Search

While research has explored the relationship between official media use and hierarchical government trust, there is a lack of studies that delve deeper into the relationship between official media use and government trust structure. Therefore, this study uses data from the 2017-2018 Chinese netizens' social awareness non-tracking survey and employs rational choice theory and process-based trust mechanisms theory to empirically explore, for the first time, the relationship between official media use and government trust structure, along with its underlying mechanisms. Government trust structure is divided into four categories based on the different levels of trust in the central government and local government: paradoxical government trust, equal distrust, hierarchical government trust and equal trust. Among them, hierarchical government trust can be divided into central-distrust-local-distrust, central-trust-local-distrust, and central-trust-local-trust. The study finds that although hierarchical government trust decreases, it is the dominant form of government trust structure, and central-trust-local-distrust is the dominant form of hierarchical government trust. The transformation of other government trust structures into hierarchical government trust of central-trust-local-trust is associated with official media use, and political participation has a mediating effect in official media use and government trust structure. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of rational choice theory and process-based trust mechanism theory but also expand the comprehensive understanding of government trust structure in authoritarian regimes like China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace sexual harassment, particularly in hospitality, is a significant issue with many implications. For decades, assessing its scope and impact has drawn the attention of scholars, but some gaps still exist. Based on Rational Choice Theory, this paper explored employee conformance behavior to sexual harassment in relation to organization strategic commitment and employee wellbeing in the global south context. A total of 712 completed questionnaires were collected from Nigeria and Ghana. WarpPLS version 8.0 partial least squares structural equation structural modeling was employed to assess the research model. Results revealed that hotel workers' behaviors toward awareness and management of sexual harassment are nonlinear and complex. Conformance behavior, despite conceived by employees as an economic coping strategy, proved to be a temporary measure and is disadvantageous to wellbeing. An important managerial implication of this study is the need for education about what sexual harassment is and how it impacts employees' wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hausman and McPherson provide an evidential defense of welfare economics, arguing that preferences are not constitutive of welfare but nevertheless provide the best evidence for what promotes welfare. Behavioral economics identifies several ways in which some people's preferences exhibit anomalies that are incoherent or inconsistent with rational choice theory. I argue that the existence of these behavioral anomalies calls into question the evidential defense of welfare economics. The evidential defense does not justify preference purification, or eliminating behavioral anomalies before conducting welfare analysis. But without doing so, the evidential defense yields implausible welfare implications. I discuss how the evidential defense could be modified to accommodate behavioral anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized eye-tracking techniques to investigate decision-making behavior in intertemporal loss scenarios under both time pressure and no time pressure conditions. Results revealed shorter decision-making times and decreased large later (LL) option selection frequency under time pressure. Participants under time pressure exhibited reduced Mean Fixation Duration (MFD) and Search Measure (SM) values, indicating altered information processing. Mediation analyses confirmed that task choice outcomes were influenced by SM and MFD, suggesting a shift towards heuristic decision-making under time pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When foraging for food, animals must balance levels of exploitation and exploration. Too much exploitation leads to an exhaustion of the source and means one will never know if there are better sources of food elsewhere. Too much exploration and one will never reap the benefits from a source. Recently, substantial evidence has implicated this tradeoff in human sequential decision-making, such as when choosing which restaurant to dine at. Computational models of optimal foraging have been used to describe both foraging and sequential decision-making, suggesting a common substrate. Importantly, these models factor in the opportunity cost of (travel) time by assuming perfect temporal cognition. Here, we apply a recently proposed intertemporal choice model that mixes rate distortion theory and hyperbolic discounting to estimate people's expected opportunity cost of time. Assuming that the adaptive control of temporal cognition is crucial for balancing exploration and exploitation, we hypothesized that model parameters would be able to predict childhood adversity, as the type of environment one was raised in has been shown to explain differences in explore-exploit behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the transition from the ethics of procreation to the ethics of parenthood, exploring philosophical perspectives on the decision to have children. It delves into the historical context of procreation, societal changes impacting reproductive choices, and the complexities of modern parenthood. The text highlights the personal, societal, and ethical considerations surrounding the decision to have children, offering insights from various philosophical viewpoints. The authors emphasize the responsibilities and uncertainties associated with bringing new life into the world, ultimately advocating for thoughtful reflection and consideration in navigating the ethics of procreation and parenthood. [Extracted from the article]

