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Increasing evidence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) infection in healthcare facilities poses an alarming threat to public health. There is little evidence on the occurrence of this organism in Bangladeshi hospitals.We collected 117 environmental swab samples from two tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh and tested for Pseudomonas species by nonselective enrichment of swabs followed by plating on Cetrimide agar. We confirmed the isolates as P. aeruginosa by API 20NE test and polymerase chain reaction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for 16S rRNA gene. We analysed P. aeruginosa isolates for susceptibility against 15 clinically important antibiotics and tested the carbapenem-resistant isolates for metallo β-lactamase (MBL). All CRPA isolates were characterised for carbapenem-resistant genes, virulence genes and biofilm formation genes.Of 117 swab samples, 82 (70%) were tested positive for P. aeruginosa. All P. aeruginosa isolates were multidrug-resistant, and 39% (n = 32) of isolates were CRPA. Around 56% (n = 18) of CRPA were MBL-producing; 22% (n = 7) of isolates were positive for carbapenemase gene blaHospital environments in Bangladesh are contaminated with highly virulent CRPA, which might be a potential source of hospital-acquired infections, accentuating the need for strengthening hospital infection control programs.

This paper examines Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) with a variation of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) which guesses that an affiliation exists among Real Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, and Inflation Rate in Australia. The objective of this assessment is to research how much the picked macroeconomic elements influence the Real Exchange Rate of Australia by using the Johansen long-run testing way to deal with management co-integration. The paper shows enchanting estimations. ADF unit root test has been adopted to determine whether broad data is fixed or not. By testing the Johansen test for co-integration, the paper shows the association between Real Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, and Inflation Rate in Australia. VECM is also adopted to test the short-run components of the Real Exchange Rate work. Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and Cumulative Sum of Square (CUSUMQ) have been used to test the quality of the model. The results show short-run and long-run relationship among Real Exchange Rate, Inflation Rate, and Interest Rate. The results showed that the Inflation Rate adversely influences the Real Exchange Rate, notwithstanding, Interest Rate has a Positive effect. Additionally, the Inflation Rate has a free causal relationship with Real Exchange Rate, be that as it may, Interest Rate has a unidirectional relationship. This paper prescribes the likelihood to improve their Real Exchange Rate by reducing the Inflation Rate and growing the Interest Rate, {"references":["Alba, J. (2005). Purchasing Power Parity and Country. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University, 1-19","Basher, S. (2007). Another Look at the Null of Stationary Real Exchange Rates: Panel Data with Structural Breaks and Cross-section Dependence. NewYork : Department of Economics, NewYork University.","Çağlayan, E. (2006). Satın alma gücü paritesinin geçerlili ğini sifir frekansta spektrum tahmincisine dayanan birim kök testleri ile incelenmes. Journal of Economics and Administrative Science, 121-137","Cassel, G. (1916). The present situation of the foreign exchanges. The Economic Journal, 62-65.","Chi-Wei Su, H.-L. C.-H. (2012). Purchasing power parity for BRICS: Linear and nonlinear unit root tests with stationary covariates. Applied Economics Letters , 1-5.","Copeland. (2005). Exchange Rates and International Finance. England: Prentice Hall.","Cuestas, J. (2013). Purchasing power parity in OECD countries: Nonlinear unit root tests revisite. Economic Modelling, 343-346","Dornbusch, R. (1982). PPP exchange rate rules and macroeconomic stability. The Journal of Political Economy, 158-165."]}

