24 results on '"Ravichandra C"'
Search Results
2. Exploring the functional significance of novel cellulolytic bacteria for the anaerobic digestion of rice straw
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Kumar, Vikas, Rawat, Jyoti, Patil, Ravichandra C., Barik, Chitta Ranjan, Purohit, Sukumar, Jaiswal, Haardik, Fartyal, Nishchal, Goud, Vaibhav V., and Kalamdhad, Ajay S.
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- 2021
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3. List of Contributors
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Sambo, Abubakar Sani, primary, Komesu, Andrea, additional, Sarti, Arnaldo, additional, Srifa, Atthapon, additional, Ingle, Avinash P., additional, Mello, Bruna Sampaio de, additional, Sut, Debashis, additional, Liu, Dehua, additional, Lee, Hwei Voon, additional, Gupta, Indarchand, additional, Neto, João Moreira, additional, de Oliveira, Johnatt Allan Rocha, additional, Juan, Joon Ching, additional, Silveira, José Luz, additional, Faungnawakij, Kajornsak, additional, Dussán, Kelly J., additional, Oi, Lee Eng, additional, Gogoi, Lina, additional, Grangeiro, Luana Cardoso, additional, Fuess, Lucas Tadeu, additional, da Silva Martins, Luiza Helena, additional, Rai, Mahendra, additional, Garba, Mahmoud Muhammad, additional, Choo, Min-Yee, additional, Barati, Mohammad, additional, Deshavath, Narendra Naik, additional, Bhuyan, Nilutpal, additional, Rahman, Noorsaadah Abdul, additional, Pitakjakpipop, Pawnprapa, additional, Ingle, Pramod, additional, Suryawanshi, Pravin G., additional, Von Hohendorff, Raquel, additional, Patil, Ravichandra C., additional, Paulino, Regina Franciélle Silva, additional, Kataki, Rupam, additional, de Almeida, Sâmilla Gabriella Coêlho, additional, Maishanu, Saidu Muhammad, additional, Prasad, Shiv, additional, Nematian, Tahereh, additional, Goud, Vaibhav V., additional, Veeranki, Venkata Dasu, additional, Gonçalves, Vinicius O.O., additional, Chaiwat, Weerawut, additional, Engelmann, Wilson, additional, Anutrasakda, Wipark, additional, Sun, Xiaoying, additional, Cui, Xingkai, additional, and Zhao, Xuebing, additional
- Published
- 2019
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4. Current challenges and advances in butanol production
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Patil, Ravichandra C., primary, Suryawanshi, Pravin G., additional, Kataki, Rupam, additional, and Goud, Vaibhav V., additional
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- 2019
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5. Effect of ozonolysis and thermal pre-treatment on rice straw hydrolysis for the enhancement of biomethane production
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Vaibhav V. Goud, Caroline Cimon, Cigdem Eskicioglu, and Ravichandra C. Patil
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Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallinity ,Ozone ,Ozonolysis ,Reaction rate constant ,chemistry ,Biogas ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Fiber ,Thermal treatment ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
In this study, combined effect of ozonolysis (Oz) and temperature on rice straw (RS) hydrolysis was studied. At ozone dosage of 0.006 gO3/g RS, 19% disintegration in the RS fiber crystallinity was observed with 17% reduction in the total carbon content. Thermal (55 °C, 4d) treatment followed after Oz showed the generation of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and reducing sugars of 537.20 ± 17.09 mg/L/d and 1.18 ± 0.06 mg/L/d, respectively. Biomethane assays after pretreatment of RS showed 26% enhancement in the RS hydrolysis rate constant (k = 0.1885 d−1) with methane yield of 374 ± 6 ml CH4/g-VSsubstrate. The potential scale up feasibility was estimated by calculating net energy balance. A net positive gain of 0.5763 kWh/kg RS was obtained using this pretreatment.
