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The rehabilitation services for children with cerebral palsy are provided in two forms: home-based care and center-based care. The aim of this research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the home-based accordance with the center-based care for kids with cerebral palsy. In this cost-effectiveness research, 56 children under 12 years old were assigned randomly to two rehabilitation programs: (1) clinicbased rehabilitation services (CBRS); and (2) home-based rehabilitation services (HBRS). Data were collected by two questionnaires: a strong life quality survey of children with cerebral palsy (CP QOL-Child) and medical and non-medical costs' checklists. Finally, the incremental expense-efficacy rate (ICER) was used to determine the further expenses of one unit of the quality of life gained by CBRS compared with HBRS. The mean costs per patients for the home-based care group were less than the ones for the clinic-based care unit (US$ 660.3 vs. US$ 933.8). The costs of the rehabilitation services and transportation were the main costs in the two patients' groups. The quality of life for cases in the home-based care group was better than the one of the clinic-based care team. The results showed that the home-based care method was more cost-effective than the centre-based care approach in children with cerebral palsy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated at about US$ 2.6. The conclusion was that home-based care centers were more cost-effective than the centre-based care centers for children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, it was suggested that the health policy makers pay more attention to developing home-based care strategy in physically challenged children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Linguistic factors can decrease or increase the children's speech disfluencies. One of these factors is the type of linguistic tasks presented to the child. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two tasks of sentence imitation and sentence modeling on severity of speech disfluencies in preschool children with stuttering. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study performed on 58 children with stuttering (29 subjects with mild stuttering and 29 subjects with moderate stuttering) and on 58 children with fluent speech aged 4-6 years old. The severity of speech disfluencies was measured by two separate tasks (sentence imitation and sentence modeling), and the results of two tasks were compared. Results: The mean stuttering severity score in boys with moderate stuttering in two tasks of sentence imitation and sentence modeling was 23.79±1.26 & 29.00±1.87 respectively and significant difference was observed (P=0.004). The mean stuttering severity score in girls with moderate stuttering was 25.27±1.93 & 33.18±2.32 respectively and significant difference was observed (P=0.007). The score of speech disfluencies in both sexes of non-stutter children and mild stuttering had no significant difference between two tasks (P>0.05). Conclusion: In preschool children with mild stuttering and peer non-stutters, performing two tasks of sentence imitation and sentence modeling could not increase the severity of stuttering. In preschool children with moderate stuttering, doing the task of sentence modeling increased the stuttering severity score. It is suggested that speech therapists apply the findings of this study to develop linguistic tasks with various levels of difficulty for children with stuttering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Some of the patients with chronic low back pain commonly do not experience full recovery with the conventional physical therapy. It is revealed that may be there are some items in subjects with low back, which are not studied well till now. Since there are some evidences about breathing pattern disorder in low back pain patients, the purpose of this study was to compare between some important breathing pattern index in non-specific chronic low back pain and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analysis study, there were 16 patients with chronic non-specific low back pain and 16 healthy subjects. Both groups were matched and selected by some of the demographic characteristics. Respiratory data including respiratory rate, volumetric, time depended and chemical index were calculated by K4b2 instrument. Results: They have significant differences in some of the respiratory parameters including respiratory rate, inspiration and expiration times and total time of respiration between two groups, whereas inspiration total time ratio, volumetric and chemical index do not have significant differences. Conclusion: Existence of disorders in some parameters of respiratory patterns in patients with low back pain are revealed that survey of respiratory system in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain can be effective in diagnosis and treatment process in physiotherapy centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing drought events coupled with dwindling water reserves threaten global food production