Objective To describe how patients choose between primary care institutions (PCIs) and non-PCIs using rational choice theory from the perspective of survival rationality, economic rationality, and social rationality. Methods Multi-stage stratified sampling and convenience sampling were applied to select 1723 patients to conduct the questionnaire survey. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were performed to analyze the factors associated with patients' choice of PCIs. Results In total 55.83% of 1723 patients would attend a PCIs for healthcare. The results of the univariate analysis revealed that patients who are female (58.46%, P  = .015), suffering from chronic diseases (56.26%, P  = .047), inpatients (67.58%, P  < .001), Beijing (59.62%, P  = .002), partial understanding of the family doctor contracting system (62.30%, P  < .001), and not understanding of the medical alliance policy (58.04%, P  = .031) had significantly higher probability of choosing PCIs. Logistic regression analysis showed that females were more unwilling to attend PCIs (odds ratio (OR) = 0.822, 95%CI: 0.676–0.999). Following survival rationality, patients without chronic diseases were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.834, 95%CI: 1.029–3.268), and inpatients were more unlikely to attend PCIs (OR = 0.581, 95%CI: 0.437–0.774). From an economic rationality perspective, patients from the Fujian province were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.424, 95%CI: 1.081–1.876). From a social rationality perspective, patients who partial understanding of the family doctor contracting system were more unlikely to attend PCIs (OR = 0.701, 95%CI: 0.551–0.892), and patients who partial and complete understanding of the medical alliance policy were more likely to attend PCIs (OR = 1.340, 95%CI: 1.064–1.687; OR = 1.485, 95%CI: 1.086–2.030). Conclusions Survival, economic, and social rationality are involved in patients' choice to attend PCIs. Compared to survival rationality and social rationality, economic rationality showed a lower association with patients' choice to attend PCIs. Medical institutions are recommended to adopt a "patient health-centered" approach when providing medical services and further optimize the family doctor contracting system and construction of medical alliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal theorists use a unified collection of models to generate intentional and causal explanations of political behavior. I explicate this claim and argue that disagreements about the role of unification and intentionality are at the root of persistent friction between theorists and empiricists. A debate around pathologies of rational choice theory is used to illustrate the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses the importance of cybersecurity and the need for organizational scientists to focus on the "human factor" in cybersecurity research. It highlights recent examples of cyberattacks and data breaches, emphasizing the impact on organizations and individuals. The text also mentions a special issue on cybersecurity in the Journal of Business and Psychology, summarizing three articles accepted for publication. It concludes by discussing patterns in the citing articles and suggesting areas for future research in the intersection of organizational science and cybersecurity. [Extracted from the article]

In theory, misalignment of education and career aspirations in high school is a crucial determinant of post-school education and career mismatch. However, existing scholarship investigates the social influence and rational choice determinants of misalignment and mismatch separately. This study examines how misalignment at 15 years of age correlates with career mismatch in young adulthood (25 years). Using data from Y09 cohort in the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth (LSAY), it analyses the education and career aspirations of 7,871 15-year-olds and the education and career outcomes of 2,697 of the same cohort after ten years. Consistent with both social class influences and rational choice factors, the results show that young people who were female, misaligned at school, in vocational pathways, were in relatively poor health and wealth when growing up and had a father with lower levels of education were more likely to be mismatched. Notably, misalignment of career and educational aspirations at age 15 was the strongest indicator of employment outcomes in early adulthood at age 25. The findings urge a rethinking of national and state investment in careers education, especially in addressing disadvantages faced by equity groups and within occupations served by vocational education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If insurance is a technology for governing hazards, the tools for doing so have changed over time and seem to concentrate, in the second half of the twentieth century, on the notion of risk-based premiums. The narrative in the insurance literature is that by adjusting the premium to the risk, the insurer is sending a signal to the policyholder about his risk, therefore encouraging prevention. The purpose of this article is to contextualize this precept, by highlighting that the notion of premium as a risk signal was born within the narrow discursive framework of rational choice theory, thus building heavily on the perception of the insured as homo oeconomicus. More recent findings in behavioral economics, which question the rationality of agents, should have rendered this narrative obsolete. However, the still in the making behavioral insurance presents a combination of these theoretical insights, with the computation of individualized risk scores thanks to big data, supposedly embodying the ultimate risk-based premium. Two pilot products, taken as exemplars of behavioral insurance, exemplify this shift, and elucidate the contradiction: in practice premiums are now impacted by reward systems in large part disconnected from scores, thereby displacing the government of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether the number of weekly childcare arrangements for under-school-aged children is associated with parental nonstandard hours (e.g. evenings, nights, or irregular schedules) and the reasons and justifications parents working nonstandard hours give for using informal care arrangements. Using cross-sectional survey data of 359 Finnish parents with children aged 0–6 years, we found that nonstandard work hours, compared with standard daytime hours, were associated with a higher number of weekly care arrangements for children under 5 years old. Qualitative parental interviews (N = 27) further revealed three justifications for using informal care: ‘Leaning on parents’ values and desires’, ‘Disclaiming from actions potentially harming the child’, and ‘Balancing parents’ needs and the moral aspects of using informal childcare’. Our findings highlight that parents of young children tend to rely on multiple childcare arrangements during nonstandard work hours even in a country with a comprehensive institutional early childhood education and care (ECEC) infrastructure and affordable tax-based provision of around-the-clock care (i.e. extended hours ECEC). Furthermore, emotional-based reasons related to ensuring child well-being were emphasised over rational-based ones when parents provided justifications for using informal arrangements during nonstandard hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the rational choice perspective to government religion policy in Turkey. We argue that a rational choice analysis can provide a new perspective on how the pro-Islamist Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi – AKP) transformed Turkey's religion policy from one that was constitutionally secular to one which strongly supports Islam. We also further develop the rational choice approach arguing that radical transitions in religion policy are often incremental and require support from political allies. Also, while the motivation for transitioning from a secular regime to a religious monopoly may be due to a desire for religious legitimacy, the nature and timing of this transition may be influenced by the rise or decline of other bases for legitimacy. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of applying the rational choice theory of religion to Muslim-majority countries and the mechanisms through which countries change their religion policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminologists typically test rational choice theory by examining the relationship between one aspect of decision making—the perceived costs and benefits of crime—and the likelihood of crime, primarily using (experimental) surveys that lack consideration of the neighborhood context. Building on decades of research in the risk and decision sciences, the current study utilizes broader models of decision making to qualitatively examine how youth living in concentrated disadvantage make decisions during incidents of violence. Our thematic analysis of 22 in-depth interviews with youth in a midsize midwestern city indicates that the decision process regarding violence is much more complex than previously theorized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the relationship between the work of James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom. It adds to existing work by providing a comprehensive analysis of Buchanan's and Ostrom's changing views about how the 'logical foundations of constitutional democracy' should be conceptualised. The paper traces how in the 1960s and 1970s Ostrom took inspiration from the rational choice analysis of constitutional democracy in Buchanan and Tullock's The Calculus of Consent, explaining how it shaped his reading of key texts in political theory and his analysis of public administration. It then discusses how Buchanan subsequently drew on Ostrom's notion of artifactual man in developing his understanding of the 'constitutional attitude' necessary for individuals to engage in institutional design. It then explores how, from the mid-to-late 1990s, Ostrom became increasingly critical of Buchanan's reliance on rational choice theory for his analysis of constitutional decision-making, identifying this as a key difference between their views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the intertemporal income-shifting behavior of private firms, as well as the level and efficiency of aggressive intertemporal income shifters' investments in the wake of corporate tax cuts. Earlier research has focused mainly on public firms. However, research into private firms is especially relevant since these companies tend to finance future growth through internal financing. Using a sample of 2,650 firm-year observations of private Spanish firms, our results thus show that private companies engaged in intertemporal income shifting to gain additional tax savings in the presence of corporate tax cuts. This was particularly observed in the presence of significant investment opportunities and timing pressures to shift income. Additionally, we provide evidence that aggressive intertemporal income shifters invested more in labor capital after tax reforms than other firms and that such investments were efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early studies of Olson (The logic of collective action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1971/1965) and Tullock (Public Choice 11:89–99, 1971), who first defined the paradox of revolution, there has been a great deal of relevant work based on rational choice theory. While the main point of this research is to investigate solutions to this apparent paradox, its overall contribution is the provision of a rich analysis of revolutions in the light of rational choice. This article provides an overview of the literature over the last fifty years, highlighting the richness and complexity of the issues underlying the paradox and, more generally, collective action. The emphasis is placed on the salient points of what this literature and its evolution teach us about revolutionary commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer a general theoretical model, and numerical simulations thereof, that reveal conditions under which a political leader chooses, or refrains from choosing, violence against noncombatant civilians as part of a contest with an opposing force. Employing augmented rational choice theory, which incorporates perspectives from psychology and sociology, the model involves a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function over two goods, consumption and political control, with the latter in turn modeled on a CES production function involving three inputs, namely, direct fighting, intentional violence against civilians, and investments in group identity. When the model's parameters are set to reflect conditions of revolutionary as opposed to non-revolutionary conflict, the model predicts that violence against civilians is particularly high. Using data from 1960 to 2018, the model's prediction is well-supported by our empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an evaluation conducted in Indonesia to assess the impact of the Family Hope Program (PKH) on poverty alleviation and its alignment with policy theories. A mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative interviews, was employed to measure the welfare-improving effects of PKH and validate the survey results. The analysis indicates that PKH reduces poverty in Aceh Province, Indonesia. However, several barriers hinder its widespread implementation, including limited program coverage, low population awareness, and the need for improved communication and coordination. The report suggests researching alternative approaches to enhance the effectiveness of PKH's poverty reduction programs. Potential recommendations include expanding the program's scope to reach more beneficiaries, fostering better communication and coordination among stakeholders, and providing comprehensive education about the program's benefits to the community. The study's findings make a valuable contribution to the existing research on poverty alleviation programs and offer insights that can inform policymakers and practitioners about improving the effectiveness of PKH in combating poverty in Aceh, Indonesia and beyond. The study's findings align with the Rational Choice Theory, suggesting that families in the Aceh Province, Indonesia, have made rational decisions to participate in the Family Hope Program due to the perceived benefits, including educational support. The results also support policy feedback theory, indicating that the program's positive impact on poverty alleviation