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Haptic affection plays a crucial role in user experience, particularly in the automotive industry where the tactile quality of components can influence customer satisfaction. This study aims to accurately predict the affective property of a car door by only watching the force or torque profile of it when opening. To this end, a deep learning model is designed to capture the underlying relationships between force profiles and user-defined adjective ratings, providing insights into the door-opening experience. The dataset employed in this research includes force profiles and user adjective ratings collected from six distinct car models, reflecting a diverse set of door-opening characteristics and tactile feedback. The model's performance is assessed using Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation, a method that measures its generalization capability on unseen data. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a high level of prediction accuracy, indicating its potential in various applications related to haptic affection and design optimization in the automotive industry., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables. Waseem Hassan and Mudassir Ibrahim Awan are equally contributing authors

Objectives: Age and gender estimation is crucial for various applications, including forensic investigations and anthropological studies. This research aims to develop a predictive system for age and gender estimation in living individuals, leveraging dental measurements such as Coronal Height (CH), Coronal Pulp Cavity Height (CPCH), and Tooth Coronal Index (TCI). Methods: Machine learning models were employed in our study, including Cat Boost Classifier (Catboost), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Ada Boost Classifier (AdaBoost), Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGB), and Extra Trees Classifier (ETC), to analyze dental data from 862 living individuals (459 males and 403 females). Specifically, periapical radiographs from six teeth per individual were utilized, including premolars and molars from both maxillary and mandibular. A novel ensemble learning technique was developed, which uses multiple models each tailored to distinct dental metrics, to estimate age and gender accurately. Furthermore, an explainable AI model has been created utilizing SHAP, enabling dental experts to make judicious decisions based on comprehensible insight. Results: The RF and XGB models were particularly effective, yielding the highest F1 score for age and gender estimation. Notably, the XGB model showed a slightly better performance in age estimation, achieving an F1 score of 73.26%. A similar trend for the RF model was also observed in gender estimation, achieving a F1 score of 77.53%. Conclusions: This study marks a significant advancement in dental forensic methods, showcasing the potential of machine learning to automate age and gender estimation processes with improved accuracy.

The effects of a dispersed particulate phase on the onset of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a fluid layer is studied theoretically by means of a two-fluid Eulerian modelization. The particles are non-Brownian, spherical, with inertia and heat capacity, and they interact with the surrounding fluid mechanically and thermally. We study both the cases of particles denser and lighter than the fluid that are injected uniformly at the system's horizontal boundaries with their settling terminal velocity and prescribed temperatures. The performed linear stability analysis shows that the onset of thermal convection is stationary, i.e., the system undergoes a pitchfork bifurcation as in the classical single-phase RB problem. Remarkably, the mechanical coupling due to the particle motion always stabilizes the system, increasing the critical Rayleigh number ($Ra_c$) of the convective onset. Furthermore, the particle to fluid heat capacity ratio provides an additional stabilizing mechanism, that we explore in full by addressing both the asymptotic limits of negligible and overwhelming particle thermal inertia. The overall resulting stabilization effect on $Ra_c$ is significant: for a particulate volume fraction of 0.1% it reaches up to a factor 30 for the case of the lightest particle density (i.e. bubbles) and 60 for the heaviest one. The present work extends the analysis performed by Prakhar & Prosperetti (Phys. Rev. Fluids 6, 083901, 2021) where the thermo-mechanical stabilization effect has been first demonstrated for highly dense particles. Here, by including the effect of the added-mass force in the model system, we succeed in exploring the full range of particle densities. Finally, we critically discuss the role of the particle injection boundary conditions which are adopted in this study and how their modification may lead to different dynamics, that deserve to be studied in the future., Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures

Political misinformation poses significant challenges to democratic processes, shaping public opinion and trust in media. Manual fact-checking methods face issues of scalability and annotator bias, while machine learning models require large, costly labelled datasets. This study investigates the use of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) as reliable annotators for detecting political factuality in news articles. Using open-source LLMs, we create a politically diverse dataset, labelled for bias through LLM-generated annotations. These annotations are validated by human experts and further evaluated by LLM-based judges to assess the accuracy and reliability of the annotations. Our approach offers a scalable and robust alternative to traditional fact-checking, enhancing transparency and public trust in media., Comment: Accepted at Socially Responsible Language Modelling Research (SoLaR) Workshop at NeurIPS 2024

Metallenes are atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials lacking a layered structure in the bulk form. They can be stabilized by nanoscale constrictions like pores in 2D covalent templates, but the isotropic metallic bonding makes stabilization difficult. A few metallenes have been stabilized but comparison with theory predictions has not always been clear. Here, we use density-functional theory calculations to explore the energetics and dynamic stabilities of $45$ metallenes at six lattices (honeycomb, square, hexagonal, and their buckled counterparts) and varying atomic densities. We found that of the $270$ different crystalline lattices, 128 were dynamically stable at sporadic densities, mostly under tensile strain. At the energy minima, lattices were often dynamically unstable against amorphization and the breaking down of metallene planarity. Consequently, the results imply that crystalline metallenes should be seen through a novel paradigm: they should be considered not as membranes with fixed structures and lattice constants but as yielding membranes that can be stabilized better under tensile strain and low atomic density. Following this paradigm, we rank the most promising metallenes for 2D stability and hope that the paradigm will help develop new strategies to synthesize larger and more stable metallene samples for plasmonic, optical, and catalytic applications., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

Our system introduces a modularized pneumatic actuating unit capable of delivering vibration, pressure, and impact feedback. Designed for adaptability, these modular tactile actuating units can be rapidly customized and reconfigured to suit a wide range of virtual reality (VR) scenarios, with a particular emphasis on safety training applications. This flexibility is demonstrated through scenarios such as using construction tools in a virtual environment and simulating safety protocols against falling objects. Innovative mounting solutions securely attach the actuators to various body sites, ensuring both comfort and stability during use. Our approach enables seamless integration into diverse VR safety training programs, enhancing the realism and effectiveness of simulations with precise and reliable haptic feedback., Comment: Part of proceedings of 6th International Conference AsiaHaptics 2024