and security. This issue is exacerbated by the use of crops that overconsume water, undermining yield. We show here that microorganisms naturally associated with plant roots can undermine efficient water use, whereas modified bacteria can enhance it. We demonstrate that microbe-encoded genes shape drought tolerance, likely by modulating plant hormonal balance. Specifically, we built a minimal holobiont out of Arabidopsis thaliana and either the bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4 or its isogenic AcdS - mutant, lacking the enzyme ACC deaminase. This enzyme breaks down the precursor of ethylene, a key regulator in plant response to drought. This single mutation profoundly affected plant physiology and shifted the plant from a 'water-spender' (with more growth under well-watered conditions) to a 'water-spender' phenotype. Under drought, plants associated with wild-type bacteria consumed soil water faster, leading to a shorter period of growth followed by death. In contrast, plants associated with the AcdS - mutant managed to maintain growth by reducing water consumption via stomatal closure, thus conserving soil water. This allowed plants to survive severe water deficiency. We conclude that plant-associated bacteria can modulate plant water use strategies, opening possibilities to engineer water-savvy crop-production systems., (© 2024 The Author(s). Plant, Cell & Environment published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Functional constipation (FC) is a common global high prevalence issue in children., Objective: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of visceral manipulation (VM) on children with chronic interacble FC unresponsive to the standard treatment., Methods: This study was conducted as a randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Fifty-two children with refractory chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the standard medical treatment were randomly allocated to two groups of 26 control (standard medical care (SMC)) and 26 intervention (SMC with VM) for 4 weeks. Abdominal pain, painful defecation, stool consistency, defecation frequency, and the dose of oral laxative were evaluated before and after the treatment period using the Pain Rating Scale, Bristol stool form scale, and patient/parents report., Results: At the end of treatment, except for the dose of oral laxative in the control group, all of the results showed a significant difference in both groups (P<0.05). The dose of oral laxative in the intervention group decreased significantly (P<0.05), however, no significant change was observed in the control group (P>0.05). In the intervention group comparison, statistically significant differences were found in all va-riables except the Bristol stool form scale (P<0.05). The Bristol stool form scale after treatments was not different when the groups were compared (P=0.32), but the number of subjects who had normal stool consistency was significantly increased in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: VM can be considered as a possible treatment without side effects besides SMC for the management of chronic FC. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of VM.

Chemical nutrient amendment by human activities can lead to environmental impacts contributing to global biodiversity loss. However, the comprehensive understanding of how below- and above-ground biodiversity shifts under fertilization regimes in natural ecosystems remains elusive. Here, we conducted a seven-year field experiment (2011-2017) and examined the effects of different fertilization on plant biodiversity and soil belowground (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) communities in the alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau, based on data collected in 2017. Our results indicate that nitrogen addition promoted total plant biomass but reduced the plant species richness. Conversely, phosphorus enrichment did not promote plant biomass and exhibited an unimodal pattern with plant richness. In the belowground realm, distinct responses of soil prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities were observed under fertilizer application. Specifically, soil prokaryotic diversity decreased with nitrogen enrichment, correlating with shifts in soil pH. Similarly, soil eukaryotic diversity decreased with increased phosphorous inputs, aligning with the equilibrium between soil available and total phosphorus. We also established connections between these soil organism communities with above-ground plant richness and biomass. Overall, our study contributes to a better understanding of the sustainable impacts of human-induced nutrient enrichment on the natural environment. Future research should delve deeper into the long-term effects of fertilization on soil health and ecosystem functioning, aiming to achieve a balance between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The development of accurate methods for multi-label classification (MLC) of remote sensing (RS) images is one of the most important research topics in RS. The MLC methods based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown