38 results on '"Rayment, Mark"'
Search Results
2. Integrated assessment, valuation and mapping of ecosystem services and dis-services from upland land use in Wales
- Author
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Hardaker, Ashley, Pagella, Tim, and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Implications of structural diversity for seasonal and annual carbon dioxide fluxes in two temperate deciduous forests
- Author
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Tamrakar, Rijan, Rayment, Mark B., Moyano, Fernando, Mund, Martina, and Knohl, Alexander
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A simple parameterisation of windbreak effects on wind speed reduction and resulting thermal benefits to sheep
- Author
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He, Yufeng, Jones, Pippa J., and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A two-stage sampling strategy improves chamber-based estimates of greenhouse gas fluxes
- Author
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He, Yufeng, Gibbons, James, and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Carbon and water fluxes in a boreal forest ecosystem
- Author
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Rayment, Mark Bryce
- Subjects
581.7 - Abstract
To obtain a better understanding of the functioning of a globally important biome, the BOREAS project set out to make measurements of the interaction between a number of boreal ecosystems and the atmosphere. This study is concerned with measurements made in one such ecosystem, the old-growth black spruce (OBS) site of the BOREAS Southern study area (SSA), located in Saskatchewan, Canada, during the period 1993-1996. This thesis focuses on efforts to understand the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and water vapour in terms of the sub-component fluxes operating within the ecosystem. The component fluxes of primary interest are photosynthesis, respiration and evapotranspiration of foliage, and the efflux of CO2 from the forest floor. Woody biomass respiration and changes in the storage of CO2 in the air mass within the ecosystem are also considered. Methodologies were developed to study these fluxes on a continuous basis. An "open" system gas exchange chamber for measuring soil CO2 efflux was designed that eliminated the major problems that have been associated with this methodology in the past. The system was used to investigate temporal and spatial variation in soil CO2 efflux at the field site. A scheme that integrated this temporal and spatial variation was used to estimate the CO2 efflux from the forest floor for an entire year. Spatial variability in soil CO2 efflux was high, and was related empirically to the thickness of the dead moss layer. Hour to hour variation was well described as an exponential function of soil temperature, and was significantly related to atmospheric turbulence.
- Published
- 1998
7. Multi-Stakeholder Approach in Natural Resources Management: The Case of Mida Creek and Gongoni-Marereni Mangrove Ecosystems in Kilifi County, Kenya
- Author
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Mwamuye, Edward Salehe, primary, Chongomwa, Mwangome Muye, primary, Rayment, Mark, primary, and Nadir, Sternly, primary
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Are peatlands in different states with respect to their thermodynamic behaviour? A simple test of peatland energy and entropy budgets
- Author
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Worrall, Fred, primary, Morrison, Ross, additional, Evans, Chris, additional, Kaduk, Joerg, additional, Page, Susan, additional, Cumming, Alex, additional, Rayment, Mark, additional, and Kettridge, Nicholas, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Biophysical modelling of intra-ring variations in tracheid features and wood density of Pinus pinaster trees exposed to seasonal droughts
- Author
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Wilkinson, Sarah, Ogée, Jérôme, Domec, Jean-Christophe, Rayment, Mark, and Wingate, Lisa
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Traditional knowledge and practices on utilisation and marketing of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis) in Ethiopia
- Author
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Yusuf, Mussa, Teklehaimanot, Zewge, and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Can Underutilized Tropical Fruits Meet the Nutritional Requirements of Rural Indonesia?
- Author
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Mavinkal Ravindran, Krishnanunni, primary, Jones, Philippa J., additional, and Rayment, Mark, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests
- Author
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Magnani, Federico, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Borghetti, Marco, Berbigier, Paul, Berninger, Frank, Delzon, Sylvain, Grelle, Achim, Hari, Pertti, Jarvis, Paul G., Kolari, Pasi, Kowalski, Andrew S., Lankreijer, Harry, Law, Beverly E., Lindroth, Anders, Loustau, Denis, Manca, Giovanni, Moncrieff, John B., Rayment, Mark, Tedeschi, Vanessa, Valentini, Riccardo, and Grace, John
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Rayment, Mark
- Author
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Rayment, Mark and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2019
14. Global change: Respiration in the balance
- Author
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Grace, John and Rayment, Mark
- Published
- 2000
15. The entropy budgets of UK peatlands – are some peatlands near equilibrium?
- Author
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Worrall, Fred, Morrison, Ross, Kaduk, Jorg, Page, Sue, Cumming, Alex, Rayment, Mark, Kettridge, Nick, and Evans, Chris
- Subjects
Agriculture and Soil Science - Abstract
The energy budget of an ecosystem must obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics even if it is an open system. Several studies have sought to use a consideration of entropy budgets to understand ecosystem energy budgets and more specifically evaporation. It has been assumed that ecosystems are far-from-equilibrium systems and as such would always seek to maximise their entropy production. Although the approach has been used to consider the behaviour of environments there are no studies that have tested the approach or its implications: maximum entropy production (MEP) is a prediction of the far-from-equilibrium assumption that could be tested. The simplest way for an ecosystem to maximise entropy production is to maximise water loss through evaporation. To test whether a system is acting to maximise entropy production this study chose to consider how the energy budget of a peatland system responded to changes in incoming energy, specifically how a change in net radiation was transferred to changes in latent heat flux (E/Rn). An ecosystem maximising its entropy production would transfer the majority of change in net radiation to change in latent heat flux. Previously using this approach we have been able to show that for nine UK peatlands the average proportion of a change in net radiation that was transferred to change in latent heat flux varied from 24 to 63%. That is for some sites where the majority of change in input was transferred to latent heat while at another site where the majority was transferred to sensible heat flux. We now show that the sites significantly divided between two groups those with[U+F044][U+F06C]E/[U+F044]Rn > 0.4 and those with E/Rn < 0.3. To understand what this results means we have now considered the entropy budget of each site to test whether high values E/Rn are actually reflected in greater entropy production and how these approaches relate to the Bowen ratio.