Multi-mode haptic feedback is essential to achieve high realism and immersion in virtual environments. This paper proposed a novel silicone fingertip actuator integrated with a hot thermal fabric finger sleeve to render pressure, vibration, and hot thermal feedback simultaneously. The actuator is pneumatically actuated to render a realistic and effective tactile experience in accordance with hot thermal sensation. The silicone actuator, with two air chambers controlled by pneumatic valves connected to compressed air tanks. Simultaneously, a PWM signal from a microcontroller regulates the temperature of the thermal fabric sleeve, enhancing overall system functionality. The lower chamber of the silicone actuator is responsible for pressure feedback, whereas the upper chamber is devoted to vibrotactile feedback. The conductive yarn or thread was utilized to spread the thermal feedback actuation points on the thermal fabric's surface. To demonstrate the actuator's capability, a VR environment consisting of a bowl of liquid and a stove with fire was designed. Based on different functionalities the scenario can simulate the tactile perception of pressure, vibration, and temperature simultaneously or consecutively., Comment: Part of proceedings of 6th International Conference AsiaHaptics 2024

This paper explores the detection and localization of cyber-attacks on time-series measurements data in power systems, focusing on comparing conventional machine learning (ML) like k-means, deep learning method like autoencoder, and graph neural network (GNN)-based techniques. We assess the detection accuracy of these approaches and their potential to pinpoint the locations of specific sensor measurements under attack. Given the demonstrated success of GNNs in other time-series anomaly detection applications, we aim to evaluate their performance within the context of power systems cyber-attacks on sensor measurements. Utilizing the IEEE 68-bus system, we simulated four types of false data attacks, including scaling attacks, additive attacks, and their combinations, to test the selected approaches. Our results indicate that GNN-based methods outperform k-means and autoencoder in detection. Additionally, GNNs show promise in accurately localizing attacks for simple scenarios, although they still face challenges in more complex cases, especially ones that involve combinations of scaling and additive attacks.

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used but raise ethical concerns due to embedded social biases. This study examines LLM biases against Arabs versus Westerners across eight domains, including women's rights, terrorism, and anti-Semitism and assesses model resistance to perpetuating these biases. To this end, we create two datasets: one to evaluate LLM bias toward Arabs versus Westerners and another to test model safety against prompts that exaggerate negative traits ("jailbreaks"). We evaluate six LLMs -- GPT-4, GPT-4o, LlaMA 3.1 (8B & 405B), Mistral 7B, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet. We find 79% of cases displaying negative biases toward Arabs, with LlaMA 3.1-405B being the most biased. Our jailbreak tests reveal GPT-4o as the most vulnerable, despite being an optimized version, followed by LlaMA 3.1-8B and Mistral 7B. All LLMs except Claude exhibit attack success rates above 87% in three categories. We also find Claude 3.5 Sonnet the safest, but it still displays biases in seven of eight categories. Despite being an optimized version of GPT4, We find GPT-4o to be more prone to biases and jailbreaks, suggesting optimization flaws. Our findings underscore the pressing need for more robust bias mitigation strategies and strengthened security measures in LLMs.

The development of technologies has prompted a paradigm shift in the automotive industry, with an increasing focus on connected services and autonomous driving capabilities. This transformation allows vehicles to collect and share vast amounts of vehicle-specific and personal data. While these technological advancements offer enhanced user experiences, they also raise privacy concerns. To understand the ecosystem of data collection and sharing in modern vehicles, we adopted the ontology 101 methodology to incorporate information extracted from different sources, including analysis of privacy policies using GPT-4, a small-scale systematic literature review, and an existing ontology, to develop a high-level conceptual graph-based model, aiming to get insights into how modern vehicles handle data exchange among different parties. This serves as a foundational model with the flexibility and scalability to further expand for modelling and analysing data sharing practices across diverse contexts. Two realistic examples were developed to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of discovering insights into privacy regarding vehicle-related data sharing. We also recommend several future research directions, such as exploring advanced ontology languages for reasoning tasks, supporting topological analysis for discovering data privacy risks/concerns, and developing useful tools for comparative analysis, to strengthen the understanding of the vehicle-centric data sharing ecosystem., Comment: This paper was accepted and presented at 2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2024)

Medical image segmentation is pivotal in healthcare, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, informing treatment strategies, and tracking disease progression. This process allows clinicians to extract critical information from visual data, enabling personalized patient care. However, developing neural networks for segmentation remains challenging, especially when preserving image resolution, which is essential in detecting subtle details that influence diagnoses. Moreover, the lack of transparency in these deep learning models has slowed their adoption in clinical practice. Efforts in model interpretability are increasingly focused on making these models' decision-making processes more transparent. In this paper, we introduce MAPUNetR, a novel architecture that synergizes the strengths of transformer models with the proven U-Net framework for medical image segmentation. Our model addresses the resolution preservation challenge and incorporates attention maps highlighting segmented regions, increasing accuracy and interpretability. Evaluated on the BraTS 2020 dataset, MAPUNetR achieved a dice score of 0.88 and a dice coefficient of 0.92 on the ISIC 2018 dataset. Our experiments show that the model maintains stable performance and potential as a powerful tool for medical image segmentation in clinical practice.

