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This study aims to test the impact of price preciseness on compromise and decoy effects, analyze the different presentation styles of price information (a precise price presentation vs. a rounded one), and investigate the moderating role of individual differences (i.e., lay rationalism) and decision situations (i.e., time pressure) in travel decision making. It uses a series of empirical tests in which only people with high lay rationalism can distinguish the difference between precise and rounded price information. Major findings show that compromise and decoy effects are salient when a price cue exists, as price information helps the trade-off among options. This study also finds that significant context effects prevail irrespective of price preciseness. Respondents with high lay rationalism or under high time pressure conditions show a tendency to acknowledge discrepancies among options for precise pricing in decision making but not for rounded pricing, thereby resulting in high decoy effects.

Despite his reputation as a narcissistic Anabaptist messiah, after 1544 David Joris became an influential spiritualist who abandoned claims of a unique possession of the Holy Spirit and promoted the Spirit as active within the mind of all believers, just as he had already internalized demons and angels to the inner person. He only fully elaborated his mature pneumatology in the 1550s, and since none of those writings were printed in his lifetime, outside of correspondence and conversation it became known only when printers produced these late works starting in the 1580s. In the Dutch Republic, where spiritualism flowed freely, Joris’s creative approach to the Spirit helped shape discourse on religion and philosophy among nonconformists such as the Doopsgezinden (baptism-minded people, i.e., Mennonites) and Collegiants. These in turn contributed to the conversations of early Enlightenment philosophers, such as Descartes and Spinoza.

The article explores whether and to what extent expert recommendations affect decision-making within the Security Council and its North Korea and Iran sanctions regimes. The article first develops a rationalist theoretical argument to show why making many second-stage decisions, such as determining lists of items under export restrictions, subjects Security Council members to repeating coordination situations. Expert recommendations may provide focal point solutions to coordination problems, even when interests diverge and preferences remain stable. Empirically, the article first explores whether expert recommendations affected decision-making on commodity sanctions imposed on North Korea. Council members heavily relied on recommended export trigger lists as focal points, solving a divisive conflict among great powers. Second, the article explores whether expert recommendations affected the designation of sanctions violators in the Iran sanctions regime. Council members designated individuals and entities following expert recommendations as focal points, despite conflicting interests among great powers. The article concludes that expert recommendations are an additional means of influence in Security Council decision-making and seem relevant for second-stage decision-making among great powers in other international organisations.

As a product of scientism and rationalism, the principle of nullum crimen sine lege has been subject to changing times and theoretical assumptions. In practice, therefore, it has not been fully abl...

In this article, the author reviews the concept of singular and general. The analysis focus on the problem of universals during social-historical transformation. The author illustrates the manifestation of universals as a category during the Antiquity and the Modern era. The author argues that the shift in perception of Natural law, making an individual the central unit of analysis, happened during the Modernity. This shift leads to the creation of the concept of the social contract and the development of the idea that the will of individuals within a given society has to be the state's law. Therefore, a historical paradox occurred, where private property and laissez-faire economic doctrine simultaneously became the causes for development and a foundation for objection to the conceptional-nominalist paradigm. The consecutive historical development was connected with mass attempts of different social groups to implement individual freedom, anti-etatism, rationalism. This led to shaping the social paradigm of modernity as well as to moderate conservative way of thinking and recognizing the practical falsity of extreme forms realism and nominalism. This influence of various social groups resulted in the establishment of moderate conservatism in the contemporary social paradigm and the invalidation of radical realism and nominalism. This fact is confirmed by the dominance of liberal-conservative consensus in Modern Europe. Synthesizing the different approaches to the historical experience of formation and evolution of realism and nominalism, it also explores the role and significance theoretical reflection on Universals in the process of social reconstruction.

Do the introspectively ascertainable aspects of our moral experiences carry ontological objective purport—portraying reality as containing worldly moral properties and facts, thus supporting moral realism? Horgan and Timmons (2008, 2018) answer this question in the negative, arguing that their non-realist view, cognitivist expressivism, can accommodate the introspectively ascertainable moral phenomenology (including categorical authoritativeness) just as well as realism can—where accommodating the phenomenology means accounting for it without construing it as misleading or erroneous. If sound, this constitutes an important defense of cognitivist expressivism, undermining a central attraction of realism. They thus pose a challenge to realists to identify any aspects of moral phenomenology that cannot be accommodated by expressivism and instead favor realism. I here take up that challenge, in two stages. First, I argue that cognitivist expressivism does not after all capture certain important aspects of the phenomenology of the sort of moral experience on which they focus, while realism does. This argument does not depend on claiming that the phenomenology has ontological objective purport. The claim so far is just that there is more to categorical authoritativeness than the expressivist account captures, though this leaves the door open to Kantian rationalism (and perhaps other non-realist accounts) as well as realism. Second, I will go on to argue that although some aspects of moral phenomenology may only point to this broader range of views, others do specifically carry ontological objective purport and thus directly support realism insofar as we take the phenomenology seriously.