may create a feedback loop, leading to sustained poverty reduction. Additionally, Social Capital Theory highlights the potential role of social connections and community engagement in maximizing the program's benefits and fostering long-term poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their pursuit of public health goals, policymakers increasingly turn to innovative apps to complement existing health measures. However, findings from previous research in non-IT health contexts indicate that individuals may compensate for new interventions (e.g., start exercising) by reducing existing preventive health behaviors (e.g., eating fewer healthy foods). However, the findings are inconclusive, and it is unknown when people tend to engage in behavioral compensation. Building on this observation, we draw on rational choice theory to substantiate the subjective rationality of compensation behavior and develop a utility maximization model that suggests circumstances under which adoption of technological innovation may lead to users reducing existing preventive health behaviors. This research provides evidence from a multi-wave study on COVID-19 contact-tracing apps that confirms the existence of what we term the technology-behavioral compensation effect : Individuals who perceive the app to be highly useful or actively use it reduce other preventive health behaviors (e.g., social distancing) after app adoption. Ironically, this technology-behavioral compensation effect indicates a hitherto-overlooked tension between two established IS design goals (i.e., perceived usefulness and active use) and the successful exploitation of technology to support users' health. We expand research on dark side effects of IS use by revealing a previously neglected type of unintended consequence and elaborate on its implications for research well beyond the health context. Our findings also will help policymakers make decisions on the design of societal technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key component in Heath's position is a claim about the "scope" (92) of ethical theory: morality in capitalist markets and firms I differs i from everyday morality. I would also register a second concern, regarding the notion of role morality I in mercatu. i The philosopher's role morality in business ethics is quite minimalist, according to Heath. Heath has been writing about the market failures approach (MFA) to business ethics for two decades (Heath [3]). This is surprising given Heath's idiosyncratic approach to moral justification: in an effort to make philosophical sense of the "counterintuitive moral context" (92) in business ethics, Heath is meticulous about articulating norms in light of empirical social scientific research. [Extracted from the article]

Changes in constitutional power involve conflict. These contests can be modelled as a strategic interaction. The abdication of Edward VIII was primarily a strategic interaction between him and his prime minister Stanley Baldwin. The interaction can be modelled using game theory, but heresthetic better describes how both players attempted to change the incentives and choices available to the other, as well as the veto players that could block movement away from the status quo. Edward abdicated, but he did so in part because of a lack of commitment to winning. Nevertheless, Baldwin paid a price: the weakening of the empire and the commonwealth. The outcome of the crisis was predictable, but it was a strategic conflict, not the cooperative interaction that Baldwin at the time, and others since, have made it out to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to the development of a "third-generation" rational choice theory by introducing a Multiple Player Approach for analysing collective action problems. Drawing on the foundational first and second generation works of Olson (The logic of collective action, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1965) and Ostrom (Scand Polit Stud 23(1):3–16), we introduce five player types that we believe capture essential empirical features of many real world collective action problems: Blind Riders, Tough Riders, Hard Riders, Easy Riders, and Low Riders. We consider the complex interaction and dynamics that unfold among them. The main novelty of the analysis is to draw attention to the need for active societal support to effectively empower and reward hard riders for resolving collective action problems, particularly when facing external shocks such as the Covid-19 pandemic, Brexit, and financial crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intertemporal decision making refers to the behavior of making decisions after weighing the costs and benefits of two or more outcomes at different time points. This study explores the moderating effect of self-concept clarity on the influence of future self-continuity on intertemporal decision-making and the mediating effect of future outcome consideration, aiming to establish a mediated moderating model. In Study 1, we recruited 370 participants via questionnaire to explore the relationship between future self-continuity and intertemporal decision-making, as well as the moderating effect of self-concept clarity. The results showed that: (1) Future self-continuity significantly negatively predicted the time discount rate of intertemporal decision-making. (2) Selfconcept clarity significantly negatively moderated the relationship between future self-continuity and the time discount rate of intertemporal decisionmaking. In Study 2, we recruited 234 participants using an experimental method and divided them into high and low future self-continuity groups to explore the mediating effect of future outcome consideration and the moderating role of self-concept clarity in the influence of future self-continuity on intertemporal decision-making. The results indicated that: (1) Self-concept clarity significantly negatively moderated the impact of future self-continuity on future outcome consideration. (2) Future outcome consideration mediated the moderating effect of self-concept clarity on the influence of future self-continuity on intertemporal decision-making. The findings indicated that future selfcontinuity negatively impacted the time discount rate in intertemporal decisionmaking. Furthermore, self-concept clarity could indirectly regulate the effect of future self-continuity on intertemporal decision-making through future outcome consideration. These two studies contribute to a better understanding of intertemporal decision-making behavior in different states, help reduce cognitive bias through rational analysis of current states, achieve maximum life benefits, and enrich empirical research in the fields of future self-continuity and intertemporal decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Stratification-of-Goods" expresses social ranking where the lower status group consumes almost exclusively coarse goods such as Rambo films while the upper status