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Effects of acute thermal exposures on appetite appear hypothetical in reason of very heterogeneous methodologies. The aim of this study was therefore to clearly define the effects of passive 24-h cold (16°C) and heat (32°C) exposures on appetitive responses compared with a thermoneutral condition (24°C). Twenty-three healthy, young and active male participants realised three sessions (from 13.00) in a laboratory conceived like an apartment dressed with the same outfit (Clo = 1). Three meals composed of three or four cold or warm dishes were served ad libitum to assess energy intake (EI). Leeds Food Preference Questionnaires were used before each meal to assess food reward. Subjective appetite was regularly assessed, and levels of appetitive hormones (acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptite-1, leptin and peptide YY) were assessed before and after the last meal (lunch). Contrary to the literature, total EI was not modified by cold or heat exposure (P = 0·120). Accordingly, hunger scores (P = 0·554) were not altered. Levels of acylated ghrelin and leptin were marginally higher during the 16 (P = 0·032) and 32°C (P < 0·023) sessions, respectively. Interestingly, implicit wanting for cold and low-fat foods at 32°C and for warm and high-fat foods at 16°C were increased during the whole exposure (P < 0·024). Moreover, cold entrées were more consumed at 32°C (P < 0·062) and warm main dishes more consumed at 16°C (P < 0·025). Thus, passive cold and hot exposures had limited effects on appetite, and it seems that offering some choice based on food temperature may help individuals to express their specific food preferences and maintain EI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agricolas is the property of University of Narino, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This community service was carried out in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, and aimed to increase farmers' knowledge, especially the Kalimporo Village farmers group, regarding the utilization and processing of agricultural waste into complete feed for livestock. Community Service was held on Sunday, 4th June 2023 in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, attended by 25 out of 30 farmers (83.3%). The method used was discourse and plot demonstration. The results of this community service were the use of several types of agricultural waste such as bran, green bean skin, corn cobs, lamtoro, cassava, copra meal, and pollard available around the village to be formulated into complete feed with added minerals and salt. The ration was tested in the laboratory and showed good quality with a crude protein content of 12.13%. The feed was highly palatable when given to the goats. Ration based on agricultural waste can be used as a complete feed for goats with economic value so as to reduce livestock production costs and improve the farmers' well-being in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi.

Copyright of Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How valid is the historical reputation of drunken sailors? On board Dutch vessels in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, how much alcohol was really being issued at a time when the Dutch were perhaps the most intensely maritime nation in Europe? Were Dutch sailors, therefore, exceptional in their alcohol consumption when compared to other European nations' navies and merchant marines? Mariners consumed all types of alcohol on land and at sea, although drinking during the early modern period was culturally contextualized and done for a wide array of purposes besides intoxication. At sea, Dutch ships issued alcohol rations consisting of beer, wine and/or spirits. Just as the British gave out rum, the Dutch ships distributed genever. Overall, Dutch vessels did issue more alcohol, by per cent, compared to other states, even as the types of alcohol consumed varied. This article compares the Dutch maritime drinking rates and practices with those of other European nations to determine if sailors on Dutch ships were excessive or atypical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrients, or micronutrients, are an essential component of the diet of farm animals and play a key role in their health and performance. The importance of trace elements in physiological processes and ensuring the normal functioning of the animal body is highlighted. Micronutrients affect growth, fertility, the state of the immune system, the health of the skin and coat, and metabolism. This scientific study emphasizes the importance of a balanced consumption of trace elements in the diet of farm animals to achieve high-performance indicators and ensure their overall health. It is essential to consider that the deficiency or excess of trace elements in the diet of animals can lead to various problems with health and productivity. Therefore, accurate, balanced nutrition and control over the content of trace elements are critical aspects of animal husbandry. It is essential to consider that different species of animals can show different vulnerability to trace elements, and therefore, it is necessary to ensure the correct balance of trace elements in the diet of each species of animal to preserve their health and productivity. This article describes the feeding of deficient trace elements and their chelated compounds (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn). The research aimed to investigate the content of microelements (Cu, Pb, Mn, Co, Zn, Cd, Ni, Fe) in the blood of young cattle after correcting diets with deficient microelements. The obtained results show that the level of trace elements increased slightly in the animals of the 2nd, 3rd, and especially the 4th experimental group. Thus, at the end of the experiment, the content of trace elements in the cattle of the experimental groups was higher than in the animals of the control group. The highest amount of trace elements in the blood was observed in the fourth experimental group, which was fed chelated compounds of trace elements (methionates) in the following doses: CuMet(0.05), MnMet(0.1), ZnMet(0.1), FeMet(0.05), CoMet(0.03) mg/kg body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several aquaculture studies have concluded that feed constitutes the heaviest cost in aquaculture enterprises. Consequently, researchers continue to investigate strategies that can lower feed costs such as the use of protein rich plant sources and insect meals to partially or completely substitute the expensive fishmeal in aquafeeds. However, this approach has often faced numerous challenges such as anti-nutrients in plant protein sources that limit their use and suboptimal polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in terrestrial protein sources such as insect meal. Precision feeding is a strategy that could also reduce aquafeed feed costs and enhance the economic sustainability of aquaculture. There is discordance regarding the feeding intensity that should be used for fish such as dusky kob. The current study was designed to compare the effect of three feeding intensities (2.8 %, 3.5 % and 4 % of body weight (BW)) on growth performance and feed utilisation of juvenile dusky kob (Argryrosomus japonicus). Dusky kob juveniles were randomly and evenly allocated to 18 tanks with a volume of 465 L. Each feeding intensity was randomly allocated to six tanks carrying 66 fish each. The average temperature and dissolved oxygen were 25°C and 5.5-6.0 mg/l, respectively. Commercial dusky kob diet was offered twice daily at the rate of 2.8%, 3.5% and 4% of body weight (BW). A feeding intensity × fish age (weeks) interaction effect was noted on fish feed intake (P<0.05) but not on weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR). The overall weight gain after six weeks of feeding was similar across the three feeding intensities (P>0.05). The 2.8% BW feeding rate promoted 1.06%/day SGR as compared to 1.21%/day and 1.48%/day for 3.5% and 4.0% BW feeding rates, respectively. Similar weight gains and FCR recorded across the three feeding intensities may suggest that the lowest feeding intensity (2.8% BW) should be used for dusky kob feeding to reduce feeding costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was analyzed and compared the nutritional posture of the young ostriches of different ages, reside at the farm “Anataction Investagro SRL” in conditions of Republic of Moldavia with offered pastures based on different normative dates and there was held the comparative analysis on the contends of food-value substances in them.