In this article it is argued that "heritage" both as a theoretical concept and a practice, is central to defining archaeology's role in society. Greater critical attention should therefore be given to this arena of archaeological practice on the part of theoretical archaeology and the heritage administration itself. Since archaeological heritage management is situated between interests in the present, these have to be defined as a first step. Three basic concepts and their role in shaping the development of archaeological heritage management are briefly analysed: the cultural environment, the cultural biography and cultural identity. It is argued that they are part of a development towards a more holistic perception and ideological use of the cultural heritage. This invites political manipulation. To avoid this, certain universal objectives in combination with ethical guidelines are suggested.

The article analyzes the new challenges to economy security expressed in the complication of risks, conditioned by the becoming complex sociotechno-natural realities and the nonlinearity It is shown that nowadays the most significant risks to economy security are connected with the rise of 'neo catastrophes', the causes of which lie with the systematic and often perverse effects of human activities;the current confrontational vector of the development of the world energy system that has deep roots in the contradiction between the global consumption of energy while its production is practically implemented at the national level All these factors facilitated the convergence of the energy risks with the ones from other spheres - so, the convergence of energy and COVID-19 risks has been born The author argues that the effective managing of the hybrid of the energypandemic risks lies in passing over from national to the cosmopolitan politics - in order to defend the national interests the nation-states need to act in a cosmopolitan way The functional cosmopolitan politics could only be of a humanistic type - the preconditions of overcoming the existing confrontations in the development of the world energy system presuppose equal, codependent relations among the nations, friendly existence among humans and non-humans There have appeared some grounds for it - humanely oriented economic practices based on the passage from the formal rationalism and pragmatism to the substantive rationality and values of inter-connection of all nations

Resumen En el pensamiento contemporáneo, el relato de Babel ha suscitado alegatos teológicos contra los proyectos titánicos del racionalismo moderno y exégesis poéticas en defensa de la diseminación idiomática. Los dos ensayos de Michael Oakeshott titulados “La Torre de Babel” permiten reconocer las principales inquietudes intelectuales del autor y los diferentes dilemas teóricos en la comprensión del Estado europeo moderno. No solo escenifican el aspecto ruinoso del racionalismo moral y el utopismo político, sino también los riesgos de la política de la fe, del colectivismo, y de la reducción de las asociaciones humanas a transacciones instrumentales o corporaciones empresariales. En la exégesis de Oakeshott, Babel se perfila como un mito político moderno, que exhibe una marcada ambivalencia mediante la convergencia de motivos éticos, religiosos, políticos e, incluso, poéticos.

Responding to Rueda’s questions, this essay explains the political-strategic approach (PSA) to populism and highlights its analytical strengths, which have become even more important with the emergence of populist governments across the world. PSA identifies populism’s core by emphasizing the central role of personalistic leaders who tend to operate in opportunistic ways, rather than consistently pursuing programmatic or ideological orientations. PSA is especially useful nowadays, when scholars’ most urgent task is to elucidate the political strategies of populist chief executives and their problematic repercussions, especially populism’s threat to democracy.

Labour Market Information forms a central place in career practice and how individuals enact their careers. This paper makes use of Alvesson and Sandberg’s (Constructing research questions: doing interesting research.Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2013) methodology of focussing research on theoretical assumptions to construct a critical literature review on the relationship between Labour Market Information and career guidance. This paper presents six theoretical conceptions from the career literature: Contact, Rationalism, Nomad, Adaptability, Constructivist and Social Justice. We will argue for the need to move towards more constructivist understandings of Labour Market Information as well understandings linked to more critical understandings of the labour market.

Up to the 1990s, scholarship on secularisation and religious change in 20th Century Britain was dominated by three broad schools of thought. Crudely put, the first (associated with sociologists inc...