A dielectric Mie-resonant nanoantenna is capable of controlling the directionality of the emission from nearby quantum emitters through the excitation of multiple degenerate Mie resonances. A crystalline silicon nanosphere (Si NS) is a promising candidate for a dielectric nanoantenna because crystalline Si has a large refractive index (3.8 at 650 nm) and the small imaginary part of a complex refractive index (0.015 at 650 nm) as an optical material. In this work, we control the emission directionality of excitons supported by monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (1L-TMDCs) using a Si NS. We first discuss the condition to extract the emission preferentially towards the Si NS side from the analytical calculations. We then study the photoluminescence (PL) of 1L-TMDCs on which differently sized single Si NSs are placed. We show that the PL spectral shape strongly depends on the emission direction, and that the emission toward the Si NS side (top) with respect to the opposite side (bottom) is the largest at wavelengths between the magnetic dipole and electric dipole Mie resonances of a Si NS. Finally, we quantitatively discuss the spectral shape of the top-to-bottom ratio from numerical simulations., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a powerful technique for mapping nanoscale surface properties through tip-sample interactions. Thermal scanning-probe lithography (tSPL) is an advanced SPM variant that uses a silicon tip on a heated cantilever to sculpt and measure polymer films with nanometer precision. The surfaces produced by tSPL-smooth topographic landscapes-allow mathematically defined contours to be fabricated on the nanoscale, enabling sophisticated functionalities for photonic, electronic, chemical, and biological technologies. Evaluating the physical effects of a landscape requires fitting arbitrary mathematical functions to SPM datasets, however, this capability does not exist in standard analysis programs. Here, we provide an open-source software package (FunFit) to fit analytical functions to SPM data and develop a fabrication and characterization protocol based on this analysis. We demonstrate the benefit of this approach by patterning periodic and quasiperiodic landscapes in a polymer resist with tSPL, which we transfer to hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes with high fidelity via reactive-ion etching. The topographic landscapes in polymers and hBN are measured with tSPL and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Within the FunFit program, the datasets are corrected for artefacts, fit with analytical functions, and compared, providing critical feedback on the fabrication procedure. Beyond application to tSPL, this protocol can improve analysis, reproducibility, and process development for a broad range of SPM experiments. The protocol can be performed within a working day by an inexperienced user, where fabrication and characterization take a few hours and software analysis takes a few minutes.

This paper presents an analysis of biases in open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) across various genders, religions, and races. We introduce a methodology for generating a bias detection dataset using seven bias triggers: General Debate, Positioned Debate, Career Advice, Story Generation, Problem-Solving, Cover-Letter Writing, and CV Generation. We use GPT-4o to generate a diverse set of prompts for each trigger across various genders, religious and racial groups. We evaluate models from Llama and Gemma family on the generated dataset. We anonymise the LLM-generated text associated with each group using GPT-4o-mini and do a pairwise comparison using GPT-4o-as-a-Judge. To quantify bias in the LLM-generated text we use the number of wins and losses in the pairwise comparison. Our analysis spans three languages, English, German, and Arabic to explore how language influences bias manifestation. Our findings reveal that LLMs exhibit strong polarization toward certain groups across each category, with a notable consistency observed across models. However, when switching languages, variations and anomalies emerge, often attributable to cultural cues and contextual differences.

Understanding protein motion within the cell is crucial for predicting reaction rates and macromolecular transport in the cytoplasm. A key question is how crowded environments affect protein dynamics through hydrodynamic and direct interactions at molecular length scales. Using megahertz X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (MHz-XPCS) at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (EuXFEL), we investigate ferritin diffusion at microsecond time scales. Our results reveal anomalous diffusion, indicated by the non-exponential decay of the intensity autocorrelation function $g_2(q,t)$ at high concentrations. This behavior is consistent with the presence of cage-trapping in between the short- and long-time protein diffusion regimes. Modeling with the $\delta\gamma$-theory of hydrodynamically interacting colloidal spheres successfully reproduces the experimental data by including a scaling factor linked to the protein direct interactions. These findings offer new insights into the complex molecular motion in crowded protein solutions, with potential applications for optimizing ferritin-based drug delivery, where protein diffusion is the rate-limiting step.

Active learning (AL) optimizes data labeling efficiency by selecting the most informative instances for annotation. A key component in this procedure is an acquisition function that guides the selection process and identifies the suitable instances for labeling from the unlabeled pool. However, these acquisition methods suffer from high computational costs with large unlabeled data pools, posing a roadblock to their applicability on large datasets. To address this challenge and bridge this gap, we introduce a novel plug-and-play unlabeled data pruning strategy, ActivePrune, which leverages language models to prune the unlabeled pool. ActivePrune implements a two-stage pruning process: an initial fast evaluation using perplexity scores from an n-gram language model, followed by a high-quality selection using metrics for data quality computed through a quantized LLM. Additionally, to enhance the diversity in the unlabeled pool, we propose a novel perplexity reweighting method that systematically brings forward underrepresented instances for selection in subsequent labeling iterations. Experiments on translation, sentiment analysis, topic classification, and summarization tasks on four diverse datasets and four active learning strategies demonstrate that ActivePrune outperforms existing data pruning methods. Finally, we compare the selection quality $\leftrightarrow$ efficiency tradeoff of the data pruning methods and demonstrate that ActivePrune is computationally more efficient than other LLM score-based pruning methods, and provides up to 74% reduction in the end-to-end time required for active learning., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures

Advancements in generative modeling are pushing the state-of-the-art in synthetic medical image generation. These synthetic images can serve as an effective data augmentation method to aid the development of more accurate machine learning models for medical image analysis. While the fidelity of these synthetic images has progressively increased, the diversity of these images is an understudied phenomenon. In this work, we propose the SDICE index, which is based on the characterization of similarity distributions induced by a contrastive encoder. Given a synthetic dataset and a reference dataset of real images, the SDICE index measures the distance between the similarity score distributions of original and synthetic images, where the similarity scores are estimated using a pre-trained contrastive encoder. This distance is then normalized using an exponential function to provide a consistent metric that can be easily compared across domains. Experiments conducted on the MIMIC-chest X-ray and ImageNet datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of SDICE index in assessing synthetic medical dataset diversity., Comment: Accepted at BMVC 2024 - PFATCV

Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations share a defining challenge by requiring a small finite range of spatial separation $z$ between quark/gluon bilinears for controllable power corrections in the perturbative QCD factorization, and a large hadron boost $p_z$ for a successful determination of collinear parton distribution functions (PDFs). However, these two requirements make the determination of PDFs from lattice data very challenging. We present the application of generative machine learning algorithms to estimate the polarized and unpolarized gluon correlation functions utilizing short-distance data and extending the correlation up to $zp_z \lesssim 14$, surpassing the current capabilities of lattice QCD calculations. We train physics-informed machine learning algorithms to learn from the short-distance correlation at $z\lesssim 0.36$ fm and take the limit, $p_z \to \infty$, thereby minimizing possible contamination from the higher-twist effects for a successful reconstruction of the polarized gluon PDF. We also expose the bias and problems with underestimating uncertainties associated with the use of model-dependent and overly constrained functional forms, such as $x^\alpha(1-x)^\beta$ and its variants to extract PDFs from the lattice data. We propose the use of generative machine learning algorithms to mitigate these issues and present our determination of the polarized and unpolarized gluon PDFs in the nucleon., Comment: 24 pages, 18 figures

This paper introduces the concept of an education tool that utilizes Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) to enhance storytelling for children. The system combines GenAI-driven narrative co-creation, text-to-speech conversion, and text-to-video generation to produce an engaging experience for learners. We describe the co-creation process, the adaptation of narratives into spoken words using text-to-speech models, and the transformation of these narratives into contextually relevant visuals through text-to-video technology. Our evaluation covers the linguistics of the generated stories, the text-to-speech conversion quality, and the accuracy of the generated visuals.

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of Urdu Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models. We analyze the performance of three ASR model families: Whisper, MMS, and Seamless-M4T using Word Error Rate (WER), along with a detailed examination of the most frequent wrong words and error types including insertions, deletions, and substitutions. Our analysis is conducted using two types of datasets, read speech and conversational speech. Notably, we present the first conversational speech dataset designed for benchmarking Urdu ASR models. We find that seamless-large outperforms other ASR models on the read speech dataset, while whisper-large performs best on the conversational speech dataset. Furthermore, this evaluation highlights the complexities of assessing ASR models for low-resource languages like Urdu using quantitative metrics alone and emphasizes the need for a robust Urdu text normalization system. Our findings contribute valuable insights for developing robust ASR systems for low-resource languages like Urdu.

We investigate the role of non-selective measurement on the estimation of system-environment parameters. Projective measurement is the popular method of initial state preparation which always prepares a pure state. However, in various physical situations of physical interest, this selective measurement becomes unrealistic. In this paper, we compare the estimation results obtained via projective measurement with the results obtained via unitary operation. We argue that in typical situations, parameters can be estimated with higher accuracy if the initial state is prepared with the unitary operator (a pulse). We consider the spin-spin model where a central two-level system (probe) interacts with the collections of two-level systems (bath). A probe interacts with a bath and attains a thermal equilibrium state, then via unitary operation, the initial state is prepared which evolves unitarily. The properties of the bath are imprinted on the reduced dynamics. Due to the initial probe-bath correlations present in the thermal equilibrium state, an additional factor arises in the dynamics which has a phenomenal role in the parameter estimation. In this paper, we study the estimation of bath temperature and probe-bath coupling strength which is quantified by the quantum Fisher information. Our results are promising as one can improve the precision of the estimates by orders of magnitude via non-selective measurement and by incorporating the effect of initial correlations., Comment: 10 Pages, 7 figures

In medical image classification, supervised learning is challenging due to the lack of labeled medical images. Contrary to the traditional \textit{modus operandi} of pre-training followed by fine-tuning, this work leverages the visual-textual alignment within Vision-Language models (\texttt{VLMs}) to facilitate the unsupervised learning. Specifically, we propose \underline{Med}ical \underline{Un}supervised \underline{A}daptation (\texttt{MedUnA}), constituting two-stage training: Adapter Pre-training, and Unsupervised Learning. In the first stage, we use descriptions generated by a Large Language Model (\texttt{LLM}) corresponding to class labels, which are passed through the text encoder \texttt{BioBERT}. The resulting text embeddings are then aligned with the class labels by training a lightweight \texttt{adapter}. We choose \texttt{\texttt{LLMs}} because of their capability to generate detailed, contextually relevant descriptions to obtain enhanced text embeddings. In the second stage, the trained \texttt{adapter} is integrated with the visual encoder of \texttt{MedCLIP}. This stage employs a contrastive entropy-based loss and prompt tuning to align visual embeddings. We incorporate self-entropy minimization into the overall training objective to ensure more confident embeddings, which are crucial for effective unsupervised learning and alignment. We evaluate the performance of \texttt{MedUnA} on three different kinds of data modalities - chest X-rays, eye fundus and skin lesion images. The results demonstrate significant accuracy gain on average compared to the baselines across different datasets, highlighting the efficacy of our approach.

We introduce Spurfies, a novel method for sparse-view surface reconstruction that disentangles appearance and geometry information to utilize local geometry priors trained on synthetic data. Recent research heavily focuses on 3D reconstruction using dense multi-view setups, typically requiring hundreds of images. However, these methods often struggle with few-view scenarios. Existing sparse-view reconstruction techniques often rely on multi-view stereo networks that need to learn joint priors for geometry and appearance from a large amount of data. In contrast, we introduce a neural point representation that disentangles geometry and appearance to train a local geometry prior using a subset of the synthetic ShapeNet dataset only. During inference, we utilize this surface prior as additional constraint for surface and appearance reconstruction from sparse input views via differentiable volume rendering, restricting the space of possible solutions. We validate the effectiveness of our method on the DTU dataset and demonstrate that it outperforms previous state of the art by 35% in surface quality while achieving competitive novel view synthesis quality. Moreover, in contrast to previous works, our method can be applied to larger, unbounded scenes, such as Mip-NeRF 360., Comment: https://geometric-rl.mpi-inf.mpg.de/spurfies/