- Published
- 2018
16. BOREAS TF-9 SSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data
- Author
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Hall, Forrest G, Huemmrich, Karl, Massheder, Jonathan M, Moncrieff, John B, Rayment, Mark B, and Jarvis, Paul G
- Subjects
Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
The BOREAS TF-9 team collected energy, carbon dioxide, and water vapor flux data at the BOREAS SSA-OBS site during the growing season of 1994 and most of the year for 1996. From the winter of 1995 to 1996, soil temperature data were also collected and provided. The data are available in tabular ASCII files.
- Published
- 2000
17. BOREAS TF-9 SSA-OBS Branch Level Flux Data
- Author
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Rayment, Mark B, Jarvis, Paul G, Hall, Forrest G, and Huemmrich, Karl
- Subjects
Earth Resources And Remote Sensing - Abstract
The BOREAS TF-9 team collected data that describe carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes from foliage at the BOREAS SSA-OBS site from 07-April through 23-November-1996. The data are available in tabular ASCII files.
- Published
- 2000
18. Mangrove area and propagule number planting targets produce sub-optimal rehabilitation and afforestation outcomes
- Author
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Wodehouse, Dominic C.J., primary and Rayment, Mark B., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The energy and entropy budgets of UK peatlands – are some peatlands near equilibrium?
- Author
-
Worrall, Fred, Morrison, Ross, Kettridge, Nick, Page, Sue, Kaduk, Jorg, Evans, Chris, Rayment, Mark, Cumming, Alex, Worrall, Fred, Morrison, Ross, Kettridge, Nick, Page, Sue, Kaduk, Jorg, Evans, Chris, Rayment, Mark, and Cumming, Alex
- Abstract
The energy budget of an ecosystem must obey the 2nd law of thermodynamics even if it is an open system. Several studies have sought to use a consideration of entropy budgets to understand ecosystem energy budgets and more specifically evaporation. It has been assumed that ecosystems are far-from-equilibrium systems and as such would always seek to maximise their entropy production. Although the approach has been used to consider the behaviour of environments there are no studies that have tested the approach or its implications: maximum entropy production (MEP) is a prediction of the far-from-equilibrium assumption that could be tested. The simplest way for an ecosystem to maximise entropy production is to maximise water loss through evaporation. To test whether a system is acting to maximise entropy production this study chose to consider how a the energy budget of a peatland system responded to changes in incoming energy, specifically how a change in net radiation was transferred to changes in latent heat flux - an ecosystem maximising its entropy production would transfer the majority of change in net radiation to change in latent heat flux. This study considered nine sites across the UK where an energy budget had been measured. All sites were on peat but included: upland and lowland sites; sites under intensive and extensive agriculture; and sites with differing nutrient status. The change in the energy fluxes were assessed on a daily time step and the comparison made between the change in net radiation and the change in latent flux. Statistically significant positive linear relationships were found for all sites, however, the average proportion of a change in net radiation that was transferred to change in latent heat flux varied from 24 to 57%, i.e. for some sites where the majority of change in input was transferred to latent heat while at another site where the majority was transferred to sensible heat flux. The most intact site (Moor House, North Pennines)
- Published
- 2017
20. Eddy covariance flux measurements of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange from a lowland peatland flux tower network in England and Wales
- Author
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Morrison, Ross, Balzter, Heiko, Burden, Annette, Callaghan, Nathan, Cumming, Alexander, Dixon, Simon, Evans, Jonathan, Kaduk, Joerg, Page, Susan, Pan, Gong, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Rylett, Daniel, Worrall, Fred, and Evans, Christopher
- Subjects
Data and Information ,Ecology and Environment - Abstract
Peatlands store disproportionately large amounts of soil carbon relative to other terrestrial ecosystems. Over recent decades, the large amount of carbon stored as peat has proved vulnerable to a range of land use pressures as well as the increasing impacts of climate change. In temperate Europe and elsewhere, large tracts of lowland peatland have been drained and converted to agricultural land use. Such changes have resulted in widespread losses of lowland peatland habitat, land subsidence across extensive areas and the transfer of historically accumulated soil carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). More recently, there has been growth in activities aiming to reduce these impacts through improved land management and peatland restoration. Despite a long history of productive land use and management, the magnitude and controls on greenhouse gas emissions from lowland peatland environments remain poorly quantified. Here, results of surface-atmosphere measurements of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) from a network of seven eddy covariance (EC) flux towers located at a range of lowland peatland ecosystems across the United Kingdom (UK) are presented. This spatially-dense peatland flux tower network forms part of a wider observation programme aiming to quantify carbon, water and greenhouse gas balances for lowland peatlands across the UK. EC measurements totalling over seventeen site years were obtained at sites exhibiting large differences in vegetation cover, hydrological functioning and land management. The sites in the network show remarkable spatial and temporal variability in NEE. Across sites, annual NEE ranged from a net sink of -194 ±38 g CO 2-C m-2 yr-1 to a net source of 784 ±70 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1. The results suggest that semi-natural sites remain net sinks for atmospheric CO2. Sites that are drained for intensive agricultural production range from a small net sink to the largest observed source for atmospheric CO2 within the flux tower network. Extensively managed grassland and a site that was restored from intensive arable land use represent modest CO2 sources. Temporal variations in CO2 fluxes at sites with permanent vegetation cover are coupled to seasonal and interannual variations in weather conditions and phenology. The type of crop produced and agricultural management drive large temporal differences in the CO2 fluxes of croplands on drained lowland peat soils. The main environmental controls on the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 exchange processes will be discussed.