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- 2021
6. Exploring the functional significance of novel cellulolytic bacteria for the anaerobic digestion of rice straw
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Ravichandra C. Patil, Sukumar Purohit, Vikas Kumar, Chitta Ranjan Barik, Vaibhav V. Goud, Haardik Jaiswal, Nishchal Fartyal, Jyoti Rawat, and Ajay S. Kalamdhad
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060102 archaeology ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,020209 energy ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Bacillus clausii ,Batch reactor ,06 humanities and the arts ,02 engineering and technology ,biology.organism_classification ,Anaerobic digestion ,Hydrolysis ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0601 history and archaeology ,Bacillus mojavensis ,Food science ,Sugar ,Incubation - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of isolated novel bacterial strains for rice straw (RS) hydrolysis in terms of total sugar and COD (chemical oxygen demand) solubilization to improve overall biomethane yield. Four out of seven pretreatment setup with isolated bacterial strains i.e., Bacillus paralicheniformis VKVVG3 (CDf), Perlucidibaca piscinae VKVVG6 (CDd1), Bacillus clausii VKAK2 (RSa1) and Bacillus mojavensis VKAK1 (CDb1) exhibited higher saccharification compared to untreated RS. The CDf pretreated RS showed highest efficiency with 137% COD solubilization and 320% sugar accumulation at optimal dosage of 109 CFU/mL within 4-day of incubation. The batch reactor (20L) study with CDf pretreated RS produced 476 mL/g VSsubstrate compared to 310 mL/g VSsubstrate for untreated RS which corresponds to 53.6% higher than untreated RS. The FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis also support the overall results, indicating excellent degradation of the structural morphology of the RS microcrystalline structure. Furthermore, the fitting error in bio-kinetic parameters using modified Gompertz, Fitzhugh, and Monomolecular models were 5.47, 2.44, and 4.28% respectively, with R2 values above 0.99, also supports the experimental data. The results of this study revealed many positive interpretations concerning the future expansion of the existing system for bacterial pretreatment of RS.
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- 2021
7. Anaerobic co-digestion of defatted microalgae residue and rice straw as an emerging trend for waste utilization and sustainable biorefinery development
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Ravichandra C. Patil, Vikas Kumar, Ajay S. Kalamdhad, Vaibhav V. Goud, Garima Srivastava, and Rahul Tiwari
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Biodiesel ,Energy recovery ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,020209 energy ,Desmodesmus ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Biorefinery ,01 natural sciences ,Light intensity ,Anaerobic digestion ,Chlorella ,Biogas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The primary motivation behind this study was to explore the energy potential of the residual defatted microalgae biomass by anaerobic co-digestion with rice straw (RS). Two defatted microalgae species Chlorella CG12 and Desmodesmus GS12 were co-digested with RS at C/N ratio of 30. A considerable cumulative biomethane yield of 382 mL/g-VS obtained in the co-digestion of CG12 + RS followed by GS12 + RS (311 mL/g-VS) shows 49.87% and 22.26% increment, respectively, as compared to the control. The sludge on the 40th day of the anaerobic digestion was reutilized to cultivate the fresh batch of microalgae. The microalgal growth was studied at a light intensity of 3000 Lux, 22 ± 2 °C and pH of 7–7.5. The maximum lipid content of 19% on a dry cell weight basis (dcw) was seen at 20% sludge concentration in GS12. Total microalgal biomass was found to be increased by 22% compared to the control, i.e., in BG-11 media. This combined use of microalgae with RS helped in enhanced energy recovery. It also provides a sustainable approach for the development of a microalgae-based biorefinery for the production of biodiesel and biogas as an energy fuel.
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- 2020
8. Chapter 8 - Current challenges and advances in butanol production
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Patil, Ravichandra C., Suryawanshi, Pravin G., Kataki, Rupam, and Goud, Vaibhav V.
