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National audience; Les professionnels de l'IST de Montpellier viennent à votre rencontre. Journée First Week IST

National audience; Conférences et tables rondes , intervenante Odile Hologne (inra).

National audience

7ème Rencontres Annuelles des entomologistes Forestiers Francophones (Brens 81 - 21 au 24 octobre 2013)

ProdInra est la base de référencement de la production scientifique de l’Inra. Depuis 2006, ProdInra offre à tous la possibilité de référencer sa production grâce au module de « dépôt rapide » ou l’import de références (format RIS). ProdInra est aussi une archive ouverte institutionnelle, interopérable avec les autres archives ouvertes telles que HAL et OpenAIRE, et permet la diffusion en libre accès de la connaissance scientifique.

International audience

International audience

National audience; Sélectionner un matériel de mesure adapté et fiable? Faire des vérifications ! Ex. mise au point d'une méthode simple de vérification des capteurs de T°C et d'humidité avec l'achat d'une sonde étalon

Cancer patients at advanced stages experience a severe depletion of skeletal muscle compartment together with a decrease in muscle function, known as cancer cachexia. Cachexia contributes to reducing quality of life, treatment efficiency, and lifespan of cancer patients. However, the systemic nature of the syndrome is poorly documented. Here, we hypothesize that glucocorticoids would be important systemic mediators of cancer cachexia.To explore the role of glucocorticoids during cancer cachexia, biomolecular analyses were performed on several tissues (adrenal glands, blood, hypothalamus, liver, and skeletal muscle) collected from ApcTwenty-three-week-old Apc mice recapitulated important features of cancer cachexia including body weight loss (-16%, P 0.0001), muscle atrophy (gastrocnemius muscle: -53%, P 0.0001), and weakness (-50% in tibialis anterior muscle force, P 0.0001), increased expression of atrogens (7-fold increase in MuRF1 transcript level, P 0.0001) and down-regulation of Akt-mTOR pathway (3.3-fold increase in 4EBP1 protein content, P 0.0001), together with a marked transcriptional rewiring of hepatic metabolism toward an increased expression of gluconeogenic genes (Pcx: +90%, Pck1: +85%), and decreased expression of glycolytic (Slc2a2: -40%, Gk: -30%, Pklr: -60%), ketogenic (Hmgcs2: -55%, Bdh1: -80%), lipolytic/fatty oxidation (Lipe: -50%, Mgll: -60%, Cpt2: -60%, Hadh: -30%), and lipogenic (Acly: -30%, Acacb: -70%, Fasn: -45%) genes. The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis was activated, as evidenced by the increase in the transcript levels of genes encoding corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus (2-fold increase, P 0.01), adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor (3.4-fold increase, P 0.001), and steroid biosynthesis enzymes (Cyp21a1, P 0.0001, and Cyp11b1, P 0.01) in the adrenal glands, as well as by the increase in corticosterone level in the serum (+73%, P 0.05), skeletal muscle (+17%, P 0.001), and liver (+24%, P 0.05) of cachectic 23-week-old Apc mice. A comparative transcriptional analysis with dexamethasone-treated C57BL/6J mice indicated that the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in 23-week-old ApcThese findings highlight the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-glucocorticoid pathway in the transcriptional regulation of skeletal muscle catabolism and hepatic metabolism during cancer cachexia. They also provide the paradigm for the design of new therapeutic strategies.

International audience; Depuis quelques années, les mobilisations pro-animaux suscitent une attention publique particulière : aux associations établies œuvrant à la « protection » des animaux s’ajoutent désormais des collectifs revendiquant plutôt leur « libération ». Leur point commun : défendre les intérêts des animaux. Le lectorat francophone ne disposait pas encore de synthèse distanciée, faisant le point sur les propriétés sociales, politiques et morales de ces mouvements. Ce livre entend combler ce manque en présentant l’état des connaissances sur l’histoire et la structuration de la cause animale aujourd’hui.Cette mise en perspective remonte jusqu’au XIXe siècle. Les mobilisations contemporaines sont cartographiées. Les raisons de l’engagement pour les animaux et la variété de ses formes sont analysées, de même que les liens des mouvements avec d’autres mondes sociaux (les politiques publiques, les marchés, le monde académique).Cet ouvrage fournit ainsi des clés de compréhension sociologique sur la façon dont la défense des animaux transforme nos sociétés.

