tak Loon Khong, Peng Choong Lau, Hiong Chin Lim, April Camilla Roslani, Jonathan Chen Ken Seak, Sui-Weng Wong, Lai Fen Wong, Leow Yeen Chin, Mercy Chinemerem Anyanwu, Zachary Busuttil, Thomas Calleja, Kurt Lee Chircop, Ruth Cutajar, Andrew Michael Dimech, Joseph Galea, Kiara Gascon Perai, Ruth Gatt, Lisa Kelman, Elizabeth Micallef, Favour Nwolu, Kim Sammut, Joanna Thompson, Sean Warwicker, Matthew Zammit, Fernando Cordera, Efraín Cruz González, Jorge Sánchez-García, Francisco José Barbosa Camacho, Francisco Javier Barrera López, Carlos Jose Zuloaga Fernandez del Valle, Eric Acosta, Iván Romarico González Espinoza, Perla Moreno, Ana Olivia Cortes-Flores, Clotilde Fuentes Orozco, Alejandro Gonzalez Ojeda, Samantha Corro Díaz González, Laura Martinez, Bonifacio Mosqueda Amador, Armando Novoa, Dennet Arturo Olazo Espejo, Alejandro Jimenez, Federico Lopez Rosales, Elva Gabriela Vanoye, Luis Alberto Garcia Gonzalez, Roberto Carlos Miranda-Ackerman, Manuel Solano-Genesta, Alethia Alvarez-Cano, Hector Hugo Romero-Garza, Heriberto Medina-Franco, Lorelí Mejía-Fernández, Noel Salgado-Nesme, Omar Vergara-Fernandez, Guadalupe Montserrat Gutiérrez-Mota, Francisco Xavier Hernandez Vera, Anabella Llantada Lopez, Gilberto Morgan Villela, Felipe de Jesus Ramirez Padilla, Walezka Tapia Marin, Mónica Martínez Maldonado, Ramses Sánchez Suárez, José Manuel Troche, Chaymae Benyaiche, Oumaima Outani, Souadka Amine, Amine Benkabbou, Anass Mohammed Majbar, Raouf Mohsine, Ali Rafik, Thida Oung, Moe Moe Tin, Philipp Plarre, Anna Alberga, Nina Sluiter, Jurriaan Tuynman, Robin Blok, Didem Cömert, Roel Hompes, Marianne Kalff, Merel Elisabeth Stellingwerf, Pieter Tanis, Mark van Berge Henegouwen, Elise Maria van Praag, Daan Wisselink, Michael Gerhards, Josephine Lopes Cardozo, Emma Westerduin, Joske de Jonge, Aaw van Geloven, Kaz van Schilt, Frank den Boer, Simone Stoots, Stijn Vlek, Jamie Adams, Ibrahim S. Al-Busaidi, Gabrielle Budd, Seung il Choi, Michael Jen Jie Chu, Anurag Ganugapati, Lucy McKinstry, Rebecca Pascoe, Simon Richards, Kenrick Rosser, Annie Stevenson, Rebecca White, Shebani Farik, Jin Kwun, Ahmed Murad, Sarah Cowan, Timothy Hall, Michael Hayton, Laminou Malam Sani, Souleymane Oumarou Garba, Ibrahim Amadou Magagi, Oumarou Habou, Halima Aliyu, Muhammad Daniyan, Tunde T. Sholadoye, Lawal Abdullahi, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Aminu Mohammad Mohammad, Abubakar Bala Muhammad, Abdurrahman Abba Sheshe, Ibrahim Suleiman, Alaba Adesina, Ajibola Awolowo, Clement Onuoha, Omotayo Salami, Ogechukwu Taiwo, Agboola Taiwo, Stephen Kache, Jerry Godfrey Makama, Danjuma Sale, Olajide Abiola, Akinlabi Ajao, Anthony Ajiboye, Amarachukwu Etonyeaku, Julius Olaogun, Ademola Adebanjo, Opeoluwa Adesanya, Michael Olatunji Afolayan, Olanrewaju Balogun, Ayomide Makanjuola, Samuel Nwokocha, Rufus Wale Ojewola, Thomas Olagboyega Olajide, Adewale Aderounmu, Abdul-Rashid Adesunkanmi, Augustine Agbakwuru, Adeleke Akeem Aderogba, Olusegun Isaac Alatise, Olukayode Arowolo, Oladejo Lawal, Tajudeen Mohammed, Chinedu Ndegbu, Olalekan Olasehinde, Funmilola Wuraola, Akinbolaji Akinkuolie, Arinzechukwu Mosanya, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Peter Elemile, Taiwo Akeem Lawal, Samuel Ali SANI, Stephen Garba, Rebecca Hauwa SANI, Samson Olori, Henry Onyebuashi, Ifeanyi Umoke, Adedire Adenuga, Ademola Adeyeye, Olufemi Habeeb, Bashir Lawal, Abdulrasheed Nasir, Eirik Kjus Aahlin, Didrik Kjønås, Elisabeth Myrseth, Jibran Abbasy, Abdul Alvi, Omair Saleem, Asma Afzal, Anam Nazir, Muhammad Farooq, Ayesha Liaqat, Syed Asghar Naqi, Ali Raza, Muzna Sarfraz, Muhammad Sarwar, Muntaha Banglani, Ambreen Munir, Rahmat Sehrish, Bushra Ayub, Raza Sayyed, Amna Altaf, Saima Ayub, Komal Saeed, Bilal Syed, Sana Amir Akbar, Abdul Wahid Anwer, Ruqayya Naheed Khan, Amina Iqbal Khan, Shahid Khattak, Sameen Mohtasham, Muhammad Asad Parvaiz, Aamir Ali Syed, Abdul Basit Ansari, Noman Shahzad, Tanwir Khaliq, Isbah Rashid, Shahzad Hussain Waqar, Hasan Abu Al-saleem, Amjad Abu Alqumboz, Mohammad Alqadi, Adham Amro, Rawan Assa, Eman Awesat, Rawan Ayyad, Mohammed Hammad, Ayat Haymony, Bassel Hijazi, Bara Hmeidat, Rowaa Lahaseh, Aseel Qawasmi, Alaa Rajabi, Mohammed Shehada, Sundus Shkokani, Yasmine Yaghi, Nadine Yaghi, Mohammad AlZohour, Mohammad Farid, Yousef Mahmoud Habes, Wesam Juba, Yanal Nubani, Abdelrahman Rabee, Mohammad Sa'deh, Saeed Abed, Iyad Al basos, Mohammad Alswerki, Dina Ashour, Israa Awad, Samar Diab, Alaa El Jamassi, Sahar El-Kahlout, Somaya Elhout, Ahmed N K Hajjaj, Doaa Hasanain, Baraa Nabil hajjaj, Mohammed Obaid, Eman Saikaly, Ahmed Salhi, Hiba Al-Tammam, Murad Almasri, Muath Baniowda, Doha Beshtawi, Ali Horoub, Rami Misk, Bayan Mohammad, Rami Qasrawi, Tasnim Sholi, Samar Abu-Nimeh, Abrar Abu-srour, Sadi A. Abukhalaf, Samer Adawi, Barah Alsalameh, Kholoud Ayesh, Muawiyah Elqadi, Ahmad Hammouri, Fatima Karim Mustafa, Natalie Marzouqa, Shatha Melhem, Dima Miqdad, Balqees Mohamad, Mhammed Rawhi, Ayman B. Abu Ahammala, Ahmed Abu Ataya, Israa Abu Jayyab, Samar Al-Shwaikh, Othman Alagha, Mohammed Alasttal, Haneen Awadallah, Mahmood Elblbessy, Jehad Fares, Akram Jarbou, Ibtisam Mahfouz, Moath A. Albahnasawi, Asmaa' Abo mahadi, Hasan Abuelhatal, Ayham Abuelqomboz, Abdelrahman Almoqayyad, Abdallah Alwali, Reem Balaawi, Mahmoud Hamouda, Mohammed Humeid, Abdullah Jedyan, Tasneem Mahmoud Abu hamam, Ghadeer Matar, Ali Salem, Tahani Samra, Nureddin Shaheen, Karam Shihada, Ayoob A.Nemer, Mahmoud Abu Al Amrain, Abdulwhhab Abu Alamrain, Najlaa Abu Jamie, Mohammed R. Abu-Rous, Nada Alfarra, Mohammed AlTaweel, Noor Alwhaidi, Ramadan Hamed, Bader Saqqa, Ahmad Shaheen, Dana Aljaber, Loay Aljaberi, Malak Alwaheidi, Assef Jawaada, Hani Khaldi, Rami Qahoush, Jalil Qari, Rana Saadeh, Ahlam Salim, Aseel Yacoub, Abbas Abbas, Rana Abu shua'ib, Baraa Abu Zainah, Mahmoud AbuSirrees, Basheer Babaa, Ola Barhoush, Asef Belal qadomi, Laith Daraghmeh, Reema Haji, Alaa Khatatbeh, Lana Khatib, Salsabeel Qarariah, Yara Quzmar, Khalil Safadi, Roqaya Salameh, Mohammad Hassan, Shifaa Herzallah, Loai Massad, Ahmed Nazzal, Ranin Nazzal, Dennis Escobar, Gustavo Miguel Machain V, Agustin Rodriguez Gonzalez, Jorge Emerson Chachaima Mar, Nathaly Olga Chinchihualpa Paredes, Vicente Cuba, Walter Lopez, Maria Milagros Niquen Jimenez, Nestor Alberto Sanchez Bartra, Olenka Sapallanay Ojeda, Diego Sequeiros, Andrea Toscano Pacheco, María Vergara, Sol Abarca, Rodrigo Alcorta, Giuliano Borda-Luque, Ivan Edward Eusebio Zegarra, Claudia Luján López, Mirella Marrufo, Cinthya Mogrovejo, Andrea Nomura, Yamile Rodríguez Angeles, Maitza Rosario Vidal Meza, Gabriela Zavala, José