group consumes almost exclusively refined goods such as Shakespearean plays. The Stratification-of-Goods is an enigma for the social welfare function (SWF)—which also applies at the level of the individual utility function. It is an enigma because it makes SWF and individual utility function ill-defined: there is no single metric that allows us to compare the utility functions across groups, as well as the tastes across a single decision maker (DM), insofar as they are segregated by the refinement of taste. This paper proposes a model that promises to solve the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma. The model, consistent with rational choice theory, starts with DMs who have identical tastes but differ with respect to income level. If income inequality is non-trivial, DMs invest differently in what this paper calls "sophistication capital"—the education needed to appreciate refined goods. The difference in investment in sophistication capital sets in motion dynamics that generates hard-to-reverse status stratification. In this fashion, this paper offers a solid endogenous account that solves the Stratification-of-Goods Enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the prevalence of counterfeit fashion goods in a West African country within the context of crime, focusing on the perspectives of producers, distributors, and consumers. Drawing on rational choice theory, the research aims to understand the awareness, motivations and decision-making processes behind the production, distribution, and consumption of counterfeit fashion items in Ghana. A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilizing snowball sampling to gather data from eight producers, eight distributors, and 25 consumers of counterfeit fashion goods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore participants’ awareness, perceptions, rational decisions and behaviors regarding counterfeit fashion goods. The findings underscore the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and public education initiatives to combat the proliferation of counterfeit fashion goods in Ghana, West Africa. Recommendations include implementing stricter laws and enforcement mechanisms, enhancing consumer awareness about the risks associated with counterfeit products, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders to address this complex issue effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is steadily mounting that attribute-based models offer a more accurate description of intertemporal choices than traditional alternative-based models. Among the attribute-based models, the tradeoff model offers the broadest coverage of research findings, but at the cost of considerable complexity: There now are various instantiations of the model dealing with partially overlapping universes of choice options and preference patterns. Moreover, there are reports of preference patterns in intertemporal decisions about monetary losses that contradict all attribute-based models proposed so far. Taking stock of these core challenges, and all other evidence, we develop an account of intertemporal choice, the unified tradeoff model, that is simpler, yet more comprehensive, than all currently available versions of the tradeoff model taken together. It borrows extensively from its predecessors, but it introduces a new element, time bias, that enables it to accommodate an extraordinarily broad range of preference patterns, and also generate new predictions that contradict all existing models of intertemporal choice. We report four studies that test and confirm its predictions regarding delay, interval, sign, and magnitude dependence in choices between single-dated outcomes, and a fifth study that tests and confirms its predictions regarding the relation between delay preference in choices that only involve single-dated payments and duration preference in choices that also involve sequences of payments. Having subjected the unified tradeoff model to an elevated risk of disconfirmation, we discuss its parsimony and scope in relation to yet other phenomena, most notably, preference patterns in consumption decisions, the final frontier for attribute-based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the potential of large language models to mimic human survey respondents and to derive their preferences. We explore the viability of large language models (LLMs), specifically OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, in emulating human survey respondents and eliciting preferences, with a focus on intertemporal choices. Leveraging the extensive literature on intertemporal discounting for benchmarking, we examine responses from LLMs across various languages and compare them with human responses, exploring preferences between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. Our findings reveal that both generative pretrained transformer (GPT) models demonstrate less patience than humans, with GPT-3.5 exhibiting a lexicographic preference for earlier rewards unlike human decision makers. Although GPT-4 does not display lexicographic preferences, its measured discount rates are still considerably larger than those found in humans. Interestingly, GPT models show greater patience in languages with weak future tense references, such as German and Mandarin, aligning with the existing literature that suggests a correlation between language structure and intertemporal preferences. We demonstrate how prompting GPT to explain its decisions, a procedure we term "chain-of-thought conjoint," can mitigate, but does not eliminate, discrepancies between LLM and human responses. Although directly eliciting preferences using LLMs may yield misleading results, combining chain-of-thought conjoint with topic modeling aids in hypothesis generation, enabling researchers to explore the underpinnings of preferences. Chain-of-thought conjoint provides a structured framework for marketers to use LLMs to identify potential attributes or factors that can explain preference heterogeneity across different customers and contexts. History: Olivier Toubia served as the senior editor. This paper was accepted through the Marketing Science: Frontiers review process. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2023.0306. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the collateral channel for entrepreneurs, a positive housing demand shock in Liu et al. [(2013) Econometrica 81, 1147–1184.] increases land prices and business investment, but consumption decreases on impact and there is thus a comovement problem. This paper improves Liu et al. [(2013) Econometrica 81, 1147–1184.] by adding general household preferences with broader intratemporal and intertemporal substitutions Bayesian estimation of our structural model based on aggregate US data suggests that the intratemporal substitution is larger than unity and the intertemporal substitution is smaller than unity. Our impulse responses show that a positive housing demand shock increases land prices, business investment, and consumption, which resolves the comovement problem. Moreover, the strength of the collateral channel linking land prices and business investment in our Bayesian DSGE model is larger than that in Liu et al. [(2013) Econometrica 81, 1147–1184.]