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Abstract: Background: Both alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy present significant health risks to the unborn child, including developmental disorders and cognitive deficits. By abstinence from alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy these risks can be completely avoided. Aim: The article provides an overview of prevention and intervention methods, such as education, brief interventions, and treatment and provision of support. It also highlights the importance of systematic screening in health care facilities to identify pregnant women at an early stage and to facilitate access to support services. Conclusions: However, serious gaps in the German care system hinder adequate guideline-based prevention and treatment. Lastly, the article underscores the responsibility of society and health policy to create an environment where abstaining from alcohol and tobacco is the norm, thereby promoting the choice of a smoke-free and alcohol-free life in pregnancy and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Background: Smoking during pregnancy poses a major health risk to pregnant smokers and their children. Pregnancy could be an opportune moment for cessation. Yet many smokers do not quit during pregnancy. This study aims to explore potential influencing factors for successful smoking cessation in pregnancy. Methods: Cross-sectional data was collected in an anonymous online survey (n=358). Data of n=60 women between the 24th week of pregnancy and four months postpartum was analysed. Variables showing significant differences between women who successfully quit smoking during pregnancy ("ex-smokers", n=40) and women who were still smoking at the time of the survey ("smokers", n=20) were included in a logistic regression to identify potentially important influencing factors. Results: Ex-smokers showed higher education levels, were employed, had a planned pregnancy, abstained from alcohol during pregnancy, and scored lower on the Fagerström test for cigarette dependence. They showed greater satisfaction with life and higher scores on the personality trait "agreeableness". In the regression model, a planned pregnancy, alcohol abstinence and higher agreeableness scores increased the odds of being an ex-smoker. Conclusions: Planned pregnancies could be particularly suitable for smoking cessation. Alcohol should be considered, as abstinence could contribute to smoking cessation. A personality characterised by high agreeableness could be beneficial at least in addition to other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Radiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs has considerable health consequences. Substance histories are often only incompletely taken in everyday clinical practice. When learning to take a medical history in medical school, one of the learning objectives is to inquire about consumption behavior. The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to examine the content and language of substance histories taken by medical students. Methods: From a simulation training of a first working day in hospital, 91 video films of medical histories were available, which advanced medical students had conducted with six patients with different consumer behavior. These interviews were verbatim transcribed and analyzed using content-structuring qualitative content analysis according to Kuckartz. For all substances, the reasons for the questions and the depth of the respective substance use were categorized and errors in the questions were examined. In addition, a linguistic analysis of the verbal ways in which the substances were inquired about was carried out. Results: The students most frequently asked about smoking (73.3%). In only 15.4% of the interviews were all substances asked about, in none were all substances asked about completely. A total of 112 protocol questions and 21 occasion-related questions were identified. Logical errors and double questions were found. Most of the questions were asked in a factual manner. However, questions in the categories "evasive" and "stigmatizing" were also found. Conclusion: The content-related and linguistic deficits of medical students in the collection of substance histories identified in this study should be addressed in communication courses at an early stage of undergraduate medical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hintergrund: Die rasanten Fortschritte in den Bereichen E-Health und mobile Gesundheitstechnologien (M-Health) haben Forscher dazu veranlasst, zahlreiche technologiebasierte Interventionen zur Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren. Da sich die Interventionen zur Raucherentwöhnung ständig weiterentwickeln, besteht ein großer Bedarf an Wissenssynthese. Ziel: Diese systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse hatte zum Ziel, die aktuelle Evidenz aus randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zur Wirksamkeit von E-Health-basierten Interventionen zur Raucherentwöhnung in Bezug auf die Abstinenzförderung zusammenzufassen und Ergebnisindikatoren für die Nichtabstinenz wie Zigarettenkonsum und Nutzerzufriedenheit mittels einer narrativen Zusammenfassung zu bewerten. Methoden: Wir suchten in 4 Datenbanken nach Studien, die zwischen 2017 und dem 30. Juni 2022 in englischer Sprache veröffentlicht wurden: PubMed (inkl. MEDLINE), PsycINFO, Embase und Cochrane Library. Zwei unabhängige Gutachter führten das Screening der Studien, die Datenextraktion und die Qualitätsbewertung auf der Grundlage des GRADE-Rahmens (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) durch. Vergleichbare Studien wurden auf der Grundlage der Studienpopulation, der Nachbeobachtungszeit sowie der Interventions- und Kontrollmerkmale zusammengefasst. Zwei Forscher führten eine unabhängige Metaanalyse zum Thema Raucherentwöhnung durch, bei der das Sidik-Jonkman-Modell mit zufälligen Effekten und dem logarithmischen relativen Risiko (log RR) als Effektmaß verwendet wurde. Für Studien, die nicht in die Metaanalyse eingeschlossen wurden, wurden die Ergebnisse narrativ zusammengefasst. Ergebnisse: In einer ersten Datenbankrecherche nach Entfernung von Duplikaten wurden insgesamt 464 Studien identifiziert. Nach einem Screening und einer Volltextbewertung wurden 39 Studien (n = 37 341 Teilnehmer) als geeignet für diese Übersichtsarbeit eingestuft. Davon wurden 28 Studien für die Metaanalyse ausgewählt. Die Metaanalyse zeigt, dass SMS- oder App-Textnachrichten sowohl die kurzfristige (3 Monate) als auch die langfristige (6 Monate) Abstinenz (log RR = 0,50, 95%-Konfidenzintervall (KI) 0,25–0,75; I2 = 0,72%) im Vergleich zu einer minimalen Entwöhnungsunterstützung (log RR = 0,77, 95%-KI 0,49–1,04; I2 = 8,65%) signifikant erhöhen können. Die Häufigkeit der SMS hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Behandlungsergebnisse. M-Health-Apps können die Abstinenz kurzfristig (log RR = 0,76, 95%-KI 0,09–1,42; I2 = 88,02%), aber nicht langfristig (log RR = 0,15, 95%-KI –0,18 bis 0,48; I2 = 80,06%) signifikant erhöhen, im Gegensatz zu weniger intensiver Unterstützung bei der Entwöhnung. Darüber hinaus zeigten personalisierte oder interaktive Interventionen sowohl kurzfristig (log RR = 0,62, 95%-KI 0,30–0,94; I2 = 66,50%) als auch langfristig (log RR = 0,28, 95%-KI 0,04–0,53; I2 = 73,42%) einen moderaten Anstieg der Entwöhnungsrate. Studien ohne personalisierte oder interaktive Elemente hatten dagegen keinen signifikanten Einfluss. Schließlich war der Behandlungseffekt in Studien mit biochemisch verifizierter oder selbstberichteter Abstinenz ähnlich. Von den Studien, die über andere Ergebnisse als die Abstinenz berichteten (n = 20), berichteten insgesamt 11 über eine signifikante Verbesserung der Nichtabstinenz-Ergebnisse in Bezug auf den Zigarettenkonsum (3/14, 21%) oder die Nutzerzufriedenheit (8/19, 42%). Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Überprüfung von 39 randomisierten kontrollierten Studien zeigt, dass neuere E-Health-Interventionen die Raucherentwöhnung fördern können, wobei M-Health der dominierende Ansatz ist. Trotz ihres Erfolges kann die Wirksamkeit solcher Interventionen mit der Zeit nachlassen. Zukünftige Studien könnten von der Entwicklung stärker personalisierter Interventionen profitieren. Registrierung der Studie: PROSPERO CRD42022347104; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=347104 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Students face great challenges at the beginning of and during their studies. Competitive experience, exam anxiety, and especially the new performance requirements often cause test anxiety and stressful experiences. The extent of substance use in terms of neuroenhancement (NE) is unclear. Evidence shows associations between NE, increased stress levels, and mental health. Objectives: We aim to determine the prevalence of NE and alcohol and tobacco use among college students. We also investigate the associations between NE and ADHD, anxiety, depression, and stress experience. Methods: In spring 2021, an anonymous online cross-sectional survey was conducted among students of medicine, dentistry, business economics, and business informatics in Würzburg. The survey included the instruments ASRS (ADHD), PSS-10 (stress), PHQ-4 (depression and anxiety), and AUDIT-C (alcohol comsumption), as well as questions about consumption patterns, prior knowledge, and reasons for NE. Results: Of the 5564 students who were invited to participate, 1010 completed the questionnaire (18.2%). Of these, 12.4% indicated NE for the studied period. NE was used in particular during preparations for exams, to enhance performance, and/or to regulate emotions, most