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In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the bearing capacity of two footings having the aspect ratio L/B (where L and B are the length and width of the footing, respectively) equal to 1, 2 resting on one-layer and two-layer soil. Soil profile contains two soil types including sand and clay. The soil strip is 500mm × 500mm × 350mm; however, only a quarter of the model (250mm × 250mm × 350mm) is examined in the study. Two primary situations are investigated in this study. In the first situation, the one-layer system is supposed to be sandy soil with footing overlays on medium-dense sand. The soft clay/stabilized clayey layer is supposed to be on top of the sandy soil in the second condition, with the footing resting on top of the soft clay/stabilized clay. The influence of layer thickness, aspect ratio, and material property on the bearing capacity value and footing failure mechanism is studied for eight different combinations of layered soil. The bearing capacity for a one-layer case is also estimated, and it agrees well with Vesic (1973), Hansen (1970), and Terzaghi's (1943) equations. The bearing capacity of footings is observed to decline when the height of unstabilized clayey soil increases, and it increases when clayey soil is stabilized with molasses, waste foundry sand, and lime alone and in combination with each other.

The usage of geocell reinforcement for foundations supported on weak soil has been increased these days. The purposed study uses FEM-based ABAQUS software to analyse the behaviour of square footing supported on geocell reinforced sands subjected to static vertical loading. Numerical analysis was performed to find the optimum combination of the different geometric parameters of the geocell reinforcement. Three distinct types of sands were employed in the study with relative densities of 30%, 50%, and 70%. The geometric parameters of the geocell, such as the placement depth of geocell (u), the width (b), and the height (h) of the geocell, were modified in relation to the footing width (B) to access the optimum combination ratios. The inclusion of the geocell reinforcement increases the load-carrying capacity up to 5-6 times compared to unreinforced sand. The results obtained from the numerical analysis were intended to correlate well with the experimental data available in the literature.

In breast cancer image analysis, reliable segmentation of the nuclei is still an open-ended research problem. In this paper, a new clustering-based nuclei segmentation method is presented. First, the proposed method pre-processes the histopathology image through SLIC method. Then, a novel variant of multi-objective grey wolf optimizer is employed to group the obtained super-pixels into optimal clusters. Lastly, the optimal cluster with minimum value is segmented as the nuclei region. The experimental results demonstrates that the proposed variant of multi-objective grey wolf algorithm surpasses the existing multi-objective algorithms over ten standard multi-objective benchmark functions belonging to different categories. Particularly, the proposed variant has achieved best fitness value of more than 0.90 on 90% of the considered functions. Further, the nuclei segmentation accuracy of the proposed method is validated on H&E-stained estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer images. Experimental results illustrates that the proposed method has attained dice-coefficient value of more than 0.52 on 80% of the images. This illustrates that the proposed method is efficient in producing efficacious segmenting over histology images of Breast cancer.

iAs ian iinterdisciplinary iorder, iinformation imining i(DM) iis ifamous iin itraining iterritory iparticularly iwhile iinspecting iunderstudies' ilearning iexhibitions. iIt icenters ion ibreaking idown iinstructive irelated iinformation ito icreate imodels ifor iimproving istudents' ilearning iencounters iand iupgrading iinstitutional iadequacy. iSubsequently, iDM ihelps ischooling iorganizations igive itop inotch itraining ito iits istudents. iApplying iinformation imining iin itraining iotherwise icalled iinstructive iinformation imining i(EDM), iwhich iempowers ito imore ireadily isee ihow iunderstudies ilearn iand irecognize ihow iimprove iinstructive iresults. iPresent ipaper iis iintended ito ilegitimize ithe icapacities iof iinformation imining iapproaches iin ithe irecorded iof itraining. iThe imost irecent ipatterns ion iEDM iresearch iare ipresented iin ithis isurvey. iA ifew iexplicit icalculations, istrategies, iapplications iand iholes iin ithe icurrent iwriting iand ifuture iexperiences iare italked iabout ihere.

This article investigates the suitability of utilizing end of life rubber tyre particles in concrete as fine aggregate. Rubber ash and rubber fibers were used to develop two series of rubber ash concrete (series I) and hybrid concrete (series II) mixes. The natural fine aggregate was replaced by rubber ash (by volume of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) in series I; whereas in series II, the amount of rubber ash was kept constant at 10% and rubber fiber was introduced as replacement of fine aggregate (by volume of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). The concrete mixes were evaluated for compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to impact loading, fatigue loading, water penetration and shrinkage strain was evaluated. It was observed that inclusion of rubber ash resulted in the improvement of impact resistance of concrete. The results also show that up to 10% rubber ash and rubber fibers can be utilized as fine aggregate to develop feasible and durable rubberized concrete pavements, crash barriers and paver blocks.

