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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond to insulin normally, resulting in an abnormal increase in blood glucose levels. 90% of diabetes cases in pregnant women are gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is known that fluctuations in the level of glucose and its irregularity led to disturbances in the health of both mother and fetus.The therapeutic strategies and options for the treatment of gestational diabetes are highlighted in this review. We havereviewed medicinal plants used in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Literature review indicates that medicinal plants are effective in treating osteoarthritis and have been clinically and scientifically proven. Natural medicines have been the subject of chemical studies and many plants are the subject of clinical trials. Their results are remarkable and significant. However, scientific exploration for bioactive constituents is becoming increasingly important and their mechanisms of actions to treat GDM are still ongoing.

Nowadays, the need of novel biological active compounds is growing as there is remarkable increase in antibiotic resistance developed in microbes. In the present time, the need of new active novel biological molecules is growing as there is remarkable increase in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the main purpose of this review articles is to introduce endophytic mycoflora that play important role in production of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and agriculture interest that fight against various bacterial infections and diseases. According to recent research, endophyte produces antibacterial compounds in the host via an alternative biochemical pathway. Endophytic mycoflora are rich source of metabolites that can be used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial diseases. As a result, the production of novel antibacterial compounds by these microbes can help to reduce the load of compound extraction from plants also helping to reduce plant biodiversity loss. The current review summarizes the biodiversity of endophytic mycoflora, as well as their biological characteristics and host specificity. In addition, describe the pathways involved in the synthesis of antibacterial compounds from these fungi, as well as the mode of transmission and the various types of antibacterial secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic mycoflora.

Endophytes such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are play significant role in the production of bioactive metabolites and plant defence mechanisms. These endophytes develop asymptomatically in the inner tissues and cells of the host plant without causing any symptoms. But studies are ongoing on endophytic fungi, since many of the mycoflora endophytes are unstudied as well as widespread and highly diverse. Endophytic fungi are a large source of different types of metabolites that can be used for the treatment of various types of diseases and manufacture of drugs in the pharmaceutical industries. Recent studies have shown that endophytic fungi, through their alternative biochemical pathway in the host, and produce some anticancer compounds. The production of novel anticancer compounds by endophytic fungi can help to reduce the amount of anticancer compounds extracted from plants and also help to reduce the loss of plant biodiversity. As per observation, every plant examined to date has a flora of at least one endophyte and, in the case of woody plants, more than a hundred species of endophytic fungi may be present in different parts of the plant. Endophytic fungi are the best producer of many bioactive anticancer compounds, such as taxol, podophyllotoxin, camptothecin and their derivatives. The present review focuses on biosynthesis of anticancer bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi. Furthermore, it explains the mechanism of action of the anticancer compounds and their application.

Since the outbreak of the Corona pandemic in December 2019, many people affected, especially medical care laborers, who deal with the treated cases. Coronavirus disease 2019 not only affects the body parts, but also extends to the psychological symptoms. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of the pandemic on the mental prosperity of the laborers. Clinical staff members from the administration emergency clinic, Lahore, were enlisted. A poll was used to collect data on the segment information, a sleeping disorder, despondency and stress manifestations. Correlation of the segment information and the mental factors were done among the sleeping and non-sleeping disorder samples. All 356 medical service laborers were selected for this investigation. There were manifestations of misery in 222 (62.35%), nervousness in 227 (64.76%), stress in 197 (55.33%) and sleep deprivation in 190 (53.37%) of members. Gentle to extreme side effects of melancholy (91.65% vs 28.9%), nervousness (83.1% vs 41.6%) and stress (84.26% vs 22.22%) were seen predominately in the sleep deprivation gathering (P.001). Insomnia was more pronounced in the members with low training levels (78.08%) versus post-advanced education (30.9%). Paramedics, attendants, and medical service laborers in confinement/serious consideration units were more inclined to the sleep deprivation (P.001). Mental prosperity of medical care laborers was influenced because of Coronavirus pandemic. Attendants, paramedics, and those working in the detachment unit showed a critical sleeping disorder. The results and indicators have proven that there is a relationship between the infection with the Corona pandemic and occurrence of disorders in psychological behavior. Therefore, the psychological rehabilitation sessions must be conducted for those infected and those in contact with the Corona cases to relieve the burden of that patients to raise their psychological conditions and support the immune system such that resist against the infection.