commonly through caffeine tablets, cannabis, and methylphenidate. NE was associated with risky use of alcohol or tobacco, and to a lesser extent with ADHD symptoms and stress experience. Conclusions: Students are at risk of substance abuse and NE. Effective stress management and prevention approaches as well as low-threshold services are needed to identify and support students with risk profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Raum kann als Element sozialer Ordnung sowie als Instrument von Kontrolle und Macht betrachtet werden. An Schulen finden sich verschiedene Raumbezüge, die zumeist implizit bleiben. Überträgt man dies auf Raucher*innenecken des Schulpersonals, kann dieser Raum mit den daran anschließenden Praktiken als Meso-Ort verstanden werden. Meso-Orte sind Orte, die es eigentlich – bspw. aufgrund von gesetzlichen Vorgaben – nicht geben dürfte, die aber dennoch existieren. Auf Basis einer teilnehmenden Beobachtung werden exemplarisch verräumlichte Praktiken des Meso-Ortes Raucher*innenecke rekonstruiert. So werden sowohl Potenziale von Meso-Orten für die erziehungswissenschaftliche Forschung erarbeitet als auch Ausblicke für weitere Forschungsbedarfe erörtert.

The range of vaping products for e‐cigarettes and tobacco products for hookahs is characterized by sweet, fruity and brightly coloured products. However, these are not safe according to the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Among other things, the smoke of a shisha contains high amounts of carbon monoxide and tar. The vapor from e‐cigarettes contains various harmful carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde. Young people in particular are an important target group for tobacco prevention. The analysis and the discussion of using hookahs, e‐cigarettes and ordinary tobacco cigarettes in chemistry lessons offers the opportunity to sensitise schoolchildren to their own health at an early stage and to train their assessment skills. The various steam and smoke systems can be analysed through various quantitative and qualitative experiments that can be used in school lessons with simple means and brought up for discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Digital teaching formats have seen increased use, and not just since the beginning of the pandemic. They can also be used to teach cognitive, practical and communicative learning objectives effectively. We describe the implementation of an online-only course on alcohol/smoking counselling in the COVID-19 summer semester (SS) 2020 and an inverted classroom (IC) concept in the winter semester (WS) 2020/21 at the University Hospital of Würzburg. Methodology: The interdisciplinary subject of "prevention" teaches students about high-risk alcohol consumption/smoking and how to conduct a brief verbal intervention. All 143 (SS) and 131 (WS) 6th-semester medical students completed a 90-minute course: module 1 included a Prezi® presentation on alcohol/smoking basics. Module 2 introduced a counselling concept (alcohol or smoking) online or classroom-based (WS only), depending on the participants' choice. In the online practical component, each student created a counselling video and reflections at home, and later received written feedback from lecturers/tutors. Supervised role-playing was used in the classroom-based format in the WS. There were 2 exam questions on module 1 at the end of each semester. Results: The students surveyed (11%) were satisfied with module 1. Practical exercises and feedback received praise in the evaluation of the classroom-based format (response: 97%). It was not possible for all students to perform counselling due to time constraints. A majority of participants filmed live role-playing in the online practical component. The exam questions were answered correctly by 31% (SS) and 36% (WS) respectively. Conclusions: Counselling can also be taught digitally: creating one's own videos with delayed written feedback is an innovative form of teaching. We are now aiming for a mix of both aspects as an IC with 90 minutes of classroom-based practical exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: In addition to the prevention of tobacco consumption, the establishment and assurance of high-quality treatment for harmful use and dependance on tobacco products remains an important health-related task in Germany. Regular updating of the AWMF-S3-Guideline „Smoking and Tobacco Dependence: Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment" (Tobacco Guideline) offers a sustainable and reputable source of knowledge on smoking cessation. Methods: Under the auspices of the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology (DGPPN) and the German Society for Addiction Research and Addiction Therapy (DG-Sucht), the Tobacco Guideline was revised in 2019–2020 by 63 people, who were involved in the development