In the early fifth century BC rations of bread and wine were issued to small numbers of horses at Persepolis, the Achaemenid Persian capital located in what is today the southwest Iranian province of Fars. Although considered puzzling by many students of ancient Persian history, ample evidence exists in the historical and equine veterinary literature of medieval through early twentieth century date attesting to the widespread practice of giving bread and wine to horses for both nutritional and therapeutic reasons. This evidence is reviewed in order to contextualize the Persepolis evidence within the broader framework of equine management across space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study with the aim of assessing the economic value of fermented liquid pig feed in various levels of tamarind seeds and different protein sources has been carried out from July-August 2022. Liquid feed is formulated according to the needs of the grower phase of pigs. The treatments, Feed A : soybean meal (SM) and Whole tamarind seed (WTS) 0, 10, 20, 30%; Feed B: Meat and bone meal (MBM) and WTS 0, 10, 20, 30%; Feed C: SM and MBM and WTS 0.10,20,30%; Feed D: Fish meal and WTS 0, 10, 20, 30%. The research variables were the price of feed per kg and the total feed costs incurred in rearing grower pigs from weaning until 5 months of rearing reached a slaughter weight of 80 kg. This research is a qualitative research based on the results of the calculation of 4 feed formulations. Data analysis was descriptively by calculating the difference and the percentage of feed costs incurred. The results showed that the decrease in the price of feed per kg and the total cost of feed incurred to reach the slaughter weight of pigs was caused by the use of tamarind seeds which increased up to 30% as well as the price, quality, and type of protein source feed ingredients are used. The conclusion is the use of tamarind seeds in feed with different levels and different protein sources can reduce the price of feed per kg and the cost of feed required to reach slaughter weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminal microflora is closely correlated with the ruminant's diet. However, information regarding the effect of high concentrate diets on rumen microflora in yaks is lacking. In the current study, 24 healthy male yaks were randomly assigned to two groups, each fed with different diets: less concentrate (LC; concentrate: coarse=40: 60) and high concentrate (HC; concentrate: coarse=80: 20) diets. Subsequently, a 21-day feeding trial was performed with the yaks, and rumen fluid samples were collected and compared using 16s rRNA sequencing. The results showed that NH3-N, total VFA, acetate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were significantly higher in the HC group than that in the LC group (p<0.05), while microbial diversity and richness were significantly lower in the HC group (p<0.05). Principal coordinate analysis indicated that rumen microflora was significantly different in LC and HC groups (p<0.05). In the rumen, phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidota were the most abundant bacteria, with Firmicutes being more abundant, and Bacteroidota being less abundant in the HC group than those found in the LC group. Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Prevotella are the highest abundant ones at the genus level. The relative abundance of Acetitomaculum, Ruminococcus, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas were significantly higher in the HC group than that in the LC group (p<0.05), while the relative abundance of Olsenella was significantly lower in the HC group than in the LC group (p<0.05). Compared to the LC group, the relative abundance of Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas was significantly higher in the HC group. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Olsenella, Ruminococcus, Acetitomaculum, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and NK4A214_group were correlated with ruminal fermentation parameters (p<0.05). Furthermore, PICRUSt 2 estimation indicated that microbial genes associated with valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis were overexpressed in the rumen microflora of yaks in the HC group (p<0.05). Conclusively, our results suggest that high concentrate diets affect the microflora composition and fermentation function in yak rumen. The present findings would provide new insights into the health of yaks under high concentrate feeding conditions and serve as a potent reference for the short-term fattening processes of yaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of organic products in Ukraine is gradually growing. Consumer awareness of the general rules for compulsory certification increases the credibility of manufacturers and the demand for such products. The article provides an analytical review of the current state of the problem of feeding organic poultry, in particular the replacement of synthetic amino acids in feed with natural components, a list of means for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases of poultry by organic farming is given. The results of the study of feed mixtures and their components are presented. The studies were carried out in two organic poultry farms in Ukraine, as well as in accredited laboratories of veterinary medicine. Physicochemical, microbiological and chemical-toxicological research methods were used. According to the research results, rations for laying hens of different ages were developed and balanced in terms of nutritional value, energy value and other indicators. The article also describes the effect of dysbiosis on the health of poultry and the importance of intestinal probiotic flora in the correction of eubiosis. The use of natural preventive substances in poultry feeding, in particular of microbiological origin and phyto- and bioregulation preparations, is proposed. The basic principles of improving the quantitative and qualitative composition of the poultry intestinal microflora with the help of safe and ecological therapeutic and prophylactic drugs are formulated.

The article presents material on the effect of the amino acids lysine and methionine in pig diets. Studies have been carried out to increase the live weight of animals, depending on the content of these amino acids in the diet when fattening up to 100 and 120 kg. Presented research results obtained during testing in certified and accredited laboratories. When growing gilts to live weight from 30 to 50 kg, a deficiency in the level of lysine was found, which reaches up to 29.6%, and methionine with cystine up to 23.1%. When growing animals from 81 to 120 kg of live weight, the lysine deficiency is 14.9%, and methionine with cystine is 8,8%. This necessitated balancing the diet of animals to the required level of amino acid content. The most effective on the growth and development of animals, as well as on indicators of pork quality, was the introduction of feed lysine in combination with methionine in pig diets.