Neiser Castillo Arrascue, Jomara Caroline Hidrogo Cabrera, José Julio Mariano Larrea vera, Miguel Osorio, Edgar Alcides Ylatoma Díaz, Mark Anthony Fontanilla, Joseph Roy Fuentes, Anna Leah Salazar, Genieve Dominguez, Marc Paul Lopez, Shiela Macalindong, Mark Augustine Onglao, Arjel Ramirez, Marie Dione Sacdalan, Mayou Martin Tampo, Gemma Leonora Uy, Jeremiah Mangahas, Kenneth Yabut, Joannes Paul Cañete, Bernalynn Eris Cansana, Ernes John Castro, Maria Kaiserin Lipana, Manuel Francisco Roxas, Vlu Jean Zara, Maciej Chroł, Paula Franczak, Michał Orłowski, Piotr Budzyński, Andrzej Budzyński, Pawel Bury, Agata Czerwińska, Jadwiga Dworak, Jacek Dziedzic, Michał Kisielewski, Jan Kulawik, Anna Lasek, Piotr Małczak, Marcin Migaczewski, Michał Pędziwiatr, Magdalena Pisarska, Dorota Radkowiak, Mateusz Rubinkiewicz, Anna Rzepa, Tomasz Skoczylas, Maciej Stanek, Katarzyna Truszkiewicz, Mateusz Wierdak, Marek Winiarski, Piotr Zarzycki, Anna Zub-Pokrowiecka, Piotr Kowalewski, Rafał Roszkowski, Maciej Walędziak, Miguel Tomé, Sara Patrocinio, Ines Guerreiro, Filipe Almeida, Xavier de Sousa, Nuno Monteiro, Maria Teresa Costa Santos, Daniela de Oliveira, Marta Lopes Serra, Daniela Morgado, Christian Neves, Ana Carolina Oliveira, Alice Pimentel, Sofia Silva, Márcia Carvalho, Lúcia Carvalho, Joana Magalhães, Leonor Matos, Tânia Monteiro, Carlota Ramos, Vanessa Santos, José Barbosa, Jose Costa-Maia, Vítor Devezas, Ana Fareleira, Cristina Fernandes, Diana Gonçalves, Henrique Mora, Marina Morais, Fabiana Silva de Sousa, Sara Catarino Santos, Ana Logrado, André Tojal, Edgar Amorim, Miguel F. Cunha, Ana Fazenda, João Pedro Melo Neves, Inês Isabel Sampaio da Nóvoa Gomes Miguel, Diogo Veiga, José Azevedo, Hugo Cardoso Louro, Mariana Leite, Maria Bairos Menezes, Bárbara Gama, Diana Brito, Marta Cristina Cruz Martins, André Graça e Magalhães, Ana Catarina Longras, Rita Lourenço, Diana Matos, Luis Castro, Filipa Policarpo, Joana Romano, Cristina Monteiro, Diogo Pinto, Marina Duarte, Sónia Fortuna Martins, Mariline Oliveira, Diogo Galvão, Lisandra Martins, Anaisa Silva, Viorel Taranu, Bárbara Vieira, Jessica Neves, Simone Oliveira, Hugo Ribeiro, Margarida Cinza, Rosa Felix, Arnaldo Machado, Joana Oliveira, Joana Patrício, Rita Pedroso de Lima, Mário Pereira, Miguel Rocha Melo, Cristina Velez, Alberto Abreu da Silva, Mariana Claro, Daniel Costa Santos, Andreia Ferreira, Hugo Capote, Daniela Rosado, Filipa Taré, Oriana Nogueira, Miguel Ângelo, José Miguel Baiao, Andreia Guimarães, João Marques, Miguel Nico Albano, Marta Silva, Ana Valente da Costa, Teresa Vieira Caroço, Sara Almeida Braga, Ines Capunge, Marta Fragoso, João Guimarães, Bruno Pinto, João Ribeiro, Miguel Angel, Guilherme Fialho, Monica Guerrero, Filipa Campos Costa, Diogo Cardoso, Vasco Cardoso, Magda Alves, Inês Estalagem, Tiago Louro, Cláudia Marques, Rita Martelo, Miguel Morgado, Rita Canotilho, Ana Margarida Correia, Pedro Martins, Mariana Peyroteo, João Gomes, Rita Monteiro, Manuela Romano, Daniela Macedo Alves, Rita Peixoto, Catarina Quintela, Maria João Jervis, Débora Melo, André Pacheco, Valter Paixão, Vera Pedro, Joana Pimenta, João Pimenta de Castro, Ana Rocha, Mircea Beuran, Cezar Ciubotaru, Bogdan Diaconescu, Sorin Hostiuc, Ionut Negoi, Bogdan Stoica, Evgeny Anokhin, Georgy Kuznetsov, Giorgi Oganezov, Fedor Paramzin, Ekaterina Romanova, Valeryan Rutkovskii, Vasilii Rutkovskii, Mikhail Shushval, Mikhail Zabiyaka, Khasan Dzhumabaev, Valerii Ivanov, Zaman Mamedli, Sergey Achkasov, Artem Balkarov, Elnur Nabiev, Marat Nagudov, Evgeny Rybakov, Karina Saifutdinova, Oleg Sushkov, Lule Joseph, Isaac Ndayishimiye, Ntirenganya Faustin, Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi, Jean Paul Mvukiyehe, Vizir J.P Nsengimana, Carine Uwakunda, Mohammad Monir Abbas, Nouf Akeel, Murad Aljiffry, Kholoud Awaji, Ali Farsi, Ghader Jamjoum, Ahmad Khoja, Ashraf Maghrabi, Nadim Malibary, Mohammed Nassif, Abdulaziz Saleem, Abdullah Sultan, Wail Tashkandi, Hanaa Tashkandi, Nora Trabulsi, Mouhamadou Bachir Ba, Adja Coumba Diallo, Abdourahmane Ndong, Vladica Cuk, Uroš Janković, Sharon Zhiling Koh, Frederick Koh, Kuok Chung Lee, Kai Yin Lee, Sean Lee, Wei Qi Leong, Su Ann Lui, Prajwala Prakash, Jan Grosek, Gregor Norcic, Ales Tomazic, Nicolas Fitchat, Robert Jaich, Devorah Wineberg, Modise Zacharia Koto, Daniella Baiocchi, Damian Clarke, Christina Johanna Steenkamp, Sharon Bannister, Adam Boutall, Galya Chinnery, Anna Coccia, Angela Dell, Parveen Karjiker, Christo Kloppers, Nicholas Loxton, Tumi Mabogoane, Francois Malherbe, Eugenio Panieri, Shreya Rayamajhi, Tirsa van Wyngaard, Claire Warden, T E Madiba, Nivashen Pillay, Savannah Brooks, Charlise Kruger, Lisa Hannah Van Der Merwe, Ferhana Gool, Maahir Kariem, Heather Bougard, Nazmie Kariem, Fazlin Noor, Reantha Pillay, Leandi Steynfaardt, Lucía González González, José Miguel Marín Santos, Paula Martín-Borregón, Javier Martínez Caballero, Cristina Nevado García, Pastora Rodriguez Fraga, Gonzalo De Castro Parga, Maria Pilar Fernández Veiga, Lucía Garrido López, Hugo Infante Pino, Irene Lages Cal, Marta López Otero, Manuel Nogueira Sixto, Marta Paniagua García Señorans, Laura Rodríguez Fernández, Alejandro Ruano Poblador, Erika Rufo Crespo, Raquel Sanchez-Santos, Vincenzo Vigorita, Ester Alonso Batanero, Dorisme Asnel, Isabel Cifrian Canales, Elisa Contreras Saiz, Irene De Santiago Alvarez, Tamara Díaz Vico, Sebastian Fernandez Arias, Daniel Fernández Martínez, Carmen García Bernardo, Luis Joaquín García Flórez, Carmen Garcia Gutierrez, Manuel García Munar, Carlos Alberto Márquez Zorrilla Molina, Marta Merayo, José Luis Michi Campos, Maria Moreno Gijon, Jorge L. Otero-Diez, Jose Luis Rodicio Miravalles, Lorena Solar-Garcia, Aida Suárez Sánchez, Nuria Truan, Cristina Alejandre Villalobos, Yurena Caballero Díaz, Marta Jimenez, Dacil Montesdeoca, Antonio Navarro-Sánchez, Victor Vega, Juan Beltrán de Heredia, Zahira Gómez, Carlos Jezieniecki, Ana Patricia Legido Morán, Mario Montes-Manrique, Mario Rodriguez-Lopez, María Ruiz Soriano, Jeancarlos Trujillo Díaz, Andrea Vazquez Fernandez, Nuria Argudo, Miguel Pera, Laia Torrent Jansà, Melody García Domínguez, Ignacio Goded, Marta Roldón Golet, Issa Talal El-Abur, Alejandra Utrilla Fornals, Vanesa Zambrana Campos, Maria Del Mar Aguilar Martinez, Marina Bosch, Luis García-Catalá, Luis Sánchez-Guillén, Eva Artigau, Nuria Gomez Romeu, David Julià Bergkvist, Beatriz Espina Perez, Olga Morató, Carles Olona, Beatriz Diéguez, Alexander Forero-Torres, Manuel Losada, Segundo Gomez-Abril, Paula Gonzálvez, Rosario Martinez, Sergio Navarro Martínez, Carmen Payá-Llorente, Álvaro