. Housing demand shocks explain 39−43% of the variance of output and 41−47% of the variance of investment in our model, but the same shocks explain only 17−31% of the variance of output and 30−41% of the variance of investment in Liu et al. [(2013) Econometrica 81, 1147–1184.]. Variance decomposition reveals that housing demand shocks account for a larger share of the fluctuations in land prices, investment, employment, and output than other shocks. Using the marginal data density as the measure of fit for models, we find that our model can better explain the same US aggregate data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminological rational choice theory is blighted by tautology—that if a crime occurs, then by definition the benefits must exceed the costs. The current analysis details the nature of this tautology as well as its theoretical and philosophical implications concerning the circumstances under which offenders make rational (thoughtful and reflective) or irrational (habitual, intuitive, or instinctual) choices. In short, rational choice theorists appear to side-step the problems presented by this tautology by attempting to coerce observations and theorizing to conform with assumptions about cost–benefit rationality. This essay concludes by setting forth an agenda for the continued empirical investigation of the rational choice perspective—one where the perceived cost/benefit analysis itself for criminal behavior is treated as the outcome of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intertemporal choices (i.e., the choice between a sooner available but smaller reward and a later available but larger reward) were initially thought to reflect stable preferences for immediate or delayed rewards. However, recently, it has been shown that intertemporal choices are influenced by factors such as context variables and attentional processes. Here, we investigate if another factor, the choice repetition bias, affects decision making and attentional processes in intertemporal choice. The choice repetition bias is characterized by the tendency to repeat previous choices and to be slower when switching to an alternative choice. In a series of two experiments (including a preregistered, eye‐tracking study), we find that the choice repetition bias exists in intertemporal choice. We also find tentative support for an early attentional bias towards the favored attribute dimension of the previous choice; however, this effect disappears when taking the whole decision process into account. This finding raises interesting questions about the cognitive processes underlying the choice repetition bias. In addition, we successfully replicate other attentional effects from the intertemporal choice literature (e.g., more fixations on monetary dimension, gaze cascade effect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of religiosity and Islamic financial literacy on Muslims' financial behavior and well-being. Additionally, it investigates the impact of sociodemographic variables on the centrality of religiosity, financial literacy, financial management behavior, and the well-being of Muslim consumers. This research integrates perspectives from Rational Choice Theory, the Rational Choice Theory of Religion, and Behavioral Finance to illuminate the mechanisms behind these relationships. Data were collected through a non-probability sampling method from 1141 Muslim individuals aged between 18 and 65 living in Indonesia. The results indicate that the centrality of religion in the lives of Muslim consumers and Islamic financial literacy significantly affects their financial management behavior and financial well-being. However, the empirical evidence suggests a more substantial effect of Islamic financial literacy than religiosity on both dependent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing health care systems is important for several reasons. E.g. lower-resource health care systems can learn from higher-resource ones, and country-specific progress can be made. Previous rankings of health care systems have been based on objective factors such as the number of available hospital beds or health care spending. An index is considered here that includes a subjective level that is intended to represent access to the health care system. Therefore, this study investigates the divergence between subjective and objective indices related to health care expenditure, with a focus on the influence of involuntary and voluntary payments. Utilizing the Rational Choice Theory as a framework, it explores how individual preferences and perceived benefits affect these indices. The analysis reveals that social insurance contributions, which are mandatory and beyond individual control, are evaluated differently in subjective indices compared to objective indices. This discrepancy is less pronounced for voluntary expenditures, where individuals have decision-making power. The findings highlight significant variations in the correlations between macroeconomic health care indicators and the indices, emphasizing the critical role of autonomy in financial decisions related to health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY\nKEY FINDINGS\nIMPLICATIONSThe study investigates the influence of financial rewards and penalties on individuals’ intentions to report tax evasion. The research, involving 402 respondents in Ghana’s Accra Metropolitan District, uses regression analyses and statistical mediation to analyze cross-sectional survey data. Ghana’s Whistleblower Act of 2006 and the Revenue Administration Act of 2016 establish penalties for tax offenses and mechanisms to encourage truthful reporting. While the Act provides protections for whistleblowers, it faces hurdles such as a lack of confidence and cultural reluctance. The findings show that financial rewards have a limited impact on whistleblowing and tax evasion intentions, while penalties have a significant influence. This supports the deterrence theory of punishment, suggesting that individuals are deterred from engaging in illegal behavior when threatened with punishment. The study also highlights the role of financial rewards in shaping whistleblowing intention but suggests a combination of financial rewards and enforceable penalties to encourage whistleblowing and discourage tax evasion. The findings suggest integrating a model incorporating financial reward and penalties into tax laws, making it mandatory for individuals to report tax evasion, with failure resulting in punishment. This model could serve as a deterrent to individuals who would otherwise not report tax evasion activities.The study examines the effects of financial incentives and penalties