- Published
- 2016
21. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Selekop (Lepisanthes amoena) Fruit
- Author
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Salusu, Heriad Daud, primary, Ariani, Farida, additional, Obeth, Ernita, additional, Rayment, Mark, additional, Budiarso, Edy, additional, Kusuma, Irawan Wijaya, additional, and Arung, Enos Tangke, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Lowland peatland systems in England and Wales – evaluating greenhouse gas fluxes and carbon balances
- Author
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Evans, Christopher, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jennifer, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steven, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Mike, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Imma, Rylett, Daniel, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, Worrall, Fred, Evans, Christopher, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jennifer, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steven, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Mike, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Imma, Rylett, Daniel, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, and Worrall, Fred
- Abstract
Lowland peatlands represent one of the most carbon-rich ecosystems in the UK. As a result of widespread habitat modification and drainage to support agriculture and peat extraction, they have been converted from natural carbon sinks into major carbon sources, and are now amongst the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the UK land-use sector. Despite this, they have previously received relatively little policy attention, and measures to reduce GHG emissions either through re-wetting and restoration or improved management of agricultural land remain at a relatively early stage. In part, this has stemmed from a lack of reliable measurements on the carbon and GHG balance of UK lowland peatlands. This project aimed to address this evidence gap via an unprecedented programme of consistent, multi-year field measurements at a total of 15 lowland peatland sites in England and Wales, ranging from conservation-managed ‘near-natural’ ecosystems to intensively managed agricultural and extraction sites. The use of standardised measurement and data analysis protocols allowed the magnitude of GHG emissions and removals by peatlands to be quantified across this heterogeneous dataset, and for controlling factors to be identified. The network of seven flux towers established during the project is believed to be unique on peatlands globally, and has provided new insights into the processes the control GHG fluxes in lowland peatlands. The work undertaken is intended to support the future development and implementation of agricultural management and restoration measures aimed at reducing the contribution of these important ecosystems to UK GHG emissions.
- Published
- 2016
23. A robust gap-filling method for Net Ecosystem Exchange based on Cahn–Hilliard inpainting
- Author
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He, Yufeng, primary and Rayment, Mark, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Paired comparisons of carbon exchange between undisturbed and regenerating stands in four managed forests in Europe
- Author
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Kowalski, Andrew S., Loustau, Denis, Berbigier, Paul, Manca, Giovianni, Tedeschi, Vanessa, Borghetti, Marco, Valentini, Riccardo, Kolari, Pasi, Berninger, Franck, Hari, Pertti, Rayment, Mark, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Moncrieff, John, Grace, John, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unité de bioclimatologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Basilicata, Tuscia University, University of Helsinki, and University of Edinburgh
- Subjects
net ecosystem exchange (NEE) ,forest carbon cycle ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,gross primary production (GPP) ,eddy covariance ,total ecosystem respiration ,harvest disturbance - Abstract
International audience; The effects of harvest on European forest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon and its photosynthetic and respiratory components (GPP (gross primary production) and TER (total ecosystem respiration)) were examined by comparing four pairs of mature/harvested sites in Europe via a combination of eddy covariance measurements and empirical modeling. Three of the comparisons represented high coniferous forestry (spruce in Britain, and pines in Finland and France), while a coppice-with-standard oak plantation was examined in Italy. While every comparison revealed that harvesting converted a mature forest carbon sink into a carbon source of similar magnitude, the mechanisms by which this occurred were very different according to species or management practice. In Britain, Finland, and France the annual sink (source) strength for mature (clear-cut) stands was estimated at 496 (112), 138 (239), and 222 (225) gCm-2, respectively, with 381 (427) gCm-2 for the mature (coppiced) stand in Italy. In all three cases of high forestry in Britain, Finland, and France, clear-cutting crippled the photosynthetic capacity of the ecosystem – with mature (clear-cut) GPP of 1970 (988), 1010 (363), and 1600 (602) gCm2 – and also reduced ecosystem respiration to a lesser degree – TER of 1385 (1100), 839 (603), and 1415 (878) gCm-2, respectively. By contrast, harvesting of the coppice oak system provoked a burst in respiration – with mature (clear-cut) TER estimated at 1160 (2220) gCm-2 – which endured for the 3 years sampled postharvest. The harvest disturbance also reduced GPP in the coppice system – with mature (clear-cut) GPP of 1600 (1420) gCm-2 – but to a lesser extent than in the coniferous forests, and with near-complete recovery within a few years. Understanding the effects of harvest on the carbon balance of European forest systems is a necessary step towards characterizing carbon exchange for timberlands on large scales.
