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Background: In planning radiotherapy treatments, computed tomography (CT) has become a crucial tool. CT scans involve exposure to ionizing radiation, which can increase the risk of cancer and other adverse health effects in patients. Ionizing radiation doses for medical exposure must be kept "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". Very few articles on guidelines for radiotherapy-computed tomography scans are available. This paper reviews the current literature on radiation dose optimization based on the effective dose and diagnostic reference level (DRL) for head, neck, and pelvic CT procedures used in radiation therapy planning. This paper explores the strategies used to optimize radiation doses, and high-quality images for diagnosis and treatment planning. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients with head, neck, and pelvic region cancer in our institution. The DRL, effective dose, volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol), and dose-length product (DLP) for the present and optimized protocol were calculated. DRLs were proposed for the DLP using the 75th percentile of the distribution. The DLP is a measure of the radiation dose received by a patient during a CT scan and is calculated by multiplying the CT dose index (CTDI) by the scan length. To calculate a DRL from a DLP, a large dataset of DLP values obtained from a specific imaging procedure must be collected and can be used to determine the median or 75th-percentile DLP value for each imaging procedure. Results: Significant variations were found in the DLP, CTDIvol, and effective dose when we compared both the standard protocol and the optimized protocol. Also, the optimized protocol was compared with other diagnostic and radiotherapy CT scan studies conducted by other centers. As a result, we found that our institution's DRL was significantly low. The optimized dose protocol showed a reduction in the CTDIvol (70% and 63%), DLP (60% and 61%), and effective dose (67% and 62%) for both head, neck, and pelvic scans. Conclusions: Optimized protocol DRLs were proposed for comparison purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence claims the vascular benefits of varied frequency and duration of physical activity (PA) breaks, whereas the efficacy of varied intensity remains unexplored. We aimed to collate and summate the studies investigating the PA breaks at various intensities on vascular protection. Seven electronic databases were searched for potential studies till Jan 31, 2022. The eligible studies should have administered PA breaks of differing intensities in prolonged sitting postures and explored regional vascular changes [flow mediated dilation (FMD), shear stress, diameter, and blood flow] using ultrasound and novel outcome markers. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies for eligibility after abstract and full-text screen, and appropriate data were extracted to summarise vascular protective effects with PA breaks. Our findings reveal adverse regional vascular outcomes with prolonged sitting (FMD ≈ -1.5%, diameter ≈ -0.06 mm), whereas PA breaks of any intensity were found to improve endothelial functions (FMD ≈ +0.5%, diameter ≈ +0.1 mm, shear ≈ +13 s -1 ) and mitigate the adverse effects associated with prolonged sitting. Compared with high-intensity activity, low-intensity PA breaks alleviate arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction risks., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)