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- 2019
- Full Text
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9. List of Contributors
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Abubakar Sani Sambo, Andrea Komesu, Arnaldo Sarti, Atthapon Srifa, Avinash P. Ingle, Bruna Sampaio de Mello, Debashis Sut, Dehua Liu, Hwei Voon Lee, Indarchand Gupta, João Moreira Neto, Johnatt Allan Rocha de Oliveira, Joon Ching Juan, José Luz Silveira, Kajornsak Faungnawakij, Kelly J. Dussán, Lee Eng Oi, Lina Gogoi, Luana Cardoso Grangeiro, Lucas Tadeu Fuess, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Mahendra Rai, Mahmoud Muhammad Garba, Min-Yee Choo, Mohammad Barati, Narendra Naik Deshavath, Nilutpal Bhuyan, Noorsaadah Abdul Rahman, Pawnprapa Pitakjakpipop, Pramod Ingle, Pravin G. Suryawanshi, Raquel Von Hohendorff, Ravichandra C. Patil, Regina Franciélle Silva Paulino, Rupam Kataki, Sâmilla Gabriella Coêlho de Almeida, Saidu Muhammad Maishanu, Shiv Prasad, Tahereh Nematian, Vaibhav V. Goud, Venkata Dasu Veeranki, Vinicius O.O. Gonçalves, Weerawut Chaiwat, Wilson Engelmann, Wipark Anutrasakda, Xiaoying Sun, Xingkai Cui, and Xuebing Zhao
- Published
- 2019
10. Current challenges and advances in butanol production
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Ravichandra C. Patil, Rupam Kataki, Vaibhav V. Goud, and Pravin G. Suryawanshi
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carbohydrates (lipids) ,Metabolic engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Downstream (manufacturing) ,chemistry ,Biofuel ,Butanol ,Environmental science ,Industrial fermentation ,Fermentation ,Biochemical engineering ,Raw material ,Renewable resource - Abstract
The fluctuating and overall average high market prices of fossil fuels have impacted the geopolitical scenario in the past few decades. In the majority of the United States this has resulted in policy shifts toward developing technologies for the use of renewable resources as feedstock for the production of biofuel and other valuable products. The biofuel butanol is mostly produced commercially by the acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation pathway using the Clostridium species. This strain consumes diverse sources of substrate via its anaerobic metabolic pathway. The biological production of butanol was one of the largest industrial fermentation processes during the early 20th century, but it lost its competitiveness by the 1960s due to the cost of substrates and with the advent of more efficient petrochemical processes. Other challenges in ABE fermentation have also restricted its growth in commercial production through fermentation. Advances in the fields of biotechnology, systems biology, metabolic engineering, and innovative process development have renewed the interest in the ABE fermentative process from its conventional roots. This chapter reviews the conventional butanol production process and addresses the problems and challenges that must be overcome in butanol production. Moreover, this chapter expands on current research trends in the development of production processes in areas like pretreatment, anaerobic and aerobic fermentation pathways, genetic modification of strains to enhance solvent production, and downstream processes for solvent extraction. The chapter also provides an analysis of the overall butanol fermentation process with a focus on improving the efficiency of the fermentation stage by altering the upstream (pretreatment of the raw material) and downstream (product recovery and purification) processes as a major possibility for development.
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- 2019
11. Non-response to first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment in Sikkim, India: a risk-factor analysis study
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Singhi, L., primary, Sagili, K. D., additional, Sharath, B. N., additional, Bhandari, K., additional, Dadul, P. K., additional, Gautam, M., additional, Ravichandra, C., additional, Chadha, S., additional, and Satyanarayana, S., additional
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- 2018
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12. Minimum Access for Maximum Success
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Ravichandra C, Shekar K, Neha. S, Nagamaheshwari X, Sindhura G, and Smitha R
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03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,business.industry ,0206 medical engineering ,Automotive Engineering ,Medicine ,Operations management ,030206 dentistry ,02 engineering and technology ,business ,020601 biomedical engineering - Published
- 2017
13. Micro Robot - A Revolution in Endodontics
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Shantipriya P, Smitha R, Shekhar K, Neha. S, Ravichandra C, and Sindhura G
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Orthodontics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Automotive Engineering ,Medicine ,Robot ,business ,Endodontics - Published
- 2017
14. Prevalence of Renal Dysfunction in Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patients According to Revised Consensus Recommendations of the International Club of Ascites
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Jain, Rishabh, primary, Raghavendra, Y., additional, Joshi, Naina, additional, Sukanya, B., additional, Ravichandra, C., additional, Vineet, C., additional, and Kumar, Ajit, additional
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- 2017
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15. Engaging private providers and Ayurvedic practitioners in Bilaspur, India: did it increase TB case detection?