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum seria Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When Italy declared war on the Allies on June 10, 1940, Malta's state of readiness was almost nonexistent. Largely dependent on food imports, the blockaded archipelago struggled to provide the most important item in the Maltese diet: bread. The hand-to-mouth improvisation of the British colonial government until the end of 1941 left Malta precariously exposed to the possibility of an imminent surrender. Uninformed pricing regulations, inadequate administrative staff and lack of finances significantly reduced the powers of the government to enforce regulatory measures. This study explores how the government had to temporarily shelve anti-black-market enforcement to eke out any undeclared foodstuffs, especially grain and flour. Although heavily criticized for its passive attitude towards black-market intrigues, the government's moral compass temporarily permitted a "new" business order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Memoria Americana is the property of Memoria Americana, Cuadernos de Etnohistoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Noongar West Australian dramaturg Jack Davis's plays present an Indigenous Australian perspective on rationing that identifies it as a punitive form of subjugation. Davis's Kullark and No Sugar show how rationing produces an Indigenous population subject to colonial administration while limiting Indigenous access to an equitable share of commonwealth resources. The impoverishing diet of introduced foods that is imposed on Indigenous people induces ill health, family dysfunction, and criminality. This essay extends Tim Rowse's reading of rationing as a form of biopolitical administration by showing how Davis's plays record the way it produces a raced and subaltern form of life in order to enhance the non-Indigenous Australian population's health, wealth, and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Soldiers on military expeditions usually fail to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure, with potential deleterious consequences. We therefore analyzed the characteristics of energy compensation in 12 male soldiers, during a 15‐day expedition in the cold, while alleviating some of the contextual limitations of food intake (~20‐MJ daily bags of easy‐to‐use, highly palatable and familiar foods with multiple and long breaks allowed during the day). Body and fat mass losses were low and moderate, respectively (−1.13 ± 1.42% and −19.5 ± 15.6%, respectively, p

Soldiers on military expeditions usually fail to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure, with potential deleterious consequences. We therefore analyzed the characteristics of energy compensation in 12 male soldiers, during a 15‐day expedition in the cold, while alleviating some of the contextual limitations of food intake (~20‐MJ daily bags of easy‐to‐use, highly palatable and familiar foods with multiple and long breaks allowed during the day). Body and fat mass losses were low and moderate, respectively (−1.13 ± 1.42% and −19.5 ± 15.6%, respectively, p <.021). Mean energy intake (EI) was high (~16.3 MJ) and increased at each third of the expedition (15.3 ± 2.1, 16.1 ± 2.1, and 17.6 ± 2.0 for D1–5, D6–10 and D11–15, respectively, p <.012). This resulted in reaching a neutral energy balance as soon as the D6 to 10 period and reaching normal energy availability during D11 to 15. Participants only increased their EI during the mid‐day (10:00–14:00) period (p =.002) whereas hunger and thirst only increased in the morning, with higher scores during D11–15 than D1–5 (p <.009). Last, the reward value of sweet foods was also higher during D11–15 than during D1–5 (p =.026). The changes in body mass were positively associated with EI (r = 0.598, p =.040) and carbohydrate intake (r = 0.622, p =.031). This study indicates that complete energy compensation can be reached in challenging field conditions when food intake is facilitated, offering some guidelines to limit energy deficit during operational missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies aimed to evaluate the impact of milk thistle seeds in broiler chicken feed rations on rearing results, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment involved 120 broiler chickens randomly allocated to three equinumerous groups (C, MT02, MT23). Each group was divided into five subgroups of eight chickens each. Over the first 21 days of life the birds were fed starter rations, and over the following 21 days received grower rations. Chicken starter/grower diets in groups MT02 and MT23 were supplemented with ground seeds of milk thistle in the amount of 0/2% (MT02) and 2/3% (MT23). It was demonstrated that Silybum marianum added to feed rations over the whole rearing period (group MT23) increased above 3% the birds’ body weight on rearing day 42. (p < 0.05) and decreased about 7% the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in comparison to group C. No effect of feeding on the carcass composition was observed, including on muscularity and fattening grade, although diets containing milk thistle reduced (by 15% and 19% in group MT02 and MT23, respectively) the content of crude fat in chicken leg muscles (p < 0.05). The highest (p < 0.05) content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was determined in the breast (38.06%) and leg (37.63%) muscles of chicken receiving feed rations containing Silybum marianum throughout the rearing period. No effect of nutrition on the evaluated physical properties of muscles was observed, except on the decrease in lightness color (L*) and increase in values a* and C as well as a decrease of water holding capacity of the breast muscles. It was found that Silybum marianum in chicken diets had a positive effect on the evaluated meat flavor characteristics of the muscles. To sum up, based on the study results, including ground seeds of milk thistle in broiler chickens nutrition can be recommended in the amount of 2/3% in starter/grower diets, respectively.

