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Asmaa Sharif,1,2 Zeinab A Kasemy,3 Amal Hasaan Rayan,4 Heba Mohammed Refat Selim,5,6 Samar H A Aloshari,7 Fatma Alzahraa A Elkhamisy8 1Clinical Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, 13314, Saudi Arabia; 2Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt; 3Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin el Kom, Egypt; 4Department of Medical Education, Medical College, Almaarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia; 6Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls); Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 35527, Egypt; 7Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; 8Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Samar H A Aloshari, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, P.O Box 6803, Yemen, Tel +9674232429, Email dr.alosharisamar@gmail.comPurpose: Basic medical sciences are of a solid abstract nature. Pharmacology is a challenging discipline delivered in all healthcare-related curricula with different aims and goals. Memes are one of aiding instructional designs proved to surge students’ performance and satisfaction with the educational process. Apart from assessing medical students’ and faculty’s perception of meme use in pharmacology learning, the current study aimed to explore the criteria of preferences and factors associated with successful memes’ adoption in this discipline as one of the most challenging basic medical sciences.Methods: A biphasic study was conducted among second-year undergraduate medical students and faculty members. The study involved assessing the perceptions of staff and students, and thematic content analysis was performed on the narrative responses of the participants to explore factors contributing to the success of learning memes. Additionally, students’ performance was also analyzed.Results: The use of memes in pharmacology was well perceived by medical students, with a mean satisfaction rating of 4.5/5 for high-achieving students and 4.33 for low-achieving students. Memes were associated with a performance surge (p = 0.022). Six themes emerged as criteria for a successful learning experience of meme use: previous scientific background on the meme topic, scenario context of the meme, learning concepts tackled by memes, the simplicity of meme’s message, the relevance of meme’s message to practice, and the modality of meme’s use in the topic of education. Regarding the perception of meme use in pharmacology learning, four themes emerged: the mode and engagement of learning experience mode, the feasibility of meme use in pharmacology learning, students’ attitudes towards further meme inclusion in their study, and the perceived impact of memes on students’ cognitive skills.Conclusion: The use of memes in pharmacology yields positive learning outcomes. A careful selection of memes is required to ensure a successful learning experience.Keywords: Memes, pharmacology education, instructional design, performance, perception

To explore the clinical rationale of critical care nurses for personalizing monitor alarms. One of the most crucial jobs assigned to critical care nurses is monitoring patients’ physiological indicators and carrying out the necessary associated interventions. Successful use of equipment in the nursing practice environment will be improved by a thorough understanding of the nurse’s approach to alarm configuration.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a global pandemic in late 2019, quickly affecting millions worldwide. It presents with a range of symptoms, from mild respiratory issues to severe cases requiring hospitalisation. The disease’s long-term effects, especially cognitive impairments post-recovery, remain an area of active research and concern. Aim: To assess the prevalence and severity of cognitive impairments, including memory loss, attention deficits, and executive function disorders, in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2023 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, involving 539 participants confirmed to have recovered from COVID-19 via Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Cognitive impairments, including memory loss, attention deficits, and executive function disorders were assessed. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 Chi-square tests and T-tests were utilised to examine the statistical significance of differences between recovered individuals and controls. Results: The study identified significant memory changes in 211 (39.15%) of post-COVID-19 patients, with specific challenges including difficulty recalling names/faces in 146 (27.09%), reduced attention span in 45 (8.35%), and verbal communication issues in 145 (26.9%) study subjects. Demographically, females (n=134, 24.86%) and individuals aged 21-30 reported higher rates of memory impairments compared to males (n=77, 14.29%) or other age groups, challenging prior assumptions about cognitive recovery and age. Further, patients with brain injuries and mental health conditions experienced exacerbated memory issues, underscoring the need for thorough patient assessments. Despite the considerable impact on daily activities reported by 111 (20.59%) of participants, only 17 (3.15%) sought medical help for these memory concerns. The findings highlight the prevalence of memory impairments among Saudi post-COVID-19 patients and call for increased healthcare interventions to manage these long-term cognitive effects. Conclusion: The study conclusively demonstrated that post-COVID-19 memory impairment was prevalent among recovered patients in Saudi Arabia, with significant variations by age, gender, and medical history. This underscored the critical need for healthcare providers to have enhanced awareness and to have developed targeted support services to effectively address and manage the long-term cognitive consequences of COVID-19.