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Bhardwaj, R. R., primary, Oeltmann, J. E., additional, Ravichandra, C., additional, Chadda, V. K., additional, Das, M., additional, and Kumar, A. M. V., additional
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- 2016
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16. The clinical accuracy of 2 electronic apex locators to determine working length in comparison with standard radiographic method in teeth with and without periapical lesions
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Ravichandra, C, primary, Nimeshika, R, additional, Smitha, R, additional, Venigalla, BhuvanShome, additional, and Shekar, K, additional
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- 2015
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17. Effect of different concentrations of carbamide peroxide and green tea extract on the color and shear bond strength of enamel – an in vitro study
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Patil, Jayaprakash, primary, Reddy, Amulya, additional, Venigalla, BhuvanShome, additional, Shekar, K, additional, Ravichandra, C, additional, and Binoy, D, additional
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- 2015
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18. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and its combination with other irrigants on Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study
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Nagarjuna Kondreddi, Bhuvan Shome Venigalla, Thakur Veerandar Singh, Shekar Kamishetty, Smitha Reddy, and Ravichandra Cherukupalli
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antibacterial efficacy ,chitosan ,chlorhexidine ,enterococcus faecalis ,root canal irrigants ,Dentistry ,RK1-715 - Abstract
Objective: The aim of the in vitro study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), chitosan and their combinations in vitro. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and used for the study. After the access cavity preparation and working length determination, the apical foramina of the samples were sealed with epoxy resin to prevent bacterial leakage, and the teeth were mounted in stone blocks. Biomechanical preparation was done using crown-down technique up to master apical file size of #50. Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was used to contaminate the root canals. After incubation, samples were divided into six groups according to the solutions used for irrigation, that is, CHX, NaOCl, chitosan, alternating solution of chitosan and hypochlorite, alternating solution of chitosan and CHX, and saline. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed by obtaining the samples from root canal before and after the irrigation using paper points, culturing them on blood agar plates, and measuring the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) formed. Results: All the statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. P 0.001). Maximum antibacterial activity was seen when chitosan was used alternatively with CHX and NaOCl. Independently, hypochlorite showed maximum antibacterial activity followed by CHX and chitosan which showed almost similar antibacterial activity. Conclusion: According to this study, there is synergistic antibacterial activity when chitosan is used alternatively with 2% CHX or 5% NaOCl.
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- 2019
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19. Operational research within a Global Fund supported tuberculosis project in India: why, how and its contribution towards change in policy and practice
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Karuna D Sagili, Srinath Satyanarayana, Sarabjit S Chadha, Nevin C Wilson, Ajay M V Kumar, Patrick K Moonan, John E Oeltmann, Vineet K Chadha, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Smita Ghosh, Terrence Q Lo, Tyson Volkmann, Matthew Willis, Kalpita Shringarpure, Ravichandra Chinnappa Reddy, Prahlad Kumar, Sreenivas A Nair, Raghuram Rao, Mohammed Yassin, Perry Mwangala, Rony Zachariah, Jamhoih Tonsing, Anthony D Harries, and Sunil Khaparde
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operational research (OR) ,implementation research ,Global Fund project ,Tuberculosis (TB) ,India ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: The Global Fund encourages operational research (OR) in all its grants; however very few reports describe this aspect. In India, Project Axshya was supported by a Global Fund grant to improve the reach and visibility of the government Tuberculosis (TB) services among marginalised and vulnerable communities. OR was incorporated to build research capacity of professionals working with the national TB programme and to generate evidence to inform policies and practices. Objectives: To describe how Project Axshya facilitated building OR capacity within the country, helped in addressing several TB control priority research questions, documented project activities and their outcomes, and influenced policy and practice. Methods: From September 2010 to September 2016, three key OR-related activities were implemented. First, practical output-oriented modular training courses were conducted (n = 3) to build research capacity of personnel involved in the TB programme, co-facilitated by The Union, in collaboration with the national TB programme, WHO country office and CDC, Atlanta. Second, two large-scale Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) surveys were conducted at baseline and mid-project to assess the changes pertaining to TB knowledge, attitudes and practices among the general population, TB patients and health care providers over the project period. Third, studies were conducted to describe the project’s core activities and outcomes. Results: In the training courses, 44 participant teams were supported to develop research protocols on topics of national priority, resulting in 28 peer-reviewed scientific publications. The KAP surveys and description of project activities resulted in 14 peer-reviewed publications. Of the published papers at least 12 have influenced change in policy or practice. Conclusions: OR within a Global Fund supported TB project has resulted in building OR capacity, facilitating research in areas of national priority and influencing policy and practice. We believe this experience will provide guidance for undertaking OR in Global Fund projects.