The purpose of this research is to study the organizational, theoretical and methodological foundations of poultry feeding for industrial poultry production in the Ukrainian SSR in 1964-1991. It has shown that in this period, the main attention of scientist was focused on the study of the effects of different levels of exchange energy and raw protein in mixed fodders on the productivity of cage laying hens, determining the optimal level of energy-protein ratio in the diet of chickens. Ukrainian scientists have proposed effective ways to reduce feed losses in the mechanized distribution of chicken broilers, developed the basics of phase feeding, accumulated scientific and practical experience regarding the use of enzymes and antibiotics in feeding birds. One of the greatest achievements was the simplified method of calculating recipes for feed for poultry - with a minimum cost and balanced on the necessary nutrition, as well as recommendations for workers and specialists of poultry farms to reduce feed costs, rational use and increased output. It has proved that in general the developments of Ukrainian scientists has been theoretical and methodological basis for increasing profitability of the poultry industry and reducing the cost price of its products in the period 1964-1991. In carrying out the research, the author used general scientific and historical methods, source study analysis and content analysis, a diverse source base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food intake may limit the ability of browsing mammals to gain body mass during the growing season when the leaves and stems of woody plants are most abundant. Moose are highly productive browsers with high demands for energy and nutrients, particularly during lactation. Using an indigestible marker, we estimated dry matter intake of free ranging adult female moose with and without calves over three growing seasons. During the same period, we analyzed forage quality. Intakes were highest in late spring (280 ± 19 g·kg-0.75·d-1) when forage quality peaked; however, intakes declined by 39% throughout the summer as temperatures increased and as acid detergent fiber content of browse increased. Digestibility of dry matter declined over summer from 71% to 57% among browse. Intakes were similar for moose with and without calves. Heat loads may impair the ability of moose to consume sufficient energy and nutrients. Warming and habitat change can adversely affect browser populations when poor forage qualities and low dry matter intakes combine to suppress digestible intakes of energy and nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in early lactating dairy cows is receiving increased attention because of incentives aiming at curtailing environmental pollution with P by reducing dietary P in ruminant diets. An in-vitro study using bovine hepatocytes incubated for 7 days with phosphate (Pi) concentrations of 0.9, 1.8 or 2.7 mmol/L, and an in-vivo study feeding late pregnant dairy cows diets with either adequate (0.28% and 0.44% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) or low P content (0.15% and 0.20% in DM ante-partum and post-partum respectively) from 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving were conducted to explore effects of P deprivation on liver function. In vitro the relative abundance of mRNA of key enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism in incubated hepatocytes and liver metabolites in culture medium were determined. In vivo health and productivity of experimental cows on low and adequate dietary P supply were monitored, and liver tissue and blood samples were obtained repeatedly. Liver tissue was assayed for its triacylglycerol-, mineral and water content as well as for the relative abundance of mRNA of enzymes of the carbohydrate-, fat- and protein metabolism. Reduced Pi-availability was not associated with altered enzyme transcription rates or metabolic activity in-vitro. The most prominent clinical finding associated with P deprivation in-vivo was feed intake depression developing after the first week of lactation. Accordingly cows on low P diets had lower milk yield and showed more pronounced increases in liver triacylglycerol after calving. Although the liver P content decreased in P deficient cows, neither negative effects on enzyme transcription rates nor on blood parameters indicative of impaired liver metabolic activity or liver injury were identified. These results indicate the P deprivation only indirectly affects the liver through exacerbation of the negative energy balance occurring as P deficient cows become anorectic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregano essential oil (OEO), which has antimicrobial properties, may be used for altering the ruminal pH and microbial populations of sheep, as observed by the altered volatile fatty acid patterns. To further elucidate the effects of OEO on ruminal pH and microbial populations of sheep, 3 German merino sheep × local sheep crossbred rams with permanent ruminal fistulas were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 12-d periods. The treatments were as follows: control (CON); OEO4: OEO supplied at 4 g•d-1; and OEO7: OEO supplied at 7 g•d-1. Starting on day 11, rumen fluid was collected at 0 h, and at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after supplying OEO, and then pH values of rumen fluid were immediately measured. The abundance of microbial populations was determined by using qPCR. The ruminal pH values were similar among the sheep from all treatments. The abundance of ruminal fungi was higher for the sheep supplied OEO7 compared with the sheep supplied CON and OEO4, especially at 4 and 12 h. The abundance of ruminal protozoa decreased with supplied OEO, indicating that OEO could inhibit the protozoa. The abundance of the total ruminal bacteria was similar for the sheep from all treatments, but R. flavefaciens, R. albus and F. succinogenes increased in the sheep supplied OEO4 compared with those in the sheep supplied CON, however, the sheep supplied OEO7 had higher abundances of R. flavefaciens than the sheep supplied CON. These results demonstrated that supplying OEO to sheep did not affect the ruminal pH but could shift the rumen microbial population to one with less protozoa. Supplying OEO can preferentially enhance the growth of certain rumen microbial populations, but the shifts were influenced by the supply rate. Therefore, supplying low amount (i.e. 4 g•d-1) of OEO could have positive effects on ruminal microbial populations, whereas supplying elevated doses of OEO could be detrimental to those same ruminal microbial populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital breeders develop gametes by using energy that was stored before the spawning season. Energy is allocated to growth and reproduction, and limited food availability affects the balance of energy allocation, especially in fish that mature within a year, such as western sand lance (Ammodytes japonicus). This species aestivates without feeding until winter spawning and utilize energy stores that were accumulated prior to aestivation for maturation and spawning. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, energy storage, maturation rate, and reproduction of A. japonicus in response to food availability before aestivation. We conducted laboratory experiments in which young-of-the-year A. japonicus were fed at rates of 4% and 1% of their body weight per day; assigned as high and low ration groups, respectively. In June, body length was found to be significantly larger in the high ration group than in the low ration group, but the somatic condition did not differ significantly between the groups. Maturation rates and average fecundities were 1.0 and 6297 in the high ration group and 0.8 and 2251 in the low ration group, respectively. These results indicate that food availability before aestivation strongly governs the reproductive potential of A. japonicus, and suggest the involvement of mechanisms in the inter-annual recruitment variation in sand lance species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to highlight the main trends in the development of poultry feed in poultry farms in the Ukrainian SSR in the 50’s - the first half of the 60’s which consisted of the introduction of systems study with standardized feeding, development of mineral, protein, vitamin supply to reduce the cost of feed per unit of production and increase of preservation of livestock. The rationing of feeding was carried out per head per day, and at the same time setting standards regarding the content of feed units and digestible protein. One of the trends of the investigated period was the search for effective products to stimulate the growth rate of younger animals, which affected the use of fodder antibiotics. The tendency of feed production dependence on the level of mechanization of production processes has noted. It was found that scientific researches of this period were mainly aimed at studying the influence of various rations on the productivity of poultry. In poultry farms they practiced feeding of poultry with grain and wet mixes, made from milled grain feeds, various juicy, protein and mineral ones. The research is based on the application of general scientific and historical methods, source study and content analysis, a diverse source base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The aim of this work was to characterize the changes in rumen pH and temperature in finishing Lidia breed bulls reared on pasture and fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Materials and methods. Five 4-year-old Lidia bulls received approximately 10 kg of the TMR per animal and day in the morning. Bulls could move freely in a 17-ha fenced area and express normally their feeding behaviour. Internal wireless boluses were used to collect pH and temperature values every 10 minutes throughout the measurement period. Results. Average daily pH was 6.2. Average and maximum daily temperatures were not high enough to be indicative of disease (infections of other pathologies). Conclusions. When rations and feeding systems are appropriately managed, Lidia bulls can be supplemented with concentrates in the finishing stages of their productive cycle without impairing the rumen environment.