Pérez Rubio, Sandra Santarrufina Martinez, Juan Carlos Sebastián Tomás, Ramon Trullenque Juan, Alberto Gegúndez Simón, Paloma Maté, Maria Isabel Prieto-Nieto, Ines Rubio-Perez, Aitor Urbieta, Marina Vicario Bravo, David Abelló, Matteo Frasson, Alvaro Garcia-Granero, Alfredo Abad Gurumeta, Ane Abad-Motos, Elena Lucena-de Pablo, Beatriz Nozal, Javier Ripollés-Melchor, Rut Salvachúa, Esther Ferrero, Luis Garcia-Sancho Tellez, Antonio L. Picardo, Jose Alberto Rojo López, Laura Patricia Zorrilla Matilla, Carmen Cagigas Fernandez, Sonia Castanedo Bezanilla, José Estevez Tesouro, Maria Jose Fernandez-Diaz, Juan García Cardo, Marcos Gomez Ruiz, Erik Gonzalez-Tolaretxipi, Jaime Jimeno Fraile, Cristobal Poch, Montserrat Rodriguez-Aguirre, Noemí Troche Pesqueira, Maria Soledad Trugeda-Carrera, Javier de la Torre, Ruth Blanco-Colino, Eloy Espin-Basany, Martin Espinosa-Bravo, Clara Morales Comas, Eduardo Reyes Afonso, Joaquín Rivero Déniz, Christian Siso Raber, Mireia Verdaguer Tremolosa, Pramodh Chandrasinghe, Sumudu Kumarage, Nimeshi Wijekoon Arachchilage, Ahmed Abdalla Ahmed Elkamel, Mohammed A. Adam, Nina Blomme, Anders Thorell, Fredrik Wogensen, Andreas Älgå, Dhirar Ansarei, Fuat Celebioglu, Göran Heinius, Linda Nigard, Emil Pieniowski, Sandra Ahlqvist, Ida Björklund, Andreas Frånberg, Martina Håkansson, Karin Adamo, Oskar Franklin, Malin Sund, Rebecca Wiberg, Yvette Andersson, Abbas Chabok, Maziar Nikberg, Alexander Kugelberg, Claudia Canonica, Dimitrios Christoforidis, Fabrizio Fasolini, Paolo Gaffuri, Mauro Giuliani, Francesco Meani, Sotirios Georgios Popeskou, Silvia Pozza, Wiebke Wandschneider, Lorenz Peterer, Lukas Werner Widmer, Bernd Zimmermann, Panagiotis Bakoleas, Iris Chanousi, Lydia Charalampidou, Lukasz Filip Grochola, Franziska Heid, Sotirios Ntaoulas, Michail Outos, Georgios Peros, Hanna Podolska-Skoczek, Katharina Beate Reinisch, Christian Zielasek, Nicolas Demartines, Jérôme Gilgien, Amaniel Kefleyesus, Pénélope St-Amour, Arnaud Toussaint, Maryam Alhimyar, Bayan Alsaid, Amr Alyafi, Ahmad Alkhaledi, Basel Kouz, Ahmad Omarain, Yusra Al-Sabbagh, Haya Alkhatib, Samer Sara, Ahmad Alhaj, Aghyad Danial, Lama Kadoura, Sarah Maa Albared, Yamen Monawar, Louei Nahas, Barook Abd, Ahmad Saad, Habib Wakkaf, Hatem Bouzaiene, Montassar Ghalleb, Elif Akaydin, Ata Cem Akbaba, Onur Atakul, Ege Baltaci, Sevval Besli, Gökçen Burgu, Ulukan Cenal, Cansu de Muijnck, Hasan Can Demirkaya, Alper Dogruoz, Zeynep Ipek Gezer, Yasemin Gündoğdu, Merve Kara, Hasan Kürşad Korkmaz, Gökalp Kağan Kurtoğlu, Volkan Ozben, Berk Baris Ozmen, Ahmet Murat Pektaş, Eda Kübra Sel, Nilüfer Yenidünya, Fuat Baris Bengur, Berke Mustafa Oral, Tahir Koray Yozgatli, Seymur Abdullayev, Mehmet Emin Gunes, Nuri Alper Sahbaz, Tuba Banaz, Kübra Kargici, Omer Faruk Kuyumcu, Erkan Yanikoğlu, Merve Yeşilsancak, Duygu Yilmaz, Melik Kagan Aktas, Ahmet Rencuzogullari, Arda Isik, Sezai Leventoğlu, Ali Yalçinkaya, Osman Yüksel, Mustafa U Kalayci, Yasin Kara, Inanc Samil Sarici, Alp Akin, Gökçe nur Alemdağ, Ekin Arslan, Bahadir Emre Baki, Muhammed Selim Bodur, Adnan Calik, Bahar Candas Altinbas, Irem Cihanyurdu, Oğuz Erkul, Burak Gül, Ali Guner, Beyza Köse, Anil Semiz, Şule Sevim, Serkan Tayar, Kadir Tomas, Ozan yavuz Tüfek, Serdar Türkyilmaz, Mehmet Uluşahin, Arif Usta, Reyyan Yildirim, Sertaç Ata Güler, Ozan Can Tatar, Ecenur Varol, Busenur Kirimtay, Muhammed Uysal, Alp Yildiz, Emin Kose, Ahmet Burak Ciftci, Elif Çolak, Huseyin Eraslan, Gultekin Ozan Kucuk, Kürşat Yemez, Herman Lule, Mumbere Bienfait, Emmanuel Bua, Noella Okalany, Maksym Basarab, Oleksii Bielosludtsev, Kateryna Kolhanova, Kateryna Perepelytsia, Kateryna Romanukha, Dmytro Savenkov, Stanislav Siryi, Maksym Tereshchenko, Nezamai Viacheslav, Anton Volovetskyi, Andrey Kebkalo, Yegor Tryliskyy, Volodimir Tyselskiy, Eilidh Bruce, Bing Lun Chow, Emma Iddles, Sarah McGuckin, Nicola Newall, George Ramsay, Parivrudh Sharma, Caitlin Stewart, Jeremy Wong, Abdul Badran, Michael Bath, Fanny Belais, Eman Butt, Kaustuv Joshi, Milan Kapur, Mike Shaw, Adam Townson, Christopher Yee Khang Williams, Timothy Gray, Robert Greig, Mansoor Husain, Elspeth Murray, Ahmed Mustafa, Ashar Asif, Arya Gokul, Max Shah, Mabel Temisanren Akitikori, Alexandros Charalabopoulos, Sophie Davidson, Sinead McNally, Shamil Rupani, Fatema Juma, Sarah Catherine Mills, Laura Muirhead, Kate Sellars, Una Walsh, Oliver Warren, Alice Chambers, Richard Hunt, Stephen Boyce, Hannah Cornwall, Isabel Tol, Eleftherios Orestis Argyriou, Nicola Eardley, Meical Povey, Joanna M S Aithie, Ahmer Irfan, Mari-Claire McGuigan, Robert Starr, Craig Russell Warren, Jess Archibald, Georgia Kirby, Ivan Kisyov, Chun Kheng Khoo, Rachel Lee, Dana Photiou, Rowan Davis, Uday Prasad, P Zichu Yang, Jonathan Bird, Edmund Leung, Virginia Summerour, Chelise Currow, Jianshen Kiam, Gerald Jack Soon Tan, Anitha Muthusami, Ibifunke Pegba-Otemolu, Tomas Urbonas, Joseph Nunoo-Mensah, Edgaras Smolskas, Alex Boddy, Gianpiero Gravante, David Hunter, David Andrew, Amanda Koh, Amari Thompson, Lawrence Adams, Hollie A Clements, Kasun De Silva, Ogbonnia Ekpete, Seraj Haque, Scott Henderson, Bilal Ibrahim, Thummini Jayasinghe, Jennifer Livie, Keir Mailley, Gopikrishnan Nair, Daniel Tan, Caitlin Baggaley, Aleksander Dawidziuk, Bartosz Szyszka, Charlotte Barter, Nirav Gandhi, Karen Hassell, Samantha Hitchin, Jennett Kelsall, Eva Nagy, Ashrafun Nessa, Lisa Whisker, Fady Yanni, Mahmoud Ali, Deeksha Arora, Sunanda Hediwattege, Navam Kumarasinghe, Munir Rathore, Athula Tennakoon, Syed Mustafa Ali Ahmad, Oreoluwa Bajomo, Fahema Nadira, Valerio Celentano, Ewen Griffiths, Rama Santhosh Karri, Jason Kei Chak Mak, Michelle Pipe, Muhammad Iqbal Bhatti, Mohamed Rabie, Connor Boyle, David Hamilton, Aishath Mihuna, James Chean Khun Ng, Gary Nicholson, Agata Oliwa, Robert Pearson, Anna Rose, Shun Qi Yong, Catherine Boereboom, Michael Hanna, Catherine Walter, Thomas Samuel Greensmith, Rachel Mitchell, Eimear Monaghan, James Crawford, Susan Moug, James Blackwell, Hannah Boyd-Carson, Philip Herrod, Omar Al-Allaf, Miriam Beattie, Cameron Bullock, Shivang Burman, Gemma Clark, Nicolas Flamey, Oliver Flannery, Alexander Harding, Ben Kodiatt, Samuel Lawday, Shivani Mahapatra, Navin Mukundu Nagesh, Michael Ng, Dupinderjit Rye, Andrel Yoong, Laura Clark, Chris Deans, Monisha Edirisooriya, Emma Victoria Carrington, Tsz Lun Ernest Wong, Baasil Yusuf, Carla Chamberlain, Kathryn Duke, Elizabeth Kmiotek, Azel Botes, Natalie Condie, Timothy Schrire, Reena Shah, Iolo Thomas-Jones, Charlotte Yates, Natasha Anthony, Edward Matthews, Kapil Sahnan, James Tankel, Sally Tucker, Jasmine Winter Beatty, Paul