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- 2018
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20. Chasing END TB 2025: Arithmetic needed for logistics!
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Ravichandra C and Burugina Nagaraja S
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- Algorithms, Humans, India, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics, National Health Programs, Program Development, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation & purification, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary prevention & control
- Abstract
India adopted changes in NTEP (Erstwhile RNTCP, Revised National TB Program, renamed as National TB Elimination Program) in the recent years with an aim to End TB by 2025 way ahead of the global target of ending TB by 2030. It is taking a long time for the changes to trickle down to the grass root level to change the behavior of the ground level force to understand and adopt to the changes that are being ordered and several other changes that are being pushed to the field in tandem. This has made field workers to be on their toes to understand and implement all the changes. The logistics like referral forms, GeneXpert/CBNAAT cartridges, slides etc., required for the program need to be calculated and used as per the changes. Shortages in the procurement or indenting will result in hampering the smooth functioning of the program. Accordingly, we calculated the logistics required for the patients estimated to occur in an area depending on the previous year's patient load. The breakup of the patients was adopted from the available references given. Also, the 2019 data of the load of different type of patients in India and the world were also taken. Total logistics were calculated for two hundred patients. Based on the calculations, a generic formula was derived. When the total number of patients in the previous year/quarter/or any period is N, then below is the formula which can estimate the required logistics for the next similar period., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest All authors have none to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Tuberculosis Association of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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21. Training strategies practiced for TB elimination.
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Somashekar N, Ravichandra C, and Chadha VK
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- COVID-19 prevention & control, Humans, India epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, Tuberculosis transmission, COVID-19 epidemiology, Infectious Disease Medicine education, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis prevention & control
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Training is the backbone of any public health program and it is true for a vast program like TB. It is urgent when the program is aiming to End TB. The strategy that is followed in India for capacity building of TB workers is presented in this article. Various types of trainings that are needed are described in detail. Also enlisted are the different trainings undertaken at NTI for the last five years. Recent times the effect of Covid-19 has resulted in the acceleration of the effort of going for digital platforms and onlinetrainings and is described., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Tuberculosis Association of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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22. Does provision of cash incentive to HIV-infected tuberculosis patients improve the treatment success in programme settings? A cohort study from South India.