and how they affect people’s intentions to report tax cheaters to the tax authorities (particularly in cases of close relationships) in a developing nation where the government is currently facing financial difficulties following the COVID-19 pandemic.Financial rewards alone do not significantly influence whistleblowers’ decisions to report tax cheaters.Penalties play a crucial role in deterring tax evasion, supporting the deterrence theory that suggests people are less likely to engage in illegal activities when faced with potential punishment.Financial rewards do impact whistleblowing intentions, aligning with rational choice theory, but they do not influence tax evasion intentions.Financial rewards alone do not significantly influence whistleblowers’ decisions to report tax cheaters.Penalties play a crucial role in deterring tax evasion, supporting the deterrence theory that suggests people are less likely to engage in illegal activities when faced with potential punishment.Financial rewards do impact whistleblowing intentions, aligning with rational choice theory, but they do not influence tax evasion intentions.The findings mostly support the theory that harsher punishments deter people from evading taxes but do not fully align with the theory that individuals weigh the potential benefits of tax evasion through financial reward.Researchers suggest a strategy involving financial rewards and penalties to incentivize and discourage tax evasion, with mandatory reporting and punishment for non-compliance.Punishing individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters could serve as a strong deterrent to existing and potential tax evaders.The question that must be answered by future studies is how legally enforceable a system that punishes innocent individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters, especially if they are close associates and in highly polarized political environments.The findings mostly support the theory that harsher punishments deter people from evading taxes but do not fully align with the theory that individuals weigh the potential benefits of tax evasion through financial reward.Researchers suggest a strategy involving financial rewards and penalties to incentivize and discourage tax evasion, with mandatory reporting and punishment for non-compliance.Punishing individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters could serve as a strong deterrent to existing and potential tax evaders.The question that must be answered by future studies is how legally enforceable a system that punishes innocent individuals who knowingly or deliberately fail to report tax cheaters, especially if they are close associates and in highly polarized political environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the value in taking a multi‐temporal perspective to the literature on underdogs and favorites in competitive contexts. We contend that an inherent feature of the psychological experience of being an underdog or favorite is the coexistence of thoughts related to the past and future. Building upon this key insight, we adopt a multi‐temporal lens to compare current research on underdogs and favorites to the broader literature studying competition and motivation in intergroup contexts, with the goal of identifying possible areas of coherence and contradiction in relation to other relevant theoretical frameworks. Through this analysis, we put forth a set of what we hope are thought‐provoking research questions that are intended to guide and inspire future work in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book review explores the criticisms of economics as a science and profession. It highlights the limitations of economic theory and the sociological aspects of the profession, including economists' failure to predict economic events and their alleged bias towards unbridled capitalism. The book "How Economics Can Save the World" by Erik Angner defends economics as a useful science by presenting economic solutions to social problems. The author acknowledges the limitations of economic models and emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and alternative perspectives. The article suggests that more humility, diverse perspectives, and interdisciplinary engagement would improve the reputation of economics. The book is recommended as a valuable resource for social and human scientists. [Extracted from the article]

In this article, we argue, following the interpretive approach, that parliamentarians' beliefs, and the intellectual traditions on which they draw matter. Parliamentary behaviour and legislative practice is the contingent product of the historically discernible beliefs, values, and assumptions of legislators and officials. We argue more particularly that decentred theory can explain change, including transformational phenomena such as Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite much fine legislative studies scholarship (dominated by institutionalism, rational choice theory, and historical institutionalist narratives), the importance of beliefs, traditions, and change can often be overlooked or taken for granted. The time is ripe for scholars to embrace an interpretive approach and decentred theory as fruitful agendas of research in the field of legislative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on the impact of cognitive load on time preference has led to conflicting results. However, these studies either failed to consider response randomness while analyzing behavioral data or involved a defective control level for a clear conclusion regarding the impacts of cognitive load. With two experiments using an adaptive approach to generating appropriate individual-specific stimuli and an additional, preregistered partial replication study, the current research provided consistent evidence that imposing cognitive load with a 2-back auditory memory task would produce simultaneously more patient and more random intertemporal choices. The finding of changed time preference was at odds with the dual-process account thereof but provided clear support for the role of reduced time sensitivity in intertemporal choices under cognitive load. Results of relevant model comparison did not support an account built upon more usage of heuristic strategies under cognitive load, either. Future research could examine boundary conditions for the dual-process and time-sensitivity accounts of time preference such as task features and individual characteristics that moderate the impact of cognitive load on time preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore whether the desire to achieve psychological closure on a goal creates impatience. If so, people should choose an earlier (vs. later) option, even when it does not deliver a reward. For example, they may prefer to pay money or complete work earlier rather than later. A choice to incur earlier costs seems to violate the preference for positive discounting (indeed, it may appear