The experiment was conducted at two sites (Zakho and Sumel) belonging to Dohuk Governorate / Iraq, on 18 to 21 July 2022, using (R.C.B.D) design with 3 replicates, to study the response of two cultivars of corn (Furat and Dejla) to four levels of bio stimulant Disper Chlorophyll GS (0, 1 and 1.5 and 2g/L). The results revealed significant effect of Furat cultivar compared to Dejla in both sites in all studied traits except plant leaves number. As for the bio stimulant chlorophyll, it has been recorded the level of 2 g/L the highest values of the studied traits in the two sites compared to the rest of the levels. The interaction was significant for all traits in the two sites, where Furat cultivar with the level of 2 g/L of bio stimulant achieved the highest grain yield (9.76 and 10.22 tons/ha) in both sites, respectively.

Hyperuricemia contributes significantly to gout arthritis pathogenesis, which promotes urate crystal deposition in the joints and activates joint-resident macrophages and circulating monocytes to initiate a state of inflammatory arthritis. In the joint, macrophages have an immune defense role where the presence of urate crystals results in the inflammatory mediators secretion, inflammatory cells recruitment to the joint, and shift macrophage population toward M1 pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Current treatment modalities of gout arthritis have side effects that limit their use in the elderly. A novel treatment that targets macrophage polarization to re-establish homeostasis may initiate a drug discovery program of novel disease-modifying agents for gout. Zerumbone (Zer) is a sesquiterpenoid bioactive compound found in the rhizome of Zingiberaceae family and possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activity. Our study hypothesized that soluble uric acid (sUA) and Pam3CSK4 (TLR2 agonist) reduce the anti-inflammatory function of murine M2 bone marrow-derived macrophages and change the expression of M2 genetic markers toward M1 phenotypes. We observed that priming of M2 macrophages with sUA and Pam3CSK4 significantly decreased M2 specific markers expression, e.g., Arg-1, Ym-1, and Fizz-1, enhanced mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL2, and iNOS and increased oxidative stress in M2 macrophages, as exhibited by a reduction in Nrf2 expression. We also aimed to study the impact of Zer on reducing the pro-inflammatory effect of sUA in TLR2-stimulated M2 macrophages. We noticed that Zer treatment significantly reduced L-1β and TNF-α production following Pam3CSK4 + sUA treatment on M2 macrophages. Furthermore, Zer reduced the caspase-1 activity without altering cytosolic NLRP3 content in challenged M2 BMDMs. We also observed that Zer significantly enhanced M2-associated marker’s expression, e.g., Arg-1, Ym-1, and Fizz-1, and augmented Nrf-2 and other antioxidant proteins, including HMOX1 and srxn1expression following Pam3CSK4 + sUA treatment. We draw the conclusion that Zer is a potentially effective anti-inflammatory treatment for gout arthritis linked to hyperuricemia.

Background/objective: Burnout is a condition in which a person feels physically fatigued and mentally drained. It occurs after a long period of work-related stress and may lead to mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, healthcare providers especially require early intervention. Regular physical activity has been reported to benefit individuals with mental illness, suggesting that a relationship between physical activity and burnout might exist. Hence, this study’s objective was to analyze the relationship between physical activity and burnout among respiratory therapists and student interns in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study with respiratory therapists and interns working in public and private hospitals was conducted from November 2, 2020, to November 27, 2020. Participants responded to an electronic survey consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel, which measures the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. They also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Long Form and a demographic questionnaire. Results: Among the 250 eligible respiratory therapists and interns, data from the 152 respondents who completed the electronic survey were analyzed. Although no association between physical activity and burnout was found, a significant effect of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on physical activity and significant associations of high burnout (emotional exhaustion) with nationality and smoking were found. Conclusion: No association was found between burnout level and physical activity. Confounding factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic during the study’s data collection and analyses, likely contributed to the study’s findings.