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Rohit A, Kumar AMV, Thekkur P, Shastri SG, Kumar RBN, Nirgude AS, Reddy MM, Ravichandra C, Somashekar N, and Balu PS
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Background: In April 2018, the Government of India launched ' Nikshay Poshan Yojana ' (NPY), a cash assistance scheme (500 Indian rupees [~8 USD] per month) intended to provide nutritional support and improve treatment outcomes among tuberculosis (TB) patients., Objective: To compare the treatment outcomes of HIV-infected TB patients initiated on first-line anti-TB treatment in five selected districts of Karnataka, India before (April-September 2017) and after (April-September 2018) implementation of NPY., Methods: This was a cohort study using secondary data routinely collected by the national TB and HIV programmes., Results: A total of 630 patients were initiated on ATT before NPY and 591 patients after NPY implementation. Of the latter, 464 (78.5%, 95% CI: 75.0%-81.8%) received at least one installment of cash incentive. Among those received, the median (inter-quartile range) duration between treatment initiation and receipt of first installment was 74 days (41-165) and only 16% received within the first month of treatment. In 117 (25.2%) patients, the first installment was received after declaration of their treatment outcome. Treatment success (cured and treatment completed) in 'before NPY' cohort was 69.2% (95% CI: 65.6%-72.8%), while it was 65.0% (95% CI: 61.2%-68.8%) in 'after NPY' cohort. On adjusted analysis using modified Poisson regression we did not find a statistically significant association between NPY and unsuccessful treatment outcomes (adjusted relative risk-1.1, 95% CI: 0.9-1.3)., Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis and previous evidence from systematic reviews, we did not find an association between NPY and improved treatment outcomes., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)
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- 2020
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23. Use of Verbal Autopsy to Determine Underlying Cause of Death during Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis, India.
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Naik PR, Moonan PK, Nirgude AS, Shewade HD, Satyanarayana S, Raghuveer P, Parmar M, Ravichandra C, and Singarajipura A
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Autopsy, Cause of Death, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Geography, Humans, India epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant mortality, Young Adult, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant epidemiology
- Abstract
Of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), <50% complete treatment. Most treatment failures for patients with MDR TB are due to death during TB treatment. We sought to determine the proportion of deaths during MDR TB treatment attributable to TB itself. We used a structured verbal autopsy tool to interview family members of patients who died during MDR TB treatment in India during January-December 2016. A committee triangulated information from verbal autopsy, death certificate, or other medical records available with the family members to ascertain the underlying cause of death. For 66% of patient deaths (47/71), TB was the underlying cause of death. We assigned TB as the underlying cause of death for an additional 6 patients who died of suicide and 2 of pulmonary embolism. Deaths during TB treatment signify program failure; accurately determining the cause of death is the first step to designing appropriate, timely interventions to prevent premature deaths.
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- 2018
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24. Diagnostic pathways and direct medical costs incurred by new adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients prior to anti-tuberculosis treatment - Tamil Nadu, India.
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Veesa KS, John KR, Moonan PK, Kaliappan SP, Manjunath K, Sagili KD, Ravichandra C, Menon PA, Dolla C, Luke N, Munshi K, George K, and Minz S
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- Adult, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary economics, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Health Care Costs, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) patients face substantial delays prior to treatment initiation, and out of pocket (OOP) expenditures often surpass the economic productivity of the household. We evaluated the pre-diagnostic cost and health seeking behaviour of new adult pulmonary TB patients registered at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India., Methods: This descriptive study, part of a randomised controlled trial conducted in three rural Tuberculosis Units from Dec 2012 to Dec 2015, collected data on number of health facilities, dates of visits prior to the initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and direct OOP medical costs associated with TB diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis examined the factors associated with delays in treatment initiation and OOP expenditures., Results: Of 880 TB patients interviewed, 34.7% presented to public health facilities and 65% patients sought private health facilities as their first point of care. The average monthly individual income was $77.79 (SD 57.14). About 69% incurred some pre-treatment costs at an average of $39.74. Overall, patients experienced a median of 6 days (3-11 IQR) of time to treatment initiation and 21 days (10-30 IQR) of health systems delay. Age ≤ 40 years (aOR: 1.73; CI: 1.22-2.44), diabetes (aOR: 1.63; CI: 1.08-2.44) and first visit to a private health facility (aOR: 17.2; CI: 11.1-26.4) were associated with higher direct OOP medical costs, while age ≤ 40 years (aOR: 0.64; CI: 0.48-0.85) and first visit to private health facility (aOR: 1.79, CI: 1.34-2.39) were associated with health systems delay., Conclusion: The majority of rural TB patients registering at PHCs visited private health facilities first and incurred substantial direct OOP medical costs and delays prior to diagnosis and anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation. This study highlights the need for PHCs to be made as the preferred choice for first point of contact, to combat TB more efficiently.
- Published
- 2018
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