In this paper, a compact multi-service antenna (MSA) is presented for sensing and communication using a reconfigurable complementary spiral resonator. A three turns complementary spiral resonator (3-CSR) is inserted in the ground plane of a modified patch antenna to create a miniaturized structure. Two Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diodes (D1, D2) are also integrated with the 3-CSR to achieve frequency reconfiguration. The proposed structure operates in three different modes i.e., dual-band joint communication and sensing antenna (JCASA), dual-band antenna, and single-band antenna. The required mode can be selected by changing the state of the PIN diodes. In mode-1, the first band (0.95-0.97 GHz) of the antenna is dedicated to sensing by using frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), while the second band (1.53-1.56 GHz) is allocated to communication. The sensing ability of the proposed structure is utilized to measure soil moisture using FDR. Based on the frequency shift, permittivity of the soil is observed to measure soil moisture. In mode-2 and mode-3, the structure operates as a standard dual and single band antenna, respectively, with a maximum gain of 1.5 dBi at 1.55 GHz. The proposed planar structure, with its simple geometry and a high sensitivity of 1.7%, is a suitable candidate for precision farming. The proposed structure is versatile and capable of being utilized as a single or dual-band antenna and also measuring permittivity of materials within the range of 1-20. Hence, it is adaptable to a range of applications.

This study establishes bounds on the leading-order (LO) hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon ($a_\mu^{\mathrm{HVP,LO}}$, $a_\mu = (g-2)_\mu/2$) by using H\"older's inequality and related inequalities in Finite-Energy QCD sum rules. Considering contributions from light quarks ($u,d,s$) up to five-loop order in perturbation theory within the chiral limit, leading-order light-quark mass corrections, next-to-leading order for dimension-four QCD condensates, and leading-order for dimension-six QCD condensates, the study finds QCD lower and upper bounds as $\left(657.0\pm 34.8\right)\times 10^{-10}\leq a_\mu^{\mathrm{HVP,LO}} \leq \left(788.4\pm 41.8\right)\times10^{-10}\,$., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables. Proceedings article for QCD24: 27th High-Energy Physics International Conference in Quantum Chromodynamis

A miniaturized linearly-polarized patch antenna is presented for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) at 1. 8 GHz. The proposed antenna consists of a patch element and a 3-turn Complementary Spiral Resonator (3-CSR) with antenna dimension of 50 mm x 50 mm. 3-CSR is inserted in the ground plane to reduce the antenna size. This modification also increased the impedance bandwidth from 43 MHz (1.78-1.83 GHz) to 310 MHz (1.69-2.0 GHz) . Moreover, antenna is fabricated and simulated and measured results are in good agreement. Additionally, a rectifier and matching circuits are designed at -10 dBm to realize a rectenna (rectifying antenna) for WPT application. Rectenna efficiency of 53.6 % is achieved at a low input power of -10 dBm.

Background: The rapid advancement of Machine Learning (ML) represents novel opportunities to enhance public health research, surveillance, and decision-making. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of algorithmic bias, systematic errors in predicted population health outcomes, resulting from the public health application of ML. The objective of this narrative review is to explore the types of bias generated by ML and quantitative metrics to assess these biases. Methods : We performed search on PubMed, MEDLINE, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Digital Library, Science Direct, and Springer Nature. We used keywords to identify studies describing types of bias and metrics to measure these in the domain of ML and public and population health published in English between 2008 and 2023, inclusive. Results: A total of 72 articles met the inclusion criteria. Our review identified the commonly described types of bias and quantitative metrics to assess these biases from an equity perspective. Conclusion : The review will help formalize the evaluation framework for ML on public health from an equity perspective., Comment: under review

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly prevalent in our daily lives, leading to an expectation for LLMs to be trustworthy -- - both accurate and well-calibrated (the prediction confidence should align with its ground truth correctness likelihood). Nowadays, fine-tuning has become the most popular method for adapting a model to practical usage by significantly increasing accuracy on downstream tasks. Despite the great accuracy it achieves, we found fine-tuning is still far away from satisfactory trustworthiness due to "tuning-induced mis-calibration". In this paper, we delve deeply into why and how mis-calibration exists in fine-tuned models, and how distillation can alleviate the issue. Then we further propose a brand new method named Efficient Trustworthy Distillation (FIRST), which utilizes a small portion of teacher's knowledge to obtain a reliable language model in a cost-efficient way. Specifically, we identify the "concentrated knowledge" phenomenon during distillation, which can significantly reduce the computational burden. Then we apply a "trustworthy maximization" process to optimize the utilization of this small portion of concentrated knowledge before transferring it to the student. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, where better accuracy (+2.3%) and less mis-calibration (-10%) are achieved on average across both in-domain and out-of-domain scenarios, indicating better trustworthiness., Comment: EMNLP 2024

Capacitive coupling wireless power transfer (CCWPT) is one of the pervasive methods to transfer power in the reactive near-field zone. In this paper, a flexible design methodology based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm is proposed for a pixelated microstrip structure. The pixel configuration of each parallel plate (43x43 pixels) determines the frequency response of the system (S-parameters) and by changing this configuration, we can achieve the dedicated operating frequency (resonance frequency) and its related |S21| value. Due to the large number of pixels, iterative optimization algorithm (BPSO) is the solution for designing a CCWPT system. However, the output of each iteration should be simulated in electromagnetic simulators (e.g., CST, HFSS, etc.), hence, the whole optimization process is time-consuming. This paper develops a rapid, agile and efficient method for designing two parallel pixelated microstrip plates of a CCWPT system based on deep neural networks. In the proposed method, CST-based BPSO algorithm is replaced with an AI-based method using ResNet-18. Advantages of the AI-based iterative method are automatic design process, more efficient, less time-consuming, less computational resource-consuming and less background EM knowledge requirements compared to the conventional techniques. Finally, the prototype of the proposed simulated structure is fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results validate the design procedure accuracy, using AI-based BPSO algorithm. The MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of prediction for the main resonance frequency and related |S21| are 110 MHz and 0.18 dB, respectively and according to the simulation results, the whole design process is 3629 times faster than the CST-based BPSO algorithm.