Introduction: The challenges and difficulties of working in intensive care units put pressure on healthcare professionals, especially nurses. To support nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs), developing supportive climates in organizations may drive nurses towards increasing work engagement levels and other related factors. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between organizational support and the work engagement of nurses working in ICUs. Materials and Methods: This correlational cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 nurses working in two governmental hospitals in Amman City, Jordan, from January to August 2021. The participants were selected with a simple random sampling method, and study data were collected using a 3-part questionnaire: demographics, the survey of perceived organizational support scale with 8 items, and the Utrecht work engagement scale with 9 items. Descriptive statistics, the independent t test, the Spearman correlation test, and hierarchal multiple linear regression analysis were performed to determine the contribution of perceived organizational support on nurses' work engagement. The significance level for all tests was set to be less than 0.05. Results: About 53.6% of participants were male, 55% worked in medical-surgical intensive care units, and 45% were in cardiac care units. The results showed that the mean ± SD scores of perceived organizational support and work engagement were 29.53 ± 6.71 and 3.71 ± 0.88, respectively. Also, results showed no significant differences in perceived organizational support and work engagement based on nurses' socio-demographics or work-related factors. Finally, there was a significant positive weak correlation between perceived organizational support and work engagement (r= 0.23, P=0.002). The linear regression model showed that perceived organizational support could predict work engagement (R2 = 0.039). Conclusions: Perceived organizational support among nurses working in ICUs is one of the important factors in increasing work engagement. Findings have several implications for nurses in different settings. Jordanian health policymakers must take action to improve nurses' perception of organizational support and consequently increase nurses' work engagement.

Background Pilon fractures involve the dome of the distal tibial articular surface. The optimal treatment for high-energy pilon fractures remains controversial. Some authors advocate the use of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) to avoid articular incongruence. Others advocate the use of bridging external fixation with limited internal fixation (EFLIF) to reduce soft tissue complications. Literature reports of prospective studies comparing the radioclinical outcomes of ORIF and EFLIF in high-energy fractures are scarce. Retrospective studies have their limitations because of insufficient randomisation. The objective of this randomised prospective study is to compare the clinical, radiologic and functional outcomes of displaced and comminuted closed pilon fractures, Rüedi and Allgöwer type II and III, treated by either ORIF or EFLIF. Materials and Methods Forty-two patients were selected for the study. Twenty-two patients were subjected to ORIF and 20 patients were subjected to EFLIF. We used the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score as a standard method of reporting clinical status of the ankle. Patients were followed-up clinically and radiologically for over 2 years after the surgical treatment. Results The results of ORIF and EFLIF in treatment of high-energy pilon fractures are equally effective in terms of functional outcomes and complication rates on the short term. Conclusion Soft tissue integrity and fracture comminution seem to have a significant influence on outcomes of intervention. A prospective multicentre study with a larger sample size that controls for other associated variables and comorbidities is warranted. Level of evidence Level II.

A field experiment was carried out in the growing season 2010 at two locations (Mosul and Kalak) , to study the effect of seed size (large and small) on the yield and yield components of two Zea mays varieties (buhouth-106 and Sara) using four planting spaces within rows (15,20,25,30 cm.). The experiment was set out as with three replications in RCBD design. The results illustrated that there were no significant differences between plants grown from large or small seeds in most of the yield and yield components characters. An except was found for harvest index (HI) and seed index for plants grown from large seed at Mosul location only. Sara Variety was superior in most yield characters at Kalak location and in (HI) at two locations. While Buhouth-106 was superior in the biological yield at Mosul location only ,It was observed that the ear weight, grain weight , No. of grain /ear, 500- grain weight and plant grain yield were increased at 30 cm. plant space at two locations. While grain yield (ton/ha), Biological yield and (HI) were increased at 15 cm. plant space at two locations .The second order interaction did not show a significant differences in most yield characters. The study clarify that the effect of seed size restricted in emergence and seedling stages only while plant density and varieties affected strongly in later growth stages .