Cassava is one of the most important food crops in Uganda. Despite its potential for processing into various value-added shelf-stable products, there are limited processed cassava products on the Ugandan market. Extrusion cooking is one of the technologies that provides several options for production of value-added products from cassava. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of processing conditions on the sensory and physical properties of cassava-based extruded snacks. Two factors namely; barrel temperature; 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C and cassava-maize flour ration; 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 were investigated. The effect of these factors on the diameter, expansion ratio and sensory properties of the cassava-based extrudates was evaluated using standard methods. The study findings indicated an increase in the expansion ratio of the extrudates with increase in barrel temperature and amount of maize added. The results also indicated that the mean force required to puncture extruded sample reduced with increase in barrel temperature. Sensory evaluation results showed that the degree of liking for hardness of the extruded snacks was high for products produced at high barrel temperature and high maize flour rations. Findings from this study indicated that the best cassava-based extrudates were obtained at a barrel temperature of 150°C and at a mixing ratio of 40 parts of cassava to 60 parts of maize flour. The study highlighted the need to maximize other processing parameters like extruder screw speed, feed rate and the moisture content of the feed in order to get a more appealing product.

Cassava is one of the most important food crops in Uganda. Despite its potential for processing into various value-added shelf-stable products, there are limited processed cassava products on the Ugandan market. Extrusion cooking is one of the technologies that provides several options for production of value-added products from cassava. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of processing conditions on the sensory and physical properties of cassava-based extruded snacks. Two factors namely; barrel temperature; 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C and cassava-maize flour ration; 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 were investigated. The effect of these factors on the diameter, expansion ratio and sensory properties of the cassava-based extrudates was evaluated using standard methods. The study findings indicated an increase in the expansion ratio of the extrudates with increase in barrel temperature and amount of maize added. The results also indicated that the mean force required to puncture extruded sample reduced with increase in barrel temperature. Sensory evaluation results showed that the degree of liking for hardness of the extruded snacks was high for products produced at high barrel temperature and high maize flour rations. Findings from this study indicated that the best cassava-based extrudates were obtained at a barrel temperature of 150°C and at a mixing ratio of 40 parts of cassava to 60 parts of maize flour. The study highlighted the need to maximize other processing parameters like extruder screw speed, feed rate and the moisture content of the feed in order to get a more appealing product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spindly Leg Syndrome (SLS) is a persistent animal welfare issue associated with the rearing of amphibians in captivity. We conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of diet, water composition and overfeeding on prevalence of SLS in newly metamorphosed harlequin frogs (Atelopus spp.). In our first experiment, we offered 400 full-sibling tadpoles of Atelopus certus isocaloric diets in treatments of 31%, 37%, 42% and 48% crude protein respectively. Tadpoles fed higher protein diets metamorphosed faster, but the incidence of SLS exceeded 80% in all treatments leading to the conclusion that variation in dietary protein was not responsible for causing SLS. We used 720 full-sibling Atelopus glyphus tadpoles in a second experiment to examine the effects of diet type, water composition and diet ration on SLS. We found that an overall incidence of 58% spindly leg in tadpoles reared in tap water, but reduced to about 10% in water treated by reverse osmosis and then reconstituted. It is possible that the reverse osmosis treatment removed some factor that caused the SLS, or that the reconstitution may have added a mineral lacking in the original tap water. Within tap water treatments, overfeeding tadpoles in tanks increased the incidence of SLS. We recommend further experimental research into this condition to identify the causative factors in the water. Additional research into the nutritional composition of food available to wild tadpoles would be useful in formulating captive diets, that have to date been solely based on surrogate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined the effects of feeding total mixed ration (TMR) versus roughage and concentrate separately (SF) on ruminant methane production. Therefore, this study compared differences in methane production, ruminal characteristics, total tract digestibility of nutrients, and rumen microbiome between the two feeding methods in Holstein steers. A total six Holstein steers of initial bodyweights 540 ± 34 kg were divided into two groups and assigned to a same experimental diet with two different feeding systems (TMR or SF) in a crossover design with 21 d periods. The experimental diet contained 73% concentrate and 27% forage and were fed twice a day. The total tract digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, and organic matter were not affected by the two different feeding systems. Steers fed TMR emitted more methane (138.5 vs. 118.2 L/d; P < 0.05) and lost more gross energy as methane energy (4.0 vs. 3.5% gross energy intake; P = 0.005) compared to those fed SF. Steers fed TMR had greater (P < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia-N concentrations and propionate proportion of total VFA at 1.5 h, whereas lower after that compared to steers fed SF. The greater (P < 0.05) acetate: propionate ratio at 4.5 h for steers fed TMR reflected the shift of H2 sink from propionate towards acetate synthesis. The lower (P < 0.05) isobutyrate and isovalerate proportions of total VFA observed in steers fed TMR implies decrease in net consumption of H2 for microbial protein synthesis compared to SF. There were no differences in both major bacterial and archaeal diversity between TMR and SF, unlike several minor bacterial abundances. The minor groups such as Coprococcus, Succiniclasticum, Butyrivibrio, and Succinivibrio were associated with the changes in ruminal VFA profiles or methanogenesis indirectly. Overall, these results indicate that SF reduces methane emissions from ruminants and increases propionate proportion of total VFA without affecting total tract digestion compared to TMR. There were no evidences that the response differed due to different major underlying microbial population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic cattle (Bos taurus taurus) are adapted to digest high-roughage diets, but in confinement they are commonly fed low-roughage, high-energy diets. This practice may leave cattle with an unfulfilled need to consume forage. A way to quantify motivation is to require animals to work to access a resource. Using this method, we evaluated cattle motivation to obtain forage when fed high- or low-roughage diets during and 30 d before the study. Individual heifers were fed Sudan grass (Sorghum × drummondii) hay (high roughage, n = 6) or a diet with 12% forage (as fed, low roughage, n = 6) in an open feed trough. In a second trough, 200 g/d of Sudan grass hay were fed behind a push gate, to which additional weight was added daily until heifers no longer pushed. We predicted heifers would push heavier weights, show a shorter latency, and spend more time pushing the gate when fed a low- vs. high-roughage diet. Indeed, heifers fed a low-roughage diet pushed the gate immediately after hay delivery (1.7 min) and much sooner than those fed a high-roughage diet (75.7 min). On the day before they no longer pushed the gate, latency for heifers in the low-roughage treatment remained only 3.2 min after hay delivery. The suddenness with which they ceased pushing the next day suggests they were unable to move heavier weights to express their