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In Costa Rica, the Red Cross provides most pre-hospital emergency care and transport. Very few studies have investigated extra-hospital emergency care in Costa Rica so this study aimed to fill this gap through interviews with community members, surveys of Red Cross workers and volunteers, and observations of the daily functioning of the Red Cross Committee in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Over the course of 7 weeks of observation at the Red Cross office of San Ramón, 136 interviews and surveys were collected. The study found a well-equipped organization that provides many emergency and nonemergency services for the community. People, mostly over 45 years old, interviewed at the Red Cross were more likely to believe that the community uses the Red Cross's services rationally than people interviewed at other locations. Community members and Red Cross workers strongly differed in whether or not the community uses the services appropriately; community members felt that they did, while Red Cross workers felt that the usage was often inappropriate and for non-emergency cases, which would be better suited to a clinic. Educating the public about appropriate use of Red Cross services would save money and resources for true emergencies. Resumen: En Costa Rica, la Cruz Roja provee la mayoría de la atención pre-hospitalaria de emergencias. Muy pocos estudios han investigado el cuidado de emergencias extra hospitalarias en Costa Rica y por eso la meta de este estudio es llenar este espacio al entrevistar a los miembros de la comunidad, hacer encuestas a los trabajadores y voluntarios de la Cruz Roja, y observar el trabajo diario del Comité de la Cruz Roja en San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Se hizo 136 entrevistas y encuestas y se observó durante siete semanas el funcionamiento de la Cruz Roja de este lugar. Se encontró un Comité con bastantes recursos que provee muchos servicios para la comunidad. Miembros de la comunidad, la mayoría de más de 45 años y quienes fueron entrevistados en la Cruz Roja, creyeron que la comunidad usa los servicios de la Cruz Roja más racionalmente que la gente de otras zonas aledañas. La comunidad siente que sí se hace uso racional de los servicios, pero los trabajadores de la Cruz Roja opinan que el uso de los servicios por parte de la comunidad muchas veces no es racional y en casos que no son emergencias y que deben ser tratados en una clínica. A modo de recomendación, se podría brindar educación sobre los tipos de casos que requieren los servicios de la Cruz Roja para que el uso sea más racional, y se ahorran monetarios, de equipo, y de personal para emergencias verdaderas.

WOS: 000441974700002, Recent financial crisis indicates that financial world is becoming more complicated and risky, thus proves the importance of economic literacy. While individual decisions of consumers do have an impact on their personal lives, they also have an impact on macro economies in aggregate level. The best example of this is the mortgage crisis of the United States in 2008. Credit card is an important payment instrument; however, it is clear that irrational use of credit cards may create harmful damage in the economy. By employing a multiple regression analysis on data set gathered from a questionnaire, this study empirically tests the economic literacy by measuring rational credit card usage among students at Tavsanli Vocational College of Dumlupinar University. The results reveal that individuals with relatively higher degree of economic literacy are expected to be more rational and conscious about financial decision making.

Son ekonomik krizler günümüz finans dünyasının daha karmaşık ve riskli hale geldiğini gösterirken, ekonomi okuryazarlığının da önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Tüketicilerin ekonomik kararlarındaki bireysel hataları kendilerini etkilediği gibi toplamda makro ekonomiyi de etkilemektedir. Bunun en iyi örneği Amerika’daki 2008 mortgage krizidir. Kredi kartı önemli bir ödeme aracı olup, bilinçsiz kullanımı ülke ekonomisine zarar verme riskini de taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ekonomi okuryazarlığı kredi kartı kullanımı üzerinden ampirik olarak test edilmektedir. Çalışma örneklemini oluşturan Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Tavşanlı Meslek Yüksekokulu’nda kredi kartı kullanan öğrenciler üzerinde yürütülen anketten elde edilen veriler çoklu regresyon analizi yöntemi ile test edilmektedir. Analiz sonuçları ekonomi okuryazarlığı düzeyi nispi olarak yüksek olan bireylerin, ekonomik karar almakta daha rasyonel ve bilinçli olacağına işaret etmektedir., Recent financial crisis indicates that f inancial world is becoming more complicated and risky, thus proves the importance of economic literacy. While individual decisions of consumers do have an impact on their personal lives, they also have an impact on macro economies in aggregate level. The best example of this is the mortgage crisis of the United States in 2008. Credit card is an important payment instrument; however, it is clear that irrational use of credit cards may create harmf ul damage in the economy. By employing a multiple regression analysis on data set gathered f rom a questionnaire, this study empirically tests the economic literacy by measuring rational credit card usage among students at Tavsanli Vocational College of Dumlupinar University. The results reveal that individuals with relatively higher degree of economic literacy are expected to be more rational and conscious about f inancial decision making.

З’ясовано геохімічні особливості донних відкладів озер Волинської області. Дано кількісну оцінку та проаналізовано перспективи використання донних відкладів водойм у різних галузях господарства. Схарактеризовано основні напрями використання сапропелевих ресурсів залежно від їх типів.Elucidated the geochemical characteristics of bottom sediments of lakes Volyn region This quantitative assessment and analysis of the usage of bottom sediments of water bodies in Volyn. The main directions of sediments resources depending on their types.