To date, most dendritic studies have predominantly focused on the apical zone of pyramidal two-point neurons (TPNs) receiving only feedback (FB) connections from higher perceptual layers and using them for learning. Recent cellular neurophysiology and computational neuroscience studies suggests that the apical input (context), coming from feedback and lateral connections, is multifaceted and far more diverse, with greater implications for ongoing learning and processing in the brain than previously realized. In addition to the FB, the apical tuft receives signals from neighboring cells of the same network as proximal (P) context, other parts of the brain as distal (D) context, and overall coherent information across the network as universal (U) context. The integrated context (C) amplifies and suppresses the transmission of coherent and conflicting feedforward (FF) signals, respectively. Specifically, we show that complex context-sensitive (CS)-TPNs flexibly integrate C moment-by-moment with the FF somatic current at the soma such that the somatic current is amplified when both feedforward (FF) and C are coherent; otherwise, it is attenuated. This generates the event only when the FF and C currents are coherent, which is then translated into a singlet or a burst based on the FB information. Spiking simulation results show that this flexible integration of somatic and contextual currents enables the propagation of more coherent signals (bursts), making learning faster with fewer neurons. Similar behavior is observed when this functioning is used in conventional artificial networks, where orders of magnitude fewer neurons are required to process vast amounts of heterogeneous real-world audio-visual (AV) data trained using backpropagation (BP). The computational findings presented here demonstrate the universality of CS-TPNs, suggesting a dendritic narrative that was previously overlooked.

This paper presents a novel methodology for generating synthetic Preference Optimization (PO) datasets using multi-agent workflows. We evaluate the effectiveness and potential of these workflows in automating and enhancing the dataset generation process. PO dataset generation requires two modules: (1) response evaluation, and (2) response generation. In the response evaluation module, the responses from Large Language Models (LLMs) are evaluated and ranked - a task typically carried out by human annotators that we automate using LLMs. We assess the response evaluation module in a 2 step process. In step 1, we assess LLMs as evaluators using three distinct prompting strategies. In step 2, we apply the winning prompting strategy to compare the performance of LLM-as-a-Judge, LLMs-as-a-Jury, and LLM Debate. Our evaluation shows that GPT-4o-as-a-Judge is more consistent across all datasets. For the response generation module, we use the identified LLM evaluator configuration and compare different configurations of the LLM Feedback Loop. We use the win rate to determine the best multi-agent configuration for generation. Experimenting with various configurations, we find that the LLM Feedback Loop, with Llama as the generator and Gemma as the reviewer, achieves a notable 71.8% and 73.8% win rate over single-agent Llama and Gemma, respectively. After identifying the best configurations for both modules, we generate our PO datasets using the above pipeline.

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized deep learning through its Self-Attention mechanism, which effectively captures contextual information. However, the memory footprint of Self-Attention presents significant challenges for long-sequence tasks. Grouped Query Attention (GQA) addresses this issue by grouping queries and mean-pooling the corresponding key-value heads - reducing the number of overall parameters and memory requirements in a flexible manner without adversely compromising model accuracy. In this work, we introduce enhancements to GQA, focusing on two novel approaches that deviate from the static nature of grouping: Key-Distributed GQA (KDGQA) and Dynamic Key-Distributed GQA (DGQA), which leverage information from the norms of the key heads to inform query allocation. Specifically, KDGQA looks at the ratios of the norms of the key heads during each forward pass, while DGQA examines the ratios of the norms as they evolve through training. Additionally, we present Perturbed GQA (PGQA) as a case-study, which introduces variability in (static) group formation via subtracting noise from the attention maps. Our experiments with up-trained Vision Transformers, for Image Classification on datasets such as CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Food101, and Tiny ImageNet, demonstrate the promise of these variants in improving upon the original GQA through more informed and adaptive grouping mechanisms: specifically ViT-L experiences accuracy gains of up to 8% when utilizing DGQA in comparison to GQA and other variants. We further analyze the impact of the number of Key-Value Heads on performance, underscoring the importance of utilizing query-key affinities. Code is available on GitHub., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures

Electromagnetic follow-up observations of gravitational wave events offer critical insights and provide significant scientific gain from this new class of astrophysical transients. Accurate identification of gravitational wave candidates and rapid release of sky localization information are crucial for the success of these electromagnetic follow-up observations. However, searches for gravitational wave candidates in real time suffer a non-negligible false alarm rate. By leveraging the sky localization information and other metadata associated with gravitational wave candidates, GWSkyNet, a machine learning classifier developed by Cabero et al. (2020), demonstrated promising accuracy for the identification of the origin of event candidates. We improve the performance of the classifier for LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's fourth observing run by reviewing and updating the architecture and features used as inputs by the algorithm. We also retrain and fine-tune the classifier with data from the third observing run. To improve the prospect of electromagnetic follow-up observations, we incorporate GWSkyNet into LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's low-latency infrastructure as an automatic pipeline for the evaluation of gravitational wave alerts in real time. We test the readiness of the algorithm on a LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA mock data challenge campaign. The results show that by thresholding on the GWSkyNet score, noise masquerading as astrophysical sources can be rejected efficiently and the majority of true astrophysical signals correctly identified.