In semi-arid savannas, the availability of surface water constrains movements and space-use of wild animals. To accurately model their movements in relation to water selection at a landscape scale, innovative methods have to be developed to i) better discriminate water bodies in space while characterizing their seasonal occurrences and ii) integrate this information in a spatially-explicit model to simulate animal movements according to surface water availability. In this study, we propose to combine satellite remote sensing (SRS) and spatial modelling in the case of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) movements at the periphery of Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe).An existing classification method of satellite Sentinel-2 time-series images has been adapted to produce monthly surface water maps at 10 meters spatial resolution. The resulting water maps have then been integrated into a spatialized mechanistic movement model based on a collective motion of self-propelled individuals to simulate buffalo movements in response to surface water.The use of spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 in combination with the short-wave infrared (SWIR) band in a Random Forest (RF) classifier provided robust results with a mean Kappa index, over the time series, of 0.87 (max = 0.98, min = 0.65). The results highlighted strong space and time variabilities of water availability in the study area. The mechanistic movement model showed a positive and significant correlation between observations/simulations movements and space-use of buffalo’s herds (Spearman r = 0.69, p-value -114) despite overestimating the presence of buffalo individuals at proximity of the surface water.

Background Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, is the most common sensory impairment seen in elderly people. However, the cochlear aging process does not affect people uniformly, suggesting that both genetic and environmental (e.g., noise, ototoxic drugs) factors and their interaction may influence the onset and severity of ARHL. Considering the potential links between thyroid hormone, mitochondrial activity, and hearing, here, we probed the role of p43, a N-terminally truncated and ligand-binding form of the nuclear receptor TRα1, in hearing function and in the maintenance of hearing during aging in p43−/− mice through complementary approaches, including in vivo electrophysiological recording, ultrastructural assessments, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Results We found that the p43−/− mice exhibit no obvious hearing loss in juvenile stages, but that these mice developed a premature, and more severe, ARHL resulting from the loss of cochlear sensory outer and inner hair cells and degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. Exacerbated ARHL in p43−/− mice was associated with the early occurrence of a drastic fall of SIRT1 expression, together with an imbalance between pro-apoptotic Bax, p53 expression, and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 expression, as well as an increase in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory process. Finally, p43−/− mice were also more vulnerable to noise-induced hearing loss. Conclusions These results demonstrate for the first time a requirement for p43 in the maintenance of hearing during aging and highlight the need to probe the potential link between human THRA gene polymorphisms and/or mutations and accelerated age-related deafness or some adult-onset syndromic deafness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-00953-1.

Besides the loss of muscle mass and strength, increased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is now a well-recognized consequence of muscle deconditioning as experienced in prolonged microgravity. IMAT content may alter the muscle stem cell microenvironment. We hypothesized that extracellular matrix structure alterations and microenvironment remodeling induced by fast and severe muscle disuse could modulate fibro-adipogenic progenitor fate and behavior. We used the dry immersion (DI) model that rapidly leads to severe muscle deconditioning due to drastic hypoactivity. We randomly assigned healthy volunteers (n = 18 men) to the control group (only DI, n = 9; age = 33.8 ± 4) or to the DI + thigh cuff group (n = 9; age = 33.4 ± 7). Participants remained immersed in the supine position in a thermo-neutral water bath for 5 days. We collected vastus lateralis biopsies before (baseline) and after DI. 5 days of DI are sufficient to reduce muscle mass significantly, as indicated by the decreased myofiber cross-sectional area in vastus lateralis samples (−18% vs. baseline, p < 0.05). Early and late adipogenic differentiation transcription factors protein levels were upregulated. Platelet-derived growth Factors alpha (PDGFR⍺) protein level and PDGFR⍺-positive cells were increased after 5 days of DI. Extracellular matrix structure was prone to remodeling with an altered ECM composition with 4 major collagens, fibronectin, and Connective Tissue Growth Factor mRNA decreases (p < 0.001 vs. baseline). Wearing thigh cuffs did not have any preventive effect on the measured variable. Our results show that altered extracellular matrix structure and signaling pathways occur early during DI, a severe muscle wasting model, favoring fibro-adipogenic progenitor differentiation into adipocytes.