Import and Export can be used to determine the productivity of a country. Besides, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is an indicator of economic development. In this paper,the causal relationship among the per capita GDP, Import and export in Bangladesh using Co-integration, ADF and Vector Error Correction Model with a data set of 1979-2018 has been explored. The results indicate that there are long term and short-term relationshipsamong variables. Export directly affects GDP and import indirectly affects GDP. The results suggest that both import and export has a positive impact on GDP and there is a huge opportunity to improve the economic condition. The findings have significant implications from the point of view of the economic and financial development in Bangladesh., {"references":["Ahmed, H. A., & Uddin, M. G. S. (2009). Export, imports, remittance and growth in Bangladesh: An empirical analysis. Trade and Development Review, 2(2).","] Akhter, M. (2015). The impact of export and import on economic growth in Bangladesh. World Vision, 9(1), 66-81.","Hoque, M. M., & Yusop, Z. (2010). Impacts of trade liberalization on aggregate import in Bangladesh: An ARDL Bounds test approach. Journal of Asian Economics, 21(1), 37-52.","Halder, P. (2019). Analysis of the Impact of Exchange Rate, Inflation, Export, and Import on Gross Domestic Product in Bangladesh. Business, Management and Economics Research, 5(12), 170-175.","Hossain, M., & Dias K. N. (2004). Exports and economic growth in Bangladesh: Has manufacturing exports become a new engine of export-led growth? The international trade journal, 18(4), 303-334","Hasan, A., Zaman, A., Sikder, Z. I., &Wadud, A. (2017). The Dynamics of Electricity Consumption, Energy Use and GDP in Bangladesh. Romanian Economic Journal, 20(65)","Islam, M. R. (2019). Economic Growth Rates and Exports of Bangladesh: The Bengal Tiger? South Asia Research, 39(3), 285-303.","Keho, Y. (2017). The exports and economic growth nexus in Cote D'Ivoire: Evidence from a multivariate time series analysis. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 5(2), 135-146."]}

Background The impact of rapid urbanization taking place across the world is posing variegated challenge. Especially in terms of communicable disease, the risk is more concentrated in urban poor areas where basic amenities are inadequate. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out an evidence synthesis on the state-of the art effective community-based interventions in tackling infectious diseases among the urban poor in the LMICs across the globe. Methods This review has been registered in PROPSPERO (CRD42021278689). A total of 18,260 published articles were primarily selected; after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria 115 studies were considered for full-text screening. Among them, 17 articles were included. Afterwards, reference check was done and finally total of 21 articles were considered for the systematic review. Narrative synthesis was done. Results The pathway to identifying and addressing the SDOH through community-based intervention in the urban poor setting was complex. For effectiveness of a community-based intervention, the socio-cultural context is found extremely important. From this review, the effective community-based interventions were- community-based screening and socio-economic support, community-based vector control, behaviour change communication, capacity building of the Community Health Workers, health education and e-health interventions. Interventions need to be delivered considering the day-to-day realities of the urban poor. While some studies considered the outcome of specific diseases through vertical intervention approach, scarcity of evidence was found in terms of taking an intersectional approach. Discussion The effectiveness of an intervention are inextricable linked with social context, stakeholder dimensions and macro level social issues. The review results thus suggestive of an intervention package that considers a systems approach. Conclusion Considering this complex reality of an intervention to be effective, this evidence-synthesis therefore advocates for designing the intervention package with multiple components related to prevention and control of communicable diseases in poor urban areas. PROSPERO registration number: This review has been registered in PROPSPERO (CRD42021278689).

In this study, we developed a nanoformulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy, in which 5-ALA was conjugated with a biocompatible polymer N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) through the hydrazone bond, i.e., P-ALA. P-ALA behaves as the nano-sized molecule with an average size of 5.5 nm in aqueous solution. P-ALA shows a largely increased release rate in acidic pH than physiological pH, suggesting the rapid release profile in acidic tumor environment. P-ALA did not show apparent cytotoxicity up to 0.1 mg/ml, however, under light irradiation, remarkable cell death was induced with the IC

Antibiotic resistance is a leading cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Heavy metals such as arsenic have been shown to drive co-selection of antibiotic resistance, suggesting arsenic-contaminated drinking water is a risk factor for antibiotic resistance carriage. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and abundance of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR-Ec) among people and drinking water in high (Hajiganj, >100 μg/L) and low arsenic-contaminated (Matlab, E. coli isolates from 10 households. Prevalence of AR-Ec was significantly higher in water in Hajiganj (48%) compared to water in Matlab (22%, p p E. coli isolates from Hajiganj were multidrug-resistant (83%) compared to isolates from Matlab (71%, p 0.2) was observed in a higher proportion of water (78%) and child stool (100%) isolates in Hajiganj than in water (57%) and children (89%) in Matlab (p p E. coli isolates did not reveal any clustering based on arsenic exposure and no significant difference in resistome was found among the isolates between the two areas. The positive association detected between arsenic exposure and antibiotic resistance carriage among children in arsenic-affected areas in Bangladesh is an important public health concern that warrants redoubling efforts to reduce arsenic exposure.