To determine the correlation of angiogenic growth factors and inflammatory cytokines with the clinical phenotype of ocular tuberculosis (OTB).Vitreous fluid was analysed for cytokines in patients with OTB and non-OTB uveitis using multiplex fluorescent bead-based flow cytometric assay. The clinical phenotypes were recorded and correlated with vitreous biomarkers.Vitreous humour from OTB patients had elevated levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17-A, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Angiopoietin (Ang-2) levels were higher in the panuveitis phenotype. OTB posterior uveitis phenotype had relatively higher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and lower fibroblast growth factor (FGF) levels. Additionally, eyes with choroiditis and vasculitis had elevated levels of VEGF and Ang-2 with FGF downregulation. Both IFN-γ and IL-10 were upregulated in the choroiditis phenotype of OTB.Angiogenic growth factors and inflammatory cytokines were altered in the vitreous humour of OTB patients. IFN-γ, VEGF, and IL-10 levels are increased in choroiditis and vasculitis phenotypes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis further emphasized the importance of the IFN-γ assay in the diagnosis of OTB.

Granite mining, cutting and processing generates huge amount of waste which is dumped in open landfills. The objective of this research is to fabricate mortar incorporating granite production dust which would be sustainable and durable. A detailed experimental outline was planned to fabricate 1:4 and 1:6 cement mortar mixes as partial/full substitutes for cement and river sand. Mechanical and durability investigations like workability, fresh density, compressive strength, wear resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity and acid attack were conducted. On replacement of sand and cement by granite production dust it was observed that the workability of mortar mixes was lowered while the fresh density of the mortar was found to have decreased with incremental use of granite production dust in both the mortar mixes. The results of the compressive strength of mortar mixes showed improvement up to 50% replacement of sand. The wear resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity and acid resistance of granite production dust mortar were also improved by the inclusion of up to 50% granite production dust as sand in mortar. However, on replacement of cement by granite production dust all the investigated properties were severely impacted due to absence of binding agent.

The waste generated from the agriculture and construction sector is a serious threat to the environment due to its disposal problems. This study is an attempt to utilize agriculture and construction waste to stabilize the geotechnical properties of clayey soil to use the composite as sub-grade material. For this purpose, rice husk ash (agriculture waste) and construction demolition waste (used construction waste) are mixed in varying amounts in clayey soil alone and along with lime to obtain the best sub-grade material. The results of the experimental testing reveal that the geotechnical properties of clayey soil are improved by stabilizing it with various waste materials thereby solving their disposal problem thus sustaining a healthy environment. The use of wastes and lime in combination improves the unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, and resilient modulus of the composite. The mix obtained on the addition of rice husk ash and construction demolition waste along with lime can be used as a sub-grade material thus achieving higher economic benefits.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a cost-effective foundation technique for the design of foundations of transmission towers, heavily loaded structures, etc. Design/methodology/approach Experimental model tests are conducted in a model test tank to find out the effect of length and diameter of geogrid encased granular pile anchors, the relative density of sand and the angle of inclination of the pile from the vertical on uplift behavior of granular pile anchors. Findings The uplift capacity of the geogrid encased granular pile anchor increased with increasing length and diameter of granular pile anchor. Further, increasing the relative density of surrounding soil increased uplift capacity of geogrid encased granular pile anchor system. Moreover, increasing the angle of inclination of loading also increased uplift capacity of whole system. Thus, the proposed system can be effectively used in field for further applications. Originality/value The paper is helpful for the engineers looking for cost-effective foundation techniques for heavily loaded structures.

There are various challenges for the electronic logical method in the appropriated processing in view of the perceived features of the disseminated figuring condition. Immense quantities of remarkable automated logical procedures and instruments are not sensible for dispersed registering condition. The multitenancy, multi-accomplice, Internet-based, components pointlessness, and gigantic data, logs and datasets are examples of the disseminated figuring condition incorporates that make driving propelled wrongdoing scene examination in the circulated registering condition an extraordinarily problematic task. Thusly, there is a need to develop a fitting modernized quantifiable technique for circulated registering condition. Thusly, this paper proposed a proactive mechanized quantifiable procedure for conveyed figuring condition.