Tutors are the most powerful and influential contributors to the achievement of teacher education curriculum objectives. Tutor beliefs about a knowledge-based curriculum upon which academic rationalism is premised is paramount in intellectual development of teacher trainees. This study sought to determine tutors’ preference on the choice of instructional approaches; to determine tutors’ level of academic rationalism orientation; and to determine the relationship between tutors’ academic rationalism orientation and choice of instructional approaches. This study adopted a correlational design with a mixed methods approach. Tutors’ questionnaire, HODs’ interview guide, classroom observation and document analysis were used to collect data. Sample population involved 178 tutors, 35 HODs, 20 classrooms and 4 documents purposively sampled from five primary teacher training colleges in Kenya. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the study variables as per the study objectives. The study found that there was a significant relationship between tutors’ academic rationalism orientation and the choice of instructional approaches they used. However, despite tutors’ beliefs on knowledge-based curriculum, there was found to exist methodological gaps as tutors experienced challenges in supervising teacher trainees during teaching practice and in comprehensive coverage of the syllabus involving the practical component. The study concluded that there is need to improve teacher management and professional development so as to improve the quality of education in primary teacher training colleges in Kenya. The study recommended review of deployment of tutors by Teachers Service Commission (TSC) to primary teachers training colleges to capture tutors who have undergone training in teacher education methodology. The study also recommended regular in-service training for tutors to update their skills on the current trends on use of learner centered instructional approaches.

This paper considers and analyses the idea propounded by Iain McGilchrist that the foundation of Western rationalism is the dominance of the left side of the brain and that this occurred first in ancient Greece. It argues that the transformation that occurred in Greece, as part of a more widespread transformation that is sometimes termed the Axial Age, was, at least in part, connected to the emergence of literacy which transformed the workings of the human brain. This transformation was not uniform and took different forms in different civilisations, including China and India. The emergence of what Donald terms a “theoretic” culture or what can also be called “rationalism” is best understood in terms of transformations in language, including the transition from poetry to prose and the separation of word and thing. Hence, the development of theoretic culture in Greece is best understood in terms of the particularity of Greek cultural development. This transition both created aporias, as exemplified by the opposition between the ontologies of “being” and “becoming”, and led to the eventual victory of theoretic culture that established the hegemony of the left side of the brain.

China has increasingly been perfecting its brand of administrative rationalism to deal with varieties of environmental issues. This is mediated mainly via environmental targets and indicators with which the central authorities are evaluating environmental performance of local agents. The conventional wisdom suggests a great promise in this “scientific” and “rational” approach—at least in China, given the vertical authoritarian structure of its political economy. This article critically reviews this thesis. Recent findings show that notwithstanding the attention given to China’s cadre evaluation system and its associated indicator-based governance, whether or not this form of governance is effective remains inconclusive. On the one hand, output-oriented or output-driven policy areas have seen significant strides. On the other hand, fundamental transformations in economic restructuring, upgrading, and transition have been much more difficult to achieve with the indicator-based framework. This article points to a number of theoretical and empirical questions about China’s path towards a green, low-carbon economy should it continues to singularly rely on bureaucratic controls via indicators and metrics. A serious debate about indicator-based governance is sorely missing, and it may be fruitful to re-visit and re-think our conventional wisdoms.

The paper refers to the mutual relations between abstract and figurative painting, from the Renaissance to the present. By referring to the rationalism and conceptualism of iconology related to realism and the phenomenological purity of Dutch realism, it emphasizes the idealistic foundations or effects of trends in painting considered realistic. In turn, demonstrating the presence of sensual aspects in abstract art, it examines the possibility of considering reality as an abstract phenomenon and asks about the relevance of the conflicting understandings of both categories, especially with regard to the tendency to mix these two orders in current painting trends.

The article considers the increase in rationalization in the research of Biblical history and its conclusions in the historical works of pre-revolutionary Russia. A. P. Lopukhin wrote his work at the end of the 19th century and his main goal was the Biblical apologetics based on new Near Eastern studies. The works of N. M. Nikolsky, who used materialistic methodology and suppose that the significant part of Biblical stories contains a little historical truth had a great contrast with the views of Lopukhin. The reasons for this evolution connected with two factors: the big successes of foreign Biblical studies and the abolition of censorship restrictions after 1905.

