Search

Obruta collector sp. nov. Figures 23 & 24 Material examined. Holotype: CASIZ236660 / IZC00048466, La Jolla Cove, San Diego (32.85227, -117.27239), 10–16 m, 8/14/20. Paratypes: Goalpost Reef, San Diego (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20; IZC00048464, Isla Vista Reef, Santa Barbara (34.40278 -119.85755), 9–12 m, 8/1/19; IZC00048462, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 6/14/19; SBMNH700907, Arroyo Quemado Reef, Santa Barbara (34.46775, -120.11905), 7–11 m, 7/29/19; IZC00048465, Whaler's Cove, Point Lobos, Carmel (36.52172, - 121.93894), 6–15 m, 11/23/19; SBMNH700924, Otter Cove, Pacific Grove (36.62920, -121.92031), 7–12 m, 11/24/19; IZC00048463, Inner Carmel Pinnacle (36.55852, -121.96820), 10–24 m, 9/22/21; SBMNH700915, Goalpost, San Diego, (32.69438, -117.26860), 12–15 m, 2/8/20. Etymology. "Debris collector," because the long protruding spicules tend to collect copious detritus in the habitats where it is found. Morphology. A thickly encrusting sponge with upright lobes. Samples 3 mm to 2 cm thick; incompletely sampled individuals likely exceeded 4 cm in height. Color in life apricot (light yellow-orange); some samples variegated with peach and white; all samples beige when preserved. Surface is thick with protruding spicules, giving the sponge a furry appearance, often with sediment and debris ensnared on hispid surface. Skeleton. Upright, slightly plumose bundles of oxeas, 5–10 spicules wide, project towards sponge surface, where they pierce the tissue and create a hispid surface. Many spicules also found outside of bundles; near sponge surface, these are mostly upright, adding to a generally plumose impression; near the sponge base, oxeas are found in utter confusion. Some megascleres found horizontally where sponge attaches to substrate; a minority of these have multiple bends resulting in a U or S shape and could be dubbed sinuous. No ectosomal specialization. No apparent spongin; spicules are unbound after proteinase K digestion. Spicule density is high; sponges are firm and incompressible. Spicules. Oxeas, styles, and intermediates; sinuous oxeas. Oxeas: slightly curved or straight; majority with sharp points at both ends, but minority have asymmetrical points, with one tip blunt or rounded; some of these approach styles. Holotype: 502–750-1208 x 5–14–31 μm (n=80). Dimensions vary greatly within and among samples. Average length was significantly associated with latitude (r 2 = 0.6, p = 0.02), but width was not (r 2 = 0.4, p = 0.08). Average lengths: San Diego samples = 750 and 747 μm; Santa Barbara samples = 743, 796, and 878 μm; Monterey samples = 932, 1138, and 1439 μm. All samples pooled: 477–948–2155 x 3–15–31 μm (n=360). Styles: shaped like oxeas, but with one untapered, rounded end; less common than oxeas in all samples, with frequencies of approximately 1%–15%, depending on sample. Shorter than oxeas in all samples, with average lengths 75%–85% as long. Holotype: 521–612–729 x 8–12–15 μm (n=5); all samples pooled: 486–717–1321 x 5–12–23 μm (n=38). Sinuous oxeas: oxeas with multiple bends and curves such that they are sinuous or U-shaped; some are only slightly sinuous and hard to differentiate from normal oxeas. Found in 5 of 8 samples. Holotype: 371–504–630 x 7–11–16 μm (n=12); all samples pooled: 231–510–1692 x 7–11–18 μm (n=43). Distribution and habitat. Found on shallow subtidal reefs in Central and Southern California; not found in the intertidal or on human structures. Fairly common around Monterey and Carmel Bays, where it was found at 50% of subtidal reefs investigated. Less common in Southern California, where it was found at only 7% of subtidal reefs. Remarks. Obruta collector sp. nov. is confidently placed in this nominal Bubarida clade at both loci, forming a subclade with Phakellia ventilabrum, type of its genus, and Axinellia cannabina (considered by some authors to be an Acanthella (Gazave et al. 2010)). The close evolutionary relationship of these three species highlights how difficult it will be to revise this order based on traditional characters. The two previously described species possess an axial skeleton of sinuous strongyles complemented by styles, and the new species possesses mostly oxeas. Phakellia ventilabrum is upright and fan-shaped, Axinella cannabina is branching and tubular, and Obruta collector sp. nov. is thickly encrusting and lobed. The high spicule density, hispid surface, and basal skeleton of sinuous diactines of O. collector sp. nov. are consistent with placement in the Bubaridae, and not consistent with the other bubarid families (Dictyonellidae and Desmanthidae). However, none of the existing genera placed within the Bubaridae, nor other genera that may be included in the Bubarida after revision, are a good fit for O. collector sp. nov. The close relationship of this new species to the type species of Phakellia is intriguing, but that genus is currently defined by its planer habit, multiple axes of sinuous strongyles, and styles, none of which are possessed by O. collector sp. nov. The genus Bubaris is more similar to the new species, as it is encrusting with sinuous diactines along the substrate. However, Bubaris is defined by having sinuous strongyles and styles, a thinly encrusting habit, and a skeleton of single styles erect on the substrate. Though some species currently placed in this genus have other growth forms (e.g., B. sarayi Ilan e t al. 1994, B. conulosa Vacelet & Vasseur 1971), they all possess only sinuous strongyles and styles. As O. collector sp. nov. possesses primarily oxeas and is thickly encrusting, we deem it necessary to create a new genus to house this species. The presence of sinuous diactines and lack of an ectosomal skeleton are morphological characters that unite this species with most other members of the Bubarida and other species that will likely be revised into the genus based on the phylogenies shown. Obruta collector sp. nov. can be easily differentiated from other named species, as evidenced by the need to create a new genus to house it. Due to the ill-defined boundaries of some genera of Bubarida, Axinella, and Halichondriidae, however, it is worth listing the similarities and differences of species from several other genera that occur in the North East Pacific. The only previous Bubarida known from the region is Rhaphoxya laubenfelsi Dickinson, 1945 from Pacific Mexico. This species is differentiated by being ramose and branching, possessing sharply bent styles, and being green after preservation. Two Axinyssa are known from the northeast Pacific, and some members of this genus have genetic affinities to the Bubarida. Axinyssa tuscara (Ristau, 1978) is sympatric with O. collector sp. nov., but is dark brown with smaller oxeas. Another species from Pacific Mexico, Axinyssa isabela Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2008, has similar spicules and a somewhat similar skeleton to O. collector sp. nov., but is yellow, sprawling, and is not macroscopically hispid. Young or small individuals of this species may be difficult to identify in the field, but larger individuals have a distinctive combination of growth form, color, and very hispid surface. All individuals of this form were correctly identified to species before verification with spicules and DNA sequencing, and no other samples were erroneously assigned to this species, so tentative field identifications are likely to be fairly reliable with experienced observers. Individuals from this species from Southern California were the focus of recent research on terpene biosynthesis in sponges (Wilson et al. 2023).

Endectyon (Endectyon) hyle (de Laubenfels, 1930) Figure 1F., Published as part of Turner, Thomas L. & Lonhart, Steve I., 2023, The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area, pp. 151-194 in Zootaxa 5318 (2) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8162357, {"references":["de Laubenfels, M. W. (1930) The Sponges of California. Stanford University Bulletin, 5, 24 - 29."]}

Obruta gen. nov. Type species. Obruta collector sp. nov. Diagnosis. Bubaridae with oxeas as primary spicules, thickly encrusting growth habit, and very hispid surface. Slightly sinuous oxeas found near the sponge base, mixed in confusion with non-sinuous oxeas; ill-defined tracts of non-sinuous oxeas rise vertically from this base. Etymology. Named for the copious debris often trapped by the long protruding spicules. From the latin obruta, meaning debris.

Turner, Thomas L., Lonhart, Steve I. (2023): The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area. Zootaxa 5318 (2): 151-194, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1

Until now, 127 species of marine sponges have been recorded in the southern Gulf of Mexico (SGoM). In this study, we describe the sponge fauna recorded on 16 coral reefs of the SGoM, defined as the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), during a period from 2005 to 2019. We report 80 sponge species, including 34 first geographic records for the southern GoM region. The latter are fully described and illustrated, taking into account 24 that represent new records for the GoM: Agelas conifera, Agelas sventres, Agelas wiedenmayeri, Prosuberites carriebowensis, Desmanthus meandroides, Cliona aprica, Cliona dioryssa, Placospongia ruetzleri, Haliclona (Gellius) megasclera, Haliclona (Reniera) aff. portroyalensis, Neopetrosia proxima, Xestospongia arenosa, Calyx podatypa, Shiphonodictyon xamaycaense, Acarnus innominatus, Iotrochota arenosa, Polymastia tenax, Svenzea cristinae, Svenzea flava, Svenzea tubulosa, Svenzea zeai, Timea stenosclera, Stellettinopsis megastylifera, Suberea flavolivescens. The present work highlights the understimated and remarkable diversity of reef-associated sponges within the Campeche Bank Coral reef systems. Present work data was compiled with existing published information to produce an updated list of 161 known sponges in the southern GoM.

Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 9A–E, 16H–I Synonymy and references: Amphimedon ferox Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 81); Hymeniacidon amphilecta: de Laubenfels (1936: 137); Ectyoplasia ferox: Gómez (2007: 59), Hajdu et al. (2011: 140), Rützler et al. (2009: 299), Muricy et al. (2011: 149), and Rützler et al. (2014: 63); Ectyoplasia ferox surgens, see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 149). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-2186, CNPGG-2187, Cayo Arcas reef (20.21208°N, - 91.96083°W), 2.8–3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 18 August 2018; CNPGG-2200, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19566°N, - 91.95997°W), 5.9 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 20 August 2018; CNPGG-2214, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19963°N, - 91.96680°W), 4.1 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 22 August 2018; CNPGG-1167, Alacranes reef (22.38830°N, - 89.70244°W), 12 m depth, coll. Patricia Gómez, 8 August 2009; CNPGG-2220, 2240, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.96185°N, - 92.30246°W), 6 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 08 August 2018; CNPGG-2407, Hornos reef (19.19083°N, - 96.11777°W), 4 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 27 August 2018; CNPGG-2411, CNPGG-2420, Isla Verde reef (19.19844°N, - 96.06863°W), 8 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018; CNPGG-2436, Cabezo reef (19.05086°N, - 95.82388°W), 9.5 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 30 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2002, 2007; De la Cruz-Francisco & Gónzalez-Gónzalez 2016; current records), Cuba (Alcolado 2002), Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Hajdu et al. 2011). Remarks. Ectyoplasia ferox is a common inhabitant of the coral reefs. It occurs around the reefs of Veracruz Reef System (Gómez 2002, 2007), Campeche Bank Reefs (current records), and off Quintana Roo (Maas-Vargas 2004), as well as other Caribbean countries. The species bears some colour and habit variation. Specimens can be ochre-yellow to orange, purplish, and greyish-brown, and they can inhabit variously exposed or cryptic microhabitats. According to Rützler et al. (2014), specimens from the light-exposed open reef more commonly form groups of laterally fused tubes, while those with encrusting shape seem typical for caves and other cryptic habitats. All of these have the same skeletal arrangement of plumose tracts formed by styles and clavulate acanthostyles, as well as no ectosomal specialization. For a detailed description, refer to Hajdu et al. (2011) and the references cited above., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1936, 1 - 225.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Hajdu, E., Peixinho, S. & Fernandez, J. C. (2011) Esponjas marinhas da Bahia: guia de campo e laboratorio. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 276 pp.","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Gomez, P. (2002) Esponjas marinas del Golfo de Mexico y el Caribe. AGT Editors S. A, Mexico, D. F., 134 pp.","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, M. (2016) Nuevos Registros de esponjas para el sistema Arrecifal Lobos Tuxpan, con ampliaciones de ambito de distribucion para el Golfo de Mexico. Boletin del Instituto de Oceanografia de Venezuela, 55, 51 - 59.","Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72.","Maas-Vargas, M. G. (2004) Inventario de las esponjas marinas (Porifera: Demospongiae) de la Coleccion de Referencia de bentos costeros de ECOSUR. Universidad y ciencia, 20, 23 - 28."]}

Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. (Figure 2, Table 1) Type locality: Peru, Islote El Lagarto, Islas Lobos de Afuera archipelago, Lambayeque Region. Holotype. MNRJ 11334, Islote El Lagarto (approx. 6.93360�� S��� 80.70551�� W), Islas Lobos de Afuera, Peru, 11 m depth, coll. Ph. Willenz & Y. Hooker (04/X/2007). Diagnosis. Encrusting sponge, with orange colour, ectosomal anisoxeas (339���607 / 4���9 ��m), subectosomal tylostyles (1294���2100 / 13���25 ��m) and echinating acanthostyles (54���112 / 6���13 ��m). ...Continued on the next page ....Continued on the next page ....Continued on the next page ....Continued on the next page ....Continued on the next page Description (Fig. 2A). Thinly encrusting sponge, size 5 cm in its largest diameter, no thicker than 1 mm. Consistency soft and easily torn. Surface smooth, with barely visible subectosomal canals, converging to the few small, scattered, oscula (Skeleton (Figs 2 B���C). Ectosomal skeleton with ectosomal anisoxeas forming plumose bouquets surrounding the subectosomal tylostyles, which markedly pierce the surface. Subectosomal and choanosomal skeletons overlapping, composed of typical hymedesmioid structure, consisting of a basal layer of spongin, with large tylostyles and small acanthostyles, both erect on the substrate. Some spicules appear scattered in the sponge, and many tylostyles lay parallel to, or flat on the substrate. Spicules (Figs 2 D���J). Ectosomal anisoxeas (339���488.4���607 / 4���6.3��� 9 ��m): smooth, irregularly curved or bent, blunt and acerate tips (Figs 2 G���I). Subectosomal tylostyles (1294���1705.1���2100 / 13���19.1��� 25 ��m): large, smooth, straight to slightly curved, tapering gradually, mucronate tips and round heads (Figs 2 D���F). Echinating acanthostyles (54���77.6���112 / 6���9.3��� 13 ��m): slender, straight, spined all over, spines conical or bent as hooks, with rounded tyle and acerate tips (Fig. 2J). Bathymetric distribution and ecology. The sponge was collected from a nearly vertical rocky substrate, near the coarse, biogenic sand bottom, at 11 m depth. Short red algae and thinly encrusting coralinaceous algae surrounded it. Distribution. Known only from its type locality, Islote El Lagarto, located at Islas Lobos de Afuera archipelago (Lambayeque). Etymology. The species name, lacertus (lizard in Latin), refers to the type locality of the species, Islote El Lagarto. Remarks. Table 1 contrasts micrometric data, as well as the geometry of spicules, and distribution of every known species of Eurypon to both of the new species described here, in addition to including taxonomic authorities. There are only seven species of Eurypon reported from Eastern and Central Pacific, all from shallow waters: E. brunum, E. debrumi, E. diversicolor, E. miniaceum, E. nigrum, E. patriciae, and E. tylospinosum. Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners mainly by spicule features. The Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean species E. brunum, E. diversicolor, and E. patriciae have two categories of acanthostyles, and E. debrumi has none, in contrast to a single category in E. lacertus sp. nov. Two species have two categories of subectosomal tylostyles, E. miniaceum and E. nigrum, while E. lacertus sp. nov. has only one. The species closest to E. lacertus sp. nov., both in morphological, as well as biogeographic aspects, appears to be E. tylospinosum from Mexico, but its ectosomal and subectosomal megascleres are much smaller and thinner (up to 460 / 2.5 ��m and 575 / 15 ��m vs 607 / 9 ��m and 2100 / 25 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Following, the comparison is extended to species from other biogeographically more remote areas (Table 1, including taxonomic authorities). Ten species are differentiated from E. lacertus sp. nov. by the presence of two categories of acanthostyles. These include E. clavilectuarium, E. denisae, E. duoacanthostyla, E. gracile, E. incipiens, E. oxychaetum, E. potiguaris, E. suassunai, E. urizae, and E. verticillatum. Six additional species have subectosomal acanthostyles or strongyles, instead of the smooth tylostyles seen in E. lacertus sp. nov. These are E. hispidulum, E. inuisitatiacanthostyla, E. lamellatum, E. mixtum, E. mucronale, and E. scabiosum. In addition, E. inuisitatiacanthostyla, E. lamellatum, and E. mixtum lack ectosomal spicules of any sort. In the other three species, ectosomal spicules are of different morphology, viz. subtylostyles in E. hispidulum and E. scabiosum, and tornotes in E. mucronale. Acanthostyles are absent in another four species, which contrasts to their occurrence in E. lacertus sp. nov. Species without acanthostyles are E. lictor, E. spitzbergense, E. topsenti, and E. unispiculum. Six species have raphides or trichodragmas as microscleres, which were not found in E. lacertus sp. nov. These comprise E. cactoides, E. distyli, E. encrusta, E. graphidiophora, E. polyplumosum, and E. viride. Four species have much smaller subectosomal spicules than those of E. lacertus sp. nov. (up to 2100 ��m), namely E. clavatella, E. fulvum, E. sessile, and E. spinularia (up to 470, 1500, 635 and 529 ��m, respectively). Conversely, four species have larger acanthostyles: E. cinctum, E. hispidum, E. major, and E. simplex (acanthostyles up to 316, 352, 220 and 219 ��m, respectively) in contrast to up to 112 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov. Eurypon hispidum and E. simplex further lack ectosomal megascleres. Other two species Eurypon lacazei and E. toureti have smaller acanthostyles (up to 80 and 60 ��m vs 112 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Eurypon calypsoi has much thinner subectosomal tylostyles and ectosomal spicules (only up to 10 and 3 ��m, respectively in contrast to up to 25 and 9 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Eurypon pulitzeri has larger subectosomal megascleres and acanthostyles (up to 2500 and 165 ��m, respectively vs 2100 and 112 in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. differs from E. clavigerum and E. vescicularis by its possession of ectosomal megascleres; and from E. obtusum, by the latter smaller and thinner ectosomal spicules (up to 430 / 3 ��m vs 607 / 9 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. differs from E. coronula by the presence of stouter ectosomal styles (up to 9 ��m vs 6 ��m in E. coronula), and from E. clavatum by the much thinner subectosomal tylostyles (only up to 13 ��m vs 25 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Eurypon radiatum is rather distinct by its smaller ectosomal megascleres and larger acanthostyles (up to 350 and 400 ��m in contrast to up to 607 and 112 ��m in E. lacertus sp. nov.). Finally, E. longispiculum has subectosomal megascleres with much more markedly pronounced heads according to Carter���s (1876) illustration, ectosomal styles instead of anisoxeas, and the single specimen ever found came from deeper than 600 m in the Boreal NE Atlantic, which compounds for a highly improbable hypothesis of cospecificity with E. lacertus sp. nov., Published as part of Recinos, Radharanne, Pinheiro, Ulisses, Willenz, Philippe & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2020, Three new Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923 (Axinellida, Demospongiae) from Peru, pp. 521-545 in Zootaxa 4778 (3) on pages 524-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3828771, {"references":["Burton, M. & Rao, H. S. (1932) Report on the shallow water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum, 34 (3), 299 - 356.","Levi, C. (1958) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne 1951 - 1952 en Mer Rouge (suite). 11. Spongiaires de Mer Rouge recueillis par la ' Calypso' (1951 - 1952). Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 34 (3), 3 - 46.","Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7050","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., pls. I-XCII.","Santos, G. G., Franca, F. & Pinheiro, U. (2014) Three new species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 from Northeastern Brazil (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa, 3895 (2), 273 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3895.2.8","Boury-Esnault, N. & Lopes, M. T. (1985) Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 61 (2), 149 - 225.","de Laubenfels, M. W. (1954) The sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon state monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7 (I-X), 1 - 306, pls. I-XII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516","Vacelet, J. (1969) Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, A (Zoologie), 59 (2), 145 - 219, pls. I-IV.","Aguilar-Camacho, J. M. & Carballo, J. L. (2013) Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean with the description of seven new species. Journal of Natural History, 47 (25 - 28), 1663 - 1706. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2013.769642","Hoshino, T. (1981) Shallow-water Demosponges of Western Japan, 1. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University (B), 29 (1), 47 - 205.","Thomas, P. A. (1981) A second collection of marine Demospongiae from Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique centrale. Serie in 8 - Sciences Zoologiques, Belgium, 233, 1 - 63.","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973.","Bertolino, M., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G., Carella, M., Pansini, M. & Calcinai, B. (2013) Diversity of Porifera in the Mediterranean coralligenous accretions, with description of a new species. ZooKeys, 336, 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 336.5139","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Bergquist, P. R. (1970) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 2 (Axinellida and Halichondrida). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 51, 9 - 85.","Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Stephens, J. (1921 [1920]) Sponges of the Coasts of Ireland. II. The Tetraxonida (concluded). Scientific Investigations of the Fisheries Branch, Department of Agriculture for Ireland, 1920 (2), 1 - 75, pls. I-VI.","Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot' Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, (A), 158, pp. 9 - 87.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240; 307 - 324; 388 - 410; 458 - 479, pls. XII-XVI. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608682078","Thiele, J. (1905) Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Supplement 6 (Fauna Chilensis III), 407 - 496, pls. 27 - 33.","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls. I-XI.","Bergquist, P. R. (1967) Additions to the sponge fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica, 3 (2), 159 - 174.","de Laubenfels, M. W. (1957) New species and records of Hawaiian sponges. Pacific Science, 11 (2), 236 - 251.","Cavalcanti, T., Santos, G. G. & Pinheiro, U. (2018) Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti. Zootaxa, 4388 (1), 89. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4388.1.6","Topsent, E. (1936) Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. Deuxieme partie. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 686, 1 - 7.","van Soest, R. W. M., Picton, B. E. & Morrow, C. (2000) Sponges of the North East Atlantic. In: World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series, Windows / Mac version 1.0. ETI, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam). Available from: http: // speciesidentification. org / species. php? species _ group = sponges & id = 104 & menuentry = soorten (accessed 24 March 2020)","Burton, M. (1930) Additions to the sponge fauna at Plymouth. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 16 (2), 489 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400072891","Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, pls. IV-VI + 129 - 156 + VII-VIII. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893","Thomas, P. A. (1985) Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: James, P. S. B. R. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Marine Biology. Today Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 205 - 365.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1875) Contributions to a general history of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 281 - 296.","Fristedt, K. (1887) Sponges from the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Behring Sea. Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskap. Iakttagelser, Nordenskiold, 4, 401 - 471, pls 22 - 31.","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2 (6), pp. 215 - 239, pl. 9.","Topsent, E. (1894) Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 7, 27 - 36.","Hooper, J. N. A. (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1 - 626. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 123914 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 15 February 2019)","Uriz, M. J. (1988) Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope off Namibia (Southwest Africa): Classses Hexactinellida and Demospongia. Monografias de Zoologia Marina, 3, 9 - 157.","Sara, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ' secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ' secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12 (3), 1 - 93.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52."]}

Currently 26 sponge species are known for the Peruvian coast, but so far no raspailiids had been recorded from this region. Raspailiidae are distributed worldwide and its species are characterized by encrusting, massive, lobate, fan-shaped or branching growth forms, usually with a very hispid surface. In the present study, three new species of Raspailiidae are described from the Peruvian coast. Two new Eurypon spp. were collected at Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque). Eurypon lacertus sp. nov. is a thinly encrusting orange sponge with choanosomal skeleton composed of large tylostyles and small acanthostyles, and ectosomal skeleton with anisoxeas. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. is a crustose, ruby red sponge, with choanosomal skeleton composed of large (subtylo)styles and acanthostyles, and ectosomal skeleton pierced by acanthostyles and (subtylo)styles, often surrounded by bouquets of smaller styles. The third new species, Plocamione matarani sp. nov., was collected at Matarani (Arequipa). It is a thinly encrusting orange sponge, the only Plocamione with two categories of choanosomal styles, and a single category of ectosomal styles, acanthostyles and anisoacanthostrongyles. These are the first records of Eurypon and Plocamione for the Peruvian coast, and the entire Southeastern Pacific, in the case of the latter.

Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. (Figure 3, Table 1–2) Type locality: Peru, Bahía Independencia, Islas Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque Region. Holotype. MNRJ 11363, West of Bahía Independencia (06°56’57.07” S– 80°43’30.70” W), Islas Lobos de Afuera, Peru, 11 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker & K. Aguirre (06/X/2007). Paratype. MNRJ 11408, Callejon Los Lagartos (06.93689° S– 80.70509° W), Islas Lobos de Afuera, Peru, 22 m depth, coll. Ph. Willenz & Y. Hooker (09/ X/2007). Diagnosis. Crustose sponge, with deep ruby red colour, ectosomal styles (232–427 / 1.7–6 µm), subectosomal (subtylo)styles (859–1604 / 13–20 µm), and echinating acanthostyles (I = 158–463 / 12–24 µm; II = 107–169 / 7–11 µm). Description (Figs 3A–B). Crustose sponge up to a few millimetres thick only, reaching over 15 cm in largest diameter, with rather irregular outline resulting from the tridimensional underlying substrate. MNRJ 11363 (holotype) was so thin, that the underlying substrate was visible by transparency, despite the sponge’s intense ruby red colour. Consistency soft. Surface optically rugose, bearing numerous, scattered, round oscules, sometimes with short chimneys 0.5–2 mm diam. Colour deep ruby red in life, brown after preservation. MNRJ 11408 (paratype) presents the same colour as the holotype. Skeleton (Fig. 3C). Ectosome pierced by acanthostyles and (subtylo)styles, often surrounded by bouquets of smaller styles. Subectosomal and choanosomal skeletal structures microcionid, and overlapping, with short longitudinal fibre nodes cored and echinated by acanthostyles of varied dimensions and large (subtylo)styles. Fibre nodes may bifurcate, but appear not to anastomose. Spicules (Figs 3D–N, Table 2). Holotype: Ectosomal styles (232–332.6–427 / 1.7–3.8– 6 µm): smaller, smooth, slender, slightly curved, tapering gradually towards the apex, and occasionally also towards the base, rounded heads and hastate tips (Figs 3 G–I). Subectosomal (subtylo)styles (859–1236.7–1604 / 13–16.9– 20 µm): large, smooth, straight or slightly curved, oval heads only a little swollen, sharp apex, mucronate tips (Figs 3 D–F). Echinating acanthostyles I (158–304.2–463 / 12–16.3– 24 µm): large, straight or slightly curved, spined all over, but less so near the apex, spines conical or slightly bent as hooks, generally rounded heads and hastate tips (Figs 3J, 3 M–N). Echinating acanthostyles II (107–129.2–169 / 7–9.3– 11 µm): smaller, slightly curved or bent close to the base, spined all over, but less so near the apex, spines conical or bent as hooks, with rounded tyle and acerate tips (Figs 3 K–L). Bathymetric distribution and ecology. Specimens collected at 11–22 m depth range, from a vertical rocky substrate. MNRJ 11408 was associated to a dictyoceratid sponge. Distribution. Only known from the archipelago Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque), in Peru. Etymology. The species name hookeri honours Yuri Hooker who led our fieldwork and was our indefatigable buddy diver. Remarks. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. is assigned to the genus by the presence of a raspailiid ectosomal architecture neighboring a basal microcionid arrangement with short longitudinal fibre nodes cored and echinated by acanthostyles of varied dimensions and large (subtylo)styles. The seven species of Eurypon known from the Central and Eastern Pacific (Table 1) could be easily differentiated on the basis of spicule features. Three species have additional categories of subectosomal spicules, viz. two in E. brunum and E. nigrum, and three in E. miniaceum, which contrasts to the single category present in E. hookeri sp. nov. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. differs from E. debrumi by the latter’s lack of acanthostyles and ectosomal styles, and from E. diversicolor by the latter’s lack of ectosomal styles. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. has two categories of acanthostyles, thus differing from E. tylospinosum with only one. The most similar species appears to be E. patriciae from Mexico, but the latter has slightly larger and stouter subectosomal megascleres (up to 2400 / 25 µm vs 1604 / 20 µm in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov.), and smaller and thinner acanthostyles I and II (up to 180 / 7.5 µm and 87.5 / 5 µm, respectively vs 463 / 24 µm and 169 / 11 µm in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov.). Besides, E. patriciae is yellow or green coloured, in marked contrast to the deep ruby colour exhibited by E. hookeri sp. nov. E. lacertus sp. nov., described above, is markedly distinct starting from its orange colour when alive, slightly larger ectosomal and subectosomal megascleres (607 µm and 2100 µm, respectively vs 427 µm and 1604 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.), and possession of a single category of acanthostyles. Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. is compared below to other Eurypon spp. from various parts of the world (Table 1, including taxonomic authorities). The number of categories of acanthostyles (two) distinguishes the new species from 30 additional species reported to possess only a single category of echinating acanthostyles. The latter group comprises E. cactoides, E. calypsoi, E. cinctum, E. clavatella, E. clavatum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. encrusta, E. fulvum, E. graphidiophora, E. hispidulum, E. hispidum, E. incipiens, E. inuisitatiacanthostyla, E. lacazei, E. longispiculum, E. major, E. mixtum, E. mucronale, E. obtusum, E. polyplumosum, E. pulitzeri, E. radiatum (sensu Burton 1930), E. scabiosum, E. sessile, E. simplex, E. spinularia, E. toureti, E. vescicularis, and E. viride. Among these, five species were reported with exceedingly varied acanthostyle dimensions, which might hide two separate categories upon closer examination: E. cinctum (31–316 µm), E. hispidum (70–352 µm), E. polyplumosum (60–350 µm), E. radiatum (100–400 µm, sensu van Soest et al. 2000), and E. viride (113–365 µm). The first of these has larger ectosomal megascleres (styles or oxeas). Eurypon hispidum has subectosomal subtylostyles as small as 300 µm, in contrast to similar smallest spicules being over 800 µm long in E. hookeri sp. nov. Eurypon polyplumosum has much smaller subectosomal tylostyles (300–375 µm long), in marked contrast to similar spicules being mostly over 1000 µm long in the new species. In E. radiatum, notwithstanding the incompleteness of its description, Burton (1930) reported subectosomal megascleres only as thick as 12 µm, thus much more slender than the 20 µm thick megascleres observed in the Peruvian sponge. Eurypon viride has subectosomal megascleres that can be smaller (570 µm vs 859 µm in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov.), thinner acanthostyles (up to 14 µm vs up to 24 µm in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov.), and lastly, possesses trichodragmas, which are absent in E. hookeri sp. nov. Seven species possess subectosomal acanthostyles, thus diverging from what was observed in the new species. Five of these, namely E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. mixtum, E. mucronale, and E. scabiosum, possess only a single category of echinating acanthostyles, as discussed above, and are thus considered sufficiently distinct as to avoid any possible confusion with the new species. The remaining two, viz. E. lamellatum and E. miniaceum can be distinguished by the following specific traits. Eurypon lamellatum has very large, albeit rare, choanosomal megascleres of 2900 µm in length, as well as much larger echinating acanthostyles (725–950 µm long). These spicules contrast to similar ones only as large as 1600 µm and 463 µm long, respectively, in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov. Similarly, E. miniaceum has much larger and stouter subectosomal megascleres, and much smaller echinating acanthostyles. The former can reach 3000 x 30 µm, and the latter, only 120 µm, both being quite different from similar spicules occurring in Eurypon hookeri sp. nov., as discussed above. Four species lack acanthostyles (E. hookeri sp. nov. has two categories): E. lictor, E. spitzbergens e, E. topsenti, and E. unispiculum. Eurypon lictor and E. spitzbergense further differ from E. hookeri sp. nov. by their much larger subectosomal megascleres (2500 µm long vs 1604 in E. hookeri sp. nov.). The former still possesses much larger ectosomal spicules (575–1000 µm long vs 232–427 µm long in E. hookeri sp. nov.), and shares with E. topsenti the presence of trichodragmas. These traits set both species apart from E. hookeri sp. nov. Eurypon unispiculum, if indeed an Eurypon, is unique in having a single category of spicules, likely subectosomal styles only half as long as the largest ones seen in E. hookeri sp. nov., who has in addition ectosomal megascleres and two categories of echinating acanthostyles, all un-corresponded in Carter’s (1880) species. Another two species have no ectosomal styles, while E. hookeri sp. nov. has them. Species where this spicule category is absent include E. clavigerum and E. duoacanthostyla. Eurypon clavigerum has thinner subectosomal megascleres (12.5 vs 13–20 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.) and acanthostyles (12 vs 12 – 24 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.). The latter with spines seemingly restricted to their heads, while distributed all along the shaft in the new species. Eurypon duoacanthostyla has much smaller and slender subectosomal styles (250–320 / 5–8 vs subtyles. 859–1604 / 13–20 µm long in E. hookeri sp. nov.) and acanthostyles (138–280 / 6–9 vs 107–463 / 7–24 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov., categories I and II compiled). Eight species remain to be contrasted to E. hookeri sp. nov., namely E. clavilectuarium, E. denisae, E. gracile, E. oxychaetum, E. potiguaris, E. suassunai , E. urizae, and E. verticillatum. Four of these are easily distinguished by their much larger subectosomal megascleres (largest spicules 2125–3150 µm long), viz. E. denisae, E. oxychaetum, E. potiguaris, and E. urizae in contrast to up to 1604 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov. Of the remaining four, three have much more slender echinating acanthostyles (up to 6–13 µm thick, as opposed to up to 24 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.). These are E. gracile, E. suassunai, and E. verticillatum. The first, and the last of these have subectosomal megascleres which are much slenderer than those in E. hookeri sp. nov. (up to 8–10 µm thick, in contrast to up to 20 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.). Eurypon suassunai further differs by the smaller dimensions attained by its smallest acanthostyles (down to 54 µm vs 107 µm in E. hookeri sp. nov.). The above remarks clearly set E. hookeri sp. nov. apart from all 52 previously known species of Eurypon, as well as from E. lacertus sp. nov. described above.

Plocamione matarani sp. nov. (Figure 4, Table 3) Type locality: Peru, Matarani, Isla Blanca, Arequipa Region. Holotype. MNRJ 12131, Isla Blanca (17.0088° S– 72.1222° W), Matarani, Peru, 33 m depth, coll. Y. Hooker & U. Zanabria (26/XI/2008). Diagnosis. Only Plocamione with two categories of subectosomal styles, ectosomal megascleres (styles) always larger than 200 µm, but never as large as 500 µm, echinating acanthostyles in a single category which can be as small as 100 µm, and choanosomal acanthostrongyles, also in a single category, which can reach over 300 µm in length. Description (Fig. 4A). Thinly encrusting sponge (ca. 1 mm thick), reaching over 15 cm in its largest diameter. Surface uneven, bumpy, with trapped sediment. Oscula not seen. Colour orange in life, beige in preservation. Skeleton (Fig. 4B). Ectosomal skeleton with large piercing subectosomal styles surrounded by a loose bouquet of smaller ectosomal styles (and possibly toxiform oxeas). Choanosomal skeleton microcionid with architecture constructed over a dense, criss-cross layer of acanthostrongyles; as fibre nodes cored by large, stout styles, and echinated by acanthostyles; on top of which, although seemingly not always, sit the ectosomal bouquets. Spicules (Figs 4C–P). Ectosomal styles (229–350.3–405 / 2–4– 6 µm): slender, smooth, slightly or markedly curved, tapering gradually, rounded heads and hastate tips (Fig. 4G). Subectosomal styles I (1068–1295.6–1551 / 12– 19.7– 25 µm): large, slender, smooth, slightly curved, tapering gradually, rounded heads and hastate tips (Figs 4 C–D). Subectosomal styles II (263–452.5–689 / 11–19.6– 26 µm): coring fibre nodes, stout, smooth, straight or slightly curved, tapering gradually to sharp apices, rounded heads and hastate tips (Figs 4 E–F, 4H). Choanosomal acanthostrongyles (126–159.8–363 / 5–8.9–11/ 5–7.1– 10 µm, length/ width thicker/ thinner ends): aniso-, curved and slightly sinuous, spined at both ends only, spines conical and rounded heads, the heads vary in width (Figs 4 I–K). Echinating acanthostyles (93–156.7–231 / 8–10.8– 14 µm): echinating fibre nodes, short, straight or slightly curved, spines generally concentrated on their apical half, a few at the base, spines conical or bent as hooks, verrucose at tyle heads, acerate tips (Figs 4 L–P). One toxiform oxea was seen, possibly homologous to the styles of the bouquets. Bathymetric distribution and ecology. The sponge was sprawling over vertical rocky substrate at 33 m depth, associated to many brachiopods, anthozoans, sea urchin, and another encrusting sponge (yellow coloured). Distribution. Known only from Isla Blanca, Matarani, in Peru. Etymology. The species name, matarani, refers to the type locality of the species, Isla Blanca, off Matarani Remarks. The new species is by far the shallowest ever found in Plocamione, whose previously known shallowest depth was 182 m, off New Zealand (P. ornata). The latter is one of only two species in the genus known from the Pacific, the other being P. pachysclera (from 400 m deep waters off New Caledonia). Plocamione matarani sp. nov. is quite distinct from every other known Plocamione by a series of spicule characteristics highlighted below in a one by one comparison with other congeners (Table 3, including taxonomic authorities). Considerably larger subectosomal spicules set P. dirrhopalina Topsent, 1927 apart from the new species, while considerably smaller set P. hystrix (Ridley & Duncan, 1881; ca. 2000 m depth) and P. ornata apart. Plocamione dirropalina further differs by its much larger ectosomal megascleres, and much smaller acanthostrongyles, aside its deeper than 1200 m Mediterranean habitat. Much smaller acanthostrongyles strengthen P. ornata ’s distinction from the new species, as they do for P. carteri (Ridley & Duncan, 1881) and P. clopetaria (Schmidt, 1870; ca. 490 m depth). Lastly, P. pachysclera, whose originally reported acanthostyles, given their abundance and stoutness, are to be equated with the acanthostrongyles of additional Plocamione spp., can be easily set apart from the new species by this referred stoutness (albeit its shorter ‘plocamiid’ megasclere), as well as the seemingly unique occurrence of two categories of ectosomal megascleres. However, the likelihood that P. pachysclera indeed belongs in Plocamione appears weak to us, starting from its unique bushy-ramose habit, when every other Plocamione has been reported to be encrusting. Lévi & Lévi (1983) chose Raspailia as their preferred assignment for the species, recognizing though that the ectosomal acanthostyles in their species appeared quite distinct from the usual slender styles and oxeas in other Raspailia spp., while mentioning that the stout acanthostyles in the New Caledonian sponge, concentrated at the base, albeit morphologically distinct, suggested affinity with Plocamione. It is possible that this sponge actually belongs in a new genus.