strong performance gains in RS. However, they usually require a high number of reliable training images annotated with multiple land-cover class labels. Collecting such data is time-consuming and costly. To address this problem, the publicly available thematic products, which can include noisy labels, can be used to annotate RS images with zero-labeling cost. However, multi-label noise (which can be associated with wrong and missing label annotations) can distort the learning process of the MLC methods. To address this problem, we propose a novel multi-label noise robust collaborative learning (RCML) method to alleviate the negative effects of multi-label noise during the training phase of a CNN model. RCML identifies, ranks, and excludes noisy multi-labels in RS images based on three main modules: 1) the discrepancy module; 2) the group lasso module; and 3) the swap module. The discrepancy module ensures that the two networks learn diverse features, while producing the same predictions. The task of the group lasso module is to detect the potentially noisy labels assigned to multi-labeled training images, while the swap module is devoted to exchange the ranking information between two networks. Unlike the existing methods that make assumptions about noise distribution, our proposed RCML does not make any prior assumption about the type of noise in the training set. The experiments conducted on two multi-label RS image archives confirm the robustness of the proposed RCML under extreme multi-label noise rates. Our code is publicly available at: https://www.noisy-labels-in-rs.org.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to compare physical and cognitive functions between post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) participants and healthy matched controls and investigate associations between physical and cognitive impairments with quality of life., Methods: Twenty-three post-COVID-19 participants and 23 age and sex-matched healthy people without a history of COVID-19 were included. Physical function was assessed using the Medical Research Council Sum Score (MRC-SS), 2 min Step Test, Modified Borg Scale, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Test. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), and Stroop test, and the quality of life was evaluated using the Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-3 Levels (EQ-5D-3l) questionnaire. Assessments were performed by a physical therapist in one session., Results: Mann-Whitney U test showed that in the post-COVID-19 group, compared to the control group, the number of steps in the 2 min Step Test ( p  < 0.001, ES = 0.57) and the scores of the SPPB ( p  = 0.03, ES = 0.32), MoCA ( p  = 0.003, ES = 0.44), Stroop test ( p  < 0.001, ES = 0.75), and the EQ-5D-3l visual analog scale ( p  = 0.027, ES = 0.32) were significantly lower. In addition, the Modified Borg Scale score ( p  < 0.001, ES = 0.6), TMT-A ( p  = 0.013, ES = 0.36) and TMT-B ( p  = 0.016, ES = 0.35) times, and the Stroop time ( p  < 0.001, ES = 0.61) were significantly higher in the post-COVID-19 group. There were no significant between-group differences in the MRC-SS score ( p  = 0.055, ES = 0.28). Furthermore, there were significant moderate to high associations between physical and cognitive functions and the quality of life in post-COVID-19 participants., Conclusions: On average 4 months after symptomatic COVID-19, post-COVID-19 participants had significant impairments in physical and cognitive functions compared to healthy matched controls that were significantly correlated with the quality of life. These findings highlight the need for a comprehensive assessment to plan appropriate management strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Rahimi, Saadat, Hessam, Ravanbakhsh, Monjezi.)

Antibiotic resistance has grown into a major public health threat. In this study, we reveal predation by protists as an overlooked driver of antibiotic resistance dissemination in the soil microbiome. While previous studies have primarily focused on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes, our work sheds light on the pivotal role of soil protists in shaping antibiotic resistance dynamics. Using a combination of metagenomics and controlled experiments in this study, we demonstrate that protists cause an increase in antibiotic resistance. We mechanistically link this increase to a fostering of antimicrobial activity in the microbiome. Protist predation gives a competitive edge to bacteria capable of producing antagonistic secondary metabolites, which secondary metabolites promote in turn antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study provides insights into the complex interplay between protists and soil microbiomes in regulating antibiotic resistance dynamics. This study highlights the importance of top-down control on the spread of antibiotic resistance and directly connects it to cross-kingdom interactions within the microbiome. Managing protist communities may become an important tool to control outbreaks of antibiotic resistance in the environment., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.)