The presented work addresses the influence of illumination intensity on the amount and locations of singlet oxygen generation in tumor tissue. We used time-resolved optical detection at the typical emission wavelength around 1270 nm and at 1200 nm where there is no singlet oxygen phosphorescence to determine the phosphorescence kinetics. The discussed data comprise in vivo measurements in tumor-laden HET-CAM and mice. The results show that illumination that is too intense is a major issue, affecting many PDT treatments and all singlet oxygen measurements in vivo so far. In such cases, photosensitization and oxygen consumption exceed oxygen supply, limiting singlet oxygen generation to the blood vessels and walls, while photosensitizers in the surrounding tissue will likely not participate. Being a limitation for the treatment, on one hand, on the other, this finding offers a new method for tumor diagnosis when using photosensitizers exploiting the EPR effect. In contrast to high-intensity PDT, some papers reported successful treatment with nanoparticular drugs using much lower illumination intensity. The question of whether, with such illumination, singlet oxygen is indeed generated in areas apart from vessels and walls, is addressed by numerical analysis. In addition, we discuss how to perform measurements at such low intensities. Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic

Anthracyclines are important for the treatment of gynecological malignancies, but their effects are modest, and one of the major reasons is the lack of a tumor-targeting property. To overcome this drawback, a poly (hydroxypropyl meta-acrylamide) conjugated with tetrahydropyraryl doxorubicin (P-THP) has been developed, which exhibits a highly tumor-specific accumulation owing to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The effect of P-THP has been confirmed by using various cell lines and solid tumor models, while its effect on gynecological malignancies have not been investigated. In this regard, human uterine sarcoma cell line with metastatic potential MEA-SA C9 high, epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and its cisplatin-resistant line A2780cis, and DOX-resistant line A2780ADR were used in this study, and the therapeutic effect as well as the safety profiles of P-THP were investigated compared to native THP, cisplatin, and paclitaxel, which are commonly used for gynecological malignancies, both in vitro and in vivo. Similar to native THP, a dose-dependent toxicity of P-THP was identified in all cell lines. Moreover, the IC50 values in the 3 h following P-THP were 1.5–10 times higher than those at 72 h, though the intracellular uptake of P-THP in all cells were 2–10-fold less than THP. In vivo studies using xenograft tumor models revealed that P-THP significantly suppressed the MES-SA C9 high, A2780, and A2780cis tumor growth at the dose of 15 mg/kg (THP equivalent), which is three times above the maximal tolerance dose of native THP, while no body weight loss or acute death occurred. However, in A2780ADR cells and the xenograft model, no significant difference in the therapeutic effect was observed between THP and P-THP, suggesting that P-THP exhibits its effect depending on the release of the active free THP in tumor tissues, and thus the internalization into tumor cells. These findings indicates that P-THP has the potential as a therapeutic for gynecological malignancies to improve the therapeutic outcomes and survival rates of patients, even in refractory patients.

Biodegradable nanomedicines are widely studied as candidates for the effective treatment of various cancerous diseases. Here, we present the design, synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable polymer-based nanomedicines tailored for tumor-associated stimuli-sensitive drug release and polymer system degradation. Diblock polymer systems were developed, which enabled the release of the carrier drug, pirarubicin, via a pH-sensitive spacer allowing for the restoration of the drug cytotoxicity solely in the tumor tissue. Moreover, the tailored design enables the matrix-metalloproteinases- or reduction-driven degradation of the polymer system into the polymer chains excretable from the body by glomerular filtration. Diblock nanomedicines take advantage of an enhanced EPR effect during the initial phase of nanomedicine pharmacokinetics and should be easily removed from the body after tumor microenvironment-associated biodegradation after fulfilling their role as a drug carrier. In parallel with the similar release profiles of diblock nanomedicine to linear polymer conjugates, these diblock polymer conjugates showed a comparable in vitro cytotoxicity, intracellular uptake, and intratumor penetration properties. More importantly, the diblock nanomedicines showed a remarkable in vivo anti-tumor efficacy, which was far more superior than conventional linear polymer conjugates. These findings suggested the advanced potential of diblock polymer conjugates for anticancer polymer therapeutics.

The objective of this study was to explore the socioeconomic inequalities in undernutrition among ever-married women of reproductive age. We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2017–2018. Undernutrition was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of