Genus Eurypon Gray, 1867 Synonymy. See Hooper (2002). Type species: Hymeraphia clavata Bowerbank, 1866 (by monotypy). Definition. Typically, encrusting Raspailiidae with microcionid skeletal structure in which fibre nodes ascend from the basal layer of spongin (Hooper 2002)., Published as part of Recinos, Radharanne, Pinheiro, Ulisses, Willenz, Philippe & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2020, Three new Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923 (Axinellida, Demospongiae) from Peru, pp. 521-545 in Zootaxa 4778 (3) on page 523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3828771, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of sponges Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp."]}

Genus Plocamione Topsent, 1927 Synonymy. For synonymy list see Hooper (2002). Type species: Plocamione dirrhopalina Topsent, 1927 (by monotypy). Definition. Raspailiidae with an axially or basally compressed microcionid skeleton of which the axial skeleton is formed by acanthostrongyles or acanthotylostrongyles (Hooper 2002)., Published as part of Recinos, Radharanne, Pinheiro, Ulisses, Willenz, Philippe & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2020, Three new Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923 (Axinellida, Demospongiae) from Peru, pp. 521-545 in Zootaxa 4778 (3) on page 537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3828771, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of sponges Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53"]}

Subgenus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 Diagnosis. Arborescent growth form, with a compressed axial skeleton cored by stout choanosomal principal styles, oxeas, strongyles or anisostrongyles, and plumose extra-axial skeleton cored by long subectosomal auxiliary styles producing a hispid surface, surrounded by bundles of ectosomal auxiliary styles at the surface. Echinating acanthostyles are confined to outside the axial skeleton and have recurved (clavulate) hooks, with both ends spined or slightly subtylote with smooth bases, but lack any basal rhabd (from Hooper 2002, with our amendments in bold typeface)., Published as part of Sandes, Joana, Recinos, Radharanne, Pinheiro, Ulisses & Muricy, Guilherme, 2019, New records of Endectyon (Endectyon) xerampelina (Lamarck, 1814) (Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, with comments on its distribution and type locality, pp. 90-100 in Zootaxa 4608 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4608.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2944103, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1920) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Monaxonides. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 381, 1 - 36.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 01. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53"]}

Sandes, Joana, Recinos, Radharanne, Pinheiro, Ulisses, Muricy, Guilherme (2019): New records of Endectyon (Endectyon) xerampelina (Lamarck, 1814) (Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean, with comments on its distribution and type locality. Zootaxa 4608 (1): 90-100, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4608.1.4

The demosponge genus Endectyon is characterized by the presence of acanthostyles with recurved or clavulate spines. Two subgenera are recognized, Endectyon and Hemectyon, distinguished mainly by the acanthostyles being located only in the periphery of the axial skeleton in Endectyon, or forming the ectosomal brushes in Hemectyon. Sixteen species are known worldwide, of which only two were reported from the Western Atlantic Ocean. However, the type locality of Endectyon xerampelina is uncertain, and it could be located either in the Western Atlantic or in Australia. In the present study, we describe new records of E. xerampelina from the Brazilian coast and propose that Raspailia (R.) johnhooperi from the Guyana shelf is a junior synonym of E. xerampelina. Our results support the hypothesis that the type locality of E. xerampelina is located somewhere in the Tropical Western Atlantic Ocean and also that the species belongs to the subgenus Endectyon (Endectyon). We amended the diagnosis of the subgenus Endectyon (Endectyon) to account for the variability of acanthostyle shape in E. (E.) xerampelina, assigning greater taxonomic value to the position of the echinating megascleres than to their shape and pattern of spination.

Genus Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 Type species: Hymeraphia stellifera Bowerbank, 1864:189 (by original designation). Diagnosis: see Hooper, 2002., Published as part of Morrow, Christine, Allcock, Louise A. & Mccormack, Grace, 2018, A new species of Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 (Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from a deep-water canyon southwest off Ireland, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 4466 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1442108, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 - 53"]}

The genus Hymeraphia currently comprises three species and all records of the genus are from the northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The present paper describes a new species, H. vaceleti sp. nov. from a deep-water canyon, off southwest Ireland. H. vaceleti sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from other Hymeraphia species and 28S rRNA sequences show substantial differences between our new species and other Hymeraphia spp. We present data on the prevalence of sponge species established on the basis of single specimens (singletons) or uniques (species only known from a single locality). We argue for the recognition of singletons for species that are rare or from habitats that are very difficult to survey or sample, such as the deep sea.

Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. Morrow (Figure 3 a���b) Material examined: The holotype of Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. (BELUM Mc2018.1) was collected during cruise CE13008, R.V. Celtic Explorer using the ROV Holland I, southwest off Ireland, 48.583, -10.46, 14/06/2013, 1541 m depth. Diagnosis: Hymeraphia with markedly bent acanthostyles with a large crown of stellate spines at their distal end. Holotype description: Thin encrustation measuring 8mm x 5 mm x 1.5 mm, growing on dead Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus, 1758). Long tylostyles project through surface giving hispid appearance. Consistency soft and compressible. Colour white in ethanol. Skeleton: Choanosomal skeleton with hymedesmoid arrangement consisting of a basal membrane attached to substratum, bases of echinating acanthostyles and long tylostyles embedded in membrane and arranged perpendicular to it. Long tylostyles protrude a long way through ectosome, surrounded by bouquets of very fine hair-like, ectosomal styles. Spicules: Tylostyles are long and thin, gently curving and tapering to a fine point, with an asymmetric base, occasionally base is subtylote (125��� 690 ��� 2000 x 7��� 10 ���12 ��m n=3). Echinating acanthostyles have a markedly bent, slightly inflated smooth base, base frequently subtylote. Distal ends of acanthostyles have a large stellate crown composed of approximately 16 spines (acanthostyle length = 57��� 69 ���83 ��m; base = 7��� 10 ���12.5 ��m; crown = 12��� 29 ���45 ��m n =20). Ectosomal styles, very fine and hair-like (340��� 415 ���460 ��m x 1���2 ��m n=20). See Fig. 2 for spicule morphology and Table 2 for spicule dimensions. Etymology: The specific epithet vaceleti is given in honour of our dear friend and colleague, Dr. Jean Vacelet, for the friendship and encouragement he has consistently shown and for his overwhelming contribution to sponge science. Remarks: Hymeraphia vaceleti sp. nov. differs from other species of Hymeraphia by the distinctive acanthostyles which are shorter than those of the other congeners and have a much larger stellate crown of spines. The shaft of the acanthostyle is markedly bent just above the tylote base (Table 1)., Published as part of Morrow, Christine, Allcock, Louise A. & Mccormack, Grace, 2018, A new species of Hymeraphia Bowerbank, 1864 (Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from a deep-water canyon southwest off Ireland, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 4466 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1442108

WOS:000430461000007; International audience; A new species of Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. is described from the deep seamounts of the Norfolk and New Caledonia Ridges. The morphology of the species resembles that of a frond or a fern, and its unique highly compressed axial skeleton of interlaced spongin fibres without spicules in combination with a radial extra axial skeleton of a perpendicular palisade of spicules, differentiate it from all other species of the subgenus. This species is compared morphologically to all 18 other valid species described in Raspailia (Raspaxilla).

Genus Raspailia Nardo, 1833 Raspailiidae with a more-or-less compressed axial skeleton and a radial, plumose or simply reticulate extra-axial skeleton, with choanosomal spicules consisting of two, three or more different size classes (styles and/or oxeas), and echinating acanthostyles microcionid-like or secondarily modified (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Nardo, G. D. (1833) Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongiarien, wonach bereits die Aufstellung in der Universitats - Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. In: Isis, oder Encyclopadische Zeitung Coll. Oken, Jena, pp. 519 - 523.","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Subgenus Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913 Synonymy: Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913: 616 (Type species: Raspaxilla phakellina Topsent, 1913: 617, by monotypy). Echinaxia Hallmann, 1916a: 543; 1917: 391 (Type species: Axinella frondula Whitelegge, 1907: 509, by original designation). Axinectya Hallmann, 1917: 393 (Type species: Axinella mariana Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 480, by original designation). Definition. Raspailia with echinating rhabdostyles geometrically very different from the usually longer choanosomal styles (the latter without any basal rhabd); extra-axial styles forming a radial skeleton perpendicular to the axis; and well differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons (the former compressed, the latter plumoreticulate and/or radial) (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Hallmann, E. F. (1916) A Revision of the Genera with Microscleres included, or provisionally included, in the Family Axinellidae, with Descriptions of some Australian Species. Part ii. (Porifera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 41 (3), 495 - 552.","Hallmann, E. F. (1917) On the Genera Echinaxia and Rhabdosigma [Porifera]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 42 (2), 391 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4856","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by the H. M. S. \" Challenger \". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18 (108), 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. (Figs 1–4, Table 1) Etymology. Latin for leafy, reflecting the gross morphology of the sponge resembling the frond of a fern. Material examined. Holotype: MNHN-IP-2015-1402 (fragment of the holotype QM G335124) Station DW3110, New Caledonia Ridge 23o1.35’ S 168o16.99’ E to 23o1.71’S 168o15.86E, 270–310 m, Coll. Cécile Debitus, 28.x.2008 (Samadi 2008). Paratypes: QM G335144 (same data as holotype). QM G318701 NORFOLK 1 Station DW 1724, Norfolk Ridge Seamount Banc.no.1. 23o17.05’S 168o14.28’E, Dredge 200–291 m, Coll. Bertrand Richer de Forges, 27.vi.2001 (Richer de Forges 2001). Description. Growth form: A stalked foliaceous, flabellate to reniform sponge growing mainly in one plane but showing some undulations. The blades are between 55 and 65 mm high and 55 to 85 mm wide, with a maximum thickness of 3 mm at the base sloping to less than 1 mm at the apex. It has a circular stalked base with a diameter of 10 mm and small basal holdfast. Colour: Pale cream to orange on deck and beige to brown in ethanol. Texture: Firm and barely compressible, but easy to tear. Surface: Oscules are not visible, however on the surface the absence of parchment-like ectosome over the aquiferous channels resembles leaf veins (this is could also be due to friction or predation). Otherwise the surface is highly hispid and velvety from protruding long styles. Ectosomal skeleton: Membranous, parchment-like, without a specialised ‘raspailiid’ skeleton of spiculebouquets, but with a thick palisade of subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome up to 0.5–2 mm. Choanosomal skeleton: With well-differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons. The axial skeleton is compressed, lacking spicules, but with heavy interlaced spongin fibres forming a wide core up to 50% of the diameter of the skeleton. Long subectosomal styles and shorter choanosomal rhabdostyles have their bases embedded in the axial spongin skeleton, standing perpendicular to the axis forming a radial extra-axial skeleton, with the subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome and the choanosomal rhabdostyles supporting the parchment-like ectosome on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the sponge. Megascleres (Table 1). There are only two categories of megascleres. Choanosomal rhabdostyles are very smooth, moderately thick, with a smooth non-tylote base, varying from slight to well-developed rhabds (97–469 x 6.2–31.6 µm). Subectosomal styles are rare ( Microscleres: Absent. Molecular data. DNA barcodes for 28S and CO1 could not be retrieved for the holotype or for the paratypes. All samples underwent two different DNA extractions (see Methods section) and multiple amplification attempts with different deviations from the PCR protocol, but amplification success could not be achieved under the described methods.

