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This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. The Talawa Theatre Co. was founded in 1985. Initially, it was concerned with the portrayal of black women. After seven years it had, however, produced only one play by a women. The company's director, Yvonne Brewster, proposed that they should adopt the wider aim of informing, enriching and enlightening British theatrical and dramatic discourse by employing in the production process ancient African ritual and black political experience. Tamasha Theatre Co. was formed in 1989 in order to adapt Untouchable, a classic Indian novel by Mulk Raj Anand. The company brought a new look to the Asian theater scene in Great Britain. Photographer and barrister Robert Taylor was called to the Bar in London, England in 1983 after a career in air traffic control with the Royal Navy. His photographic career started in the late 1980s while he was also working in educational publishing. During the 1980s and 1990s, Ten.8, an organization based in Birmingham and in the West Midlands, England, was responsible for showcasing and producing some of the key works and debates around the contested arena of black photography.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Race and Class: A Journal for Black and Third World Liberation is a quarterly journal dedicated to intellectual and political work around the issues of race, class and identity politics. Race Today is a publishing outlet and support network for many of the prominent black British writers, intellectuals, activists and performers of the 1970s and 1980s. Radical Alliance of Poets and Players was a 1970s Black Nationalist artists' collective of musicians, poets and actors who recognized the inherent relationship between music and poetry and drew both art forms to compose their music-poetic-dramatic performance pieces. Although black comic performers first broadcast on BBC during the mid-1920s, the profile of self-representative black radio comedy in Great Britain has been historically minimal to nonexistent. Blackface comedy, however, enjoyed a lengthy residency on both BBC radio and television, only disappearing from the airwaves in 1973 with the demise of BBC Television's Black and White Ministrel Shows. Raggamuffin is a subculture originated in Jamaica in the late 1980s in response to the island's plummeting socioeconomic climate. In Britain the subculture augmented the continued disaffection among black people, particularly the youth of Caribbean, African and Asian descent.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Singer Helen Folsade Adu moved to Essex, England from Nigeria at the age of four. She studied fashion at Saint Martin's College in London, England and began her vocal career singing with the band Pride, while also was working as a fashion designer and model. She then moved on to lead the group Sade and have a series of recordings. The Saga Prize was created by Marsha Hunt in 1995 to further black British writing. It ran for four years. Entrants needed a black African ancestor and a birthplace in Great Britain or the Republic of Ireland when submitting their unpublished first novel. Gita Saghal was educated in both India and Britain, and made her first major career break as a presenter and researcher for Channel 4's current affairs program Banding File. She later moved into producing both television and film, and continued to work as a researcher. Sankofa Film Collective was one of a number of black independent film collectives and workshops that emerged in the country in the 1980s and whose existence was interwoven with the cultural politics of arts funding.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist Eugene Palmer came to England with his parents in the mid-1960s. He studied at Wimbledon School of Art and received an M.A. degree from Goldsmiths College in the early 1980s. His early, abstract works are marked by strident colors, which spread across the canvas and retain suggestions of spiritual fantasies. In 1983, the painting, The Flag, marked his transition from abstract to figurative painting. Founded in 1988, arts organization Panchayat took its name from the council of village elders in India. Its initial aim was to be an education and resource project promoting South Asian artists in Great Britain through access to its archive, publications and educational projects. Of Pakistani parentage, Parvez grew up in Birmingham, England listening to reggae music and following local sound systems, and after being introduced in a rock band he formed Aduwa, a reggae group. In 1994, Parvez created a home studio and launched the Dub Factory. The Peckham Publishing Project, a non-profit organization, was part of the Bookplace on Peckham High Street, a community bookshop for people living with Southwark.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist Mowbray Odonkor is known for paintings and drawings depicting self-portraits that concern judgment, hybridity and undefinable nationalities. In her imagery found the second generation familiarizing themselves with British culture while processing the legacy of slavery, imperialism, colonialism and apartheid. Ben Okri was educated in Nigeria and England, where he took a degree in comparative literature at Essex University. Between 1981 and 1987, he was poetry editor for the journal West Africa, and, in 1984, became a broadcaster for the BBC World Service. Bruce Oldfield studied fashion at Saint Martin's School of Art in London, England and began to work on a freelance basis immediately after leaving college in 1973, designing for companies such as Yves Saint Laurent, Liberty and Henri Bendel. The son of a Jamaican boxer and a white Londoner, his childhood was spent in a number of locations including a children's home in London. In 1975, he received a grant from the home that enabled him to build his own London-based fashion house, Bruce Oldfield Ltd.