motivation. This may explain why maximum weight pushed and time spent pushing the gate did not differ between treatments. The gate pushing by heifers with unrestricted hay access is the first demonstration by cattle of contrafreeloading: performing work to obtain a resource that is simultaneously available for free. In conclusion, consuming forage is important to cattle and is affected by both their primary diet and an internal motivation to work to obtain feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of scientific research which was conducted during the period of growing calves up to age of 6 months old using dry beer pellets. It was found that the absolute increase in live weight of calves, in whose rations were 15 % of dry beer pellet from the total nutrition of the ration, was 3.1 % higher than in the control group and by 7.5 % more than in the 3 experimental group. At the age of 6 months, the height at the withers of repair heifers of the first control group was 96.1 cm, which is 0.83 % more than in the second test group and 0.21 % more than in the third test group. The greatest girth of the chest behind the repair scissors was in the animals of the 2nd test group and was 125.9 cm, which is 1.19 % higher than in the animals of the first control group and 1.03 % more than in the animals of the third test group. The oblique length of the trunk of the heifers of the third test group was 112.4 cm, which is 1.16 % greater than in the heifers of the first control group and 1.6 % larger than in the heifers of the second test group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location of this research is in Sumur Anyir village Hamparan Rawang subdistrict, Sungai Penuh town, and the purpose is to know the influence of the provision of kapok seeds dregs (Ceiba petandra) in rations to consumption rations, the percentage egg albumens, percentage of egg yolks and egg yolks color index of dekalb warrren chicken . Matter used is pullet (a pullet ) strains dekalb warren who was 21 weeks old as many as 64 pcs. Placed on home individual (single cage) equipped place fodder and drinking container. Food composition used the yellow corn, smooth bran, soya seeds residu, coconut residu, residue of kapok seeds, fish flour, bone flour, CaCo3 and premix. Research methodology used is a randomized group design to 4 treatment and 4 remedial and each remedial consists of 4 chickens. Data analyzed by analysis variety and when is the real so continued Duncan distance test. The sample measurement parameter came after laying chickens producing collected 1 day during a production in 1 week for 12 weeks research, with the parameters observed the food rations, the albumin, the percentage of egg yolks and color egg yolks index. The result showed that the kapok seeds residu standard to 15 % in rations show an influence that very real (P<0,01) down food rations, influential real (P<0,05 ) improve the albumen, influential real (P<,05) down the egg yolks and no effect real (P<0,05 ) of color egg yolks index. The conclusion of this research is provision the kapok seeds residu standard to 15 % in rations laying chicken can improve the egg albumen, lowering the egg yolks and consumption rations but not affecting color egg yolks index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about biological significance of effects of dietary Boron (B) and Calcium (Ca) interaction on health and production of farm animals. This is a preliminary investigation to evaluate the effects of B supplementation in lambs fed diets with (normal) or without adequate (low) levels of Ca. Twenty-four crossbred ram lambs were randomly distributed into four groups with six animals each in a 2x2 factorial design namely, normal-Ca diet (NCa) and low-Ca diet (LCa) fed without or with 40 ppm B (NCaB-40 and LCaB-40). The lambs were fed paddy straw and hybrid napier hay-based total mixed ration (60 roughage: 40 concentrate) during 180 days experimental period. Compared to control, the LCa diet lowered (P<0.01) average daily gain of lambs, but B-supplementation (LCaB-40) of the same nullified the effect. The lowered (P<0.05) total antioxidant activity and humoral immune response in lambs fed LCa diet were restored (P>0.05) to become at par with the control (NCa) upon supplementation of B (LCaB-40). The mRNA expression of SOD1 was lowered (P<0.05) due to LCa diet feeding which too was normalized on B-supplementation to become at par (P>0.05) with the control (NCa). Further, B-supplementation restored lowered (P<0.05) SOD1 gene expression on LCa diet, but enhanced (P<0.05) that in NCaB-40 group, when compared to the control (NCa) diet fed animals. However, these variations were not reflected in the SOD activity in the erythrocytes. The cell-mediated immune response was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed LCa and LCaB-40 groups and there was no significant interaction between the levels of either Ca or B in diets with the period of immune response measurement. B- supplementation of LCa diet ameliorated tissue degenerative changes in liver and kidney. It was concluded that feeding LCa diet to lambs resulted in reduced growth rate, total antioxidant activity, humoral immune response along with degenerative changes in liver and kidney tissues, but B-supplementation of such diet restored most of these changes and ameliorated histopathological alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortening or omitting the dry period of dairy cows improves metabolic health in early lactation and reduces management transitions for dairy cows. The success of implementation of these strategies depends on their impact on milk yield and farm profitability. Insight in these impacts is valuable for informed decision-making by farmers. The aim of this study was to investigate how shortening or omitting the dry period of dairy cows affects production and cash flows at the herd level, and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of milk, using a dynamic stochastic simulation model. The effects of dry period length on milk yield and calving interval assumed in this model were derived from actual performance of commercial dairy cows over multiple lactations. The model simulated lactations, and calving and culling events of individual cows for herds of 100 cows. Herds were simulated for 5 years with a dry period of 56 (conventional), 28 or 0 days (n = 50 herds each). Partial cash flows were computed from revenues from sold milk, calves, and culled cows, and costs from feed and rearing youngstock. Greenhouse gas emissions were computed using a life cycle approach. A dry period of 28 days reduced milk production of the herd by 3.0% in years 2 through 5, compared with a dry period of 56 days. A dry period of 0 days reduced milk production by 3.5% in years 3 through 5, after a dip in milk production of 6.9% in year 2. On average, dry periods of 28 and 0 days reduced partial cash flows by €1,249 and €1,632 per herd per year, and increased greenhouse gas emissions by 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Considering the potential for enhancing cow welfare, these negative impacts of shortening or omitting the dry period seem justifiable, and they might even be offset by improved health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption surveys often record zero purchases of a good because of a short observation window. Measures of distribution are then precluded and only mean consumption rates can be inferred. We show that Propensity Score Matching can be applied to recover the distribution of consumption rates. We demonstrate the method using the UK National Travel Survey, in which c.40% of motorist households purchase no fuel. Estimated consumption rates are plausible judging by households’ annual mileages, and highly skewed. We apply the same approach to estimate CO2 emissions and outcomes of a carbon cap or tax. Reliance on means apparently distorts analysis of such policies because of skewness of the underlying distributions. The regressiveness of a simple tax or cap is overstated, and redistributive features of a revenue-neutral policy are understated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of calcium propionate (CaP) supplementation on performance, the development of the internal organ, and gastrointestinal tract of calves at various stages of growth period, 54 male Jersey calves (age = 7 ± 1 d, body weight(BW) = 23.1 ± 1.2 kg) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. While control calves were fed basis