International audience; Main resource for human and animal nutrition, agricultural biomass has also high potential uses as substitute for non-renewable resources in other sectors (construction, chemistry, energy, etc.).It plays an important role towards the energetic transition. In that regard, public institutions, particularly at local level, highly support new biomass uses for food and non-food uses, for products (e.g. grains,livestock) and co-products (e.g. straw, manure), leading to value chain reorganizations and/or creations. To prevent from de-structuring the other existing value chains, or from escaping local energetic,environmental or socio-economic issues, it seems important to understand the interactions between value chains in place. For that aim, the framework of metabolism seems particularly relevant. It allowsan analysis of the flows of materials and energy occurring between nature and society, between different societies, and within societies. Interactions between value chains can be characterized bymaterial flows and an analysis of actors which produce or use agricultural products and co-products. However, due to value chain specialties, the complexity of actor networks and highly diverse localities,these evaluations are difficult to undertake at local scales. Our goal here is to present and discuss an approach to account for interaction within and between agricultural value chains, based on a representation of material metabolism coupled with an analysis of actors’ networks. First, we build a theoretical metabolism, based on public databases to: i) inform on potential agricultural products and coproducts, ii) gather general information on local actors. Second, we lead a survey to consolidate this metabolism from the actual flows and develop a reading grid of actors’ networks based on the forms of: i) circulation of material flows between actors; ii) organization and coordination of this circulation of material flows between actors; iii) synergies, dependencies and competitions between actors around these material flows. The main challenge is to structure these interactions in a global representation of the local agricultural metabolism. We show an application of the method on two French localities that are contrasted in terms of agriculture in: i) the North of the Aube department, an area specialized in large field crops; ii) the Vallée de la Drôme, farm fields are four times smaller and the agriculture is more diversified with different types of crops and livestock systems. This method can be used with local partners as a reflexive tool on agriculture and value chains and as a starting point for foresight studies.

Le loup est réapparu officiellement en France en 1992 et a immédiatement entraîné une pression de prédation importante sur l’élevage extensif tel qu’il est pratiqué dans les départements alpins. Cette réapparition duloup a donné lieu à des mobilisations professionnelles de formes diverses (pour alerter sur les effets du loup sur le pastoralisme) et à une prise en charge du problème par les acteurs publics au niveau européen, national et territorial(principalement autour du Plan loup). Les moyens de sécurisation et de protection des troupeaux sont au centre des dispositifs mis en place par les acteurs publics (même s’ils ne les résument pas entièrement). Cette focale surles troupeaux contribue à invisibiliser un ensemble de conséquences tout aussi importantes de la présence du loup sur les professionnels du pastoralisme eux mêmes, notamment les conséquences sur leur travail et sur leur santé. Danscette perspective, à l’initiative d’élus issus du monde professionnel, et en collaboration avec les caisses et les agents de la MSA des départements et régions concernés par la prédation, nous avons été chargés avec Antoine Doré (Inrae)d’étudier les effets de la présence du loup sur le travail et la santé des éleveurs et des bergers.

The climatic conditions, the political instability and the 70s and 80s war upset the trajectories of pastoral households. Some pastoral households left Batha in central Chad to settle around N’Djamena. During this migration, theyprofoundly transformed their farming systems. Our goal is to show how the camel, a local animal resource, has been a lever of transformation of local production systems, with their resilience, robustness and adaptability. We rely ona survey conducted in 2018 among 173 households, randomly selected in the 27 camel pastoralists camps around N’Djamena, i.e. 10% of the households. These households have specialized in camel breeding at the expense of cattlebreeding. Camels now represent 80% of the TLU. Previously, these households moved between an attachment site in the north of Batha during the rainy season, and a host site in the south during the dry season. For this long-distancemobility (~400 km), the whole household accompanied the herd. Today, they organised the mobility between three sites. In the dry season, the herds are split in two. The household keeps the lactating females around N’Djamenafor milk sale as a young adult drives the rest of the animals to the south (up to 500 km). In the rainy season, camels cannot stay around N’Djamena due to sanitary constraints but also to land occupation by crops. The household andthe whole herd go north (around 300 km). The well-known robustness of camels enables these mobilities over very long distances. The sale of milk was once considered a social taboo. Today, it is a major strategy for diversifying thepastoralists’ livelihoods. Milk remains a commodity for self-consumption, but it is also a major source of income. Forty-two percent of households generate a gross milk margin per worker greater than the minimum wage. The camelcapacities to produce milk in the dry season (3 to 4 litres milked per female and per day) enabled this conversion to milk sale during the presence near the urban market of N’Djamena, on the contrary of cows for which the rainy seasonremains the most favourable to produce milk.