Ziprin, William Duggan, Anastasia Kantartzi, Shruthi Sridhar, Rachel Alys Khaw, Prakhar Srivastava, Charlotte Underwood, Homero Alves do Canto Brum, Sharat Chopra, Laura Davis, Rebecca Hughes, Joshua Tulley, Justin Alberts, Thomas Athisayaraj, Mojolaoluwa Olugbemi, Kasim Ahmad, Claudia Chan, Gavin Chapman, Hannah Fleming, Benjamin Fox, Julia Grewar, Kate Hulse, Duncan Rutherford, Mackay Sinead, Scott Smith, Doug Speake, Peter G Vaughan-Shaw, Natasha Christodoulides, Simrit Kudhail, Matthew Welch, Syed Muhibullah Husaini, Simon Lambracos, Chikamuche Anyanwu, Rishi Suresh, Jimmy Scott Thomas, Elizabeth Gleeson, Rebecca Platoff, Areeba Saif, Zachary Enumah, Eric Etchill, Alodia Gabre-Kidan, Mitchell Bernstein, Francesco Maria Carrano, Joseph Connors, Patricio Lynn, Marcovalerio Melis, Elliot Newman, Deshka S Foster, Kenneth Perrone, Ashley Titan, Sarwat Ahmad, Andrea Chao M.D. Bafford, Marco Dal Molin, Nader Hanna, Syed Nabeel Zafar, Mark Hemmila, Lena Napolitano, Jane J Wong, Julia Chandler, Lauren Wood, Sherry Wren, Taylor Ottesen, Lucia You, Kristin Yu, María del pilar Arciénega Yañez, Martin Ferreira Fernandes, Daniel González, Santiago Cubas, María Catalina González, Vanessa Zubiaurre, Rodrigo Demolin, Nicolas Giroff, Pablo Sciuto, Maite Campos, Gabriela Rodríguez Cantera, Garg Deepika, Elliot Simuchimba, Anadi Bulaya, Chali Chibuye, Bright Chirengendure, Mary-Rose Kabale, Kizito Kabongo, James Munthali, Oliver Mweso, Francis Pikiti, James Otieno, Log Tung Lai, Brighid Blackman, Sophie Richards, Suren Subramaniam, Rafid Karim, Nathan Kok, Yanni Dion Lee, Shabina Ali, Aanjaneya Sinha, Robert Corrigan, Nicole Barnes, Florence Wong, Grace Dennis, Julia Jedamzik, Emil Phillips, Wivine Piette, Marie Van hentenryck, Houenoukpo Koco, Souliath Lawani, Mamo Woldu Kassa, Tainá Santos Bezerra, Petar Gribnev, Dobromir Dimitrov, Panche Krastev, Sovannarith Oum, Divine Tim Bonghaseh, Maryam Al Farsi, Nourah Alsharqawi, Veronica Acevedo, Andrea Carolina Castillo Barbosa, Felipe Giron, Jimmy Paul Leon Rodriguez, Darko Kučan, Damir Rosko, Neven Barsic, Domagoj Župan, Amgad Hegazi, Vendula Trunčíková, Vladimir Fryba, Mostafa Mohamed, Ahmed Sultan, Ahmed Nagi, Abdallah Rashad Temerik, Mohamed Elemam Elshawy, Moustafa Ibrahim Mahmoud, Shrouk Omar, Mohamed Anwar, Tarek Rageh, Aya Elmokadem, Khaled Gaballa, Sandra Teppo, Antti Turunen, Pasi Pengermä, Quentin Ballouhey, Damien Bergeat, Ariane Weyl, Elisabeth Hain, Adam Gyedu, Edwin Yenli, Dorcas Osei-Poku, Vaia-Aliki Rompou, Athanasios Zoikas, Apostolos Gaitanidis, Georgios Koukis, Konstantinos Perivoliotis, Panagiotis Tavlas, Konstantinos Galanos-Demiris, George Zografos, Ioannis Karavokyros, Georgia Xanthopoulou, Eirini Iordanidou, Fernanda Ayau, Allan Garcia, Pekli Damján, Deepender Wason, Ashika B L, Ervandy Rangganata, Prerna Kamath, Donal B O'Connor, Margherita Pinto, Fabrizio Perrone, Francesca Paola Tropeano, Francesca Troilo, Daniela Bossi, Dario Scala, Lucrezia Pulitanò, Marcella Carella, Andrea Pietrabissa, Alice Gori, Giorgio Giraudo, Veronica De Simone, Alfio Alessandro Russo, Bartolomeo Braccio, Raed Al-Taher, Sarah Athamneh, Andrea Parker, Adnan Sawiee, Amina Kattia, Malik Salem, Osama Tababa, Zuhour Shaeeb, Vilius Syminas, Jonas Jurgaitis, Gytè Damulevičienè, Saulius Svagzdys, Narindra Njarasoa Mihaja Razafimanjato, Ling Chieng Loo, Ing Ching Tiong, Wan Farahiyah Wan Muhmad, Harinthiran Vijeyan, Teoh Li Ying, Gabriella Grech, Rodrigo Arrangoiz, Vania Brickelia Jimenez Ley, Daniel Arizpe, Elizabeth Lagunes Lara, Elizabeth Victoria Castro López, Jose Eaazim, Marije Gordinou de Gouberville, Vivian Bastiaenen, Simone Rottier, Fouad Nahab, Maria Yeonhee Ji, Mohammed Seyoji, Callistus Nwachukwu, Okechukwu Emeghara, Sayyid Egbunu Muhammed, Ayodeji Idowu, Olamiposi Sowemimo, Olakayode Ogundoyin, Oluwatosin Akande, Alexander Lott, Maliha Nadeem, Ahsan Ali Laghari, Asif Loya, Hassan Mushtaq, Muhammad Tariq Abdullah, Baseel Abuhilal, Mohammad Atawneh, Hamdan Hamdan, Belal Alhabil, Abedelrahman Srour, Ibrahim Mousa, Luis Da Silva Medina, Katarzyna Bartosiak, Pedro Ferreira, Vítor Francisco, Ricardo Lemos, Luísa Frutuoso, Sara Fernandes, Telma Fonseca, Jorge Pereira, Juan Rachadell, Ana Torre, Filipe Madeira Martins, Ana Cristina Carvalho, Joana Rodrigues Ferreira, Bruno Ribeiro da Silva, Helena Devesa, Ana Vieira, Inês Mónica, Margarida Amaro, Diogo Sousa, Marta Reia, João Louro, Ana Martins, Joaquina Dominguez, Inês Santos, Nuno Miguel Freitas Oliveira, José Carlos Pereira, Pedro Silva-Vaz, Ligia Freire, Ricardo Escrevente, Valentina Madalina Negoita, Dmitry Shakhmatov, Yves Nezerwa, Radosav Radulovic, Gareth Obery, Francois Viljoen, Tome Mendes, Antonio Suarez, Enrique Moncada, Maria Fernandez-Hevia, Carolina Curtis Martínez, Julia Maria Gil Garcia, Mariana González Zunzarren, Tarig Idris, Karolina Eklöv, Oskar Grahn, Leila Amin, Malin Blomqvist, Costanza Ajani, Rebecca Kraus, Nico Seeger, Melissa Willemin, Fadi Rayya, Mohammad Ayash, Raneem Msouti, Israa Kannas, Eias Abazid, Asil Esper, Skander Slim, Akil Serdar Kavcar, Erman Aytac, Ahmet Cem Dural, Ayse Ilker, Ismail Cem Eray, Eray Kurnaz, Saygin Altiner, Mustafa Deniz Tepe, Can Şahin, Evrim Savli, Aryon Innocent, Lilian Babirye, Andrii Diachenko, Vladislav Hordoskiy, Heather Curry, Charlene Yat Che Chau, Harry Robertson, Arin Mahmoud, Hannah Lennon, Lynette Loi, Emily Kirkham, Cameron McCann, Daniel Watts, Binay Gurung, Michael Wilson, Thomas Tribedi, Eleonora Garofalo, Baryab Zahra, Scott MacDonald, Ian Daniels, Nathan Ng, Shivun Khosla, James Olivier, Sum Yu Pansy Yue, Gayathri Suresh, Jack Wellington, Emmanuel Lorejo, Mafdi Mossaad, Madison Crutcher, Marjan Alimi, Ioana Baiu, Hossam Abdou, Alison Conway, Connor Peck, Mauro Andres Perdomo Perez, Stanley Zulu, Mildred Nakazwe, Sule Burger, Justine Davies, Rachel Donaldson, Chikwendu Ede, O James Garden, Chiapo Lesetedi, Charles Mabedi, Laura Magill, Felix Makinde Alakaloko, Alex Makupe, Mark Monahan, Soloman Mulira, Elmi Muller, Jospeh Musowoyo, Jean Léon Olory-Togbe, Tracey Roberts, Martin Smith, Viki Tayler, John Windsor, Raul Yepez, Sudha Sundar, Emmy Runigamugabo, Azmina Verjee, José Chen, Leonid Daya, Nouhaila El Aroussi, Valeria Farina, Tchianze Gnintedeme Olivier, Mauricio Gonzales Nacarino, Aamr Hammani, Sarah Honjo, Rebecca Jacobs, Hitomi Kimura, Mugisha Nkoronko, Jasson Javier Oscullo Yepez, Wei Pin Hung, Ankit Raj, Alina Romani Pozo, Muna Rommaneh, Samuel Chimbioputo Sassamela Fabiano, Camila Milagros Shiroma Gago, Abhishekh Srinivas, Chia-Yen Sung, Aswan Tai, Yener Cristyell Valle Aranda, Sara Venturini, and Jean Wilguens Lartigue