dietary with no additives (0CaP), other treatment calves were fed basis dietary supplementation with CaP at 50 (5CaP) or 100 (10CaP) g kg−1 dry matter. The experiment lasted 160 d and was divided into three feeding stages: Stage 1 (d 0 to 30), Stage 2 (d 31 to 90), and Stage 3 (d 91 to160). Six calves from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered on days 30, 90, and 160 when at the conclusion of each experimental feeding stage. The BW of calves increased with 10CaP after feeding 90 d, whereas it increased with 5CaP and 10CaP at feeding 120d and 160d compared to 0CaP. The 10CaP group improved average daily gain (ADG) of calves at stage 2, and d120-160 of stage 3 compared with the 0CaP group. The ADG of 5CaP was greater than the 0CaP group only at 120–160 d of stage 3 compared with the 0CaP group. The results of feed efficiency were in agreed with ADG as no dry matter intake difference at all stages of growth period. The 10CaP treatment exhibited the greatest spleen weight among the treatment at the end of the experiment; the liver weight of the 5CaP and 10CaP calves at feeding 90 d and of the 10CaP calves at feeding 160 d and were greater than those of the 0CaP animals. The CaP at the tested doses increased the rumen weight after feeding 90d of Jersey calves, and also improved the development of intestine. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with calcium propionate at the tested doses caused a beneficial effect in the growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits of Jersey calves, thus to add 10% CaP before feeding 90 days was better and 5% CaP supplementation was expected at the period for feeding 90 to160 d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World War II combat memoirs, diaries and first-hand field accounts suggest that American GIs desired fresh eggs perhaps more than any other foodstuff and would go to extreme lengths to procure them, often at exorbitant cost. Highlighting the actual words of the troops and those who observed them, this article explores GI egg craving during the Second World War. It reveals that the widespread passion for fresh whole eggs was both a reflection of their scarcity in government-issued rations and a reaction against the loathsome dehydrated egg products force-fed to American soldiers throughout the war. It also demonstrates that GIs found fresh eggs both physically and psychologically comforting. Filling, easy to cook, easy to digest, usually eaten hot, fresh eggs were a high-protein alternative to the canned hash, pork and beans, soapy cheese, and dismal Spam ubiquitous in American field rations, and one cherished by frontline troops across the theaters of war. Also emphasized is the emblematic significance of eggs. To the GIs on the warfront, fresh eggs embodied the safety and security of faraway civilian life and the tranquility of a prelapsarian innocence. They evoked powerful memories of childhood, of the hearth, and of mother cooking the family breakfast. Fresh eggs, in short, symbolized home. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Choice blindness is the failure to detect a discrepancy between a choice and its outcome. The misinformation effect occurs when the recollection of an event changes because new, misleading information about the event is received. The purpose of this study was to merge the choice blindness and misinformation effect paradigms, and thus examine whether choice blindness can be created for individuals’ recollections of a witnessed event, and whether this will affect their later recollections of the event. Thus, as a way of delivering misinformation the participants ostensibly became their own source of the misleading information. The participants watched a short film and filled out a questionnaire about events shown in the film. Some of their answers were then manipulated using reattachable stickers, which allowed alteration of their original answers. The participants gave justifications for their manipulated choices, and later their recollection of the original event was tested through another questionnaire. Choice blindness was created for a majority of the participants. A majority of the choice blind participants later changed their reported recollection of the event in line with the manipulations, whereas only a small minority of the participants in the control condition changed their recollection. This study provides new information about the misinformation effect, suggesting that this effect also can occur when misinformation is given immediately following presentation of the original stimuli, and about choice blindness and its effects on the recollections of events. The results suggest that memory blindness can be created when people inadvertently supply themselves with misleading information about an event, causing a change in their recollection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted on nine Sharabi dairy cows at same weights (390±35 kg) and production season (second and third) and cows during first month of calving which were chosen from Sharabi cows farm, Al- Rashedia Station, Department of Agricultural Researches, Nineveh. They were divided into three groups. The fenugreek seed powder was used as a feed additives to the basal ration at a level 50 or 100 g./cow /day for 2nd and 3rd groups, respectively, while the1st group was left as a control ration. Cows were fed individually on basal ration according to developing of body weight and milk production during six weeks, milk production and chemical composition were measured. The results indicated that the amount of feed intake was significantly (P≤0.05) increased for 3rd group, also the normal and adjusted milk yield, fat percentage, value of ration /kg normal milk and milk adjusted were increased significantly (P≤0.05), also the cost for production of one kg of milk was reduced mathematically for 2nd and 3rd groups as compared to those in the 1st group. In conclusion, using 100 g of fenugreek seed powder per cow per day had improved milk production and fat percentage of milk for Sharabi cows.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase em dietas com diferentes níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias. Foram utilizados 1.080 frangos Cobb-500, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 x 4) com três níveis de fósforo disponível (0,30; 0,40 e 0,50%) e quatro níveis de fitase (0; 500; 1.000 e 1.500 UF), totalizando 12 tratamentos, cada um com seis repetições de 15 aves. As variáveis avaliadas foram: consumo de ração, peso vivo, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e as características de carcaça. O peso vivo e ganho de peso não foram influenciados pelos níveis de fósforo disponível e pela adição de fitase na dieta. Houve interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e os níveis de fitase para consumo de ração e para conversão alimentar. Verificou-se melhor conversão alimentar nas aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível com 1.500 UF kg-1. Os níveis de fósforo disponível influenciaram os rendimentos da coxa e do dorso, onde o melhor resultado foi com 0,30 e 0,40%, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a utilização de dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível, suplementadas com 1.500 UF kg-1.The study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of phytase supplements in feeds with different levels of available phosphorus on the performance of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. We used 1080 Cobb-500 chickens distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with three levels of available phosphorus (0.30; 0.40 and 0.50%) and four levels of phytase (0; 500; 1,000 and 1,500 UF), totaling 12 treatments, each with six replications of 15 birds. The variables evaluated were: feed intake, live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and carcass characteristics. Live body weight and weight gain were not influenced by the levels of available phosphorus or adding phytase to the diet. There was interaction between the levels of available phosphorus and phytase levels for feed intake and feed conversion. Better feed conversion was seen in birds fed on diets containing 0.30% available phosphorus at 1,500 UF kg-1. The available phosphorus levels affected the development of the thigh and the back, where the best results were from 0.30% and 0.40% respectively. The use of a diet containing 0.30% phosphorus, supplemented with 1500 UF kg-1 is recommended.