Introduction: The evolving landscape of healthcare in Jordan presents unique challenges and opportunities for nursing professionals. With a focus on critical care nurses, understanding the dynamics of professional autonomy and professionalism within this context is crucial for advancing nursing practice and improving patient care., Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between perceived nursing professional autonomy and professionalism among critical care nurses in Jordan., Methods: A descriptive correlation design was used among critical care nurses from five major Jordanian governmental hospitals. A total of 227 questionnaires were distributed, with a final sample size of 200 participants. Data were collected between August and September 2023. Professional autonomy and professionalism were measured using the Dempster Practice Behaviors Scale and the Nurses' Professionalism Inventory, respectively. We used the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines in the current study., Results: The study revealed moderate levels of perceived professional autonomy (mean DPBS total score: 103.94) and professionalism (mean NPI total score: 119.12) among participants. A significant positive correlation ( r  = .49, p  < .001) was observed between these two constructs. However, demographic and work-related factors showed minimal influence on these perceptions., Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of professional autonomy and professionalism in improving nursing care in Jordan. It recommends targeted approaches like ongoing education and supportive workplace policies to bolster these aspects. These findings have significant implications for nursing policy and education across various healthcare settings., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Metformin (MET), an antidiabetic drug, is emerging as a promising anticancer agent. This study was initiated to investigate the antitumor effects and potential molecular targets of MET in mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) as a model of breast cancer (BC) and to explore the potential of zein nanoparticles (ZNs) as a carrier for improving the anticancer effect of MET. ZNs were fabricated through ethanol injection followed by probe sonication method. The optimum ZN formulation (ZN8) was spherical and contained 5 mg zein and 30 mg sodium deoxycholate with a small particle size and high entrapment efficiency percentage and zeta potential. A stability study showed that ZN8 was stable for up to three months. In vitro release profiles proved the sustained effect of ZN8 compared to the MET solution. Treatment of SEC-bearing mice with ZN8 produced a more pronounced anticancer effect which was mediated by upregulation of P53 and miRNA-543 as well as downregulation of NF-κB and miRNA-191-5p gene expression. Furthermore, ZN8 produced a marked elevation in pAMPK and caspase-3 levels as well as a significant decrease in cyclin D1, COX-2, and PGE2 levels. The acquired findings verified the potency of MET-loaded ZNs as a treatment approach for BC.

Background: Authentic leadership in nurse managers has been identified as a strong predictor of multiple nurse outcomes. However, its association with staff performance and nurses' intention to leave has yet to be established., Purpose: This study was designed to identify the predictive effect of sociodemographic variables on nurse performance and intention to leave and to examine the relationship between authentic leadership in nurse managers and, respectively, nurse performance and intention to leave., Methods: A comparative and correlational design and a cross-sectional survey approach were used. A convenience sample of 166 registered nurses working in a government hospital in Jordan was recruited. Data collection was performed online using the sociodemographics questionnaire, the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, the Turnover Intention Scale, and the Six Dimensions of Nurse's Performance Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and multiple hierarchical linear regression., Results: The overall mean score was 2.08 (SD = 0.87) for the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, 3.57 (SD = 1.76) for the Turnover Intention Scale, and 3.00 (SD = 0.51) for the Staff Performance Scale. Mean nursing performance differed significantly based on marital status, whereas intention to leave differed significantly based on marital status and the respondent's perception of their first-line manager. A statistically significant, positive correlation between authentic leadership and staff performance and a statistically significant, negative correlation between authentic leadership and intention to leave were found. In addition, authentic leadership was uniquely associated with staff performance (B = 0.19, p < .05) and intention to leave (B = -0.39, p < .05) in the hierarchical regression analysis after controlling for sociodemographic variables., Conclusions/implications for Practice: Authentic leadership from nurse managers is associated with improved nurse performance and lower nurse intention to leave. Nurse managers may enhance authentic leadership attributes to better retain nurses in hospitals and improve nurse job performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Bullying is a widespread problem in healthcare organizations, resulting in nurses' poor mental health. Effective leadership, such as authentic leadership, may help to overcome this problem., Objective: To examine the relationship between authentic leadership, workplace bullying, and nurses' mental health, controlling for demographic characteristics., Methods: A descriptive correlational design was utilized with a sample of 170 nurses. Nurses were recruited from four private hospitals in Jordan and completed a survey about their perception of managers' authentic leadership, their experience of workplace bullying, and their mental health., Results: About 48.8%, 25.9%, and 25.3% were categorized as "not bullied," "occasionally bullied," and "severely