The global discourse around architecture education emphasizes rethinking curricula for engaging more with social issues. The shift from creating star architects to socially responsive professionals necessitates examining different approaches to build skills, especially in the design studio, for encouraging a comprehensive system of inquiry for developing design solutions. In Jhenaidah, a secondary city in Bangladesh, fourth-year students participated in a design studio that tried to address critical urban issues and to generate design ideas using field research and community participation. This paper shares the experience of facilitating the design studio. The learning process and studio structure included exploration, examination, consultations, mapping, vision development and strategic planning for arriving at specific design proposals. The experience of working with a local government institution was an added learning of the studio. Pedagogical exploration from the studio reiterates the arguments for balancing rationalism and social responsiveness with creativity in architecture design studios.

The article discusses the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the rhetoric of Russian representatives of traditional religions (Islam and Orthodoxy). As a context of this process, the author defines the contradictory trends taking place in society: trust / distrust of the state and religious institutions; strengthening / weakening of rationalism and trust in science, in particular medicine. The author used the concept of biopolitics by Michel Foucault, the concept of anthropocentric authoritarianism by David Chandler, the concept of the crisis of prevailing globalization by Jean Baudrillard as a methodology. In general, according to the author, despite the manifestations of fundamentalism in Orthodoxy, religious leaders supported the states position to quarantine and restrict the access of believers to churches, did not reject the scientific explanation for the pandemic, and proceeded from ideas about the social responsibility of the church, public solidarity, and the general fate of the entire population of Russia. At the same time, in the situation of an indefinitely long pandemic and the associated economic crisis, traditional religious structures have to find a middle path between modernists and fundamentalists in their ranks, as well as develop their own position in relation to the inevitable strengthening of state control over citizens.

This paper discusses Public Administration Ontology departing from the fundamental understanding of administrative ontology, which is a thought based on the nature and meaning contained in administration itself as a branch of administrative science. The ontology basis of scientific development of public administration in the context of the philosophy of administrative science is the essence of what is studied from the aspect of how the public administration process is managed properly to regulate, serve and protect the public interest. So here the government bureaucracy and also non-governmental organizations that play a role in carrying out government functions, both in the implementation of public services and economic, social and other development fields collectively. Substantially the area of study for managers' work has a variety of interests from governance and public matters, from defense and security to social welfare and environmental quality, from road and bridge design and construction to space exploration and from tax and financial administration to management issues. human Resources. This paper also discusses the Administrative Ontology Approach, Positivism and Rationalism in Administration.

The physical sciences discarded the method of Cartesian rationalism in the 18th century, but much of contemporary political theory continues to adhere to this outdated method, following the famous ...

The goal of this article consist in interpretation of the major metaphor in Günter Grass’ novel “The Tin Drum”, and coverage of its interrelation with symbolism of the image of the protagonist Oskar Matzerath. The subject of this research is the metaphor of stopped time. The time stops for Oscar with regards to physical and emotional development. Special attention is given to the fact that the protagonist of the novel, who comes into the world with adult intelligence, deliberately stops his development at the age of three. Using the indicated metaphor, the author of the novel forms the key traits of the image of the protagonists: perpetual child, demiurge, trickster. The novelty of this research and special contribution of the author consists in revelation of direct correlations between the aforementioned traits of the main character of the fundamental problems of human existence. A child who refuses to grow up, symbolizes infantilism and denial of the generally accepted socio-ethical norms. At the same time, G. Grass describes dissolution of the surrounding world and blames specific nation in the crimes against humanity, endowing Oskar Matzerath with the traits of trickster and demiurge. The acquired results can be used in textbooks on the history of foreign literature and culturology; as well as in writing term and graduation theses by students majoring in the humanities.

The contemporary emphasis on resilience in UK arts and cultural policy discourse has developed in relation to the longer-standing model of the “mixed economy” in which state grants, earned income a...

The political-strategic approach is one of the most employed frameworks within the methodologically heterogeneous subfield of populism studies. In the last two decades, it has contributed to the analysis of populism both in Latin America and the United States and, more recently, in Western and Eastern Europe. That being said, a close inspection of its axioms and its conceptualization of the phenomenon shows that it is built on ill-conceived premises. This article intends to be a comprehensive critique of the approach that can contribute to the methodological progress of the field. It criticizes the three main dysfunctions of the approach: selective rationalism, leader-centrism, and normative bias.

RESUMO:Este artigo procura descrever a narrativa patriarcal e machista criada pelo racionalismo iluminado e pelo constitucionalismo liberal. As paixões e as emoções chegaram à construção da Constituição como interesses econômicos e egoístas, baseados em homens e proprietários brancos. É hora de encontrar uma alternativa emocional que interprete a Constituição sob os princípios da liberdade feminina e da igualdade material. Para isso, será feito um resgate da dependência da paixão e da razão na construção da democracia (supremacia do masculino sobre o feminino), dos motivos e paixões do constitucionalismo para propor a revisão das relações de igualdade entre razão e emoção para construir debates igualitários.