A balanced diet for bovines: strategies to improve the efficiency of nitrogen use. The main aim of this paper was to present some feeding recommendations, which, when applied on the farm, would increase nitrogen use by bovines and to give information as to how the effects of the nitrogen produced can be reduced. Ruminants have the ability to digest structural carbohydrates and to produce meat and milk proteins for human consumption. At the animal cells level, amino acids are essential for biological functions, mainly involving their maintenance and production. These amino acids are supplied by the intestinal digestion of microbial protein and feed protein that escapes microbial degradation in the rumen. Today, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization is typically low and highly variable in ruminants. Nitrogen excretion by ruminants mainly depends on the level of nitrogen intake and of the animal's productivity. Optimal N utilization may be achieved through an understanding of the key mechanisms involved in the control of N digestion and metabolism. These include the efficiency of N capture in the rumen and the protein degradation according to the type of diet and forage, the control of the rumen microorganisms involved in protein degradation and the proper formulation of the diet, avoiding feeding excess protein in relation to requirements. The dependence on energy supply in transferring feed nitrogen into milk and meat protein is strong both at the rumen and the cell levels of ruminants. The rumen metabolism is identified as the single most important factor contributing to the low level of efficient use of nitrogen in ruminants and partially depends on practical farming operations.

Two lignolytic mutants (POM1 - U.V. irradiated and POM2 – X ray irradiated) of P. ostreatus wild type (POW) were developed and used in new feed formulations for ruminants. Paddy straw (10 kg) amended with coconut cake, glyricidia leaves, urea (2%), and rice bran (5%) along with mutant forms of P. ostreatus substantially increased the reducing sugars, crude protein, and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD), while reducing the lignin contents. Maximum amounts of reducing sugars (555 mg/100 ml) were reported in ration 1 with strain POW in 10 days of incubation period, while a minimum was recorded in POM1 (380 mg / 100 ml) in ration 1 in 30 days of incubation. U.V. irradiated mutant was responsible for accumulation of high crude protein (CP : 42.1 mg / 100 g) in ration 1 after 30 days of incubation. The percent lignin loss was more by mutant forms, and this loss was increased with increased incubation. As a consequence, IVDMD% has been gradually improved and maximized with feed formulations 3 (49.71%) and 1 (47.07%).

O desenvolvimento crescente da Piscicultura vem necessitando estudos sobre a melhor forma de utilização das rações, visto que estas podem elevar o custo de produção de 50 a 80%. Devido à escassez e o elevado preço de tais fontes protéicas (farinhas de osso e carne com a farinha de peixe) e visando a farinha de silagem de cabeça de camarão como uma alternativa em potencial, com esta pesquisa objetivou-se estudar elaboração, caracterização química e o perfil dos aminoácidos da farinha de silagem de cabeça de camarão, visando atender as exigências nutricionais de aminoácidos na alimentação de peixes cultivados. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Produtos Pesqueiros - LDPP - do Departamento de Tecnologia e Química de Alimentos, da UFPB. A farinha de silagem de cabeça de camarão foi elaborada após diversos processos, e depois realizadas as análises químicas (composição centesimal) e dosagem de cálcio e ferro, as amostras foram analisadas em triplicatas. A análise da composição de aminoácidos da farinha de silagem de cabeça de camarão foi realizada em um Cromatógrafo Líquido de Alta Eficiência, sendo encontrado em maior quantidade os aminoácidos valina e arginina. As cabeças de camarão, sob a forma de farinha de silagem seca, apresentaram um rendimento (22,1%) e mostraram-se com uma excelente fonte proteíca (39,5%) e lipídica (12,5%), além de ter considerável quantidade de cálcio, portanto pode servir como eventual substituto na formulação de dietas para peixes.The growing development of the fishery forced the researchers they to look for the best form of use of the rations, because these, they can elevate the cost of production from 50 to 80%. In the diets for fish and shrimps, the protein of animal origin more commonly used it is together the bone flour and meat with the fish flour. Due to shortage and the high price of such sources proteins and seeking the flour if silage of shrimp head as an alternative in potential, that research had as objectives the elaboration, chemical characterization and the profile of the amino acids of the flour of silage of shrimp head, seeking to assist the demands nutritionals of amino acids in the feeding of fish. The experiment was driven in the Laboratory of Development of Fishing Products - LDFP - of the Department of Technology and Chemistry of Foods, UFPB. The flour of silage of shrimp head was elaborated and accomplished the chemical analysis (centesimal composition) and dosage of calcium and match, accomplished in triplicate. The analysis of the composition of amino acids of the silage of shrimp head was accomplished in a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The flour of silage of shrimp head was shown as an excellent source proteins (39,5%) and lipids (12,5%) besides having considerable amount of calcium, therefore it can serve as eventual substitute in the formularization of diets for fish.