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p

Published
2022
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28. Juvenile xanthogranuloma of temporal bone – a case report

Author

Farrugia Ej, Stephen Ap, and Raza Sa

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Temporal Bone, General Medicine, Anatomy, medicine.disease, eye diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Otorhinolaryngology, Dermis, Child, Preschool, Temporal bone, medicine, Right temporal bone, Humans, Juvenile, Female, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile
Abstract

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is an unusual condition of childhood. It commonly presents as cutaneous lesions normally localized to the dermis and is benign. A case report of a two-year-old girl with juvenile xanthogranuloma involving the right temporal bone (petro-mastoid region) which was locally destructive, is presented.

Published
1997

30. Weak neutral current axial form factor using ν ¯ ν $$ \left(\overline{\nu}\right)\nu $$ -nucleon scattering and lattice QCD inputs

Author

Raza Sabbir Sufian, Keh-Fei Liu, and David G. Richards

Subjects
Lattice QCD, Neutrino Physics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract We present a determination of the neutral current weak axial charge G A Z 0 = − 0.654 3 stat 5 sys $$ {G}_A^Z(0)=-0.654{(3)}_{\mathrm{stat}}{(5)}_{\mathrm{sys}} $$ using the strange quark axial charge G A s 0 $$ {G}_A^s(0) $$ calculated with lattice QCD. We then perform a phenomenological analysis, where we combine the strange quark electromagnetic form factor from lattice QCD with (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering differential cross section from MiniBooNE experiments in a momentum transfer region 0.24 ≲ Q 2 ≲ 0.71 GeV2 to determine the neutral current weak axial form factor G A Z Q 2 $$ {G}_A^Z\left({Q}^2\right) $$ in the range of 0 ≲ Q 2 ≤ 1 GeV2. This yields a phenomenological value of G A Z 0 $$ {G}_A^Z(0) $$ = −0.687(89)stat(40)sys. The value of G A Z 0 $$ {G}_A^Z(0) $$ constrained by the lattice QCD calculation of G A s 0 $$ {G}_A^s(0) $$ , when compared to its phenomenological determination, provides a significant improvement in precision and accuracy and can be used to provide a constraint on the fit to G A Z Q 2 $$ {G}_A^Z\left({Q}^2\right) $$ for Q 2 > 0. This constrained fit leads to an unambiguous determination of (anti)neutrino-nucleon neutral current elastic scattering differential cross section near Q 2 = 0 and can play an important role in numerically isolating nuclear effects in this region. We show a consistent description of G A Z Q 2 $$ {G}_A^Z\left({Q}^2\right) $$ obtained from the (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering cross section data requires a nonzero contribution of the strange quark electromagnetic form factor. We demonstrate the robustness of our analysis by providing a post-diction of the BNL E734 experimental data.