Religious communities have acted as vectors for the spread of the novel coronavirus This observation might suggest that the crisis has sparked a confrontation between scientific rationalism and (irrational) belief Using the two decidedly Islamic countries Saudi Arabia and Iran as examples, the article argues however that the relationship between religion and science is far more complex While Iran has tried to keep its shrines open to the public, Saudi Arabia has halted visits toMuslim holy sites Both responses were grounded in religious justifications The reasons for each country's different course of action can be found in their histories, as well as in differences in religion and the relationship between religion and the state © Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co KG, Gottingen 2020

This essay is an attempt to shed light on the late Yukio Ninagawa’s (1935–2016) unique perspective of construing Romeo and Juliet, which crystallized in the moment of his little-known production of...

What role does religion play in understanding the outbreak of civil war? The purpose of this study is to offer an alternative understanding which conceptualises religion as discourse, religious ide...

The article analyzes the forms of rationalism and fideism proposed by Ukrainian Protestant theologians at the beginning of the XXI century. It turns out that these forms of rationalism and fideism were made possible by overcoming the anti-intellectualism that was characteristic of Protestantism in Soviet times. The opposition of tendencies to rationalism and fideism is connected with the positioning of Ukrainian Protestants in the postmodern times. Proponents of de facto rationalism propose to reconstruct the modern religious worldview, re-synthesizing elements of liberal and fundamentalist concepts. The study shows that hopes for the restoration of the modern worldview in the face of the challenges of the early XXI century contain elements of utopianism. Proponents of Fideism suggest taking full account of the real state of affairs in the postmodern era and recognizing the impossibility for Christians to use modern rationalism in all its forms. At the same time, faith acquires special significance as an expression of the personal relations of the holy people with God. Ukrainian Protestant rationalism in the article is analyzed on the example of the work of Sergei Golovin as the most consistent expression of this worldview. It has been proven that his ideas depend on the concepts of Norman Geisler, a prominent Protestant theologian. Golovin, imitating Geisler, believes that the Christian worldview should be the final superstructure over the foundation of classical logical rationalism and the ontology of being. This logic comes from classical Thomism. Golovin's rationalism is the rationalism of formal logic. Golovin's first controversial proposal is to reduce the paradoxes and contradictions contained in the Bible. Such a reduction contradicts the biblical studies of the beginning of the 21st century, and therefore can no longer be convincing for professional theologians. For ordinary believers, this reduction is an obscure rationalization of the image of God they have in reading the Scriptures. The second controversial proposition is to convert people first to logical rationality as the ideological foundation of humanity, and then to their conversion to Christianity. Such a proposal is largely outdated, because in the twentieth century it became clear that rationality in itself can be an instrument of any worldview and does not ensure the preservation or rehabilitation of humanity. By comparing it with theological practices of restoring humanity through the ethics of accepting another, the author argues that the restoration of humanity is possible through recourse to the potential of existentialist spirituality, theology of interpersonal communication, and other practical strategies of Christian theology. The biggest shortcoming of Sergei Golovin's rationalism is the proposal to build his own "scientific creationism", which denies the basic scientific theories of today. The most successful element of Golovin's system was social ethics, which offers the idea of ​​a modern state governed by the rule of law as one that can be deduced from the spirit and letter of the biblical commandments. The fideism of Ukrainian Protestant theology is born from the understanding that the ethical acceptance of others and love for them is possible only on the basis of personal faith. The challenges of the beginning of the 21st century require the acceptance of another, but individuals and communities lack the natural strength to accept such. And only faith and faith-generated love help to be open to others. Also, the post-capitalist economy of mutual gift, proposed by theologians and Christian communities, is based only on personal faith. It has been proven that the fideism of Ukrainian Protestant theology is closer to the ideas of postconservatism than the concepts of postliberalism. It has been found that radical protection of individual rights and humane treatment of others is common to the rationalism and fideism of modern Ukrainian Protestant theology. It is these ideas that are important for understanding what humanity is, which should be a prerequisite for being a true Christian.