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Journalist Trevor McDonald had the dubious claim to fame of being one of the few prominent black figures in British cultural life to be featured in the satirical puppet show Spitting Image. The Mad Professor is a successful independent black record producer in Great Britain. His Ariwa record label, which has been in business for over 20 years, has over 200 releases, many of which have reached the number one spot in various countries worldwide. The Man Mela Theatre Co. was created in 1993 in order to celebrate the British Asian experience through dramatic productions and workshops inspired by the poetry and prose of the Indian subcontinent. Mango Publishing is a small press founded in 1995 by Joan Anim-Addo. It specializes in the Caribbean voice, with a particular focus on Caribbean women's writing. A co-founder of Sankofa Film Collective in 1984, Nadine Marsh-Edwards has been a pivotal force in developing a black British cinema from the workshops through to the international sphere. Working variously as an editor, production manager, producer and executive producer on classic films, Marsh-Edwards' collaborations with emerging black directors have cemented her role as a leading black female producer in Great Britain.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. In Trinidad in the 1940s and 1950s, John La Rose became involved in workers' rights movements, becoming general secretary of the West Indian Independence Party. Having settled in London, England in 1961, La Rose was an active member of Great Britain's black community in the early 1960s, founding New Beacon Books in 1966 and co-founding the Caribbean Artists' Movement. Artist Juginder Lamba emerged through the first survey exhibition of black art, Into the Open, but his involvement with black art was tangential and he was never part of the core group of subsequent shows. This was despite co-writing the first booklet attempting to present black art as a movement, The Artpack: A History of Black Artists in Britain. Derek Alvin Lilliard graduated from Epsom School of Art and Design in England with a Higher National Diploma in fashion and textile design in 1983. Between 1983 and 1985, he worked for Louis Daniel in London, and as a freelance designer in Paris. Lilliard established his label D.A. Lilliard in 1985, with the sale of an entire collection.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Heralded as one of the true pioneers of black music in Great Britain, since the mid-1970s the name Jah Shaka has become synonymous with Rastafarian roots music. After learning the business on a local sound system, Shaka left to create his own sound, which has now acquired legendary status. Born Romeo Beresford, Jazzie B was the catalyst in taking underground black British culture and integrating it into the mainstream through his company Soul II Soul. Founded in 1982 by Jazzie B and Philip Harvey, Soul II Soul was initially a sound system, but it became an empire. Jazzie B signed Soul II Soul, the recording group and label, to Virgin Records and enjoyed massive club success. Shobana Jeyasingh established the Shobana Jeyasingh Dance Co. in 1989 as an all-female British Indian company. A mass-merchant fashion company established in 1986, the Joe Bloggs brand is the creation of entrepreneur Shami Ahmed, a Pakistani who came to Britain in 1964. Joi came into being as Joi Bangla, an organization dedicated to promoting aspects of Bengali and South Asian cultures in the mid-1980s.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. IC3: The Penguin Book of New Black Writing is an anthology of commissioned work from writers of African descent based in Great Britain. Identity politics is an idea with wide currency, especially among gay and lesbian theorists, as well as those writing about race. Identity politics is predicated on the existence of a stable identity or an essence that provides a stable political platform, and as such it invests the private and the personal with macro-political significance. The Institute of Contemporary Arts was founded in 1947 as a cultural center dedicated to avant-garde exhibitions and films. Its support of black culture started in 1972. The foundation of the Institute of International Visual Arts was the result of a series of consultations by the Arts Council from 1990 onwards on the possibility of a visual arts organization that dealt with cultural diversity. It was founded as a limited company in 1993, and acquired permanent premises in 1995, with Stuart Hall as its chairman and Gilane Tawadros as its director.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Stuart Hall's work has been central to the formation and development of cultural studies as an international discipline. Hall was educated in Jamaica and Great Britain. In his early years in Great Britain he was involved with expatriate West Indian politics. With friends from the Communist Party and the Labour Club, Hall became part of what was known as the New Left, becoming a founder editor for the journal Universities and Left Review, later New Left Review. Directed by John Akomfrah and made by Black Audio Film Collective, Handsworth Songs is a critical black film of the 1980s, moving between documentary, histiography and political narrative, focusing on the civil disobedience that erupted in reaction to repressive policing of black communities in London and Birmingham, England in the early 1980s. Hansib Publishing is a black and Asian publisher owned by Arif Ali. It publishes a diverse range of books from travel, to politics to children's novels. Hip-hop culture and rap music are portrayed as a global phenomenon with distinctive African American origins, located within the mid- to late 1970s in the South Bronx, New York City. In Britain, hop-hop/rap fans originally relied upon access to a small number of import records from the U.S. or hybrid variants of rap.