process of the text, in 11 working groups. Through careful COI management, the influence of conflicts of interest could be minimised. Delegates from 50 professional societies discussed the 80 guideline recommendations and voted online. Results: In addition to recommendations for screening and diagnostics, the Tobacco Guideline takes a positive stance towards the use of low-threshold counselling and support services. If, due to the severity of the tobacco-related disorder, brief counselling, telephone counselling or internet- or smartphone-based methods are not sufficiently effective, individual or group behavioural therapy, possibly in combination with medication, is indicated. If nicotine replacement therapy is not effective, varenicline or bupropion should be offered. Alternative strategies with a lower level of recommendation are hypnotherapy, mindfulness-based treatments or cytisine. In adolescents and pregnant women, the use of medication should be limited to well-specified exceptions and nicotine replacement. The mean agreement with the recommendations reaches a value of 98 %. A general overview of the treatment recommendations of the Tobacco Guideline is provided by three clinical algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of age on cardiometabolic risk and protective factors in females living in a countryside area of Switzerland. For this cross-sectional analysis, data from 268 female adults, who live in two neighboring countryside villages in Italian-speaking Switzerland were retained. 89 study participants were premenopausal, 82 climacteric and 97 postmenopausal. Television viewing time, short duration of sleep, overweight, blood pressure, levels of atherogenic lipids and glycated hemoglobin significantly increased with age. Walking time also significantly increased with age. Tobacco smoking was more common among premenopausal women. It is concluded that in these countryside villages climacteric and postmenopausal women generally have an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile. On the other side, low physical activity and smoking are, compared to premenopausal and climacteric women, less prevalent in postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Die Wirksamkeit rauchfreier Schulen hinsichtlich der sekundärpräventiven Verhinderung jugendlichen Rauchens hängt vom Modus der Implementierung ab. Für den deutschen Kontext gibt es wenig verlässliche Daten zur Implementierung schulischer Tabakkontrolle. Der Beitrag diskutiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Implementierung rauchfreier Schulen und stellt deskriptive Daten aus der deutschen Teilstichprobe der EU-finanzierten Studie SILNE-R vor. The effectiveness of smoke-free schools with regard to the prevention of adolescent smoking depends on the mode of implementation. For the German context, there is little reliable data on the implementation of school tobacco policies. This paper discusses the current state of research on the implementation of smoke-free schools and presents descriptive data from the German sub-sample of the EU- funded study SILNE-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The range of vaping products for e‐cigarettes and tobacco products for hookahs is characterized by sweet, fruity and brightly coloured products. However, these are not safe according to the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Among other things, the smoke of a shisha contains high amounts of carbon monoxide and tar. The vapor from e‐cigarettes contains various harmful carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde. Young people in particular are an important target group for tobacco prevention. The analysis and the discussion of using hookahs, e‐cigarettes and ordinary tobacco cigarettes in chemistry lessons offers the opportunity to sensitise schoolchildren to their own health at an early stage and to train their assessment skills. The various steam and smoke systems can be analysed through various quantitative and qualitative experiments that can be used in school lessons with simple means and brought up for discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Internist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite their knowledge about the risks and treatment options for substance abuse disorders, physicians are not immune to them. Meanwhile, a number of studies have shown that physicians have an increased risk of depression, addictive diseases and burnout due to the occupation-linked mental and physical burden and in particular an increased prevalence of substance-related disorders, especially alcohol abuse or dependence and drug abuse. Drug dependence among physicians seems to be even higher than in the general population due to the relatively easy access to psychoactive medications, in particular hypnotic drugs, benzodiazepines, ketamine and