Les élevages familiaux de ruminants au pâturage, en territoires méditerranéens et tropicaux, contribuent directement à huit des dix-sept objectifs du développement durable(ODD) du programme des Nations unies pour 2030. Ces élevages ont été longtemps en marge des efforts d’investissement en agriculture. Ils disposent cependant d’atouts indéniables pour répondre à ces ODD en interaction avec d’autres formes d’élevage présentes dans les territoires. Mais ils font face aussi à un ensemble de contraintes qui remettent en question leur pérennité. La synthèse interdisciplinaire présentée ici vise à répondre à trois questions essentielles : comment renforcer les capacités d’adaptation de ces élevages pour répondre aux changements climatiques, sociaux et économiques ? Comment améliorer leur efficience à différents niveaux d’organisation et aux plans social, économique et environnemental ? Enfin, comment ces élevages peuvent-ils contribuer aux processus d’innovation pour la transition agroécologique ? Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur les recherches publiées récemment par l’UMR Selmet (Cirad-INRAE-Institut Agro) portant sur une diversité de sites dans le monde et dans un large partenariat international. Il s’adresse à la communauté enseignante et scientifique, aux étudiants, aux acteurs du secteur de l’élevage et des territoires, intervenant aux différentes échelles de décision.

In many developing countries, livestock value-chains are undergoing rapid transformations. Those changes represent both challenges and opportunities for a transition towards more sustainable food systems. We discuss those challenges and opportunities with reference to various situations taken in developing countries. Following the liberalization of national and regional economies, international trade and long distances transport of raw materials and livestockproducts have increased, which has had a strong impact on carbon emission. In parallel, major agri-food corporation have invested in livestock genetics, feed industry, milk and meat processing units, or food distribution in developingcountries, leading to a growing capital concentration in the agri-food sector, and to the emergence of mega-farms with high environmental and social costs. In the same time, the growing importance of quality standards for sustainable and equitable foods has supported value chains initiatives leading to organic products marketing, food safety certification, geographical indications, or other sustainable labels and trademarks. Public policies focused on local developmentdynamics have also supported social business-models such as micro-credit schemes, cooperatives, producers’ organizations, or small-scale processing units with interesting returns in terms of shared added value. We concludeby underlying the importance of local territorial governance to promote sustainable trade-offs between positive and negative impacts. Local organizations such as innovation plate-forms, municipal bodies, decentralized public services,etc. can support local entrepreneurs, producers’ organization and services providers to build sustainable value chains initiatives. The challenge of those local organizations is to promote simultaneously economic, social and environmentalimpacts of value-chains transformation. We illustrate the concept of territorial governance by some example taken in Africa, Southeast Asia and Amazonia.

Integrating crop and livestock is broadly seen as an ideal option to maintain agricultural production levels while limiting environmental impacts on soil and biodiversity. Still, European crop-livestock farms keep declining due to globalized markets, agricultural policies and limited availability of workforce and skills. Reconnecting neighbouring specialized crop farms and livestock farms through grain, fodder, crop by-products and manure exchanges could be an alternative to overcome these limiting factors. Up to now, such collective organization is still rarely observed despite its potential advantages. In this study, we tried to understand farmers’ perceptions to highlight levers and barriers to crop-livestock integration beyond farm level. We analyzed interviews of 19 farmers interested in building such collaborations in Ariege, South- western France (8 crop farmers, 7 livestock farmers and 4 crop-livestock farmers). We observed different levels of involvement considered by the farmers ranging from wishing to buy local feed or establish new crops only if a local cooperative was creating contracts, to wishing to build a strong collaboration among local group over time. Different types of collective organization were mentioned, ranging from polycentric organization involving only farmers up to a governance through a local cooperative. The main barriers were related to logistics and storage, timemanagement, low costs of inputs as regards to the time needed to implement such local cooperation, and establishment of trust. The main levers were the existence of local cooperatives or machinery groups that could drive the project and establish contracts, new policies oriented toward collective actions and a niche-market that recognized the interest of local feed for livestock. We highlighted a strong implicit divergence between the mindsets of crop farmers relative to livestock farmers that could hinder this type of local cooperation as they have few relationships and low trust. We suggest that farmers that already have both crops and livestock may be an ideal-type to improve ties between specialized farmers. In-depth analysis of farmer motivations and long-term efforts to build strong local networks and new policies would thus be key to favour the development of crop-livestock integration beyond farm level.