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Rotimi Fani-Kayode moved to England from Nigeria with his family in 1966. He became a pivotal figure in the history of British black visual art, being a founding member and chairperson of Autograph: The Association of Black Photographers when it formed in 1987. Since the arrival of British colonial subjects following the end of the Second World War, the design and creation of objects for the body has been, in the contemporary understanding of black British culture, an area of cultural definition and personal exploration. With reference to dress, black Britain is marked with an innate sense of self-presentation and idiosyncratic styling techniques, which has come to be one of the signatory features of counter and subcultural identities. A black music television program by Brighter Pictures productions, Flava is now on its fifth series with Channel 4. The series offers a mix of videos, entertainment news, studio guests and live studio performances, as well as video diaries of artists. From Two Worlds was one of the first exhibitions of black British visual artists to attempt to articulate a specific theme, rather than merely be a survey show. The theme chosen by the curators was that of cultural synthesis.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Eastern Eye is a weekly newspaper founded by Anwar Saheed in 1989. The tabloid states it is the newspaper for the Asian perspective. It compiles and publishes Great Britain's Richest Asians 200 list, which appears annually. Built in 1910, the Electric Cinema at Portobello Road in London, England was Britain's first black cinema. Opening in 1911, around 600 people saw Herbert Tree perform a silent version of the film, Henry VIII. However, as the popularity of the area declined so did the cinema. In 1992, it went into voluntary receivership and sought a buyer. A year later, a consortium including Choice FM and Voice moved into the building. Buchi Emecheta migrated to London, England in 1962, when women writers in Africa were virtually unheard of. As well as working as a teacher, librarian and community worker, she has published more than a dozen novels and a number of works for children. She has not succeeded in internationalizing African women's writing but has become a reference point in black British writing and culture. Empire Road is credited with being the first black soap opera and ran for two series between 1978 and 1979. The show had a mixed black and Asian cast, and included storylines that were concerned with mainstream issues such as parental discipline and difficult relationships.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Established in 1996 by Kadija George Sesay, Calabash is the only literary broadsheet serving writers and readers of African, Caribbean and Asian literature in Britain. It has become a valuable and inspirational instrument in the development of contemporary black British literature. The Camden Black Sisters was formed by Lee Kane and Yvonne Joseph during an Organisation of Women of Asian and African Descent conference in 1979 and is still in active existence. The group continues to provide a library for black women who wants to explore black history, offers rooms for groups to meet, and arranges performing art workshops, conferences and seminars. Hazel V. Carby is professor of African and American Studies at Yale University. Working at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham in England, Carby published her influential essay entitled, White Women Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood. The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham has played a role in institutionalizing, defining and shaping the projects of cultural studies in Britain since it was founded in 1964.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Baadass TV is a youth-oriented fashion and culture series aired in 1994. Although the series came under criticism for reinforcing black stereotypes it was also acknowledged as the first British series to explore the wilder side of black culture. Babylon Zoo is the artist Jas Mann. The name comes from the Babylonian colors of his childhood in India contrasted with the bleak urban zoo of his adolescence in Wolverhampton, England. Zenab Badawi was one of the first black women newscasters on television. She built her reputation in terms of viewer recognition on the Channel 4 News, which she joined as a reporter and presenter of the news belt section of the program. While bhangra's origins lie in the Punjab region of India, its importance and influence in Britain lies in its role as a catalyst in the development of a sense of cultural identity and visibility for Asian British youth since around the mid-1980s. Black and White Power Plays was the title given to a series of theater productions arranged through the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1970 in line with their objective to strengthen the profile of black arts in Britain.

This section presents a reference source on artists, scholars, associations, events and archives that had influenced black British cultural production from 1970 to 2001. Artist and disc jockey Gerald Simpson has been an innovative figure at the forefront of the British dance scene since the late 1980s. He first came to prominence as a founder member of 808 State, but it is as a solo artist recording as A Guy Called Gerald that he has made his famous work. Founded in 1981, AbbaKush was the first mainly female reggae band in Great Britain. Their music reflects their commitment to Rastafari ideals of love, peace and unity, and their work draws on Jamaican reggae rhythms but also incorporates other African diasporic forms such as jazz and soca. The African and Asian Visual Arts Archive is an arts organization founded in 1989 by Eddie Chambers. It aims to foster links between its clients--both the artists who contribute and those who visit it. African Cultural Exchange was founded in Birmingham, England in October 1996. The company members included dancer Joanne Bernard, dancer Gail Claxton-Parmel, musician Ian Parmel, dancer Stuart Thomas and musician Skibu. A major facet of the company's work involves educational and outreach work in schools and community venues. The company stresses the need to enable African and Caribbean musicians and dancers to access arts provision.