opioids; however, the prognosis is good. According to data from the medical associations, three quarters of those affected for the first time and every sixth relapsed physician can be helped with preservation of the license and working as physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced lung function predicts increased mortality. The prevalence of spirometric abnormalities depends on their definition, the references values used and the use or not of bronchodilation. In the PneumoLaus study, conducted between 2014 and 2017 in a sample of the general population of Lausanne, prevalence of chronic obstruction was 3,8 %, of reversible obstruction 2,5 % and of possible restriction 2,2 %. These numbers are lower than in other population studies. Men had more abnormal spirometry results than women, and ever-smokers more than never-smokers. Two thirds of participants with chronic obstruction, most of which without respiratory symptoms, were not aware of any lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Vermeidung des Rauchens und der Passivrauchbelastung von Kindern und Jugendlichen ist ein wichtiges gesundheitspolitisches Ziel. Die wiederholt erhobenen Daten der KiGGS-Studie zeigen einen deutlichen Rückgang bei Tabakkonsum und Passivrauchbelastung. Dazu dürften sowohl Maßnahmen der Tabakkontrollpolitik als auch Präventionsprogramme beigetragen haben. Dennoch besteht noch Handlungsbedarf bei der Verbesserung der Tabakkontrollpolitik, vor allem im Bereich des Tabakwerbeverbots. The prevention of smoking and exposure of children and adolescents to passive smoking is an important health policy objective. The repeatedly collected data from the KiGGS study show a significant decline in tobacco consumption and exposure to passive smoking. Both tobacco control policy measures and prevention programmes may have contributed to this. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement in tobacco control policy, in particular in the area of tobacco advertising bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aims: The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly caused by smoking tobacco. About 33--50 % of COPD patients are active smokers and show a considerably higher than average psychological comorbidity compared to the general population. Possible links between depression, tobacco smoking and cessation success amongst COPD patients are examined employing a prospective cohort design following a complex smoking cessation intervention. Method: Using a partial sample (N = 209) of the ATEMM-study (AOK PLUS-study for structured smoking cessation by pulmonary practices and psychotherapists in Saxony and Thuringia with minimal vs. maximal intervention), analysis examined whether patients with depressive comorbidity display more pronounced tobacco smoking behaviors as well as higher tobacco dependence and failure rate than mentally healthy patients. Results: Among patients with a suspected depressive syndrome (PHQ-D) was a significant larger proportion of a long cumulative smoke exposure (96 % = 20 Pack-Years) than among those without comorbidity (74 %, p = 0.045). Depressiveness is associated with a higher tobacco dependence. There was no significant link between depressive symptomatology and 12-month abstinence. Conclusions: The hypothesized link between depressive comorbidity, tobacco dependence and smoking intensity as well as cessation success could largely be supported. Patients with depressive comorbidity were heavier smokers with higher rates of dependence. Higher-than average failure rates (relapse or no sustained abstinence) were only found in patients with a higher severity of depression. A continuous psychological treatment could enhance the success of cessation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among people with severe mental illness (SMI) substantially exceeds smoking rates in the general population and has been identified as the largest contributor to health inequalities in this group. Historically deeply embedded in the culture of mental health treatment environments, smoking until very recently was the norm in inpatient settings and still prevails in many settings internationally. In England however, mental health Trusts are currently implementing recent national guidance, according to which mental health settings will become entirely smokefree, with no exemptions, providing comprehensive evidence-based support to patients for smoking cessation and smoking abstinence during the inpatient stay. Aim: The aim of this article is to summarise the rationale for and the debate surrounding smokefree mental health inpatient settings, and to review and discuss the evidence on challenges, opportunities and impact of smokefree policy implementation in these settings, with a focus on the English debate and experience to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)