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Innovative drug delivery systems show how pharmaceuticals are administered to the site of action in order to produce the therapeutic effect. Fungal infections are a problem today on a global scale. There is no medical cover-up in the world regarding the significance of fungi as a human pathogen. According to recent developments, the accurate diagnosis and treatment of these infections are crucial and required. Numerous factors influence the development of modern pharmaceutical products and their methods of administration. For the development of a successful novel antifungal drug delivery system, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the relationships between the formulations, the mode of administration, pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, stability, efficacy, safety, and clinical indications. This review article discusses various types of nano techniques used in the delivery of antifungal drugs, including dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and nanoparticles based on phospholipids (nano-vesicles). Due to their unique properties, nanoparticles can exert more inhibitory power through lower concentrations than conventional dosages when used in the treatment of fungal infections. Reduced drug efficacy, limited penetration through tissue, poor aqueous solubility, decreased bioavailability, and poor drug pharmacokinetics are among the drawbacks to using antifungal medications in delivery systems. Therefore, the incorporation of antifungal medications through the nanoparticles’ drug delivery systems can reduce these undesirable properties.

Oral drug administration is among the most popular options in terms of patient compliance. The absorption window’s influence enables the majority of commercially available modified-release dosage forms to have the desired physiological impact. In order to achieve the desired activity against the body’s challenges, the formulator must keep the dosage form in the stomach, which is the aim of gastroretentive drug delivery (GRDD). In this process of maintaining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, influenced by the nature of excipients and driven by the type of formulation to achieve therapeutic goals, a GRDD system is comparable to an improvised CDDS (control drug delivery system) before it reaches the absorption site. The most prevalent kind of preferred modified release system in use is solid oral dosage forms. To achieve the desired release profile, fewer doses are required when using these forms. Each drug candidate has a unique GIT absorption window, so there are many challenges. Solvability characteristics, pH-dependent variables, stability, physiological region, etc. Due to the barriers that have been added to this system, many products have been created. This review article contains nanomaterials used in GRDDS as novel drug delivery, factors affecting, and challenges to formulate nanomaterials, evaluation and advance technology used for application of nanomaterials.

A phenolic compound in Foeniculum vulgare can improve human health. Foeniculum vulgar contains flavonoids, glycosides, and other constituents that are used for medicinal ailments. Trans-anethole, fenchone, and estragole essential oils are the main ingredients in F. vulgare seeds. The principle component of fennel oil, anethole, has structural similarity with the synthetic oestrogen diethylstilbestrol, making it an active estrogenic agent. Women with PCOS may exhibit obesity, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, infertility, or androgenic features, which are characterized by the absence of ovulation and hyperandrogenism. Oligomenorrhea is a kind of irregular menstruation period. Treatment of oligomenorrhea depends on the causes; the main cause of oligomenorrhea is the presence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), with 75–85%experiencing infrequent periods. This mini-review focuses on F. vulgare seeds as an advantageous addition to treat PCOS. Women with PCOS also have a lower level of the hormone progesterone due to the absence or reduction in ovulation. Numerous phytoestrogens can be found in F.vulgare seeds; with less insulin resistance and lower blood sugar level, fennel phytoestrogen content is beneficial. It is also thought to aid in reducing the cellularim balance that causes PCOS’s metabolic abnormalities.