- Published
- 2004
25. Respiration in the balance
- Author
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Grace, John and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Author(s): John Grace (corresponding author) [1]; Mark Rayment [1] Each year, the world's vegetation absorbs about 60 billion tonnes of carbon by photosynthesis and releases a similar -- but not [...]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A robust gap-filling method for Net Ecosystem Exchange based on Cahn-Hilliard inpainting.
- Author
-
Yufeng He and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
- *
CAHN-Hilliard-Cook equation , *FOURIER transforms , *MARGINAL distributions - Abstract
Traditional gap-filling approaches adopt a temporally linear perspective on data; whether synthesizing data statistically within a moving window, or using complex functions based on a "best-guess" understanding of the processes driving exchange. The former approach is limited in its ability to capture non-linear trends, and the latter is limited in situations where the flux response to driving variables is poorly understood or unknown (e.g. the response of gas exchange to water table depth in wetlands). Rearranging time-averaged half-hourly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into a 48*N matrix has been used to visualize NEE as a "flux fingerprint" and suggests a different way of filling data gaps. In this paper, we introduce an image processing technique known as image inpainting to fill gaps in this two-dimensional representation of a one-dimensional data. This has the advantage that any short-term structure can be accommodated without expressly implying any particular functional response to driving environmental variables, and medium-term temporal structure (i.e. day-to-day covariance) can be incorporated into gaps in the flux signal. In this way, data gaps are filled solely using information contained in robust, primary data. This new method compares favorably with the marginal distribution sampling (MDS), when tested on twelve European-Flux datasets with four types of artificial gaps. Furthermore, we show that how random structures or noise embedded in the signal affect the gap-filling performance, which can simply be improved through a de-noising procedure by using a Fourier transform algorithm. The inpainting-based gap-filling approach is more effective than MDS on the de-noised data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Traditional knowledge and practices on utilisation and marketing of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis) in Ethiopia
- Author
-
Yusuf, Mussa, primary, Teklehaimanot, Zewge, additional, and Rayment, Mark, additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Modeling temporal and large‐scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices
- Author
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Reichstein, Markus, primary, Rey, Ana, additional, Freibauer, Annette, additional, Tenhunen, John, additional, Valentini, Riccardo, additional, Banza, Joao, additional, Casals, Pere, additional, Cheng, Yufu, additional, Grünzweig, Jose M., additional, Irvine, James, additional, Joffre, Richard, additional, Law, Beverly E., additional, Loustau, Denis, additional, Miglietta, Franco, additional, Oechel, Walter, additional, Ourcival, Jean‐Marc, additional, Pereira, Joao S., additional, Peressotti, Alessandro, additional, Ponti, Francesca, additional, Qi, Ye, additional, Rambal, Serge, additional, Rayment, Mark, additional, Romanya, Joan, additional, Rossi, Federica, additional, Tedeschi, Vanessa, additional, Tirone, Giampiero, additional, Xu, Ming, additional, and Yakir, Dan, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: the “Birch effect”†.
- Author
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JARVIS, PAUL, REY, ANA, PETSIKOS, CHARALAMPOS, WINGATE, LISA, RAYMENT, MARK, PEREIRA, JOÃO, BANZA, JOÃO, DAVID, JORGE, MIGLIETTA, FRANCO, BORGHETTI, MARCO, MANCA, GIOVANNI, and VALENTINI, RICCARDO
- Subjects
CARBON ,FORESTS & forestry ,SOIL temperature ,SOIL moisture ,RAINFALL ,FOREST soils ,MEDITERRANEAN climate - Abstract
Observations on the net carbon exchange of forests in the European Mediterranean region, measured recently by the eddy covariance method, have revived interest in a phenomenon first characterized on agricultural and forest soils in East Africa in the 1950s and 1960s by H. F. Birch and now often referred to as the "Birch effect." When soils become dry during summer because of lack of rain, as is common in regions with Mediterranean climate, or are dried in the laboratory in controlled conditions, and are then rewetted by precipitation or irrigation, there is a burst of decomposition, mineralization and release of inorganic nitrogen and CO
2 . In forests in Mediterranean climates in southern Europe, this effect has been observed with eddy covariance techniques and soil respiration chambers at the stand and small plot scales, respectively. Following the early work of Birch, laboratory incubations of soils at controlled temperatures andwater contents have been used to characterize CO2 release following the rewetting of dry soils. A simple empirical model based on laboratory incubations demonstrates that the amount of carbon mineralized over one year can be predicted from soil temperature and precipitation regime, provided that carbon lost as CO2 is taken into account. We show that the amount of carbon returned to the atmosphere following soil rewetting can reduce significantly the annual net carbon gain by Mediterranean forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Final report on project SP1210: Lowland peatland systems in England and Wales – evaluating greenhouse gas fluxes and carbon balances
- Author
-
Evans, Chris, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jenny, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steve, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Michael, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Inma, Rylett, Dan, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, Worrall, Fred, Evans, Chris, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jenny, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steve, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Michael, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Inma, Rylett, Dan, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, and Worrall, Fred
- Abstract
Lowland peatlands represent one of the most carbon-rich ecosystems in the UK. As a result of widespread habitat modification and drainage to support agriculture and peat extraction, they have been converted from natural carbon sinks into major carbon sources, and are now amongst the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the UK land-use sector. Despite this, they have previously received relatively little policy attention, and measures to reduce GHG emissions either through re-wetting and restoration or improved management of agricultural land remain at a relatively early stage. In part, this has stemmed from a lack of reliable measurements on the carbon and GHG balance of UK lowland peatlands. This project aimed to address this evidence gap via an unprecedented programme of consistent, multi year field measurements at a total of 15 lowland peatland sites in England and Wales, ranging from conservation managed ‘near-natural’ ecosystems to intensively managed agricultural and extraction sites. The use of standardised measurement and data analysis protocols allowed the magnitude of GHG emissions and removals by peatlands to be quantified across this heterogeneous data set, and for controlling factors to be identified. The network of seven flux towers established during the project is believed to be unique on peatlands globally, and has provided new insights into the processes the control GHG fluxes in lowland peatlands. The work undertaken is intended to support the future development and implementation of agricultural management and restoration measures aimed at reducing the contribution of these important ecosystems to UK GHG emissions.