This paper presents Christian Wolff’s claim that philosophy, undertaken on the basis of a proper method, cannot contradict revealed religion. The paper first provides a context of Wolff’s banishment from Halle for holding views in conflict with religious doctrines. Next, it proceeds, on the basis of Wolff’s Discursus præliminaris de philosophia in genere prefixed to his 1728 Latin Logic, to explain the principles of Wolff’s method, and to show how his conception of method enables him to disallow the possibility of a genuine conflict between philosophical and religious dogmas. For Wolff, doctrinal conflicts between philosophy and revealed religion can only occur as a result of terminological disagreements, disagreements between dogmas and hypotheses, or disagreements between dogmas and theological misinterpretations. The actual conflict of dogmas, understood as religious or philosophical truths, Wolff holds to be impossible.

This article focuses on the relationship between the EU actorness and theinternal and external dimension of energy policy in an effort toconceptualize the EU energy actorness. In this respect, the main goals ofthe article are two. The first is to identify the basic aspects of EU actornessand to define their interrelationship in energy policy. The second is toconceptualize individual criteria of the external and internal dimensions ofEU energy actorness and to analyze the possibilities of their use in thecontext of the discussion between conventional constructivism andrationalism. The intention is to create a modified framework incorporatingthe internal and external dimension of the EU’s energy actorness,operationalized by a set of criteria that can be used to analyze the EUenergy policy and its relations. The article should contribute tounderstanding the issue of the EU’s actorness and to deepening the debateon energy policy.

This review of interwar design from various regions in Italy traces the development of a modern national style at this critical period of Italian history, dominated by the fascist regime. Through t...

The aesthetics of landscapes and the environment has not received considerable research attention. The main reason for this is that aesthetic evaluation contains too many subjective elements, which is not always compatible with the cold rationalism of researchers. Despite this, researchers regularly comment on the aesthetics of urban environments. This is not accidental. There is a connection between the aesthetics of phenomena and the decision-making with regard to them. The aesthetic appearance of an area affects millions of decisions regarding investments, tourism destinations, or the choice of dwelling-place. In Hungary, around one third of the urban population is living in housing estates; this environment is an everyday reality for most of the urban population. The housing estates were built during the communist era and received major criticism almost instantly in both sociology and architecture. In recent decades both the Hungarian state and the local government of Szeged have made significant investments aimed at increasing the quality of the housing estates’ environment. For determining the aesthetics of housing areas and their environment, we improved our earlier- developed method, which was used for evaluating single downtown buildings. The improved method was tested in three different sample housing areas. For the evaluation of architecturally homogeneous, newly-constructed or refurbished buildings, we have introduced the concept of the visual unit, which incorporates multiple buildings and their surroundings. This solution speeds up the evaluation process, and it can also be used to score individual buildings, if necessary. We also examined visual conflicts which affect the aesthetics of the area and can reduce the value of the visual condition. The key result of our research is the thematic mapping of three categories, including the aesthetically valuable, and therefore attractive areas, which can be distinguished from the aesthetically problematic, and therefore repulsive areas, and from the areas which can be (and should be) improved aesthetically.

In this paper, I argue that a conception of vulnerable recognition addresses both the shortcomings of conventional understandings of recognition and Patchen Markell’s provocative critique (and aban...

Genevieve Lloyd argues that when we follow Spinoza in understanding reason as a part of nature, we gain new insights into the human condition. Specifically, we gain a new political insight: we should respond to cultural difference with a pluralist ethos. This is because there is no pure universal reason; human minds find their reason shaped differently by their various embodied social contexts. Furthermore, we can use the resources of the imagination to bring this ethos about. In my response, I offer a friendly challenge to Lloyd's characterisation of the lessons of Spinoza's philosophy. I argue that Lloyd's Spinoza remains excessively unpolitical, even in the moment that he is brought to bear on contemporary politics. An unpluralistic attitude may well be rationally inferior, but is it really explained by insufficient or inappropriate imagination? To the contrary, a properly Spinozist account of reason must include an account of the concrete determinants of reason's imperfect realisation in the world. In Spinoza's own oeuvre, this is carried out through an ever-increasing–and ever more sociological–interest in the political structures within which individual reason flourishes or withers.

During the Fascist rule in Italy (1922–43), the regime sponsored and encouraged the construction of thousands of children’s summer camps or colonie (singular colonia) as part of a mission to shape ...

According to Genevieve Lloyd, conatus is manifested in body as a fixed ratio of motion and rest and in mind as increasing adequate understanding. The commentary provides textual analysis to resolve...