У статті досліджено сучасні проблеми раціонального використання питної води в містах. Проаналізовано цілі та напрями розв’язання еколого-економічних проблем водного господарства міста. Розглянута комплексна система економічних інструментів стимулювання раціонального використання наявних ресурсів питної води. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29747 В статье исследованы насущные проблемы рационального использования питьевой воды. Проанализированы цели и направления решения эколого-экономических проблем водного хозяйства города. Рассмотрена комплексная система экономических инструментов стимулирования рационального использования имеющихся ресурсов питьевой воды. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29747 The article focuses on the modern problems of sustainable use of drinking water in towns. Aims and directions of solution of ecological and economic problems of water economy are analyzed. The complex system of economical instruments of the stimulation of present resources of drinking water is considered. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29747

Bu çalışmanın temel konusu, günümüzde yaygın kullanım alanı bulan bir tüketici finansman aracı olan kredi kartlarıdır. Çalışmada kredi kartları, çeşitli yönleriyle detaylı bir şekilde ele alınıp, kredi kartının Dünya’daki ve Türkiye’deki kullanım durumu kronolojik olarak incelenerek; kredi kartı sistemi, sisteme katılan taraflar, sistemin işleyişi, taraflar açısından olumlu olumsuz etkileri ve kredi kartı benzeri bazı tüketici finansman araçlarına değinilmiştir. Kredi kartları bilinçsizce kullanıldığında, tüketicileri gelirinin üzerinde borçlandırarak yaşam standardını olumsuz yönde etkileyecek problemlere yol açabilmektedir. Bu nedenle tüketicileri kredi kartı kullanımının maliyetleri hakkında bilgilendirmeye yönelik çalışmaların önemi artmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada öncelikle Türkiye'de kartlı ödeme sisteminin durumu ve konunun önemine dikkat çekebilecek sorunlara kısaca yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra kredi kartının rasyonel kullanımı konusu, kişilerin kredi kartı kullanımında aşırı borca girilmemesi için dikkat edilmesi gereken sorumlulukları yerine getirme sıklığı bakımından ele alınmış ve bu davranışa etki edebilecek faktörler araştırılmıştır. Bu faktörler, kredi kartına duyulan güven, harcama alışkanlıkları, bilgilendirici bankacılık hizmeti algısı, para ile ilgili tutum ve demografik özelliklerden oluşmaktadır. Bu amaçla Bilecik ili merkez ilçesinde yapılan anket uygulaması sonrasında elde edilen analiz sonuçları, ortaya konulan hipotezleri destekler niteliktedir. The main subject of this study, a consumer finance instrument that finds commonly usage area today, is credit cards. In this study, credit cards are investigated in detail by examining various aspects of the credit card in the world and Turkey's status over the years. Then, credit card system, the concerned parties in the system, operation of the system, positive and negative effects of credit card system to related parties and some consumer finance applications related to credit cards were examined. Credit cards are important tools to simplify shopping without cash but when used unconsciously, they may burden with debt consumers and could adversely affect the standard of living. Therefore, the studies which aimed to raise the consumer awareness about the cost of credit cards usage has been rising in importance. In this context, for draw attention to importance of the issue, in this study at first status and problems of the card payment system in Turkey are examined briefly. Then rational use of credit card is examined from the point of the view that the fulfillment frequency of card holder's responsibilities for not get in to excessive debt and to take into consideration the rational usage of credit cards different factors that may affect the rationality are studied. These factors consist of confidence to the credit cards, spending habits, perception about the informative banking services for credit cards, money attitude and demographic characteristics. For this purpose, the data obtained with credit card usage survey conducted in Bilecik were analyzed and the analyze results show that rational usage is substantially influenced from these factors and the assumptions of the study are reasonable.

Žinome, kad Lietuva didelių vandens išteklių neturi.Todėl racionalus jų naudojimas, kai nedaroma žala gamtai, arba ji visiškai nereikšminga, – kiekvieno hidroenergetiko rūpestis. Neišnagrinėjus visų, su tuo susijusių reiškinių, klaidingai apskaičiavus ir įvertrinus sukauptus duomenis mažose hidroelektrinėse, ne tik bus neefektyvus vandens panaudojimas, bet ir gali būti katastrofinės pasekmės, galinčios neigiamai paveikti gamtinę aplinką. Esami šalies vandens ištekliai – brangus mūsų turtas, todėl reikia stengtis, kad hidroenergetikoje panaudotas kiekvienas kubinis metras vandens, atneštų kuo didesnę naudą visuomenei. Trijose mažosiose Lietuvos hidroelektrinėse: Aukštadvario, Sukončių ir Pabradės buvo atliekami tyrimai, kiek vandens sunaudoja kiekviena elektrinė atskirai, kokia pratekančio vandens energija, esant skirtingiems patvankų aukščiams, bei kaupiami duomenys, kiek kiekviena elektrinė pagamina elektros energijos (kW). Pradėjus sisteminti elektrinėse sukauptus duomenis, buvo sudaryta pro turbinas pratekančio vandens ir išgaunamos elektros energijos kiekio (kW) skaičiavimo metodika. Iš gautų duomenų išvedamos hidroelektrinių efektyvumo kreivės, kurios palyginamos su kitų gamintojų hidroagregatų efektyvumo duomenimis. Prasminiai žodžiai: racionalus naudojimas, naudingumo koeficientas, efektyvumas. The problem considered in this paper is that there aren’t many natural water resources in Lithuania. That’s why, rational consumption of water with any or very insignificant harm to the nature done, is a matter of great concern of every hydroenergetic. All matters should be taken into consideration. However, without bearing in mind all the concerning matters, having incorrect technical data or its incorrect evaluation may lead to ineffective usage of water resources in little water-power stations and even catastrophic consequences, that may affect natural environment. Available water resources are precious. So, it is important to strive to use every cubic metre of water in hydroenergetics to be of the greatest benefit for the society. Three small hydropower plants in Aukstadvaris, Sukonciai and Pabrade were tested for amount of water consumption and for flowing water energy with different water head. Also there was collected data about produced electrical energy in every water- power station (kWh). After having organized all the data, was worked out technique how to count amount of water flowing through turbines and also amount of electricity (kWh) generated by those turbines. The facts make the output graphs that are compared with other producers aggregates’ data of efficiency. Keywords: rational usage, coefficient of efficiency, efficiency.