31. Final report on project SP1210: Lowland peatland systems in England and Wales – evaluating greenhouse gas fluxes and carbon balances
- Author
-
Evans, Chris, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jenny, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steve, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Michael, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Inma, Rylett, Dan, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, Worrall, Fred, Evans, Chris, Morrison, Ross, Burden, Annette, Williamson, Jenny, Baird, Andrew, Brown, Emma, Callaghan, Nathan, Chapman, Pippa, Cumming, Alex, Dean, Hannah, Dixon, Simon, Dooling, Gemma, Evans, Jonathan, Gauci, Vincent, Grayson, Richard, Haddaway, Neal, He, Yufeng, Heppell, Kate, Holden, Joseph, Hughes, Steve, Kaduk, Jörg, Jones, Davey, Matthews, Rachel, Menichino, Nina, Misselbrook, Tom, Page, Sue, Pan, Gong, Peacock, Michael, Rayment, Mark, Ridley, Luke, Robinson, Inma, Rylett, Dan, Scowen, Matthew, Stanley, Kieran, and Worrall, Fred
- Abstract
Lowland peatlands represent one of the most carbon-rich ecosystems in the UK. As a result of widespread habitat modification and drainage to support agriculture and peat extraction, they have been converted from natural carbon sinks into major carbon sources, and are now amongst the largest sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the UK land-use sector. Despite this, they have previously received relatively little policy attention, and measures to reduce GHG emissions either through re-wetting and restoration or improved management of agricultural land remain at a relatively early stage. In part, this has stemmed from a lack of reliable measurements on the carbon and GHG balance of UK lowland peatlands. This project aimed to address this evidence gap via an unprecedented programme of consistent, multi year field measurements at a total of 15 lowland peatland sites in England and Wales, ranging from conservation managed ‘near-natural’ ecosystems to intensively managed agricultural and extraction sites. The use of standardised measurement and data analysis protocols allowed the magnitude of GHG emissions and removals by peatlands to be quantified across this heterogeneous data set, and for controlling factors to be identified. The network of seven flux towers established during the project is believed to be unique on peatlands globally, and has provided new insights into the processes the control GHG fluxes in lowland peatlands. The work undertaken is intended to support the future development and implementation of agricultural management and restoration measures aimed at reducing the contribution of these important ecosystems to UK GHG emissions.
32. Implications of forest structure on carbon dioxide fluxes
- Author
-
Tamrakar, Rijan and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
577.3 ,Carbon dioxide ,droughts ,soil water moisture ,photosynthetic capacity ,interannual variability ,forest structure - Abstract
Forests provide numerous crucial ecosystem services to society that are sensitive to climate and to extreme climate events such as droughts. One of the services of interest is the ability to sequester the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Species mixture and structural heterogeneity has been suggested to reduce the effect of climate variability on forests. It is important to understand how increasing diversity and heterogeneity will help dampen the effect of climate events on CO2 uptake. Currently, knowledge about the ability of different forests to resist or recover from the effect of climate events is limited. To mitigate this knowledge gap, this thesis examines the implications of forest structure on CO2 fluxes. Chapter 1 provides the general background of the topic. Chapter 2 examines the implications of structural diversity for seasonal and annual CO2 fluxes in two temperate deciduous forests for a period of 11 years. The two forest sites have similar mean stand age and near-identical climate conditions but different stand structure. The main question asked was how management and related structural diversity may affect CO2 fluxes. We show that the annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was on average 13 % higher in the managed, even-aged, and homogenous forest, than in the unmanaged, uneven-aged, and structurally diverse forest. The homogenous forest was observed to have, however, stronger sensitivities of seasonal NEP and gross primary productivity (GPP) to environmental variables. Chapter 3 relies on data from 21 Fluxnet sites to explore the effect of nine structural parameters on the temporal stability of light-saturated photosynthetic capacity (GPP1000) and on its resistance to changes in water availability during droughts. The study addresses two questions, (a) Do structurally diverse forests have lower variation in annual GPP1000? (b) Are structurally diverse forests more resistant to drought events? The results show that unmanaged forests and forests managed as high forests, which have higher basal areas and tend to be older and more diverse in size than coppice forests, had more stable annual GPP1000. The differences between individual sites in anomalies in GPP1000 in response to droughts were mostly explained by growing season air temperature. Forest structure could have influenced the response to droughts, but in our case the structure effect could not be separated from environmental effects. Chapter 4 presents a new model of soil water and related fluxes in forests, Forest Soil Water Model - FSWM, developed in the R environment. The model is suitable for predicting soil water in a wide range of forest soils. FSWM incorporates the Gash model for interception, the Ritchie model for soil evaporation and the Richards equation for soil water movement. FSWM’s performance was evaluated against soil water measurements at 12 sites. The model performance was good for deciduous broadleaf forests, moderate for mixed forests and evergreen needle leaf forests. FSWM offers flexibility in simulating soil horizons with different depths and it is helpful when comparing modelled with observed values at different soil depths. With these characteristics, FSWM is a flexible and freely available tool for ecosystem and hydrological research. Additionally, two co-author papers are included in the appendix. The first paper assessed the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), total evapotranspiration and net primary production of two neighbouring beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in central Germany differing in site management. We found the interannual variability was higher in the managed, even-aged stand, and the unmanaged forest was a weaker sink of CO2 during a dry year. The second paper investigated the factors influencing the interannual variability (IAV) of photosynthetic capacity at light saturation, a key ecosystem functional property determining gross primary productivity. The study found that the older and species rich forest had reduced IAV of GPP1000. In general, the results of this thesis support the idea that unmanaged forests, mostly older and diverse, have lower interannual variability in NEP, GPP and GPP1000 as the result of their adaptation to the habitat by selecting appropriate species, developing structure to make best use of the light, water, and nutrient resources. During droughts, the effect of the forest structure was not clear. More research covering a large range of different sites is still required to get definitive results involving more structural attributes and sites from different climates.