Published
2020
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31. Autonomous Landing of an UAV Using H∞ Based Model Predictive Control

Author

Zohaib Latif, Amir Shahzad, Aamer Iqbal Bhatti, James Ferris Whidborne, and Raza Samar

Subjects
autonomous landing, H∞ synthesis, MPC, UAV, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics, TL1-4050
Abstract

Possibly the most critical phase of an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) flight is landing. To reduce the risk due to pilot error, autonomous landing systems can be used. Environmental disturbances such as wind shear can jeopardize safe landing, therefore a well-adjusted and robust control system is required to maintain the performance requirements during landing. The paper proposes a loop-shaping-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach for autonomous UAV landings. Instead of conventional MPC plant model augmentation, the input and output weights are designed in the frequency domain to meet the transient and steady-state performance requirements. Then, the H∞ loop shaping design procedure is used to synthesize the state-feedback controller for the shaped plant. This linear state-feedback control law is then used to solve an inverse optimization problem to design the cost function matrices for MPC. The designed MPC inherits the small-signal characteristics of the H∞ controller when constraints are inactive (i.e., perturbation around equilibrium points that keep the system within saturation limits). The H∞ loop shaping synthesis results in an observer plus state feedback structure. This state estimator initializes the MPC problem at each time step. The control law is successfully evaluated in a non-linear simulation environment under moderate and severe wind downburst. It rejects unmeasured disturbances, has good transient performance, provides an excellent stability margin, and enforces input constraints.

Published
2022
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34. Effects of entrepreneurial orientation on social media adoption and SME performance: The moderating role of innovation capabilities.

Author

Mingyue Fan, Sikandar Ali Qalati, Muhammad Aamir Shafique Khan, Syed Mir Muhammad Shah, Muhammad Ramzan, and Raza Saleem Khan

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The increase of social media (SM) has led to continuous deviations in how day-to-day entrepreneurial activities can be carried out. Additionally, studies devoted to SM entrepreneurship and SM are relatively limited and fragmented in their focus. However there is growing interest from scholars, practitioners and academia for upcoming studies and exploration within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) context. This research explores the impact of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on SM adoption and SME performance in developing countries. We employed the resource-based view (RBV) as the foundation for developing the conceptual framework The present study employed a closed-ended questionnaire to collect data from SMEs located in Pakistan. Partial-least-squares-structural equation-modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized for the analysis of 423 responses. The results proved a direct positive link between EO-SMEs performance, EO-SM adoption, SM adoption-SMEs performance, innovation capabilities (IC), and SME performance. Partial mediation was found between EO and SME performance, and the significant moderation effect of IC was found between SM adoption and SME performance. This paper has implications for practitioners and researchers regarding SM adoption in the SMEs. It builds an empirical, multi-dimensional hypothesized model, including mediating and moderating roles affecting the relationships.

Published
2021
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35. To determine the efficacy of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in differentiating Cushing disease from ectopic Cushing syndrome

Author

Muhammad Azeemuddin, Tanveer Ul Haq, Shahmeer Khan, Raza Sayani, Ayesha Shoukat Hussain, and Rumaisa Khan

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Management of endogenous Cushing syndrome is based on its aetiology. Increased Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) levels are the most common cause of this disorder and, therefore, it is critical to determine the source of ACTH before further management. Dynamic post contrast MRI is currently the most common investigation implied to diagnose pituitary adenoma; however, it comes with the drawback of low specificity and high false positive results. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is an established invasive procedure performed to differentiate central versus peripheral source of ACTH which, in turn, results in hypercortesolaemia. This is a series of 14 patients who underwent IPSS at the Department of Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2006 to December 2018. The case series emphasises the role of IPSS in the management of ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome and combined efficacy of Dynamic post-contrast MRI and the procedure under focus. Continuous....

Published
2020
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36. Constraints on charm-anticharm asymmetry in the nucleon from lattice QCD

Author

Raza Sabbir Sufian, Tianbo Liu, Andrei Alexandru, Stanley J. Brodsky, Guy F. de Téramond, Hans Günter Dosch, Terrence Draper, Keh-Fei Liu, and Yi-Bo Yang

Subjects
Intrinsic charm, Form factor, Parton distributions, Lattice QCD, Light-front holographic QCD, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We present the first lattice QCD calculation of the charm quark contribution to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors GE,Mc(Q2) in the momentum transfer range 0≤Q2≤1.4 GeV2. The quark mass dependence, finite lattice spacing and volume corrections are taken into account simultaneously based on the calculation on three gauge ensembles including one at the physical pion mass. The nonzero value of the charm magnetic moment μMc=−0.00127(38)stat(5)sys, as well as the Pauli form factor, reflects a nontrivial role of the charm sea in the nucleon spin structure. The nonzero GEc(Q2) indicates the existence of a nonvanishing asymmetric charm-anticharm sea in the nucleon. Performing a nonperturbative analysis based on holographic QCD and the generalized Veneziano model, we study the constraints on the [c(x)−c¯(x)] distribution from the lattice QCD results presented here. Our results provide complementary information and motivation for more detailed studies of physical observables that are sensitive to intrinsic charm and for future global analyses of parton distributions including asymmetric charm-anticharm distribution.

Published
2020
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37. White matter pathology is shared across multiple psychiatric brain disorders: Is abnormal diffusivity a transdiagnostic biomarker for psychopathology?

Author

Raza Sagarwala and Henry A. Nasrallah

Subjects
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), Diffusion, Neuropsychiatry, Biomarkers, White matter (WM), White matter (WM) pathology, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Background: Neuroimaging methods have become important techniques for exploring the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders before and after treatment. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), has emerged as a propitious tool for the detection of neurological pathology in a variety of psychiatric syndromes. DTI measures the dispersion of water molecules, giving insight into white matter (WM) integrity. We conducted a selective review of the literature to determine WM pathology across major psychiatric brain disorders, as measured by DTI. Methods: An online search was conducted to identify systematic reviews and metaanalysis published from January 2010 to September 2019 that assessed the WM integrity in several neuropsychiatric disorders. We examined the WM pathologies in different brain regions to detect patterns that may be common among those disorders. Results: Studies in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality, post-traumatic stress disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease all demonstrate decreased diffusivity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). A common location for WM pathology in all disorders was found within the commissural fibers of the corpus callosum (CC). Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of these disorders is highlighted, as patients present with different locations for WM pathology. Conclusions: Our selective review suggests that many neuropsychiatric disorders have underlying WM pathology on DTI, specifically a decrease in diffusivity. Measuring WM pathology using DTI is emerging as a useful tool for identifying individuals with various psychopathologies and may lead to early diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the mechanisms by which WM pathology may contributes to the generation of psychiatric signs and symptoms requires further investigation.

Published
2020
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38. Residents' perceptions of work environment during their postgraduate medical training in Pakistan.