Within the TechCare Project, a list of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) tools, with potential for monitoring animal welfare in small ruminant production, was formulated in TechCare Countries. The opinions of stakeholders weretaken into account after consultations, following a multi-actor approach. The OPERA method was used to reach consensus between stakeholders. Overall, stakeholders’ opinions appear rather uniform. Regarding meat sheep, thehighest appreciated PLF tool was the automated weighing and low frequency identification (LF) system, followed by localisation (GPS) and 3-axial accelerometers, as well as new ultra-high-frequency (UHF) eartags and readers forseveral uses (e.g. water intake). The most suitable PLF tools selected for dairy sheep were environmental-air quality sensors (e.g. weather stations), followed by automated milk recording, LF and automatic weighing. As for dairy goats,in addition to those selected for dairy sheep, the new UHF eartags and readers were prioritized. Regardless of the production system, the most important traits of selected PLF tools were low cost and ease-of-use. Most stakeholdersalso expressed concerns on their ability to collect and handle the data generated from PLF tools for monitoring individual animals. TechCare (www.techcare-project.eu) receives funding from the European Union’s H2020 researchand innovation programme grant no. 862050.

Dans le cadre de rencontres avec le grand public ou avec des enfants, l'utilisation de jeux peut permettre une meilleure compréhension de processus écologiques ou de méthodes scientifiques complexes. Nous vous présentons 2 jeux de vulgarisation scientifique que nous avons récemment développés. Le premier traite de réseaux plantes-pollinisateurs et de métabarcoding, et permet d'aborder la notion d'ADN environnemental gr ce à un petit «Laboratoire d'extraction ADN ». Après une explication mimée de visites d'une fleur par différents pollinisateurs et de la technique d'extraction de l'ADN, les participants sont invités à trier des séquences d'ADN représentées par des colliers de perles et de réfléchir à la cause de leur présence sur la fleur de démonstration. Le second est une expérimentation des relations entre la structure des paysages (configuration et composition) et la diversité des pollinisateurs. A partir de dalles représentant différents milieux à deux saisons, de ressources de nidification et de ressources florales, les participants doivent expérimenter les déplacements de plusieurs espèces d'apoïdes différant par leur spécialisation alimentaire, leur type de nidification et leurs capacités de dispersion. Ils sont amenés à réfléchir à comment modifier les paysages pour améliorer leur capacité d'accueil pour les pollinisateurs.

The objective of this article is to present the issues associated with the digitalization of agriculture through the example of the effect of digital technologies on agricultural consulting. Advisory services have played a very important role in the dynamics of technical change in the agricultural sector. These services, historically based on advisors' skills and on direct interactions between farmers and advisors (individual advice, group advice, etc.), are increasingly using digital tools (software, decision-support tools, applications for tablets and smartphones, etc.). We highlight three fundamental issues related to digitalization: The effect of digital technologies on access to knowledge for a diversity of farmers; the evolution of skills within organizations providing advice; and the broader transformations induced in the agricultural innovation system., L’objectif de cet article est de présenter les enjeux associés à la digitalisation de l’agriculture à travers l’exemple de l’effet des technologies numériques sur le conseil agricole. Les services de conseil ont joué un rôle très important dans les dynamiques de changement technique du secteur agricole. Ces services, historiquement fondés sur les compétences des conseillers et sur les interactions directes entre agriculteurs et conseillers (conseil individuel, conseil de groupe, etc.), utilisent de plus en plus d’outils numériques (logiciels, outils d’aide à la décision, applications pour tablettes et smartphones, etc.). Nous mettons en évidence trois enjeux fondamentaux liés à la digitalisation : l’effet des technologies numériques sur l’accès aux connaissances pour une diversité d’agriculteurs ; l’évolution des compétences au sein des organisations prestataires de conseil ; et les transformations plus larges induites dans le système d’innovation agricole.