- Published
- 2020
33. The impact of climate change on the management and regeneration of parkland trees in the savannah zones of northern Nigeria
- Author
-
Abdullahi, Ibrahim, Rayment, Mark, and Brook, Robert
- Subjects
577.4 ,regeneration ,climate change ,Savannah ,Nigeria ,trees ,plant propagation - Abstract
In Northern Nigeria, the savannah parklands are mixed dryland agroecosystems having landscape productivity and deforestation challenge, induced by the changing climate and affecting sustainable livelihoods. The productivity of parkland is attributed to different factors such as erratic precipitation, drought and plant mortality. Here, the study predicts the impact of climate change on tree regeneration on parklands of three savannah agroecological zones (AEZs), namely the Sudan savannah (SS), Northern Guinea savannah (NGS) and Southern Guinea savannah (SGS) AEZs across a north-south transect using a multidisciplinary approach. The approach involves the employment of Random Forest model framework to predict the future shift in AEZs from the current climate using bioclimatic variables and climatic scenarios. Three random predicted locations within each studied AEZ identified as drought-threatened areas were selected for tree preference and identification study by analysing local farmer ethnobotanical knowledge of their favourite species, before tree identification and estimation of diversity and abundance of the current parkland species on farms in the respective local communities. The research further predicted the future distribution of selected important species using Maximum Entropy and assess the efficacy of simple propagation methods (cuttings and marcotting) on respondents’ farms, after an extreme drought survival test in a greenhouse. The results showed that agroecological zones are getting warmer and drier southwards, replacing the current NGS and SGS with SS between 2050 and 2070, by up to 65%. Parkia biglobosa, Mangifera indica and Vitellaria paradoxa are the top-ranked species by 90% of the 92 respondents in the study and are the most abundant species on farmers’ field with relative species dominance ranging from 19.61-42.64%. The strong relationship between species preference and abundance increases northwards. On the future distribution and improvement of parkland species to survive under stress conditions. Maximum entropy model predicted a north-eastern shift for future spatial species distribution of Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa under most extreme climate scenario. For tree species at jvenile stage to survive under 6 months drought regime, the research indicated that 9months old Parkia biglobosa seedling from SGS resisted more than other species at different ages from different AEZ species. On local adaptation strategy to improve parklands survival, there were up to 40% and 38% success rate of vegetative propagation of Anarcadium occidentale using cuttings and marcotting, respectively.