bullied," respectively. Participant nurses had mild depression ( m  = 12.11) and moderate anxiety ( m  = 10.92). Workplace bullying was higher among nurses who earn less than 600 Jordanian dinars and nurses working in the smallest hospital, with 130 beds. Authentic leadership explains 6% of the variance of workplace bullying, 3% of anxiety, 7% of stress, and 7% of depression above and beyond the variance explained by other variables., Conclusions: Healthcare organizations are facing a challenge in providing a healthy work environment. Employing authentic leadership in the workplace could be one of the factors that could help in addressing this issue., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Introduction: The COVID-19 situation is placing nurses under great stress which may negatively influence their health., Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between occupational stress and general health of critical care nurses during COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 150 Jordanian critical care nurses completed the study., Results: Occupational stress was a significant predictor of nurses' general health. Female gender, young, living with elderly or persons having chronic diseases, and little nursing experience were associated with worse general health, while living with elderly or persons having chronic diseases were associated with more occupational stress., Conclusion: Providing psychological support services for critical care nurses is required to reduce the impact of occupational stress on nurses' poor general health., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Background: An essential element for offering high-quality care in the intensive care units (ICUs) is the intraprofessional collaboration among nurses, which facilitates the exchange of knowledge and information and hence improves performance. More research is needed to understand the relationship between the nurse-nurse collaboration and job performance in the ICUs due to the multidimensionality of both concepts, the complexity of the ICU environment, and the lack of studies., Aim: To examine the relationship between nurse-nurse collaboration and self-perceived nurse performance among Jordanian nurses in ICUs., Design: Descriptive, correlational cross-sectional design was used., Methods: Data were collected through an online survey including the demographic questionnaire, the nurse-nurse collaboration scale, and six-dimensions scale for nursing performance., Results: In total, 155 critical care nurses participated (response rate = 46.97%). Self-perceived job performance was significantly associated with gender (t = -3.189, P = .002), age (r = -0.301, P < .01), workplace (F = 28.20, P = .001), the type of ICU (F = 17.70, P = .001), and the number of assigned patients (r = 0.407, P < .01). Among all nurse-nurse collaboration subscales, only the conflict management subscale was an independent significant predictor of self-perceived nursing performance (t = 3.06, B = 3.066, P = .003)., Conclusions: Effective conflict management is associated with better nurse performance, which could ultimately improve patient care in ICUs., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Conflict resolution is an important dimension of optimal nurse-nurse collaboration and has an important effect on nursing performance. Nurses and nurse managers in ICUs need to attend workshops and training programs in conflict management., (© 2021 British Association of Critical Care Nurses.)

Background: The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed severe psychological pressure on nurses. Mindfulness has been shown to be effective in improving professional quality of life (ProQOL) and reducing psychological distress in a wide range of populations and contexts. However, its role in supporting critical care nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19 has yet to be established., Purpose: This study explores the relationship of mindfulness with negative emotional states and ProQOL among nurses working in critical care units during COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used. A sample of 156 critical care nurses completed self-reported measures of mindfulness, ProQOL, and negative emotional states. Multiple regressions were used to address the study purpose., Results: Overall, the participants had severe anxiety, moderate depression, moderate stress, moderate burnout, moderate secondary traumatic stress, and moderate compassion satisfaction. Mindfulness was significantly and negatively associated with stress (r = - 0.230, p = .004), depression (r = - 0.190, p = .018), burnout (r = - 0.218, p = .007), and secondary traumatic stress (r = - 0.168, p = .037). Mindfulness explained 3% of the variance in depression (B = -0.19, p = .018), 3.9% of variance in stress, (B = -0.201, p = .012), 4.2% of variance in BO (B = -0.206, p = .009), and 2.2% of the variance in secondary traumatic stress (B = -0.168, t = -2.104, p = .037), controlling for demographics., Conclusions: The current study provides preliminary evidence that mindfulness can be helpful in reducing critical care nurses' psychological distress and promoting their ProQOL, and is worthy of further investigation in this population., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Inappropriately selected models of nursing care delivery and emotional exhaustion of nurses at work not only affect the nurses' health, but also the health of their patients., Purpose: To examine the relationship between nursing care delivery models, nurses' emotional exhaustion, and quality of nursing care., Methods: A cross-sectional survey that used a convenience sampling technique was employed. A total of 160 participants completed the study. Participants provided information about nursing care delivery models, nurses, emotional exhaustion, and quality of nursing care., Results: Participants had a moderate level of emotional exhaustion. No statistically significant difference in the scores of quality of nursing care and emotional exhaustion were found