Fly ash is a waste product obtained from coal-based thermal power stations. In the absence of proper utilization, large quantities of fly ash are dumped in the landfills. Since traces of heavy metals are present in coal, the dumping of fly ash in landfills is not ecofriendly and leads to air pollution and groundwater contamination. The ceramic tile waste is obtained from construction and tile industries which poses disposal problems and requires dumping areas causing environmental concerns. The inherent properties of these waste materials can be exploited by using in road pavement subgrade and thus solving the disposal problems. This experimental study was performed to assess the efficiency of using fly ash and waste ceramic along with poor sand for clayey soil stabilization by evaluating compaction, strength and drainage properties to be used as road sub-grade material. The addition of sand to clayey soil decreased the optimum moisture content (OMC), increased the maximum dry density (MDD) whereas the California bearing ratio (CBR) improved. Further, adding fly ash to clayey soil increased OMC value, decreased MDD value but improved the CBR value. The results indicate that adding ceramic tile waste reduced MDD value and increased OMC value and the CBR value. The drainage characteristics of composite material were better than those of clayey soil or fly ash. The stabilization of sub-grade resulted in significant savings in terms of the material required for subgrade of road pavement compared to those using un-stabilized soil. The composite containing optimum contents of clay, sand, fly ash and ceramic waste possessed better sub-grade and drainage properties and thus can be used successfully for construction of pavement subgrade of low cost roads.

This paper presents a laboratory investigation on the use of construction demolition waste in poor clayey soil to improve its strength and drainage characteristics. Various laboratory tests such as differential free swell, Atterberg’s limits, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and permeability have been conducted on un-stabilized and Construction Demolition Waste (CDW) stabilized clayey soil. The outcomes revealed that the addition of CDW in poor soil reduced both maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. The UCS, CBR, and permeability got improved on adding optimum content of CDW in poor clayey soil. The secant modulus also increased on addition of the CDW in virgin soil. The regression analysis performed for different tests showed good agreement of laboratory results with predicted values. Thus, it can be revealed that using CDW in stabilization of poor clayey soil will not only solve the problem of its disposal but will also be cost effective and protect the environment.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to attempt to use two industrial wastes; waste foundry sands (WFS) and molasses (M) along with lime (L) to improve the strength characteristics of clayey soil.Design/methodology/approachIn the first part of the study, the optimum percentages of materials (WFS, molasses, lime) have been found out by conducting differential free swell (DFS) and consistency limit tests on clayey soil by adding various admixtures. The second and third part of the study investigates the compaction behaviour and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of clayey soil on addition of optimum amount of various materials alone and in combination with each other. Finally, the micro-structural behaviour of addition of optimum percentages of lime, WFS and molasses using Scanning electron microscopic technique has been discussed.FindingsThe laboratory results revealed that the addition of optimum content of lime along with WFS and molasses reduced DFS and plasticity index and increased maximum dry density and UCS values. The microstructural behaviour showed that the presence of lime and molasses filled the voids present in the soil and the addition of WFS helped in providing compact structure, thus improving the strength characteristics.Practical implicationsThe study will be helpful in designing low-cost pavement designs for rural roads.Social implicationsThe adverse effect of waste materials on environment may be solved by using them in improving the strength characteristics of clayey soils, thereby providing healthy environment to living beings.Originality/valueThe study will help to provide low-cost methods to improve strength characteristics of clayey soil along with the use of waste materials; the disposal of whose is a challenging task.

Modern lubrication systems are increasingly deploying smart (functional) materials. These respond to various external stimuli including electrical and magnetic fields, acoustics, light etc. Motivated by such developments, in the present article unsteady electro-magnetohydrodynamics squeezing flow and heat transfer in a smart ionic viscous fluid intercalated between parallel plates with zeta potential effects is examined. The proposed mathematical model of problem is formulated as a system of partial differential equations (continuity, momenta and energy). Viscous dissipation and variable thermal conductivity effects are included. Axial electrical distribution is also addressed. The governing equations are converted into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and then solved numerically with MATLAB software. The transport phenomena are scrutinized for both when the plates move apart or when they approach each other. Also, the impact of different parameters such squeezing number, variable thermal conductivity parameter, Prandtl number, Hartmann number, Eckert number, zeta potential parameter, electric field parameter and electroosmosis parameter on the axial velocity and fluid temperature are analysed. For varied intensities of applied plate motion, the electro-viscous effects derived from electric double-capacity flow field distortions are thoroughly studied. It has been shown that the results from the current model differ significantly from those achieved by using a standard Poisson–Boltzmann equation model. Axial velocity acceleration is induced with negative squeeze number (plates approaching, S < 0) in comparison to that of positive squeeze number (plates separating, S > 0). Velocity enhances with increasing electroosmosis parameter and zeta potential parameter. With rising values of zeta potential and electroosmosis parameter, there is a decrease in temperatures for U e > 0 for both approaching i.e. squeezing plates (S < 0) and separating (S > 0) cases. The simulations provide novel insights into smart squeezing lubrication with thermal effects and also a solid benchmark for further computational fluid dynamics investigations.