- Published
- 2020
34. Towards successful community mangrove management and rehabilitation
- Author
-
Wodehouse, Dominic and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
577.69 ,mangroves ,rehabilitation ,restoration ,Thailand ,community management ,community rules ,community forest management ,mangrove planting failures - Abstract
Mangroves are an assemblage of salt-tolerant trees and plants that exist in the intertidal coastal zones of countries in the tropics and sub-tropics. Healthy mangroves can greatly assist the sustainable existence of local coastal villagers because of the wealth of ecosystem goods and services they provide. However, a significant proportion of this ecosystem has been degraded or converted to other land uses. Many government mangrove agencies are realising that because of the diffuse nature of this ecosystem and limited government resources, they need to work with local communities that are based within or near these forests, encouraging some form of community management and involvement to counter mangrove losses. The overall goal of this research was to explore some of the barriers that inhibit successful community mangrove management, across two countries in Southeast Asia in order to contribute to the discussion about how best to enable this process. The first objective was to assess whether communities were able to rehabilitate mangroves successfully and the role of government assistance within this. The second objective was to study in a more qualitative, detailed manner how villagers carried out this rehabilitation work and to identify the knowledge and understanding that underpinned their decisions, contrasting these with actual outcomes. Environmental organisations typically encourage protection of existing mangroves over rehabilitation of degraded areas because rehabilitation projects have uncertain outcomes, and the full suite of ecosystem benefits are only provided by mature stands. Therefore, a third objective was to explore how communities preserve their own mangroves and inhibit cutting of mangrove through the development of their own management rules, or the use of national law. A final objective was to help independent organisations to assist mangrove communities by suggesting a simple method that would allow comparison and therefore ranking of the status of mangroves across a group of communities, to indicate which were most in need of, and likely to benefit from, outside assistance. Outcomes from the first two objectives suggested that inappropriate targets, set centrally by mangrove agencies, together with gaps in villager and mangrove agency field office staff knowledge of mangrove ecosystems, have led to sub-optimal rehabilitation outcomes. Almost all rehabilitation projects relied on planting rather than assisting natural regeneration, and much of this planting proved either unnecessary or was conducted in inappropriate locations. There was confusion about the suitability of mudflats for planting, normally considered below an appropriate tidal elevation for mangrove establishment. Effective tidal flushing and drainage was demonstrated to have a significantly positive effect on planting results. Villagers were aware of the possibility of rehabilitating some sites simply by improving the hydrology, but this appeared not to result in activities on site to improve site topography or hydrology. Consideration of the community management rules of this sample of villages suggested that many of the principles suggested by terrestrial community forest researchers hold true in a mangrove environment, particularly the need for strong social capital and effective leadership, but as has been suggested previously, local context and parameters play such a significant role that the wider application of these conclusions should be done with caution. Finally, to help external organisations that wish to assist mangrove communities, I have suggested a series of indicators for the development of mangrove quality and sustainability criteria, that when combined with other bio-physical measures, are easier to aggregate and assess than some of the existing terrestrial forest indicators. A suggested indicator weighting system is proposed, which with further testing in mangrove ecosystems other than river deltas, might provide a simple way to prioritise the location of mangrove management interventions.
- Published
- 2020
35. MAN UP OR QUIT.
- Author
-
Sean Rayment ; Mark Nicol
- Abstract
A BRITISH Army medic whose bravery was depicted in an awardwinning war movie has revealed how he was told to 'man up or leave' the Forces after suffering post traumatic stress disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
36. Physical and bioeconomic analysis of ecosystem services from a silvopasture system
- Author
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Nworji, Jide, Walmsley, James, and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
634.9 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate some of the physical and bioeconomic potentials of a silvopastoral agroforestry system with focus on the Henfaes Silvopastoral Systems Experimental Farm (SSEF) of Bangor University, North Wales. The study reviewed research studies written on the SSEF from 1992 to 2012; assessed changes in pasture species composition and abundance since establishment; developed allometric equations for the estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB), carbon (C) stock and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission potentials of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong); studied the effect of tree/solar radiation on pasture productivity and quality; and conducted bioeconomic analysis to compare treeless pasture/livestock, forestry, and agroforestry scenarios. Review of the research studies show that as far as can be determined 66 research studies were conducted on ecosystem services of the UK’s Silvopastoral National Network Experiment (SNNE) and temperate Europe during the period 1992 - 2012. These papers were sourced mainly from the Henfaes SSEF, the UK’s SNNE, other UK and, other European research sites. The studied ecosystem services dealt with provisioning services (40%), regulating services (13%), and supporting services (47%). The scientific domains addressed include timber or wood-fuel potential (20%), pasture/livestock management (20%), biodiversity (20%), carbon sequestration (13%), water management (15%), and soils (12%). The response of pasture species to thinning varied. The percentage composition by weight of the sown species declined, while that of the grass weeds and the forb weeds increased slightly one year after thinning (2013 – 2014) compared to the adjacent open pastures. The change was not statistically significant. The understory pasture species composition, abundance and diversity changed significantly 20 years (1992 – 2012) after the establishment of the Silvopastoral National Network Experiment at Henfaes. Generally, pasture on the three red alder blocks was found to be largely grass weeds (46-48%) followed by forbs or broadleaf weeds while the sown species declined significantly. In 2012, 20 years after field planting, the mean AGB were found to vary from 130 kg tree-1 (26 Mg ha-1) to 246 kg tree-1 (49 Mg ha-1) in poor form and good form red alder trees, respectively, based on a stocking density of 200 stems ha-1. Mean C stock was 65 kg C tree-1 (13 Mg C ha-1) in poor form trees and 123 kg C tree-1 (25 Mg C ha-1) in good form trees. Mean CO2 potential was 237 kg CO2 tree-1 (48 Mg CO2 ha-1) in poor form trees and 450 kg CO2 tree-1 (90 Mg CO2 ha-1) in good form trees. Pasture productivity increased significantly with increasing solar transmission, and with increasing distance from each grazing exclusion cage to the nearest alder tree. Concentration and availability of CP, ADF, NDF and ME were greater in the with-leaves than in the without-leaves growing seasons in response to variation of photoperiod (the duration of sunshine/day length) in the United Kingdom. The bioeconomic analysis considered three land-use plausible scenarios (‘forestry’, ‘pasture / livestock’ and ‘agroforestry’) and found that, in the absence of grants/subsidies, none were viable. However, application of grants/subsidies, at the baseline assumptions, revealed that forestry was the most viable option with the highest net present value and annual equivalent value, followed by pasture/livestock and agroforestry options.