Precise identification and detection of the Mental Foramen are crucial in dentistry, impacting procedures such as impacted tooth removal, cyst surgeries, and implants. Accurately identifying this anatomical feature facilitates post-surgery issues and improves patient outcomes. Moreover, this study aims to accelerate dental procedures, elevating patient care and healthcare efficiency in dentistry. This research used Deep Learning methods to accurately detect and segment the Mental Foramen from panoramic radiograph images. Two mask types, circular and square, were used during model training. Multiple segmentation models were employed to identify and segment the Mental Foramen, and their effectiveness was evaluated using diverse metrics. An in-house dataset comprising 1000 panoramic radiographs was created for this study. Our experiments demonstrated that the Classical UNet model performed exceptionally well on the test data, achieving a Dice Coefficient of 0.79 and an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.67. Moreover, ResUNet++ and UNet Attention models showed competitive performance, with Dice scores of 0.675 and 0.676, and IoU values of 0.683 and 0.671, respectively. We also investigated transfer learning models with varied backbone architectures, finding LinkNet to produce the best outcomes. In conclusion, our research highlights the efficacy of the classical Unet model in accurately identifying and outlining the Mental Foramen in panoramic radiographs. While vital, this task is comparatively simpler than segmenting complex medical datasets such as brain tumours or skin cancer, given their diverse sizes and shapes. This research also holds value in optimizing dental practice, benefiting practitioners and patients., Comment: 9 pages

A digital currency is money in a digital form. In this model, maintaining integrity of the supply is a core concern, therefore protections against double-spending are often at the heart of a secure digital money scheme. Quantum money exploits the quantum mechanical principle of no-cloning to enable a currency that is immune to double spending. One of the challenges of the scheme is that users require technology that is currently out of reach. Here, we propose a model for quantum currency, which alleviates the need for quantum wallets by delegating quantum storage and processing to an intermediary that we call a "quantum vault". We develop the basic building blocks of this quantum-enabled digital currency and discuss its benefits and challenges., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

In a controlled cyber-physical network, such as a power grid, any malicious data injection in the sensor measurements can lead to widespread impact due to the actions of the closed-loop controllers. While fast identification of the attack signatures is imperative for reliable operations, it is challenging to do so in a large dynamical network with tightly coupled nodes. A particularly challenging scenario arises when the cyberattacks are strategically launched during a grid stress condition, caused by non-malicious physical disturbances. In this work, we propose an algorithmic framework -- based on Koopman mode (KM) decomposition -- for online identification and visualization of the cyberattack signatures in streaming time-series measurements from a power network. The KMs are capable of capturing the spatial embedding of both natural and anomalous modes of oscillations in the sensor measurements and thus revealing the specific influences of cyberattacks, even under existing non-malicious grid stress events. Most importantly, it enables us to quantitatively compare the outcomes of different potential cyberattacks injected by an attacker. The performance of the proposed algorithmic framework is illustrated on the IEEE 68-bus test system using synthetic attack scenarios. Such knowledge regarding the detection of various cyberattacks will enable us to devise appropriate diagnostic scheme while considering varied constraints arising from different attacks., Comment: accepted as a work-in-progress paper at the 2024 Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON)

Accurate segmentation of the Left Ventricle (LV) holds substantial importance due to its implications in disease detection, regional analysis, and the development of complex models for cardiac surgical planning. CMR is a golden standard for diagnosis of serveral cardiac diseases. LV in CMR comprises of three distinct sections: Basal, Mid-Ventricle, and Apical. This research focuses on the precise segmentation of the LV from Cardiac MRI (CMR) scans, joining with the capabilities of Machine Learning (ML). The central challenge in this research revolves around the absence of a set of parameters applicable to all three types of LV slices. Parameters optimized for basal slices often fall short when applied to mid-ventricular and apical slices, and vice versa. To handle this issue, a new method is proposed to enhance LV segmentation. The proposed method involves using distinct sets of parameters for each type of slice, resulting in a two-phase segmentation approach. The initial phase categorizes images into three groups based on the type of LV slice, while the second phase aims to segment CMR images using parameters derived from the preceding phase. A publicly available dataset (Automated Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge (ACDC)) is used. 10-Fold Cross Validation is used and it achieved a mean score of 0.9228. Comprehensive testing indicates that the best parameter set for a particular type of slice does not perform adequately for the other slice types. All results show that the proposed approach fills a critical void in parameter standardization through a two-phase segmentation model for the LV, aiming to not only improve the accuracy of cardiac image analysis but also contribute advancements to the field of LV segmentation.

The QMA-completeness of the local Hamiltonian problem is a landmark result of the field of Hamiltonian complexity that studies the computational complexity of problems in quantum many-body physics. Since its proposal, substantial effort has been invested in better understanding the problem for physically motivated important families of Hamiltonians. In particular, the QMA-completeness of approximating the ground state energy of local Hamiltonians has been extended to the case where the Hamiltonians are geometrically local in one and two spatial dimensions. Among those physically motivated Hamiltonians, stoquastic Hamiltonians play a particularly crucial role, as they constitute the manifestly sign-free Hamiltonians in Monte Carlo approaches. Interestingly, for such Hamiltonians, the problem at hand becomes more ''classical'', being hard for the class MA (the randomized version of NP) and its complexity has tight connections with derandomization. In this work, we prove that both the two- and one-dimensional geometrically local analogues remain MA-hard with high enough qudit dimension. Moreover, we show that related problems are StoqMA-complete.

The conventional modus operandi for adapting pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) during test-time involves tuning learnable prompts, ie, test-time prompt tuning. This paper introduces Test-Time Low-rank adaptation (TTL) as an alternative to prompt tuning for zero-shot generalization of large-scale VLMs. Taking inspiration from recent advancements in efficiently fine-tuning large language models, TTL offers a test-time parameter-efficient adaptation approach that updates the attention weights of the transformer encoder by maximizing prediction confidence. The self-supervised confidence maximization objective is specified using a weighted entropy loss that enforces consistency among predictions of augmented samples. TTL introduces only a small amount of trainable parameters for low-rank adapters in the model space while keeping the prompts and backbone frozen. Extensive experiments on a variety of natural distribution and cross-domain tasks show that TTL can outperform other techniques for test-time optimization of VLMs in strict zero-shot settings. Specifically, TTL outperforms test-time prompt tuning baselines with a significant improvement on average. Our code is available at at https://github.com/Razaimam45/TTL-Test-Time-Low-Rank-Adaptation., Comment: Main paper: 11 pages, Supplementary material: 5 pages