Author

Avan BI, Raza SA, Khokhar S, Awan F, Sohail N, Rashid S, and Hamza H

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In Pakistan, there is a lack of information about the work environment of residency programs. This lack is a major impediment in their improvement. One of the approaches for improvement in these programs can be directed through the residents' own perception of their working conditions. Therefore, we collected data which would reflect working conditions of residents. AIM: To assess the perceived status of 'work environment' in different specialities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four teaching hospitals of Karachi from July 1999 to January 2000. Residents from selected programs were grouped into four broad groups: specialist, medical, surgical and multidisciplinary. Responses of residents were obtained on a Likert scale of 0 to 4. Indices were formed for two components of work environment: academic and mistreatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Differences between residents' groups were assessed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance. RESULTS: A total of 341 registered residents responded (response rate: 75%). Surgical residents were working more than 80 h/week and this was more than the other three groups. Medical residents were spending the highest actual time on research and teaching activities (10% and 14%, respectively). Academic index score was highest for surgical group (15.81, SD = 4.69) and lowest for multidisciplinary group (11.82, SD = 4.80). Medical group had the highest perceived mistreatment index score (5.56, SD = 4.57). CONCLUSIONS: In a study of work environment of residency programs, differential impact was found for the four groups on work environment perceptions. Most of the residents recognized undergraduate teaching, grand rounds, patient rounds and seminars or workshops as contributing to their academic learning. Reporting of sexual harassment was low, indicating either underreporting or cultural dynamics of our setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006

39. Residents' perceptions of communication skills in postgraduate medical training programs of Pakistan.

Author

Avan BI, Raza SA, and Afridi HR

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The importance of communication skills in postgraduate medical training is likely to be highlighted given the convergence of research and educational forces. Assessment of these skills in residency training is vital since it can provide basis for policy undertaking among Pakistani medical academia for improving postgraduate training programs. AIM: To assess the perceived status of communication skills of residents in different specialties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted in four teaching hospitals of Karachi between July 1999 and January 2001. A total of 455 residents in different residency programs were contacted. Residents registered both with College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan and Postgraduate Medical Education office of selected hospitals were included in this study. Responses of residents were obtained on 5-point Likert scale. Indices were formed for three components of communication skills: informative, affective and professional communication. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Differences between residents' groups were assessed through analysis of variance. RESULTS: Total informative communication index was lowest for multi-disciplinary (12.05, SD = 4.87) and highest for surgical (15.27, SD = 2.51) residents. Total affective index was lowest for multi-disciplinary (12.58, SD = 5.68) and highest for medical (15.74, SD = 3.59) residents. The group differences for four groups of residency programs were not statistically significant for either professional attributes separately or for the total professional index. CONCLUSIONS: The residency programs must establish goals, process and outcomes to incorporate communication skills in postgraduate medical training since this can enhance residents' performance as effective health care providers. Accomplishment of better communication skills can be achieved if the importance of its teaching and training is valued by residency program coordinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005

40. Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: multivariate analysis of preoperative risk factors.

Author

Tayeb M, Raza SA, Khan MR, and Azami R

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard in the treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis. Some patients require conversion to open surgery and several preoperative variables have been identified as risk factors that are helpful in predicting the probability of conversion. However, there is a need to devise a risk-scoring system based on the identified risk factors to (a) predict the risk of conversion preoperatively for selected patients, (b) prepare the patient psychologically, (c) arrange operating schedules accordingly, and (d) minimize the procedure-related cost and help overcome financial constraints, which is a significant problem in developing countries. AIM: This study was aimed to evaluate preoperative risk factors for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in our setting. SETTINGS AND DESIGNS: A case control study of patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery from January 1997 to December 2001 was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All those patients who were converted to open surgery (n = 73) were enrolled as cases. Two controls who had successful laparoscopic surgery (n = 146) were matched with each case for operating surgeon and closest date of surgery. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Descriptive statistics were computed and, univariate and multivariate analysis was done through multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The final multivariate model identified two risk factors for conversion: ultrasonographic signs of inflammation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3, 21.9) and age > 60 years (aOR = 8.1; 95% CI: 2.9, 22.2) after adjusting for physical signs, alkaline phosphatase and BMI levels. CONCLUSION: Preoperative risk factors evaluated by the present study confirm the likelihood of conversion. Recognition of these factors is important for understanding the characteristics of patients at a higher risk of conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005

41. A matched case-control study of risk factors for neonatal tetanus in Karachi, Pakistan.

Author

Raza SA, Akhtar S, Avan BI, Hamza H, and Rahbar MH

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have identified various risk factors for neonatal tetanus (NNT) in rural areas of Pakistan. The present matched case control study was conducted to further evaluate these risk factors in an urban setting. AIM: The study was carried out to identify risk factors for NNT in Karachi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients of NNT (n = 125) diagnosed from January 1998 to February 2001 were recruited through a surveillance system of Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Two neighbourhood controls (n = 250) were matched for each case for gender and date of birth of the case. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess the independent effect of factors associated with NNT. RESULTS: The final multivariable model identified subsequent application of substances on the umbilical cord (adjusted matched odds ratio [adj. mOR] = 5.1 [2.7-9.7]), home delivery (adj. mOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1- 3.1) and illiterate mother (adj. mOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0- 2.0) as risk factors for NNT after adjusting for other variables in the model. Population attributable risk per cent (PAR %) for subsequent cord application was 69% and PAR % for home delivery was 31%. CONCLUSION: Health planners, while formulating control strategies through immunization programmes should also take into account the impact of post-delivery practices, such as 'subsequent cord application' along with pre-delivery practices. Health awareness regarding appropriate post-delivery practices should be promoted and counselling of pregnant women for giving preference to health care setting for delivery is also crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004

42. Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia: Role of Angioembolization and factor VII in recurrent bleeding from ulcerated duodenum

Author

Ali Abbas, Raza Sayani, Syed Muhammad Mustahsan, and Anwar Saeed

Subjects
glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (gt), functional disorder of platelets, angioembolization, bleeding diathesis, Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, genetically inherited, functional disorder of platelets. The pathology is deficient or dysfunctional platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) complex resulting in bleeding diathesis. Case Report: Here in, we report the effectivity of angioembolization with factor VII in a patient with Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT), who presented with recurrent bleeding from duodenal ulcer. Conclusion: Angioembolization with added infusion of factor VII, can be considered an equally effective alternate to platelet transfusion in patients of GT, who present with recurrent bleeding.

Published
2016
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43. ARTERY FIRST TECHNIQUE FOR MANAGEMENT OF ABERRANT HEPATIC ARTERIAL ANATOMY DURING PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY-EXPERIENCE FROM A SPECIALIZED HEPATO-PANCREATO-BILIARY UNIT

Author

Muhammad Taqi Pirzada, Raza Sayyed, Aamir Ali Syed, and Fasial Hanif

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Purpose: Aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy poses a challenge for surgeon during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). These anomalies are best picked up on pre-operative imaging to avoid inadvertent injury to the aberrant vasculature resulting in liver ischaemia or biliary-enteric anastomotic failure. We present our experience of dealing with aberrant hepatic vessels during PD. Methods: Patients with aberrant hepatic vasculature who underwent PD between September 2014 and August 2015 were included in the study. We used artery rst technique for dissection in cases identified on pre operative imaging. Aberrations were classed according to Hiatt classi cation. Results: A total of 23 PD were performed with aberrant arterial anatomy in 10 (43%) cases. These vessels were recognised and preserved in nine cases. In one patient, the replaced right hepatic artery (RRHA) arising from superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was coursing through pancreatic parenchyma needing resection and reconstruction with uneventful post-operative recovery. We also identified one RRHA arising from SMA coursing lateral to common bile duct and entering liver parenchyma in gallbladder fossa. Conclusion: Aberrant hepatic arterial anomalies are common and should ideally be picked up by pre-operative imaging. It is possible to preserve these vessels in most cases with careful surgical dissection using artery first technique. Surgeons performing PD should be well versed with the aberrant vascular anatomy to minimise any inadvertent damage. Key words: Aberrant hepatic artery, artery first technique, pancreaticoduodenectomy

Published
2016
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44. SHORT TERM OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOPANCREATOBILIARY MALIGNANCIES TREATED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY HEPATOBILIARY UNIT IN A TERTIARY REFERRAL CENTER

Author

Muhammad Fahad Shah, Raza Sayyed, Abid Q Qazi, Shahid Khattak, Aamir A Syed, and Faisal Hanif