- Published
- 2017
37. Real-world solutions for improving estimates of land-atmosphere exchanges in heterogeneous landscapes
- Author
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He, Yufeng, Rayment, Mark, and Gibbons, James
- Subjects
333.73 - Abstract
Accurately quantifying land-atmosphere exchanges is essential at every spatial scale, from aiding a better understanding of climate change globally to informing land management decisions at the smallest scale (e.g. agricultural land management). This quantification may be dealt with relatively easily for homogeneous land surfaces, but in the real world, landscapes are spatially heterogeneous and simple approaches are often inadequate. This thesis uses mathematically advanced methods and/or models to find robust solutions to landatmosphere exchange problems that accommodate spatial heterogeneity. A two-stage sampling strategy (2SS) was developed to reduce the uncertainties in the estimation of chamber-based GHG fluxes when sample size is inadequate to fully capture spatial heterogeneity. A Monte Carlo simulation showed that 2SS improves the estimation of soil GHG fluxes in all but the most homogeneous situations, with the improvement being directly related to the amount of spatial heterogeneity present. EC-based measurements of GHG fluxes invariably contain data gaps that require filling to generate long-term cumulative fluxes, i.e. integrating over a temporally heterogeneous timeseries. Gap-filling methods introduce uncertainty. A robust method based on image inpainting is introduced to fill gaps via a two-dimensional representation of a onedimensional data, i.e. the flux fingerprint. Results show that this unsupervised method, using a more compact and simple form, compares favourably with a widely-used traditional method and can outperform it when applied to de-noised data. The most robust measurements of surface carbon fluxes will be generated when using two independent measurement methods simultaneously. To investigate CO2 and CH4 fluxes from a heterogeneous fen, EC- and chamber-based measurements of surface carbon fluxes were implemented from 2013 to 2015. To implement a direct comparison between these measurements made at differing scales, the chamber-measured data were up-scaled, both temporally by model-based interpolations and spatially by flux footprint modelling. Results show a good linear correlation in CO2 flux and a near zero correlation in CH4 flux between methods. Further analysis on CH4 flux, however, show that the two differed only by a Gaussian distribution, implying the existence of white noise in the signal. The cumulative CO2 flux for the whole season measured by chambers was -376.5 g/m2, 33% higher than the estimated measured by EC (-281.8 g/m2). Similarly, the final cumulative CH4 flux was 4.01 g/m2 by chamber-based estimates, 43% more than EC (2.81 g/m2). The final part of this study investigates the surface flux of momentum in a structured heterogeneous land surface. A logarithmic normal distribution was developed to model the wind speed reduction around a tree-based windbreak. The model showed an excellent fit to field observations made at a real-world windbreak on farm land. A graphical method that describes a 3-d space of wind-chill temperature vs. ambient temperature and wind speed was created to quantify the potential thermal benefits gained by introducing windbreaks and reducing wind speed. The wind-chill thermal tolerance (WTT) of sheep was estimated and compared for a lowland and an upland site. Distinct differences to reduced wind speed were found between the sites, with greater thermal benefits at the upland site. The methods and models generated and developed in this study contribute to an improved quantification of land-atmosphere exchanges, and have potential to be applied to surface fluxes generally, either of mass (GHGs) or energy (heat, momentum), and to landscapes other than those dominated by vegetation. For example, the statistical idea of the two-stage sampling approach provides a generic solution to sample size deficiency in heterogeneous land surfaces; The inpainting-based gap-filling method, as an image processing technique, may be applicable to any signals that can be represented as an image, i.e. a two-dimensional space in which individual locations (pixels) have numerical attributes that can be used as RGB values; The WTT plot/analysis, used here in the context of sheep in upland sites, provides an intuitive and powerful scheme for analysing the thermal tolerance of any animal in any energetically heterogeneous landscape.
- Published
- 2016
38. Endophytic fungi in Elms : implications for the integrated management of Dutch Elm Disease
- Author
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Blumenstein, Kathrin and Rayment, Mark
- Subjects
634.9 - Abstract
Integrated pest management calls for new biocontrol solutions in management of forest diseases. Endophytic fungi that are commonly found in tree tissue may have potential in biocontrol. However, the links between endophyte status and disease tolerance are still unclear, and we know little about the mechanisms by which the endophytes can influence tree pathogens. The first goal of the thesis was to compare the endophyte status in elm (Ulmus spp.) trees with low vs. high susceptibility to Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by Ophiostoma fungi, and to find correlations between endophytes and the susceptibility pattern of the trees. The second goal was to investigate the potential mechanisms of antagonism by the endophytes towards the pathogen. Thus, endophytes were isolated from leaves, bark and xylem of elms that differed in DED susceptibility. The isolates were screened for their potential to counteract the pathogen in dual cultures. Selected strains were investigated using Phenotype MicroArrays to obtain the substrate utilization profiles that reflect the endophytes’ ability to compete with the pathogen for a nutritional niche. To test for a protective effect against the disease, promising isolates were injected into young elms. Preliminary analyses were done to identify the extracellular chemicals that some of the endophytes released into the growth medium. The results showed that the frequency and diversity of endophytes was higher in xylem of elms with high susceptibility to DED. Some endophytes deadlocked the pathogen with extracellular chemicals in vitro, while others had a faster growth rate. Several endophytes were able to utilize substrates more effectively than the pathogen. A preventive treatment with endophytes protected elms against DED, but the effect was unstable across years. Bioactive fungal extracts had a complex chemical profile, and the individual compounds in the extracts remain to be identified. Because endophytes antagonized the pathogen through different mechanisms, I suggest that an endophytebased biocontrol of DED could be best achieved through a synergistic effect of several endophyte strains.
- Published
- 2015
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