like negative time discounting), unless people value earlier goal closure. Across seven studies, we consistently find that people preferred to pay more money sooner over less money later (Study 1) and complete more work sooner over less work later (Studies 2–5) more when they had a stronger desire for goal closure, such as when the sooner option allowed them to achieve goal closure and when the goal would otherwise linger on their minds (compared to when it would not). The implications of goal closure extend to impatience for gains (Studies 6–7), as people preferred less money sooner (vs. more later) when it allowed them to achieve goal closure. These findings suggest that the desire to achieve goal closure is an important aspect of time preferences. Taking this desire into account can explain marketplace anomalies and inform interventions to reduce impatience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article titled "Editorial Note" explores the dilemma that arises when seemingly insignificant individual acts collectively lead to significant outcomes. It discusses the lack of crossover between ethics and rational choice in addressing this dilemma. The special issue contains various articles that independently explore intrapersonal and interpersonal dilemmas, as well as their intersections and implications. The authors present different perspectives and solutions, including the analysis of poor self-control, the attribution problem, and the modeling of hard choices. The text also includes an interview with Chrisoula Andreou, who shares her views on these dilemmas. The authors hope that this collection of contributions will stimulate further discussion on these topics. [Extracted from the article]

This article is an interview with philosopher Chrisoula Andreou, discussing her work on decision-making problems and their implications for individuals and society. Andreou explores the relationship between intrapersonal and interpersonal choice problems, drawing inspiration from the work of George Ainslie. She focuses on intrapersonal choice problems in her recent book, but believes that her analyses are also relevant in interpersonal contexts. Andreou's work has practical applications, such as providing action guidance to individuals and informing policy-making decisions. She emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research and the role of philosophers in society. Andreou's solution to temptation problems involves different types of appraisal responses, which distinguishes her work from other philosophers' solutions. She also discusses her research on paternalism and incommensurable alternatives. Ruth Chang refers to Andreou's work on parity, but Andreou believes that her position is not reducible to the standard value relations. Andreou advises PhD students to consider practical questions and to be open to different career paths in philosophy. She believes that a love for philosophical reflection, curiosity, patience, persistence, and resilience are essential qualities for success in philosophy and academia. Andreou also discusses the challenges and opportunities she would face if she were to redo her PhD now. Overall, her work has evolved over time, but the common thread has been a focus on rationality, irrationality, and choice situations that raise challenges for effective decision-making. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a response to criticisms raised by Kian Mintz-Woo regarding carbon offsets. The author disagrees with Mintz-Woo's arguments and focuses on three main areas of disagreement: factual claims about offsets, justice in determining baseline actions, and individual moral responsibility in addressing climate change. The author defends the use of carbon offsets and emphasizes the need for further research on effective individual actions. The article also provides a list of academic publications by Luke Elson, an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading, whose research interests include rational choice theory and ethics. [Extracted from the article]

We study the emergence of new forms of law violations in Latin America during the coronavirus pandemic. Based on data from online news articles, we construct a typology of "new" crimes: (1) hate or fear crimes against health workers and hospitals; (2) illegal denials of public mobility out of fear of infection; (3) looting and other traditional crimes justified by the pandemic; and (4) violations of pandemic regulations. Studies of crime during the pandemic have focused on traditional crime and have been based on rational choice theory and a routine activities approach. We argue that in order to understand the recent crime trends in Latin America, these must be accompanied by other theories of crime, together with a better understanding of the role of the State. Our typology can be a starting point for discussions and further research on the complex relationship between criminal behavior and policy responses in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various scholars have confirmed that teacher safety against learner victimization is a growing concern worldwide, and this problem is exacerbated by a lack of understanding and readiness to implement policies to address this matter. In this regard, policy implementation by middle leaders (MLs) in creating safe school environments has attracted much less interest as a possible way of addressing issues of teacher safety and the prevention of learner victimization. MLs are regarded as individuals who have the potential to lead, plan, inspire and persuade, and in so doing, they are in an ideal position to translate policy into practice. As such, this paper provides a qualitative policy document analysis of The National School Safety Framework (NSSF) premised on the theory that every individual in the school experiences safety in dissimilar ways and has unique safety needs. The NSSF is endorsed by the Department of Basic Education to guide in addressing issues of violence and safety in South African schools. Underpinned by the rational choice theory and utilizing policy document analysis, texts in the NSSF were analysed and interpreted to propose transformative policy strategies that can assist MLs in managing teachers' safety at schools more effectively. The findings suggest that administrative duties and a lack of time make it difficult for MLs to create a safe and supportive learning environment in schools. Another finding was that there is no clear plan outlined in the NSSF to guide MLs to pursue teacher safety against learner victimization in schools. To assist MLs, this paper proposes transformative policy strategies that can assist them in promoting teacher safety and preventing learner victimization in schools. The paper recommends that more explicit interpretation and implementation strategies be communicated with schools to assist them in fighting the war against violence in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]