Airborne particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic size cutoff of 10 µm (PM10) has been collected using a high volume air sampler at two locations (urban and residential) in the city of Ahvaz, Iran, for sixteen 24-hour periods over four months (late summer to early winter). Microplastics (MPs) in the PM were isolated after sample digestion and were subsequently characterised by established techniques. All MPs sampled (n = 322) were of a fibrous nature, with polyethylene terephthalate, nylon and polypropylene being the dominant polymers and consistent with textiles and fabrics as the principal source. Despite a distinct seasonality (temperature and wind) over the study period, the abundance, size and colour of the fibres exhibited no clear temporal trend, and no clear differences were observed between the two sites. Concentrations of MPs ranged from none detected to about 0.017/m 3 (median = 0.0065/m 3 ) and are at the low end of ranges reported in the recent literature for various urban and remote locations. While some MPs may have a local origin, the weathering of other MPs and their acquisition of extraneous geosolids and salts suggests that long-range transport is also important. Back-trajectory calculations indicate that regional sources are mainly to the north and west of Ahvaz, but a southerly, maritime source is also possible in late autumn. Although concentrations of MPs in the atmosphere are well below those encountered in indoor air, further studies are required to elucidate their potential ecological impacts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study aimed to assess 13 PAHs concentrations and induced human and ecological risks in seawater and surficial sediments of eight estuaries in the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran, 2021. The range of Σ13 PAHs concentration was 0.24-8.83 µg L -l and 3.1-11.46 µg g -1 dry weight, and the mean value was 4.99 µg L -l and 6.06 µg g -1 dry weight in seawater and sediment, respectively. Two, three and four rings PAHs were dominant with 29.33% and 41.33% of ΣPAHs in seawater and sediment, respectively. The primary source of PAHs was both pyrolytic and petrogenic. Most PAHs' calculated health (DCR, HQs, TEF, MEF) and ecological risks (SQGs) values in seawater were in the moderate range or high-risk values for damage to the marine environment. It is concluded that the pollution of PAHs should be carefully considered, and the government should make a proper action plan to minimize the pollution., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: The anti-obesity effects of Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) and isotonic contraction has been reported. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 1200 mg/day α-LA supplementation and 3 sessions per week of Faradic (an electrical stimulating system) on anthropometric parameters, body composition, VEGF, Sirtuin-1, nitric oxide (NO), and PGC1-α in obese people undergoing a weight loss regime. Methods: This randomised clinical trial was carried out on 100 obese adults. The subjects were randomly assigned to four groups of 25 subjects including Faradic, α-LA, α-LA + Faradic, and control. A Bio Impedance Analyser (BIA) was used to estimate anthropometric measurements including weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat free mass. The serum levels of Sirtuin-1, PGC1-α, VEGF, and NO levels were measured. All measurements were done at baseline and after 8 weeks of the intervention. Results: A significant weight reduction was observed in all four groups compared to baseline ( p <.01). The placebo group had significantly higher weight, BMI, weight circumstance (WC), and body fat (BF) compared with the other groups. The α-LA + Faradic group had significantly lower weight, BMI, BF, WC than control, faradic, and α-LA groups and higher, Sirtuin and PGC than the control group (all p  < .05). Conclusions: The findings indicated that the α-LA and Faradic interventions may have a synergistic effect on weight, BMI, BF, WC, and SLM, possibly through changes in serum level of VEGF, NO, and PGC. Further studies are warranted to clarify the mutual effects of -α-LA and Faradic on obesity and its molecular mechanisms. Name of the registry: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Trial registration number: IRCT20131117015424N2 Date of registration: 04/04/2018 URL of trial registry record: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20131117015424N2.

The most economically important biotic stresses in crop production are caused by fungi, oomycetes, insects, viruses, and bacteria. Often chemical control is still the most commonly used method to manage them. However, the development of resistance in the different pathogens/pests, the putative damage on the natural ecosystem, the toxic residues in the field, and, thus, the contamination of the environment have stimulated the search for saferalternatives such as the use of biological control agents (BCAs). Among BCAs, viruses, a major driver for controlling host populations and evolution, are somewhat underused, mostly because of regulatory hurdles that make the cost of registration of such host-specific BCAs not affordable in comparison with the limited potential market. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of virus-based BCAs against fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects, with a specific focus on new approaches that rely on not only the direct biocidal virus component but also the complex ecological interactions between viruses and their hosts that do not necessarily result in direct damage to the host.