Endophytic mycoflora are ubiquitous organisms residing in the internal tissues of the plants, at least for a portion of their lives without causing apparent symptoms of infection. Endophytes serve as rich source of novel natural compounds with a wide-spectrum of biologically active agents. The review reveals the significance of endophytic mycoflora from plants as a source of bioactive organic compounds. The bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi originate from PKS/NRPS biosynthetic pathways. These compounds belong to diverse structural groups such as alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, cytochalasines, depsipeptides, enniatines, flavonoids, furandiones, isocumarines, peptides, polyketones, phenols, quinols, terpenoids, tetralones and xanthones and are characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography etc. Endophytes therefore, represent a chemical reservoir for array of new compounds which are anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-parasitical, anti-viral, anti-mycobacterium, anti-insecticidal, anti-malarial, anti-biotic and immunosuppressive & immunomodulatory agents and also other compounds used in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This paper mainly focuses on the exploration of novel and useful compounds from endophytic mycoflora, the study of their role in cure of diseases and the recent scenario of screening approach for novel drugs and their pharmacological interest.

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. is one of the most important plant which has a specific place in Ayurveda and phytotherapy. The tribal people generally used this plant for anthelminthic, anti-fertility, rejuvenation and anti-malarial against Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study total four endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of medicinal plant Ailanthus excelsa for the production of antibacterial bioactive compounds against five pathogenic bacterial strains. Various cultural conditions like Media, pH, Temperature and incubation period was also optimized for the maximum production of antibacterial bioactive compounds from the potent fungus. After each optimizing step, the extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method and the best condition was selected for further process.

The growing commercialization all over the world has led to a boost in the widespread use of chemical pesticides for crop protection in agricultural fields. It has not only contributed to an increase in food production, but its toxic and non-biodegradable character has also resulted in adverse effects on environment and nontarget organisms. Moreover, most of the pests have developed resistance against them. These drawbacks of conventional pesticides have led to an increase in the need for the search of some novel, non-harmful, eco-friendly pesticides. Natural pest control materials commonly known as biocontrol agents are the most promising of them. Biocontrol agents include macroorganisms as well as microorganisms. The microorganisms used are bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and protozoan. The exploitation of these natural and renewable resources is essential for a successful biocontrol strategy. The present review focuses on the use of fungi as potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management. Different fungal formulations and metabolites that have been successfully implemented for pest control and some of the recent patents in this field are also discussed here.

The current research focuses on the isolation of bioactive compounds from the natural sources which have immense potential for pharmaceutical value. Pharmaceutical biology perceives plants as a unique resource of potentially precious remedial bioactive metabolites. But due to slow growth and harvest of endangerd plants species pose a threat and inbalance in the biodiversity of plants. However, most of the plant species occur on the earth to be a reservoir of vast numbers of endophytic microorganisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi that play an imperative role in the production of novel secondary metabolites for the defense of host and can be utilized for treatment of a number of ailments. Search for isolation and characterization of different plant-associated fungal origin novel bioactive metabolites are given an immense attention to global investigators. The endophytic fungi are an enormous manufacturer of bioactive compounds which can be widely used in the medical, agricultural, and industrial application. Therefore, there is a need to isolate, identify, and characterize these bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungi. Further, research on the biology of endophytes is also required to saturate at the molecular level for a better understanding of host–endophyte interactions and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites thereby. Modern technologies have opened new avenue on endophytic research as natural “warehouse” with very little has been able to tap from this source so far and among the reported natural bioactive metabolites. Thus, there is more research and studies on these groups of endophytic microorganisms are required. The collaboration among chemists and mycologists are needed to comprehend the biology of endophytic fungi and may help to learn the different pathways involved in synthesis of bioactive compounds, and the ecology of the organisms will help to understand the optimization parameters of the organism for the maximum metabolites production, and mycologist will have the chance to increase further imminence into the multifarious diversity of endophytic fungal species. The present review is made on endophytic fungi, biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of novel bioactive compounds from these microorganisms and their applications.