As a sustainable food production may increasingly build on resilient, low-input farming systems, enhancing livestock reliance on natural processes is of growing interest. In this respect, small ruminants present various assets sincethey cover a broad diversity of breeds adapted to contrasting environments, including harsh and variable rangeland conditions where they evolved strong adaptive capacities. Yet, from an agroecological perspective, adaptive capacitiesremain poorly accounted for into current management and breeding strategies. Several traits reflecting aspects of resilience to undernutrition or to infections are amenable to selection and can thereby contribute to reduce the inputsneeded for production or to an integrated health management. However, the consideration of adaptive capacities in breeding schemes generally targets conventional production systems and has only little scope for their re-design.Then, a more rigorous assessment of adaptive capacities would require to examine trade-offs among resilience traits, between resilience traits and production traits, during lifetime and across environments – which is virtually outof reach using classic experimental means. Finally, few studies have started to explore how improving individual adaptive capacities or managing their diversity within the herd can affect farm resilience, even though this aspect iskey in agroecology. Given previous limitations, the use of systemic approaches integrating the mechanistic basis of adaptive capacities as well as their consequences on herd performances holds promise. Specifically, we illustrate atthe animal level how resource allocation models could contribute to an integrative assessment of adaptive capacities, including their genetic trade-offs with production traits. In turn, the use of such individual models in herd simulationshould allow identifying synergies between breeding and management strategies to promote herd resilience. Beyond, expanding this modelling at the farming system level may support the design of new agroecosystems, particularlythose enhancing crop-livestock integration.

Focusing in guaranteeing information and property rights, this study aimed to analyze the governance mechanisms among agents of a specialty beef chain in the Aveyron and Segala regions (France), using a qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews. Results indicated high asset specificity and dimensions subjectively measured in the transactions, such as organoleptic characteristics. The adoption of less complex governance structures, instead of vertical integration, became feasible through the presence of three key organizations, one that defines quality and production parameters (INAO), another one that certificates these parameters (Qualisud), and finally a key agent that coordinate the chain (IRVA). It is the joint action between these organizations that makes it possible to coordinate the chain while measuring and guaranteeing information and property rights on dimensions that are difficult to measure even in specific assets. It was concluded that the certification process support value distribution since they act as dimension measurers and guarantors of the asset involved in the transaction, reducing transactions and measurement costs.

Hormone-free (HF) reproduction management in dairy sheep farming is a way to address current societal demands However, we must be prepared for the collateral impacts to be expected in the rest of the farming system components.Indeed, the efficiency of related HF practices (e.g. using male effect for oestrus induction and synchronisation) is more uncertain than that of hormonal treatment (HO). Direct consequences, on the feeding system design, will thus reflecta higher variability of physiological stages present in the flock throughout the year. This work aims to simulate the impact of a HF reproduction including artificial insemination (AI) on the distribution of productive performances andnutritional requirements of a conventional dairy sheep flock, using a dynamic agent-based model. Six reproductive management scenarios, for managing the same flock (n=597 Lacaune ewes), in the Mediterranean Roquefort Basin,were simulated and compared over one full and representative production season i.e.: HO+AI in mid-May (Early); HO+AI in July (SumLate); HO+AI in November (AutLate); as well as their HF version (i.e. HF-Early; HF-SumLateand HF-AutLate, respectively). In all HF scenarios, a reduction in the number of ewes lambing and in the annual milk production (-1 to -8%) was observed, which was accompanied by a subsequent decrease of the flock’s annualnutritional requirements (-2 to -7%). The HF scenarios also resulted in a staggering of lambing occurrences which led to a shift in the peaks of milk production and, consequently, in the nutritional requirements during the productionseason. In conclusion, transitioning to HF reproduction management, while preserving AI, would imply an increase in the workload, a prolongation of the programmed milking period, and an essential readjustment of the feedingmanagement strategy of the flock with regard to farm’s feed resources availability. Our simulation results are used to support discussions within the dairy sheep industry looking for sustainable alternatives to using hormones.