Accurate assessment of myocardial tissue stiffness is pivotal for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart diseases. Left ventricular diastolic stiffness ($\beta$) obtained from the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) has conventionally been utilized as a representative metric of myocardial stiffness. The EDPVR can be employed to estimate the intrinsic stiffness of myocardial tissues through image-based in-silico inverse optimization. However, whether $\beta$, as an organ-level metric, accurately represents the tissue-level myocardial tissue stiffness in healthy and diseased myocardium remains elusive. We developed a modeling-based approach utilizing a two-parameter material model for the myocardium (denoted by $a_f$ and $b_f$) in image-based in-silico biventricular heart models to generate EDPVRs for different material parameters. Our results indicated a variable relationship between $\beta$ and the material parameters depending on the range of the parameters. Interestingly, $\beta$ showed a very low sensitivity to $a_f$, once averaged across several LV geometries, and even a negative correlation with $a_f$ for small values of $a_f$. These findings call for a critical assessment of the reliability and confoundedness of EDPVR-derived metrics to represent tissue-level myocardial stiffness. Our results also underscore the necessity to explore image-based in-silico frameworks, promising to provide a high-fidelity and potentially non-invasive assessment of myocardial stiffness., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, accepted in the IEEE EMBC 2024 conference

Often regarded as the study of how order emerges from randomness, Ramsey theory has played an important role in mathematics and computer science, giving rise to applications in numerous domains such as logic, parallel processing, and number theory. The core of graph Ramsey theory is arrowing: For fixed graphs $F$ and $H$, the $(F, H)$-Arrowing problem asks whether a given graph, $G$, has a red/blue coloring of the edges of $G$ such that there are no red copies of $F$ and no blue copies of $H$. For some cases, the problem has been shown to be coNP-complete, or solvable in polynomial time. However, a more systematic approach is needed to categorize the complexity of all cases. We focus on $(P_3, H)$-Arrowing as $F = P_3$ is the simplest meaningful case for which the complexity question remains open, and the hardness for this case likely extends to general $(F, H)$-Arrowing for nontrivial $F$. In this pursuit, we also gain insight into the complexity of a class of matching removal problems, since $(P_3, H)$-Arrowing is equivalent to $H$-free Matching Removal. We show that $(P_3, H)$-Arrowing is coNP-complete for all $2$-connected $H$ except when $H = K_3$, in which case the problem is in P. We introduce a new graph invariant to help us carefully combine graphs when constructing the gadgets for our reductions. Moreover, we show how $(P_3,H)$-Arrowing hardness results can be extended to other $(F,H)$-Arrowing problems. This allows for more intuitive and palatable hardness proofs instead of ad-hoc constructions of SAT gadgets, bringing us closer to categorizing the complexity of all $(F, H)$-Arrowing problems., Comment: To appear in MFCS 2024

This paper introduces a highly efficient rectenna (rectifying antenna) using a binary optimization algorithm. A novel pixelated receiving antenna has been developed to match the diode impedance of a rectifier, eliminating the need for a separate matching circuit in the rectenna's rectifier. The receiving antenna configuration is fine-tuned via a binary optimization algorithm. A rectenna is designed using optimization algorithm at 2.5 GHz with 38% RF-DC conversion efficiency when subjected to 0 dBm incident power, with an output voltage of 815mV. The proposed rectenna demonstrates versatility across various low-power WPT (wireless power transfer) applications.

Recommender Systems (RS) play an integral role in enhancing user experiences by providing personalized item suggestions. This survey reviews the progress in RS inclusively from 2017 to 2024, effectively connecting theoretical advances with practical applications. We explore the development from traditional RS techniques like content-based and collaborative filtering to advanced methods involving deep learning, graph-based models, reinforcement learning, and large language models. We also discuss specialized systems such as context-aware, review-based, and fairness-aware RS. The primary goal of this survey is to bridge theory with practice. It addresses challenges across various sectors, including e-commerce, healthcare, and finance, emphasizing the need for scalable, real-time, and trustworthy solutions. Through this survey, we promote stronger partnerships between academic research and industry practices. The insights offered by this survey aim to guide industry professionals in optimizing RS deployment and to inspire future research directions, especially in addressing emerging technological and societal trends, Comment: we quarterly update of this literature

In this paper, a joint sensing and communication system is presented for smart agriculture. The system integrates an Ultra-compact Soil Moisture Sensor (UCSMS) for precise sensing, along with a Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna (PRA) for efficient transmission of information to the base station. A multiturn complementary spiral resonator (MCSR) is etched onto the ground plane of a microstrip transmission line to achieve miniaturization. The UCSMS operates at 180 MHz with a 3-turn complementary spiral resonator (3-CSR), at 102 MHz with a 4- turn complementary spiral resonator (4-CSR), and at 86 MHz with a 5-turn complementary spiral resonator (5-CSR). Due to its low resonance frequency, the proposed UCSMS is insensitive to variations in the Volume Under Test (VUT) of soil. A probe-fed circular patch antenna is designed in the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) band (2.45 GHz) with a maximum measured gain of 5.63 dBi. Additionally, four varactor diodes are integrated across the slots on the bottom side of the substrate to achieve pattern reconfiguration. Six different radiation patterns have been achieved by using different bias conditions of the diodes. In standby mode, PRA can serve as a means for Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) or Energy Harvesting (EH) to store power in a battery. This stored power can then be utilized to bias the varactor diodes. The combination of UCSMS and PRA enables the realization of a joint sensing and communication system. The proposed system's planar and simple geometry, along with its high sensitivity of 2.05 %, makes it suitable for smart agriculture applications. Moreover, the sensor is adaptive and capable of measuring the permittivity of various Material Under Test (MUT) within the range of 1 to 23.