Cosmologies with Light Massive Relics (LiMRs) as a subdominant component of the dark sector are well-motivated from a particle physics perspective, and can also have implications for the $\sigma_8$ tension between early and late time probes of matter clustering. The effects of LiMRs on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and structure formation on large (linear) scales have been investigated extensively. In this paper, we initiate a systematic study of the effects of LiMRs on smaller, nonlinear scales using cosmological $N$-body simulations; focusing on quantities relevant for photometric galaxy surveys. For most of our study, we use a particular model of nonthermal LiMRs but the methods developed easily generalize to a large class of models of LiMRs -- we explicitly demonstrate this by considering the Dodelson-Widrow form of the velocity distribution. We find that, in general, the effects of LiMR on small scales are distinct from those of a $\Lambda$CDM universe, even when the value of $\sigma_8$ is matched between the models. We show that weak lensing measurements around massive clusters, between $\sim 0.1 h^{-1}$Mpc and $\sim 10 h^{-1}$Mpc, should have sufficient signal-to-noise in future surveys to distinguish between $\Lambda$CDM and LiMR models that are tuned to fit both CMB data and large (linear) scale structure data at late times. Furthermore, we find that different LiMR cosmologies which are indistinguishable by conventional linear probes can be distinguished by these probes if their velocity distributions are sufficiently different. LiMR models can, therefore, be best tested and constrained by jointly analyzing data from CMB and late-time structure formation on both large \textit{and} small scales., Comment: 6 figures

Recently there has been reports of finding a lower bound on the neutrino mass parameter ($\Sigma m_\nu$) when using ACT and SPTpol data however these bounds on the $\Sigma m_\nu$ are still weaker for most case around at 1 $\sigma$ level. In this context, here in this work, we study the consequences of using an enlarged four parameter dynamical dark energy equation of state on neutrino mass parameter as well as on the Hubble and S8 tensions. The four parameter dark energy equation of state incorporates a generic non-linear monotonic evolution of the dark energy equation of state, where the four parameters are the early and the present value of the equation of state, the transition scale factor and the sharpness of the transition. We report that with lensing-marginalized Planck + BAO + Pantheon and prior on absolute magnitude $M_B$ and KIDS/Viking $S_8$ prior, the model favours a non-zero value for the neutrino mass parameter at the most at $\sim 1 \sigma$ level ($\Sigma m_\nu = 0.1847_{-0.165}^{+0.0698}$ eV). In this case this model also brings down the Hubble tension to $\sim 2.5 \sigma$ level and the S8 tension to $\sim$ 1.5 $\sigma$ level. This model also provide a tighter constraints on the value of the dark energy equation of state at present epoch $w_0$ ($w_0 = -0.9901_{-0.0766}^{+0.0561}$) in comparison to the CPL like parameterization., Comment: accepted for Astrophysical Journal,more figures added

Methylammonium based perovskite with large band gap disables the potential formation of inimical non-perovskite phases and demonstrates good sustainability of processing temperatures of ≤ 100 degrees. The cesium based Methylammonium (MA 0.9 Cs 0.1 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 ) 3 ) has gained an enormous potential of being utilized as a multi-use solar cell finding its applications in single junction as well as in tandem configured solar cells due to its large open- circuit voltage (V oc ) value and an enhanced quasi - Fermi level splitting capability. Thus, it has enormous benefits in the field of photovoltaic study. In this article, an unprecedented n-i-p type solar cell configuration with (P 0.6 Na 0.6 O 2.2 Pb 0.2 ) / NiO / (Cs-Methylammonium) (Active Layer) / C 60 has been demonstrated. There are many factors that affect the performance of the solar cell, in this paper rigorous investigation of the factors is done and special focus on studying the impacts of thickness of perovskite layer, back-contact work function, interface defects, top contact electrode variation and defect density and on its performance is done. After optimizing the parameters of the cell, it is found that encouraging V oc of 1.2778, 20.33 as short-circuit-current-density (J sc ) and a fill factor (FF) of 81.28 % with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.12%. Comparing with the best values that have been reported in the available literature, the values obtained here are considerably better.