Few surveys on benthic fauna have been performed on the island of Madeira (Alves et al. 2003 and references therein), and the first sponge specimens were collected opportunistically (Johnson 1863, 1899; Topsent 1904, 1928). Porifera can be considered one of the least studied phyla in the Madeira archipelago, within the Lusitanian province. This is not the case for other regions as the Mediterranean (Boury-Esnault 1971 and references therein), Alboran Sea (Carballo 1994), Canary Islands (Cruz 2002), and the Azores (Topsent 1904; Boury-Esnault & Lopes 1985; Xavier 2009), where sponges have been more thoroughly studied.

Eurypon lacazei (Topsent, 1891) (Figure 2) Material examined. MMF 35057 / Location: Ponta da Cruz (PC), Madeira island / 6.5 m depth / Date: 4 jul 2001 / Collector: Rosa Pestana. Remarks. MMF 3507 has straight and very spiny acanthostyles with irregular bases (78.9‒118.0‒181.5 x 6.6‒8.2‒10.5 µm) and all have a head, occasionally only slightly evident. Subtylostyles (1542.0‒1781.2‒1946.0 x 11.8‒13.8‒15.8 µm) and tornote (343‒343‒343 x 1.7‒1.7‒1.7 µm) are rare. The specimen collected had accumulation of detritus over the body, and some subtylostyles showed specks in their heads, which we were unsure whether they were spines or detritus., Published as part of Pestana, Rosa, Ribeiro, Cláudia, Boury-Esnault, Nicole & Biscoito, Manuel, 2018, Systematic account of new Porifera (Demospongiae) records from the oceanic Island of Madeira (NE Atlantic), pp. 395-400 in Zootaxa 4402 (2) on page 397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/1208870, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1891) Essai sur la faune des spongiaires de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 9, 523 - 554."]}

Eurypon pulitzeri nom. nov. Eurypon coronula Topsent, 1936: 66 ���67, fig. 12 (not Hymeraphia coronula Bowerbank, 1874: 246 ���248, pl. LXXIX). Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983: 531 ���533, fig. 50 (not Dragmatyle topsenti Burton, 1954: 235, pl. 9, fig. 7; text-fig. 9). Remarks. Topsent (1936) identified a specimen as Eurypon coronula (Bowerbank, 1874). Pulitzer-Finalli (1983) revised Topsent���s material and proposed a new species: Eurypon topsenti (from Western Mediterranean). However, when Hooper (2002) transferred Dragmatyle Topsent, 1904 to Eurypon, it was established the secondary homonym of Burton���s material (previously as Dragmatyle topsenti Burton, 1954). Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: art. 52.2), Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983 must be rejected. Eurypon pulitzeri nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Eurypon topsenti Pulitzer-Finalli, 1983, a secondary homonym of Eurypon topsenti (Burton, 1954). Etymology. Named after Gustavo Pulitzer-Finalli, who designated the species name of Topsent���s material., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Topsent, E. (1936) Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. (Deuxieme partie). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 686, 1 - 70.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852"]}

Cavalcanti, Thaynã, Santos, George Garcia, Pinheiro, Ulisses (2018): Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti. Zootaxa 4388 (1): 89-101, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6

Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. (Figures 1, 4–5, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1949, Bacia Potiguar (04° 36.7198' S – 036° 46.7554' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 157 m, trawl, col. Petrobras, (22/V/2011). Diagnosis. Thinly encrusting sponge with a spicule complement composed by large tylostyles (1000–2315 / 6– 10 µm), acanthostyles I (119–300 / 6–12 µm), acanthostyles II (62–98 / 2–8 µm) and oxeas (207–550 / 2–5 µm). External morphology (Fig. 4A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, approximately 0.5 mm thick. Hispid surface, consistency fragile and oscula absent. Colour in life is unknown and brown when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 4B). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton composed of typical microcionid structure. Tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas protruded through surface forming projections of single spicules over the sponge. Spicules (Fig. 5A–H). Choanosomal tylostyles, eventually subtylostyles ( 1000– 1418.5 –2315 / 6– 8.1 –10 µm): elongated, smooth, curved, and with blunt tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 5A–B); Acanthostyles I (119– 205.5 –300 / 6– 9.0 –12 µm): long, robust, erect to slightly curved, with few little spines over the shaft, more abundant at the sponge basement (Fig. 5E–F); Acanthostyles II (62– 74.3 –98 / 2– 4.1 –8 µm): smaller than acanthostyles I, thin, straight, with big curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the base projected all over the shaft (Fig. 5G–H); Thin oxeas (207– 443.7 –550 / 2– 2.7 –5.5 µm): long, slightly curved, and with blunt tips (Fig. 5C–D). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Known from the type locality Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Region, Brazil), at 157 m. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. was found over a sand aggregate on the bryozoan Cupuladria sp. Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality Potiguar Basin, Brazil. Remarks. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differ from other Atlantic species of the genus, in spicules complement composed by large tylostyles, two categories of acanthostyles and oxeas, and dimensions (Tab. 1). The most similar species are E. mucronale and E. urizae, which have (sub)tylostyles, two size categories of acanthostyles and oxeas. However, the new species has much smaller tylostyles and oxeas are greater than those exhibited by E. urizae and E. mucronale (Tab. 1). Eurypon fulvum and E. major share with E. potiguaris sp. nov. the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas. Nevertheless, they present only one category of acanthostyles and differ regarding the spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. clavilectuarium, E. miniaceum and E. suassunai by the presence of choanosomal subtylostyles and styles. The new species differ from E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. scabiosum and E. simplex for presenting oxeas. Acanthostyles are absent in E. lictor and E. topsenti. Eurypon clavatella, E. clavatum, E. cinctum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. longispiculum, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride present only one category of acanthostyles, while the new species has two acanthostyle categories. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. in spicules complement.

Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Paraíba State. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 3007, off Conde Municipality (07° 21' S – 034° 38' W), Paraíba State, Brazil, depth 30 m, st. 20, Algas Project (01/VII/1969). Paratype. UFPEPOR 3023 and UFPEPOR 3026, off Pitimbu Municipality (07° 30' S – 034° 45' W), Paraíba State, Brazil, depth 10 m, st. 28, Algas Project (06/X/1969). Diagnosis. Eurypon with large subtylostyles (1025–2125 / 13–39 µm), subectosomal styles (283–412 / 2–5 µm), two categories of acanthostyles (I = 290–650 / 13–26; II = 68–135 / 3–6 µm, length / width) and oxychaetes (77–119 µm). External morphology (Fig. 2A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, 0.5–1.0 mm thick. Projecting spicules through surface. Consistency is fragile. Oscula were not found. Colour is beige (preserved in ethanol 80 %), colour in vivo unknown. Skeleton (Fig. 2C). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeletal arrangement microcionid. Dense basal layer echinated by subtylostyles and acanthostyles protruding through surface. Styles and oxychaetes dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 3A–J). Choanosomal subtylostyles, occasionally tylostyles (1025– 1727.5 –2125 / 13– 24.4 –39 µm): long, thin, smooth, curved and blunt tips (Fig. 3A–B); Subectosomal styles (283– 354.5 –412 / 2– 3.2 –5): thin, smooth and curved (Fig. 3C–D); Acanthostyles I (290– 426.5 –650 / 13– 19.6 –26 µm): robust, slightly curved, and with few curved spines over the shaft directed to the base (Fig. 3G–H); Acanthostyles II (68– 97.9 –135 / 3– 4.9 –6 µm): small, thin, straight to slightly curved, abundant curved spines directed to the base (Fig. 3I –J); Oxychaetes (77– 100.8 –119): small, straight and with of spines over the whole shaft (Fig. 3E–F). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Paraíba State, between 10– 30 m. Found on calcareous algae during a historical expedition at Paraíba State in 1969. Etymology. The specific epithet oxychaetum refers to the presence of oxychaete spicules, exclusive of the new species. Remarks. Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. is characterized for possessing a spicule complement composed by tylostyles, styles, acanthostyles in two size categories, oxychaetes and an encrusting growth form. The most similar species are E. clavilectuarium and E. suassunai which share two categories of acanthostyles, subectosomal styles and choanosomal subtylostyles but they differ from the new species for presenting raphideform styles and spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). The new species is distinguished from E. clavatella Little, 1963, E. clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. coronula (Bowerbank, 1874), E. distyli, E. fulvum Lévi, 1969, E. lacazei (Topsent, 1891), E. longispiculum (Carter, 1876), E. major Sarà & Siribelli, 1960, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. toureti (Topsent, 1894) and E. viride (Topsent, 1889) because these species have only one category of acanthostyles. In the species E. lictor (Topsent, 1904) and E. topsenti (Burton, 1954) acanthostyles are absent. E. oxychaetum sp. nov. differ from E. hispidulum (Topsent, 1904), E. incipiens Topsent, 1927, E. mucronale (Topsent, 1928), E. scabiosum (Topsent, 1927), E. simplex (Bowerbank, 1874) and E. urizae (Hooper, 1996), because they do not have subectosomal styles. Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 and E. mixtum (Topsent, 1928) are distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. by their spicules dimensions (Tab.1).

Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. (Figures 1, 6���7, Table 1���2) Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco State, Goiana Municipality, Ponta de Pedras Beach. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1966, Ponta de Pedras (07��37���00������S ��� 34��48���51������W), Goiana Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, intertidal, coll. T. Cavalcanti and U. Pinheiro (30/VII/2015). Paratype. UFPEPOR 1967 and UFPEPOR 1968 (31/VIII/2015), UFPEPOR 1969 (29/IX/2015), collected at the type locality. Diagnosis. Eurypon with blue color and long tylostyles (400���1100 / 2���9 ��m), verticillate acanthostyles (I = 81���287 / 3���7 ��m; II = 60���141 / 2���6 ��m) and raphides (36���62 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 6A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, covering surfaces up to 40 cm �� and 0.5���1.0 mm thick. Hispid surface and consistency firm but easy to tear. Oscula absent. Colour in life is blue which is kept when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 6C). No special ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton has a microcionid structure. The majority of tylostyles and acanthostyles are embedded in a dense spongin layer which protrude externally. Raphides are dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 7A���G). Choanosomal tylostyles (460��� 774.3 ���1100 / 3��� 5.7 ���8 ��m): elongated, smooth, curved, with hastate tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 7A���B); Acanthostyles I (121��� 179.2 ���236 / 3��� 4.7 ���6 ��m): long, thin, straight to slightly curved, with few little spines on the shaft, concentrated on the base, and with subterminal tyla bearing bigger verticillate spines (Fig. 7C���D); Acanthostyles II (60��� 80.4 ���110 / 2��� 4.2 ���6 ��m): straight, fusiform, with a flat base, abundant spines on the shaft, and with verticillate curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the tips (Fig. 7E��� F); Raphides (40��� 49.9 ���57 ��m): small, smooth and abundant (Fig. 7G). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Pernambuco State: Goiana Municipality, intertidal zone. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is abundant at ���Ponta de Pedras��� reefs. All the sponges were found in an epibenthic association with bryozoan species. The bryozoans Amathia vidovici Heller,1867, Amathia sp. and Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 were found over the new species surface (Fig. 6A). Etymology. The specific epithet verticillatum refer to the verticillate spines next to base of acanthostyle I and II. Remarks. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is assigned to Eurypon for the possessing a spicule complement typical of the genus, composed by choanosomal tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles, raphides, a microcionid skeletal arrangement and encrusting habit. It differs from the Atlantic Ocean species of the genus for presenting exclusive verticillate acanthostyles. Additionally, it differs from others features. The species more similar to E. verticillatum sp. nov. is E. viride, which shares with the new species the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, raphides and acanthostyles. However, E. viride has only one category of typical acanthostyles, while the new species has two size classes of verticillate acanthostyles. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. lictor and E. topsenti for presenting acanthostyles. The new species differ from E. clavatella, E. clavatum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. fulvum, E. lacazei , E. longispiculum, E. major, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride, because these species have one category of acanthostyles while the new species has two categories of acanthostyles. The presence of choanossomal subtylostyles in combination with two categories of acanthostyles is found in E. clavilectuarium, E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. miniaceum, E. mucronale, E. scabiosum, E. simplex, E. suassunai and E. urizae. The new species differs from the latter species, by the choanosomal tylostyles and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. mixtum, which has the spicules components of tylostyles, acanthostyles I, II, and ectosomal styles or subtylostyles. The new species differ from E. mixtum in presenting raphides and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Finally, it is distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. and E. potiguaris sp. nov. by their spicules complement and dimensions (Tab. 1). TABLE]. Comparative micrometric đata on the spicules, shape anđ đistribution overview of the new Eurypon species from the Atlantic Ocean. Values are in micrometers (��m), expresseđ as follows: minimum��maximum or minimum�� mean ��maximum length/wiđth. References are numbeređ in parentheses anđ listeđ after the table. ������continued on the next page TABLE]. (Continueđ) References: (1) Pulitzer-Finali (1983); (2) Topsent (1936); (3) Little (1963); (4) Boury-Esnault et al. (1994); (5) Santos et al. (2014); (6) Boury-Esnault & Lopes (1985); (7) L��vi (1969); (8) Topsent 1904); (9) Topsent (1928); (10) Carter (1876); (11) Sar��� & Siribelli (1960); (12) Pulitzer-Finali (1978); (13) Uriz (1988); (14) Bowerbank, 1866; (15) Topsent (1927); (16) Bowerbank (1874); (17) Burton (1954); (18) Topsent (1894); (19) Topsent (1889)., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 95-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621.","Topsent, E. (1936) Eponges observees dans les parages de Monaco. (Deuxieme partie). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 686, 1 - 70.","Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 2, 31 - 71.","Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174. Available from: http: // bibliotheques. mnhn. fr / EXPLOITATION / infodoc / ged / viewportalpublished. ashx? eid = IFD _ FICJOINT _ MNHN _ MMNHN _ S 000 _ 1994 _ T 160 _ N 00 _ 1 (accessed 24 January 2018)","Santos, G. G., Franca, F. & Pinheiro, U. (2014) Three new species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 from Northeastern Brazil (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera). Zootaxa, 3895 (2), 273 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3895.2.8","Boury-Esnault, N. & Lopes, M. T. (1985) Les Demosponges littorales de l'Archipel des Acores. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 61 (2), 149 - 225.","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls. I - XI.","Carter, H. J. (1876). Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240; 307 - 324; 388 - 410; 458 - 479, pls. XII - XVI.","Sara, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ' secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ' secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 3, 1 - 93.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1978) Report on a Collection of Sponges from the Bay of Naples. III Hadromerida, Axinellida, Poecilosclerida, Halichondrida, Haplosclerida. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della (R.) Universita di Genova, 45, 7 - 89.","Uriz, M. J. (1988) Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope off Namibia (Southwest Africa): Classses Hexactinellida and Demospongia. Monografias de Zoologia Marina, 3, 9 - 157.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp.","Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Topsent, E. (1894) Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 7, 27 - 36.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52."]}

Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. (Figures 1, 6–7, Table 1–2) Type locality: Brazil, Pernambuco State, Goiana Municipality, Ponta de Pedras Beach. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1966, Ponta de Pedras (07°37’00’’S – 34°48’51’’W), Goiana Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil, intertidal, coll. T. Cavalcanti and U. Pinheiro (30/VII/2015). Paratype. UFPEPOR 1967 and UFPEPOR 1968 (31/VIII/2015), UFPEPOR 1969 (29/IX/2015), collected at the type locality. Diagnosis. Eurypon with blue color and long tylostyles (400–1100 / 2–9 µm), verticillate acanthostyles (I = 81–287 / 3–7 µm; II = 60–141 / 2–6 µm) and raphides (36–62 µm). External morphology (Fig. 6A–B). Thinly encrusting sponge, covering surfaces up to 40 cm ² and 0.5–1.0 mm thick. Hispid surface and consistency firm but easy to tear. Oscula absent. Colour in life is blue which is kept when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 6C). No special ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton has a microcionid structure. The majority of tylostyles and acanthostyles are embedded in a dense spongin layer which protrude externally. Raphides are dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 7A–G). Choanosomal tylostyles (460– 774.3 –1100 / 3– 5.7 –8 µm): elongated, smooth, curved, with hastate tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 7A–B); Acanthostyles I (121– 179.2 –236 / 3– 4.7 –6 µm): long, thin, straight to slightly curved, with few little spines on the shaft, concentrated on the base, and with subterminal tyla bearing bigger verticillate spines (Fig. 7C–D); Acanthostyles II (60– 80.4 –110 / 2– 4.2 –6 µm): straight, fusiform, with a flat base, abundant spines on the shaft, and with verticillate curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the tips (Fig. 7E– F); Raphides (40– 49.9 –57 µm): small, smooth and abundant (Fig. 7G). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Pernambuco State: Goiana Municipality, intertidal zone. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is abundant at ‘Ponta de Pedras’ reefs. All the sponges were found in an epibenthic association with bryozoan species. The bryozoans Amathia vidovici Heller,1867, Amathia sp. and Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 were found over the new species surface (Fig. 6A). Etymology. The specific epithet verticillatum refer to the verticillate spines next to base of acanthostyle I and II. Remarks. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is assigned to Eurypon for the possessing a spicule complement typical of the genus, composed by choanosomal tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles, raphides, a microcionid skeletal arrangement and encrusting habit. It differs from the Atlantic Ocean species of the genus for presenting exclusive verticillate acanthostyles. Additionally, it differs from others features. The species more similar to E. verticillatum sp. nov. is E. viride, which shares with the new species the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, raphides and acanthostyles. However, E. viride has only one category of typical acanthostyles, while the new species has two size classes of verticillate acanthostyles. Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. lictor and E. topsenti for presenting acanthostyles. The new species differ from E. clavatella, E. clavatum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. fulvum, E. lacazei , E. longispiculum, E. major, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride, because these species have one category of acanthostyles while the new species has two categories of acanthostyles. The presence of choanossomal subtylostyles in combination with two categories of acanthostyles is found in E. clavilectuarium, E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. miniaceum, E. mucronale, E. scabiosum, E. simplex, E. suassunai and E. urizae. The new species differs from the latter species, by the choanosomal tylostyles and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is distinguished from E. mixtum, which has the spicules components of tylostyles, acanthostyles I, II, and ectosomal styles or subtylostyles. The new species differ from E. mixtum in presenting raphides and in spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Finally, it is distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. and E. potiguaris sp. nov. by their spicules complement and dimensions (Tab. 1). TABLE]. Comparative micrometric đata on the spicules, shape anđ đistribution overview of the new Eurypon species from the Atlantic Ocean. Values are in micrometers (µm), expresseđ as follows: minimum̅maximum or minimum̅ mean ̅maximum length/wiđth. References are numbeređ in parentheses anđ listeđ after the table. ……continued on the next page TABLE]. (Continueđ) References: (1) Pulitzer-Finali (1983); (2) Topsent (1936); (3) Little (1963); (4) Boury-Esnault et al. (1994); (5) Santos et al. (2014); (6) Boury-Esnault & Lopes (1985); (7) Lévi (1969); (8) Topsent 1904); (9) Topsent (1928); (10) Carter (1876); (11) Sarả & Siribelli (1960); (12) Pulitzer-Finali (1978); (13) Uriz (1988); (14) Bowerbank, 1866; (15) Topsent (1927); (16) Bowerbank (1874); (17) Burton (1954); (18) Topsent (1894); (19) Topsent (1889).

Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. (Figures 1���3, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Para��ba State. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 3007, off Conde Municipality (07�� 21' S ��� 034�� 38' W), Para��ba State, Brazil, depth 30 m, st. 20, Algas Project (01/VII/1969). Paratype. UFPEPOR 3023 and UFPEPOR 3026, off Pitimbu Municipality (07�� 30' S ��� 034�� 45' W), Para��ba State, Brazil, depth 10 m, st. 28, Algas Project (06/X/1969). Diagnosis. Eurypon with large subtylostyles (1025���2125 / 13���39 ��m), subectosomal styles (283���412 / 2���5 ��m), two categories of acanthostyles (I = 290���650 / 13���26; II = 68���135 / 3���6 ��m, length / width) and oxychaetes (77���119 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 2A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, 0.5���1.0 mm thick. Projecting spicules through surface. Consistency is fragile. Oscula were not found. Colour is beige (preserved in ethanol 80 %), colour in vivo unknown. Skeleton (Fig. 2C). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeletal arrangement microcionid. Dense basal layer echinated by subtylostyles and acanthostyles protruding through surface. Styles and oxychaetes dispersed in the subectosomal region. Spicules (Fig. 3A���J). Choanosomal subtylostyles, occasionally tylostyles (1025��� 1727.5 ���2125 / 13��� 24.4 ���39 ��m): long, thin, smooth, curved and blunt tips (Fig. 3A���B); Subectosomal styles (283��� 354.5 ���412 / 2��� 3.2 ���5): thin, smooth and curved (Fig. 3C���D); Acanthostyles I (290��� 426.5 ���650 / 13��� 19.6 ���26 ��m): robust, slightly curved, and with few curved spines over the shaft directed to the base (Fig. 3G���H); Acanthostyles II (68��� 97.9 ���135 / 3��� 4.9 ���6 ��m): small, thin, straight to slightly curved, abundant curved spines directed to the base (Fig. 3I ���J); Oxychaetes (77��� 100.8 ���119): small, straight and with of spines over the whole shaft (Fig. 3E���F). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Brazil: Northeastern Region: Para��ba State, between 10��� 30 m. Found on calcareous algae during a historical expedition at Para��ba State in 1969. Etymology. The specific epithet oxychaetum refers to the presence of oxychaete spicules, exclusive of the new species. Remarks. Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. is characterized for possessing a spicule complement composed by tylostyles, styles, acanthostyles in two size categories, oxychaetes and an encrusting growth form. The most similar species are E. clavilectuarium and E. suassunai which share two categories of acanthostyles, subectosomal styles and choanosomal subtylostyles but they differ from the new species for presenting raphideform styles and spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). The new species is distinguished from E. clavatella Little, 1963, E. clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. coronula (Bowerbank, 1874), E. distyli, E. fulvum L��vi, 1969, E. lacazei (Topsent, 1891), E. longispiculum (Carter, 1876), E. major Sar�� & Siribelli, 1960, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum (Bowerbank, 1866), E. toureti (Topsent, 1894) and E. viride (Topsent, 1889) because these species have only one category of acanthostyles. In the species E. lictor (Topsent, 1904) and E. topsenti (Burton, 1954) acanthostyles are absent. E. oxychaetum sp. nov. differ from E. hispidulum (Topsent, 1904), E. incipiens Topsent, 1927, E. mucronale (Topsent, 1928), E. scabiosum (Topsent, 1927), E. simplex (Bowerbank, 1874) and E. urizae (Hooper, 1996), because they do not have subectosomal styles. Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 and E. mixtum (Topsent, 1928) are distinguished from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. by their spicules dimensions (Tab.1)., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 91-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 2, 31 - 71.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973.","Carter, H. J. (1876). Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240; 307 - 324; 388 - 410; 458 - 479, pls. XII - XVI.","Sara, M. & Siribelli, L. (1960) La fauna di Poriferi delle ' secche' del Golfo di Napoli. 1. La ' secca' della Gaiola. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo de Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 12, 3, 1 - 93.","Topsent, E. (1894) Application de la taxonomie actuelle a une collection de spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Guadeloupe decrite precedemment. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 7, 27 - 36.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280, pls. 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Burton, M. (1954) Sponges. In: The ' Rosaura' Expedition. Part 5. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 2, pp. 6.","Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco, 502, 1 - 19.","Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Mediterranee provenant des croisieres du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 74, 1 - 376, pls. I - XI."]}

Genus Eurypon Gray, 1867 Synonymy. For synonymy list see Hooper (2002). Type species: Hymeraphia clavata Bowerbank, 1866 (by monotypy). Definition. Typically encrusting Raspailiidae with microcionid skeletal structure in which fiber nodes ascend from the basal layer of spongin (Hooper 2002). Diagnosis. Encrusting, massive or digitate growth forms. Surface hispid, even, granular or conulose. Encrusting species have a microcionid choanosomal skeletal structure with a basally compressed layer of spongin fibres lying on the substrate producing small spongin-fibre nodes echinated by acanthostyles, and radially disposed extra-axial skeleton composed of subectosomal styles standing perpendicular to and embedded in basal fibres. Massive species have slightly axially compressed plumose tracts of extra-axial styles, often forming fanlike bundles, and tracts lightly echinated by acanthostyles. Extra-axial styles may be partially or entirely spined (Acantheurypon). Ectosomal specialization present (s.s.) or absent; if present ectosomal skeleton consists of fine monactinal (or diactinal) spicule brushes surrounding single protruding extra-axial styles. Structural megascleres consist of 1���2 categories of styles or (sub-)tylostyles (rarely modified to oxeas); echinating acanthostyles microcionid-like, typically long and with subtylote bases, or verticillate. Several species have raphides in trichodragmata. Oxychaetes are found in some species (emended from Hooper 2002, changes are in bold). Remarks. Hooper (2002) indicates the presence of styles and (sub-)tylostyles, echinating acanthostyles and raphides as the spicule complement. However, different spicules have been recorded for the genus in the present study. Oxychaetes are exclusive of E. oxychaetum sp. nov. Additionally, the presence of verticillate acanthostyles (found only in E. verticillatum sp. nov.) is also a new character for diagnosing the genus., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 469 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp."]}

Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. (Figures 1, 4���5, Table 1) Type locality: Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State, Potiguar Basin. Type specimens: Holotype. UFPEPOR 1949, Bacia Potiguar (04�� 36.7198' S ��� 036�� 46.7554' W), Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, depth 157 m, trawl, col. Petrobras, (22/V/2011). Diagnosis. Thinly encrusting sponge with a spicule complement composed by large tylostyles (1000���2315 / 6��� 10 ��m), acanthostyles I (119���300 / 6���12 ��m), acanthostyles II (62���98 / 2���8 ��m) and oxeas (207���550 / 2���5 ��m). External morphology (Fig. 4A���B). Thinly encrusting sponge, approximately 0.5 mm thick. Hispid surface, consistency fragile and oscula absent. Colour in life is unknown and brown when preserved (80% ethanol). Skeleton (Fig. 4B). No special ectosomal skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton composed of typical microcionid structure. Tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas protruded through surface forming projections of single spicules over the sponge. Spicules (Fig. 5A���H). Choanosomal tylostyles, eventually subtylostyles ( 1000��� 1418.5 ���2315 / 6��� 8.1 ���10 ��m): elongated, smooth, curved, and with blunt tips and rounded tyla (Fig. 5A���B); Acanthostyles I (119��� 205.5 ���300 / 6��� 9.0 ���12 ��m): long, robust, erect to slightly curved, with few little spines over the shaft, more abundant at the sponge basement (Fig. 5E���F); Acanthostyles II (62��� 74.3 ���98 / 2��� 4.1 ���8 ��m): smaller than acanthostyles I, thin, straight, with big curved spines (hook-shaped) directed to the base projected all over the shaft (Fig. 5G���H); Thin oxeas (207��� 443.7 ���550 / 2��� 2.7 ���5.5 ��m): long, slightly curved, and with blunt tips (Fig. 5C���D). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 1). Known from the type locality Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Region, Brazil), at 157 m. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. was found over a sand aggregate on the bryozoan Cupuladria sp. Etymology. The species name refers to the type locality Potiguar Basin, Brazil. Remarks. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differ from other Atlantic species of the genus, in spicules complement composed by large tylostyles, two categories of acanthostyles and oxeas, and dimensions (Tab. 1). The most similar species are E. mucronale and E. urizae, which have (sub)tylostyles, two size categories of acanthostyles and oxeas. However, the new species has much smaller tylostyles and oxeas are greater than those exhibited by E. urizae and E. mucronale (Tab. 1). Eurypon fulvum and E. major share with E. potiguaris sp. nov. the presence of choanosomal tylostyles, acanthostyles and oxeas. Nevertheless, they present only one category of acanthostyles and differ regarding the spicules dimensions (Tab. 1). Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. clavilectuarium, E. miniaceum and E. suassunai by the presence of choanosomal subtylostyles and styles. The new species differ from E. hispidulum, E. incipiens, E. scabiosum and E. simplex for presenting oxeas. Acanthostyles are absent in E. lictor and E. topsenti. Eurypon clavatella, E. clavatum, E. cinctum, E. coronula, E. distyli, E. longispiculum, E. pulitzeri nom. nov., E. radiatum, E. toureti and E. viride present only one category of acanthostyles, while the new species has two acanthostyle categories. Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. differs from E. oxychaetum sp. nov. in spicules complement., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Thayn��, Santos, George Garcia & Pinheiro, Ulisses, 2018, Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti, pp. 89-101 in Zootaxa 4388 (1) on pages 93-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1187855

Thrinacophora funiformis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 Figures 41 a–e Thrinacophora funiformis Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 484; Ridley & Dendy 1887: 195, pl. XIII fig. 1, pl. XXIV fig. 1; Hooper 2002a: 494, fig. 14 (redescription of holotype); Muricy et al. 2011: 150 (with further Brazilan records). Material examined. RMNH Por. 9312, 9810, 9847, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I121, 6.4717°N 55.0033°W, depth 33 m, triangular dredge, 25 April 1969; RMNH Por. 9323, 9370, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 107, 7.7°N 57.5°W, depth 65 m, muddy sand bottom with shells, 5 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9356, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 96, 6.8667°N 57.5167°W, depth 23 m, muddy sand and shells, 3 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9767, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 95, 6.9°N 57.5°W, depth 23–24 m, mixed hard bottom, 3 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9808, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 5, 6.6°N 53.55°W, depth 44 m, trawl, bottom calcareous sand, 24 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9829, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 94, 6.9333°N 57.5°W, depth 26 m, bottom muddy sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9832, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 87, 7.5667°N 57.2667°W, depth 59 m, bottom sand and shells, 2 September 1970; RMNH Por. 9881, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station G56, 7.26°N 56.6667°W, depth 67–68 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966; RMNH Por. 9945, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9971, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station F38, 7.23°N 56.4067°W, depth 81 m, 5 May 1966. Description. (Figs 41 a,a1) Strongly conulose branches, longest among the numerous collected specimens was 86 cm. Branches may be single, but usually have longer or shorter side branches in a low frequency. Thickness around 1 cm, with conules making up about half or more of that. Color in alcohol various shades of dark red to brown. Consistency firm. Skeleton. An axially condensed reticulation of oxeas and styles, with the latter in ascending tracts and the oxeas interconnecting. Extra-axial skeleton consisting of single styles surrounded by bundles of thin crooked ‘cladostyles’, 80–100 µm in diameter, forming the characteristic conical surface projections. Spicules. (Figs 41 b–e) Long styles, oxeas, ‘cladostyles’, trichodragmas. Long styles (Figs 41 b,b1) of the conules and ectosomal region, smooth, slightly curved, about equidiametrical over much of the length, 538– 992 – 1398 x 16 – 25.1 –32 µm. Oxeas (Figs 41 c,c1), curved, gradually or abruptly, sharply pointed, 324– 406 –482 x 13 – 19.7 –23 µm. ‘Cladostyles’ of the conules (Figs 41 d,d1), thin, crooked or sinuous, equidiametrical, the opposite end of the normal rounded head end transformed to a multipronged apex (Fig. 41 d1), 267– 370 –439 x 3.5– 5.2 –7 µm. Raphides in trichodragmas (Figs 41 e,e1), 105– 118 –129 x 7 – 8.4 –10 µm. Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, NE Brazil, sandy bottom at 12–81 m depth (Guyana Shelf 23–81 m). Remarks. The present specimens conform closely to Ridley & Dendy’s description, including the peculiar ectosomal ‘cladostyles’ (sinuous styles with pronged apices). A second Central West Atlantic species is Thrinacophora spinosa Wilson, 1902 (p. 400), which is also quite similar in most aspects but lacks the pronged endings of the ectosomal styles. This latter feature is confirmed from examination of slides of the holotype USNM 7686. One further difference is the lesser thickness of the oxeas in T. spinosa (250–300 x 6–10 µm)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951, {"references":["Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Foyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275.","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002 a) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 469 - 510.","Wilson, H. V. (1902) [1900] The sponges collected in Porto Rico in 1899 by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 2, 375 - 411."]}

Aulospongus samariensis Hooper, Lehnert & Zea, 1999 Figures 38 a–h Aulospongus samariensis Hooper et al. 1999: 665, figs 13–16, 36A–B. Material examined. RMNH Por. 9928, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969. Description. Erect, finger-shaped sponge (Fig. 38 a) attached to a dead gastropod shell. Surface has lengthwise ridges and depressions. Color in alcohol red-brown, with the lengthwise depressions greyish brown. Size 3 cm high, about 1 cm in greatest diameter. Consistency firm, surface easily damaged. Skeleton. Axially condensed choanosomal skeleton with diverging secondary axes consisting of acanthostyles. Axes densely echinated by rhabostyles, diameter of echinated axial columns 150–250 µm. Extra-axial skeleton of single long styles protruding far beyond the surface at their base surrounded by dense bouquets of thin styles and thin oxeas. Spicules. (Figs 38 b–h) Tylostyles, acanthostyles, thin ectosomal styles, thin ectosomal oxeas, acanthorhabdostyles. Long ectosomal tylostyles (Figs 38 b,b1), smooth, curved, with prominent tyle smoothly grading into the shaft, in a large size range, 572– 1112 –1448 x 12– 15.0 –19 µm. Acanthostyles from the axial column (Figs 38 c,c1), slightly curved, with prominent tyle, lightly spined all over, occasionally almost smooth, 382– 468 –564 x 13 – 22.1 –29 µm. Thin styles from the ectosomal bouquets (Figs 38 d,d1), smooth, slightly curved, with narrow rounded head thinner than the shaft, 516– 634 –738 x 2.5– 4.3 –6.5 µm. Thin oxeas from the ectosomal bouquets (Figs 38 e,e1), similar to the thin styles but sharply pointed at both ends, 342– 496 –690 x 1.5– 4.1 –3 µm. Rhabdostyles in a large size range (Figs 38 f–h), usually acanthose, but occasionally almost or entirely smooth, especially in the larger rhabdostyles; divisible in three overlapping categories, (1) larger (Figs 38 f,f1), 330– 441 –572 x 19 – 21.4 –28 µm, (2) middle sized (Fig. 38 g), 211– 244 –279 x 10 – 13.9 –16 µm, and (3) smaller (Figs 38 h,h1), 151– 164 –180 x 7.5– 9.4 –12 µm. Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Colombian Caribean, Jamaica, on reefs and fore reef slopes, at 6–90 m depth (Guyana Shelf 81 m). Remarks. The present material conforms in all aspects with the description of the type material by Hooper et al. 1999. The division of the rhabdostyles into size categories, observed here, was not reported by Hooper et al., but the size range is comparable with the present sizes. Unpublished specimens in the ZMA collection indicate that the species is widespread in the Greater Caribbean. Zea’s hypothesis (in Hooper et al. 1999, p. 670) that this is likely a deep-water species that occasionally occurs in shallower waters is confirmed by the present sample from 81 m., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on page 59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951, {"references":["Hooper, J. N. A., Lehnert, H. & Zea, S. (1999) Revision of Aulospongus and other Raspailiidae with rhabdostyles (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 649 - 707."]}

Raspailia (Raspailia) johnhooperi sp. nov. Figures 39 a–g Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 9809, Suriname, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 5, 6.6°N 53.55°W, depth 44 m, trawl, bottom calcareous sand, 24 August 1970. Paratype RMNH. Por. 9313, (juvenile? specimen), Suriname, ‘O.C.P.S. Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station N79, 6.2217°N 55.917°W, depth 27 m, Van Veen grab, on dead oyster, 9 April 1969. Description. Arborescent-palmate sponge (Fig. 39 a), with conulose-spined surface, shiny smooth between conules. Size 13.5 x 10 cm. Color in alcohol beige. Branches flattened, ending pointedly, outline irregular. Short, double stalk (presumably the single palmate upper part is the result of two anastomosed individuals) of 3 cm long and 1.5 cm diameter, with more or less smooth surface. Consistency fleshy, compressible. A second smaller (juvenile?) specimen (Fig. 39 a1) was detected growing on a dead oyster. This is a stalkless five-branched individual, branches 8–10 mm long, 3 mm in diameter, with strongly hispid surface, looking rather different from the above described large specimen but with same structure and spiculation. Skeleton. Typically raspailiid, with condensed axial reticulation of strongyles and extra-axial long styles surrounded by bouquets of thin styles (Fig. 39 b). Echinating acanthostyles are sparingly present in the axial skeleton. Spicules. (Figs 39 c–g) Long styles, strongyles, thin styles, acanthostyles. Long styles (Figs 39 c,c1), smooth, curved, often broken in the slides (n=5), 2100–3400 x 24–33 µm. Strongyles (Figs 39 d,d1), smooth, curved, usually equidiametrical, but occasionally slightly anisodiametrical (Figs 39 e,e1), in a large size range, but not readily divisible in size categories, 384– 609 –960 x 13 – 16.9 –21 µm. Thin styles (Figs 39 f,f1) of the ectosomal bouquets, curved, often ending bluntly, in a large size range, but not divisible in size categories, 348– 667 – 1210 x 2 – 5.5 –14 µm. Acanthostyles (Fig. 39 g), with few, but large spines, 93– 127 –156 x 4.5– 9.1 –12 µm Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, sandy bottom at 27– 44 m. Etymology. Named after Professor John N.A. Hooper, Queensland Museum, Australia, to acknowledge his expert monographic studies on Raspailiidae, and his admirable efforts for sponge taxonomy in general. Remarks. The Central Western Atlantic so far is poor in Raspailia records (Van Soest et al. 2016). Of the subgenus Raspailia only three species have been reported, R. (R.) acanthifera (George & Wilson, 1919) (originally Axinella acanthifera) from Beaufort, North Carolina, R. (R.) muricyana Moraes, 2011 from Fernando do Noronha, and R. (R.) tenuis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 from NE Brazil (and also tentatively reported from Barbados by Van Soest & Stentoft 1988). None of these sponges have the erect palmate habitus with conulose-spiny surface of our new species and none of them have strongyles as main spicules of the axial skeleton; shape of the body is squatlylaminate (acanthifera and muricyana) or consist of stringy thin branches (tenuis) and all have styles instead of strongyles in the axial skeleton. Like R. (R.) tenuis, the new species has rare acanthostyles, whereas the other two have them more common. Strongylote spicules as axial spiculation are uncommon, but are occasionally reported in Raspailia species, e.g. in the Australian Raspailia (Raspailia) vestigifera Dendy, 1896 (cf. Hooper 1991)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951, {"references":["Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Diaz, M. C., Cardenas, P. & Carballo, J. L. (2016) World Porifera database. Avaliable from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera on 2016 - 05 - 21 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)","George, W. C. & Wilson, H. V. (1919) Sponges of Beaufort (N. C.) harbor and vicinity. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, 36, 129 - 179.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 122. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70 (215), 1 - 175. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549872 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)","Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of non-calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Fictoria (New Series) 8, 14 - 51.","Hooper, J. N. A. (1991) Revision of the family Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 5 (6), 1179 - 1418."]}