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Purpose: Specialisation in hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery has evolved over the past few decades based on better understanding of the biology and the behaviour of the diseases. In this review from a specialised HPB service, we aim to provide an overview of the HPB oncological cases managed in a tertiary care cancer hospital. Methods: All cases of HPB malignancies treated in our hospital between October 2014 and September 2015 were included in the study. Clinical findings, operative details and short-term post-operative outcomes were assessed from a prospectively managed database. Results: A total of 65 oncological procedures were performed over 1 year. These included 23 hepatic resections, 27 pancreaticoduodenectomies, 5 radical surgeries for gallbladder cancer, 2 distal pancreatectomy and 8 nephrectomies with exploration of the inferior vena cava. One patient successfully underwent Associated Liver Partition with Portal vein ligation and staged hepatectomy (ALPPS Procedure), which to our knowledge was the rst ALPPS procedure carried out in Pakistan. Conclusion: The short-term experience of patients managed in specialised HPB unit has shown good outcomes.There is a need for establishing HPB units in most tertiary care hospitals in the country. Key words: Associated liver partition with portal vein ligation and staged hepatectomy procedure, hepatic resections, hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, pancreaticoduodenectomy

Published
2016
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45. PHYLLOIDES TUMOUR: REVIEW OF AN UNCOMMON BREAST PATHOLOGY AT A SPECIALIZED CANCER CENTRE

Author

Samiullah K Niazi, Raza Sayyed, Zulkernain Chaudary, Amina I Khan, Huma M Khan, and Shahida Bibi

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Purpose: Phyllodes tumours are rare breast tumours that comprise almost 1% of breast tumours. The outcome for these tumours is generally considered better than breast cancers. We review the cases of phyllodes tumour presenting to a specialised cancer centre over a 14 year period. Materials and Methods: All case records with the diagnosis of phyllodes tumour between 1999 and 2012 were retrieved from the cancer registry. Patient demographics, tumour site, size, axillary lymph node status, whether primary or recurrent, metastatic status, histological type, type of surgery, any complication, margin positivity, post-operative radiation therapy, local or distant recurrence, morality and follow-up duration were recorded. Data were analysed using SPSS. Results: A total of 77 cases of phyllodes tumour were seen between 1999 and 2012. All patients were female with a mean age of 39.9 years. All patients presented with a breast lump with median duration of 8 months. Almost two-thirds (65%) of the patients presented with primary tumour compared to 10% recurrent tumours and the rest were referred after surgery outside. Median size on histopathology was 5 cm (IQR 3.5–8.5 cm). Over a median follow-up duration of 31 months (IQR 9–48 months), 69 patients (89.6%) were alive, while 3 patients (3.9%) did not survive and 5 patients (6.4%) were lost to follow-up. Recurrence was seen in 10 (13%) patients with median time to recurrence of 12 months (IQR 7–24). Involved axillary lymph nodes and borderline or malignant histopathology were found to be signi cantly associated with recurrence (P = 0.04), while margin positivity, post operative radiation therapy and histopathology were not signi cantly associated with recurrence. Conclusion: Phyllodes tumour is an uncommon breast tumour that is predominantly treated with surgical excision. Although survival with these tumours is better compared to breast cancers, involvement of axillary nodes and borderline or malignant histopathology confer an increased risk of recurrence in these patients. Key words: Breast cancer, phyllodes tumours, survival

Published
2016
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46. Endovascular Embolisation of Visceral Artery Pseudoaneurysms

Author

Yasir Jamil Khattak, Tariq Alam, Rana Hamid Shoaib, Raza Sayani, Tanveer-ul Haq, and Muhammad Awais

Subjects
Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Objective. To evaluate the technical success, safety, and outcome of endovascular embolization procedure in management of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms. Materials and Methods. 46 patients were treated for 53 visceral pseudoaneurysms at our institution. Preliminary diagnostic workup in all cases was performed by contrast enhanced abdominal CT scan and/or duplex ultrasound. In all patients, embolization was performed as per the standard departmental protocol. For data collection, medical records and radiology reports of all patients were retrospectively reviewed. Technical success, safety, and outcome of the procedure were analyzed. Results. Out of 46 patients, 13 were females and 33 were males. Mean patient age was 44.79±13.9 years and mean pseudoaneurysm size was 35±19.5 mm. Technical success rate for endovascular visceral pseudoaneurysm coiling was 93.47% (n=43). Complication rate was 6.52% (n=3). Followup was done for a mean duration of 21±1.6 months (0.5–69 months). Complete resolution of symptoms or improvement in clinical condition was seen in 36 patients (80%) out of those 45 in whom procedure was technically successful. Conclusion. Results of embolization of visceral artery pseudoaneurysms with coils at our center showed high success rate and good short term outcome.

Published
2014
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47. Treatment of Nonvariceal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage by Transcatheter Embolization

Author

Muhammad Ali, Tanveer Ul Haq, Basit Salam, Madiha Beg, Raza Sayani, and Muhammad Azeemuddin

Subjects
Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Purpose. To investigate the sensitivity of mesenteric angiography, technical success of hemostasis, clinical success rate, and complications of transcatheter embolization for the treatment of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Material and Methods. A retrospective review of 200 consecutive patients who underwent mesenteric arteriography for acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage between February 2004 and February 2011 was done. Results. Of 200 angiographic studies, 114 correctly revealed the bleeding site with mesenteric angiography. 47 (41%) patients had upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 67 (59%) patients had lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Out of these 114, in 112 patients (98%) technical success was achieved with immediate cessation of bleeding. 81 patients could be followed for one month. Clinical success was achieved in 72 out of these 81 patients (89%). Seven patients rebled. 2 patients developed bowel ischemia. Four patients underwent surgery for bowel ischemia or rebleeding. Conclusion. The use of therapeutic transcatheter embolization for treatment of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage is highly successful and relatively safe with 98% technical success and 2.4% postembolization ischemia in our series. In 89% of cases it was definitive without any further intervention.

Published
2013
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48. Embolization with Histoacryl Glue of an Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm following Surgical Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Author

Ayesha Walid, Tanveer Ul Haq, Raza Sayani, and Zia Ur Rehman

Subjects
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

We report a 62-year-old female who had surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm with a bifurcated graft 2 years ago. She presented with a distal anastomotic pseudoaneurysm which was successfully embolized with histoacryl glue. Only one such similar case has been reported in the literature so far (Yamagami et al. (2006)).

Published
2013
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49. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance for sudden cardiac death risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Author

Ismail Tevfik F, Jabbour Andrew, Gulati Ankur, Mallorie Amy, Raza Sadaf, Cowling Thomas E, Das Bibek, Khwaja Jahanzaib, Wage Rick, Moon James, Varnava Amanda, Shakespeare Carl, Elliott Perry, OHanlon Rory, Pennell Dudley J, and Prasad Sanjay K

Subjects
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Published
2013
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50. Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells alters responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines

Author

Raza Sameera, Yu Jihnhee, Tan Dongfeng, Blanchard Frédéric, Tracy Erin, Loewen Gregory M, Matsui Sei-Ichi, and Baumann Heinz

Subjects
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

Abstract Background Inflammation is commonly associated with lung tumors. Since inflammatory mediators, including members of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, suppress proliferation of normal epithelial cells, we hypothesized that epithelial cells must develop mechanisms to evade this inhibition during the tumorigenesis. This study compared the cytokine responses of normal epithelial cells to that of premalignant cells. Methods Short-term primary cultures of epithelial cells were established from bronchial brushings. Paired sets of brushings were obtained from areas of normal bronchial epithelium and from areas of metaplastic or dysplastic epithelium, or areas of frank endobronchial carcinoma. In 43 paired cultures, the signalling through the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and growth regulation by IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), interferon-γ (IFNγ) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) were determined. Inducible expression and function of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor was assessed by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide. Results Normal epithelial cells respond strongly to OSM, IFNγ and EGF, and respond moderately to IL-6, and do not exhibit a detectable response to LIF. In preneoplastic cells, the aberrant signaling that was detected most frequently was an elevated activation of ERK, a reduced or increased IL-6 and EGF response, and an increased LIF response. Some of these changes in preneoplastic cell signaling approach those observed in established lung cancer cell lines. Epigenetic control of LIF receptor expression by histone acetylation can account for the gain of LIF responsiveness. OSM and macrophage-derived cytokines suppressed proliferation of normal epithelial cells, but reduced inhibition or even stimulated proliferation was noted for preneoplastic cells. These alterations likely contribute to the supporting effects that inflammation has on lung tumor progression. Conclusion This study indicates that during the earliest stage of premalignant transformation, a modified response to cytokines and EGF is evident. Some of the altered cytokine responses in primary premalignant cells are comparable to those seen in established lung cancer cell lines.

Published
2005
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