In the Sahel region, assessing the carbon balance of pastoral and agropastoral ecosystems requires considering the main characteristics of these systems, including animal productivity, resources seasonality, and herd mobility in timeand space. Integrating GHG emissions and carbon storage resulting from land management and livestock activities is also important as it is an integral part of these ecosystems. Sahelian countries face great challenges to assess theirclimate commitments in the livestock sector, mainly related to mitigation measures. These include the absence of a clear carbon balance methodology taking into account these specificities and a scarcity of local reference data(baseline data and specific emission factors). In the present work, we have proposed: (1) to improve the carbon balance mechanism of pastoral and agropastoral systems at national and territorial levels considering these specificities, andaccording to international methodologies and recommendations in terms of GHG emissions estimates and estimation of carbon storage; (2) to make available an improved and updated model, GLEAM-i, which will take into accountthese Sahelian specificities. The work consisted in updating the GLEAM-i model by integrating GHG emissions and carbon storage of land management related to the livestock sector in the Sahel, and by enhancing the specific referencedata (baseline) and emission factors produced by the CaSSECS project (Carbon Sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in (agro) Sylvopastoral Ecosystems in the Sahelian CILSS States).

Document de synthèse dont l'objectif est de proposer des éléments pour renforcer l’autonomie protéique des élevages de monogastriques du Lauragais afin d’engager la transition agroécologique à l’échelle de l’exploitation et/ou du territoire.

Les ressources florales dans les paysages agropastoraux sont largement façonnées par les pratiques agricoles, à plusieurs échelles : fertilisation des prairies, entretien des landes, changements d'utilisation des terres... Cette production agropastorale des ressources florales est toutefois caractérisée par de nombreuses incertitudes. Ces incertitudes sont scientifiques, issues de manques de connaissances (e.g. quelle influence des régimes de feu sur la qualité nutritionnelle des landes à callune ?) ou de l'imprévisibilité irréductible des processus à l’œuvre. Les incertitudes sont également sociales : qu'est-ce qui fait ressource florale, pour qui, comment et dans quelle arène est négociée la définition de ce terme ? Face à cette complexité, comment étudier la manière dont l'agropastoralisme produit des ressources florales pour l'agriculture ? Pire encore, comment émettre des recommandations pour »améliorer » la production de ressources florales dans les milieux agropastoraux ? Il semble nécessaire, pour avancer des éléments de réponse, de se placer à l'échelle des systèmes de production, à laquelle les agriculteurs et agricultrice prennent des décisions en intégrant un vaste panel de contraintes qui s'exercent à différentes échelles. Pour comprendre comment les systèmes de production agropastoraux produisent des ressources florales pour l'apiculture, nous avons mené un diagnostic agraire sur le Mont Lozère, dans le parc national des Cévennes. Dans cette communication, j'illustrerai différents systèmes de production agropastoraux rencontrés sur ce territoire et leurs logiques de production de ressources florales à travers des idéaux-types. Cette manière de raconter la productiondes ressources florales mettra en évidence ses principaux mécanismes et déterminismes, sans perdre de vue leur complexité et les incertitudes qui leurs sont associées. J'identifierai parmi ces logiques celles qui relèvent des spécificités de mon cas d'étude de celles qui sont généralisables à un plus grand nombre de contextes agropastoraux.

Chapitre 6 Disponible gratuitement en ebook; International audience; Les agroéquipements et le numérique sont des leviers essentiels pour développer des systèmes de culture sans pesticides. Des innovations en matière de précision d’exécutionet d’adaptabilité des équipements sont attendues. En parallèle, le développement des capteurs va permettre d’améliorer la surveillance des bioagresseurs, mais égalementcelle de l’ensemble du système de culture et de son environnement. Les capteurs, associés aux nouvelles technologies de l’information, pourront également contribuer àl’émergence de filières sans pesticides et facilitant la traçabilité du champ à l’assiette. Des questions vont néanmoins se poser quant à l’utilisation des nombreuses donnéescollectées et du coût potentiellement élevé de ces nouveaux équipements.