All organisms are protected by their immune system but occasionally this system overreacts leading to allergic and inflammatory reactions in the body. These reactions are the starting points of various diseases like asthma, eczema and urticaria etc. They involve activation of T cells, release of histamines, toxic chemicals from mast cells and eosinophils respectively. Several chemically and naturally synthesized therapeutic agents are available for the treatment of these immunological diseases. The present review provides a detailed account of mechanism of allergic and inflammatory reactions, its types and various treatment strategies with a special focus on some recent patents in this field.

Objective: The main purpose of the present study was to isolate the endophytic fungi from Tridax procumbens L. and evaluate their antibacterial activity at different concentration of compatible solvents extracted metabolites against the test pathogenic bacterial strain, as well as the molecular characterization of potent endophytic fungal isolate that showed the maximum antibacterial activity.Methods: The endophytic fungi were isolated from the different parts of the collected T. procumbens plant. Screening of endophytic fungi for the antibacterial activity was scrutinized against five pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium using agar well diffusion method. After screening, the metabolite of the potent fungal isolate was extracted using different solvents by solvent-solvent extraction procedure and observed their antibacterial activity. For molecular identification of the fungi, the DNA was extracted, quantified, and amplified using two oligonucleotide primers ITS4 and ITS6 in polymerase chain reaction.Results: In the present study, five endophytic fungi were isolated from medicinal plant T. procumbens and screened for their antibacterial activity against E. coli (22.60±0.32 mm), S. typhimurium (19.26±0.23 mm), S. pyogenes (16.36±0.18 mm), K. pneumoniae (14.26±0.54 mm), and B. subtilis (14.43±0.27 mm) bacterial strain. The endophytic fungal strain A. japonicus isolated from T. procumbens was showed the significant antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria. The morphological identification of all the isolated endophytic fungi was observed on the basis of their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and the molecular identification of the potent fungal strain was observed through 18s rRNA sequence analysis. Using solvent-solvent extraction technique, different solvent residues of the potent fungal metabolite were extracted in benzene, n-,butanol and toluene. The n-butanol solvent extract exhibited a maximum zone of inhibition against the test bacterial strains.Conclusion: The present study reveals that the endophytic fungi serve as a potential source for the production of effective bioactive compounds.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. (Family Apocynaceae) and observed their antibacterial activity against bacteria as well as the molecular characterization of most potent fungal strain. Methods: Collection and isolation of endophytic fungi from different parts (root, shoot, leaves) of Rauvolfia serpentina plant. Screening of endophytic fungi for antibacterial activity was scrutinised against six bacteria viz . Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus pyogenes by using Agar well diffusion method. For molecular sequencing of potent fungi, the DNA was extracted, quantified and amplified by using two oligonucleotide primers ITS4 and ITS6 in PCR. Results: A total seven endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger , Penicillium citrinum , Cladosporium sp., Curvularia lunata , Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from different parts of Rauvolfia serpentina and fungal strain Penicillium citrinum was shown the maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (23.0±0.12 mm), Escherichia coli (19.9±0.16 mm), Streptococcus pyrogens (19.2±0.59 mm), Enterococcus sp., (17.2±0.08 mm), Klebsiella pneumonia e (18.9±0.16 mm) and Salmonella typhimurium (15.1±0.16 mm). The molecular sequencing of the potent fungi was done by primers (ITS4 and ITS6) which showed strong specificity with fungal DNA and the percentages of identical matches of ITS4 and ITS6 DNA sequences in the GeneBank database (NCBI) were determined to 98 %. Conclusion: In the present study, the endophytic fungal strain Penicillium citrinum showed the potential source of antibacterial bioactive compounds and molecular sequencing of this fungus helps in future to determine the various metabolic pathways that are responsible for the production of such type of novel compounds.