according to the type of care delivery model ( P  > .05). Emotional exhaustion was significantly and negatively correlated with the (nursing staff characteristics) subscale of quality of nursing care ( r  = -.183, P  = .021). There was a significant difference in emotional exhaustion in regard to shift duty, marital status, education level, years of experience, salary, and working area). Only marital status significantly predicted emotional exhaustion ( t  = 2.57, B  = -8.98, P  = .011)., Conclusions: Quality of nursing care was associated with nurses' emotional exhaustion rather than models of nursing care delivery. As nurses' emotional exhaustion could negatively affect the quality of nursing care, addressing the emotional exhaustion of nurses is important to improve patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Purpose: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare workers toward COVID-19 preventive measures and related factors., Methods: Descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 140 Jordanian healthcare providers working in COVID-19 units from governmental hospitals completed the study during February-March 2021. A self-reported measure with three domains: knowledge (e.g., COVID-19 transmissions), attitudes (e.g., COVID-19 vaccination), and practices (e.g., handwashing) were used. An independent t-test was performed to assess the difference in knowledge, attitude, and practice depending on demographic and work-related variables, while Pearson r and multiple linear regression were performed to identify the relationships between the study variables and the predictors of COVID-19 preventive practices., Results: The majority of the participants had good knowledge (81.4%), good attitude (87.1%), and satisfactory practice (77.9%). Knowledge was significantly associated with attitude and practice ( p  < .01), and attitude was significantly associated with practice ( p  < .01). There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge, attitude, and practice depending on the existence of infection control policy, availability of PPE, and receiving infection control training ( p  < .05). Predictors of COVID-19 practice included knowledge and attitude, PPE availability, and receiving training on infection control ( p  < .05)., Conclusion: This result might suggest that there are some gaps between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of COVID-19 preventive measures. Lack of PPE and inadequate infection control training could contribute to this gap., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Introduction: Empowering nurses is essential for improving work outcomes, and understanding the role of structural and psychological empowerment in supporting nurses' work motivation and occupational mental health are essential to stimulate nurses' productivity and preserve their mental health., Objectives: To evaluate nurses' perspectives about the levels of structural and psychological empowerment in their working areas. Additionally, to evaluate nurses' motivation and occupational mental health, and to predict the nurses' motivation and occupational mental health through structural and psychological empowerment., Methods: A descriptive correlational design and quota sampling were used. Two hundred registered nurses were recruited from two hospitals in Jordan. Data were collected using four valid and reliable self-report questionnaires., Results: Nurses who participated in this study were young and have an average total experience in nursing of fewer than 10 years. Nurses in this study reported a moderate level of structure empowerment and a low level of psychological empowerment. Significant positive relationships were documented between both structural, psychological empowerment, and nurses' work motivation ( r  = 0.85), ( r  = 0.83) respectively. A significant negative relationship found between both structural, psychological empowerment, and nurses' occupational mental health ( r  = -0.31), ( r  = -0.29) respectively., Conclusions: The levels of nurses' work motivation and occupational mental health can be predicted through the levels of structural and psychological empowerment. The higher workplace empowerment was associated with increased work motivation, as well as reduced the feeling of occupational stress among nurses. Thus, administrators should invest in fostering structural and psychological empowerment in the work environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Occupational stress is a major problem for healthcare providers, with some professionals experiencing higher numbers of stressful situations than others. Although it is difficult to eliminate stress in professionals' daily lives, providing social support can lower psychological distress symptoms. This study aims to investigate the relationship between occupational stress and social support, and the effects of social support on psychological distress symptoms of healthcare professionals. A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by a convenience sample of 211 participants (physicians, nurses, and pharmacists) from a Jordanian hospital. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the relationships between the study variables. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine if occupational stress, demographic characteristics, and social support predict depression, anxiety, and stress. Results showed that healthcare professionals with more social support showed less depression than those with a lower score of social support. Females had higher scores of depression and anxiety than males. Pharmacists had significantly higher occupational stress than both nurses and physicians. Occupational stress negatively influences healthcare professionals' mental health. To improve the productivity and psychological wellbeing of healthcare professionals, occupational stress should be diminished by implementing effective management approaches to facilitate social support for healthcare professionals., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)