Van, Rob W. M. (2017): Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa 1: 1-225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951

Raspailia (Parasyringella) thamnopilosa sp. nov. Figures 40 a–d Material examined. Holotype RMNH Por. 6301, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station K101B, 7.3783°N 54.3583°W, depth 93 m, rectangular dredge, 17 April 1969. Paratype RMNH Por. 10550, same data as holotype. Description. (Fig. 40 a) Small arborescent hairy sponges (two almost identical specimens), with short stubby branches partially anastomosed. Size about 2 cm high, 1.5 cm wide, individual branches 2–4 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol light beige. Consistency firm, slightly compressible. Skeleton. Densely spiculous, with a central axis of styles, curved oxeas and rhabdostyles in a vague reticulation, without visible spongin. From the axis long styles verge toward the surface and protrude far beyond it causing hispidity and a hairy aspect. Spicules. (Figs 40 b–d) Styles, oxeas, rhabdostyles. Styles (Figs 40 b,b1) of the central column and surface, usually curved, occasionally more or less straight, slightly fusiform, with the rounded head marginally thinner than the middle part of the shaft, 612– 923 – 1092 x 18 – 23.2 –28 µm. Oxeas (Figs 40 c,c1), strongly curved, often a bit crooked with abrupt bends, but never sinuous, occasionally one of the apices is bluntly rounded, but the majority are sharply pointed, in a large size range, 217– 336 –464 x 8 – 11.3 –14 µm. Rhabdostyles (Figs 40 d,d1) smooth, short and fat, with abrupt curve just below the rounded head, in a large size range, 177– 326 –509 x 11 – 18.2 –26 µm. Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, on sandy bottom at 93 m depth. Etymology. Thamnos (Gr.) = bush, pilosus (L.) = hairy, referring to the shape of the sponge. Remarks. None of the described Central West Atlantic sponges appear to be similar to the above-described specimen. It is difficult to assign to any genus with certainty. On overall spiculation it could conform to Axinella, a genus, which has been demonstrated on molecular grounds to be polyphyletic. However, the spined surface and the axial skeleton of strongly curved oxeas and rhabdostyles of the present specimen do not resemble that of any of the described Western Atlantic Axinella species (cf. Alvarez et al. 1998). The spined surface caused by protruding long styles reminds of Raspailia, but its lack of acanthostyles and lack of typical raspailiid bouquets of thinner shorter spicules (either styles or oxeas) makes membership of that genus less likely. The subgenus Raspailia (Parasyringella) unites Raspailia species lacking acanthostyles, and with some hesitation I assign the present specimens to that group. Raspailia (Raspaxilla) bouryesnaultae Lerner et al., 2006 (replacement name for R. (R.) elegans sensu Boury- Esnault, 1973) from NE Brazil also has rhabdostyles, but these are spined, unlike the entirely smooth rhabdostyles of the new species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951, {"references":["Alvarez, B., van Soest, R. W. M. & Rutzler, K. (1998) A revision of the Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) of the Central- West Atlantic region. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 598, 1 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.598","Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la \" Calypso \"."]}

The taxonomy of the family Raspailiidae has always been controversial. The family was first included in the order Poecilosclerida. It was then allocated to the order Axinellida and later moved back to Poecilosclerida. Currently with the development of molecular tools it has been assigned to the order Axinellida. In this contribution we describe 10 species from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Seven of them are new to science: Raspailia (Parasyringella) rubra sp. nov., Raspailia (Raspaxilla) hymani (Dickinson 1945), Raspailia (Raspaxilla) hyle (de Laubenfels 1930), Aulospongus cerebella (Dickinson 1945), Aulospongus californianus sp. nov., Aulospongus aurantiacus sp. nov., Eurypon patriciae sp. nov., Eurypon tylospinosum sp. nov., Eurypon diversicolor sp. nov. and Eurypon brunus sp. nov. We discuss the genus Eurypon and include a table for all the species described worldwide with some comments about this genus. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D462084B-EE9C-4C61-884A-C9DB70003B4A

Suggestion of Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis as replacement name for Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015 HELMUT LEHNERT 1,2 & ROBERT P. STONE 3 1 Eichenstr. 14, 86507 Oberottmarshausen, Germany. E-mail: Lehnert@spongetaxonomics.de 2 GeoBio-Center LMU M��nchen, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333M��nchen, Germany 3 Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 17109 Point Lena Loop, Juneau, Alaska 99801 USA Shortly after publication of Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015 Rob Van Soest (pers. communication) noticed that this species name is a junior primary homonym of Raspailia fruticosa Dendy, 1887, now accepted as Endectyon fruticosa. According to the ICZN the published species name is unavailable and we now suggest to replace the name with Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis (holotype deposited at the Zoologische Staatssammlung M��nchen, ZSM 20150392, collection data published in Lehnert & Stone 2015). Etymology: from lat. septentrionalis���north, northerly��� Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis occurs in the North Pacific and the only other member of the subgenus Hymeraphiopsis occurs in the Antarctic., Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut & Stone, Robert P., 2016, Suggestion of Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis as replacement name for Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015, pp. 139 in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/267456

Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert P. (2016): Suggestion of Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) septentrionalis as replacement name for Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) fruticosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015. Zootaxa 4092 (1): 139-139, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.9

Among the thousands of non-tetractinellid (monaxonid) Demospongiae species, less than twenty possess polyactine (usually three- or four-claded) megascleres. These are currently assigned to two closely related genera, viz. Cyamon Gray and Trikentrion Ehlers, both members of the raspailiid subfamily Cyamoninae. The two genera are considered valid on account of differences in the shape and the ornamentation of the polyaxone spicules. Cyamon predominantly has four-claded equiangular spicules with all cladi spined or rugose, whereas Trikentrion usually has a majority of three-claded spicules on which spines are found only on a single basal clade. Nevertheless, the differences between the two genera appear to overlap in several known and newly discovered species, necessitating a revision of the two groups. Two new species of Cyamon were found to occur on inshore sandstone platforms off the coast of Mauritania. One of the new species, Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n., possesses unique small ‘double’ polyactine spicules in addition to the usual calthrops-like polyactine megascleres characteristic for Cyamon. The second new species, Cyamon arguinense sp. n., possesses polyactine megascleres of which only one of the cladi is spined the remaining three or more cladi being smooth, a feature that is considered characteristic of sponges of the genus Trikentrion. The type species of Cyamon, C. vickersii (Bowerbank) appears to have been misinterpreted as a Caribbean species, because circumstantial evidence strongly indicates an Indian Ocean origin. This has the consequence that specimens recorded subsequently under the name C. vickersii from various Western Atlantic localities are reassigned to Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault), a species originally described from Brazil. A new species, reported as Cyamon vickersii sensu Burton & Rao from the east coast of India, and available to us only as a single thick section mounted on a glass slide, is named Cyamon hamatum sp. n. The Cyamon membership of the only deep-sea species, Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent) is drawn in doubt due to considerable morphological deviation from mainstream Cyamon. The type species of Trikentrion, T. muricatum (Pallas), is extensively described and discussed, and a neotype is assigned. West African Trikentrion laeve (Carter) is for the first time since its original description properly redescribed from the type material. The specimen recorded by Burton as Trikentrion laeve from Congo turned out to be different from the original material of Carter and is assigned to a new species, Trikentrion africanum sp. n. All species of both genera considered valid are reviewed, mostly based on the examination of type or other original specimens. Our revision shows the existence of twelve species of Cyamon and six species of Trikentrion. A key to the species is provided and remarks on the geographic distribution of both genera are made. Based on our study, the differences between Cyamon and Trikentrion are re-evaluated. Only one character absolutely distinguishes the two genera, the presence (Trikentrion) or absence (Cyamon) of trichodragmata. A further discriminating character is the possession of short thick styles (most Cyamon species) versus thick oxeas (many Trikentrion), but this is complicated by absence of the oxeas in three Trikentrion species. Although spination of the polyactine spicules in itself cannot serve to distinguish the two genera with certainty, those of Trikentrion are usually recognizable by excessive hook-like spines against a finer spination in Cyamon. Possibly, the polyactine spicules of both groups are non-homologous, with Cyamon polyactines derived from styles and Trikentrion polyactines from oxeas, but this remains to be further investigated.

Genus Janulum de Laubenfels Janulum de Laubenfels, 1936: 79. Type species. Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876) (type by original designation). Diagnosis. Encrusting sponges with a smooth or lobed to columnar, distinctly punctate surface, with a firm to crisp, fragile texture in life. Colour in life ranges from pale yellow to cream to translucent pale blue. Choanosomal architecture consists of a single category of peculiar spined strongyles arranged in a delicate isodictyal reticulation of single spicules. Ectosome a tangential isodictyal reticulation. Spined strongyles are straight or bent abruptly at each end; typically ends bend to the same side of the spicule but may also bend to opposite sides. Strongyles possess sharp concave spines concentrated in the middle of the strongyle, ends are rounded, smooth, slightly expanded. Spines project perpendicular to the shaft and are aligned in what appear to be short linear spiralling arrays. A few spicules, often thin and immature, may be entirely smooth (modified and expanded from Vacelet (1969) and Boury-Esnault et al. (1994)).

Janulum imago Kelly & van Soest sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 3 B���F, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype���NIWA 94196, Paratypes���NIWA 93421, 94185: TAN 1402 / 31, Lot 224, Forde Guyot, Louisville Seamount Chain, International Waters, 35.317 �� S, 170.452 �� W, 1205���1600 m, 11 Feb 2014, collected by epibenthic sled from RV Tangaroa. Type location. Forde Guyot, Louisville Seamount Chain. Distribution. Known only from Forde Guyot, Louisville Seamount Chain. Description. Thinly encrusting in the interstices of stony coral Solenosmilia variabilis (Fig. 3 C), holotype, about 4 cm length, 2 cm wide and 1���2 mm thick. Surface follows undulations of coral substrate and is punctate with flush oscules 1 mm diameter. Larger, elongate openings are also present (Fig. 3 D). Interior cavernous. Texture in life firm, crisp, but very delicate and friable. Colour in life is translucent pale blue (Fig. 3 C). Skeleton. Choanosome and ectosome a cavernous, extremely fragile isodictyal reticulation of megascleres (Fig. 3 E, F). Ectosome undifferentiated from underlying choanosome, consisting of a tangential isodictyal reticulation with the ends of spicules visible occasionally, protruding from the surface membrane (Fig. 3 D). Spicules. Megascleres���Strongyles (Fig. 3 B, F; Table 1), faintly to acutely curved at each end, ends are orientated towards the same side or opposite sides of the spicule. Perfectly straight spicules and those with an acute bend at only one end are less common. Some spicules are slightly sinuous. Lightly spined, concave spines project perpendicular to the shaft, aligned in short spiralling linear arrays, ends rounded and smooth, slightly enlarged. Spines appear to be hollow in some spicules, 278 (240���320) x 15 (10���18) ��m. Substrate, depth range and ecology. Encrusting the interstices of dead stony coral rubble of the species S. variabilis, a CITES protected species and important habitat former in deep water around New Zealand (Tracey et al. 2011). Forde is an elongated guyot, a seamount with a flat top, oriented northwest-southeast with a summit plateau at 1000���1100 m deep with flanks that are deeply incised with gullies and ridges. The plateau edge and upper flanks are exposed bedrock with sand and intact stony coral (Clark et al. in press 2015). Etymology. Named for the ���echo��� of the genus Janulum, first recorded from the Late Eocene in the region of Zealandia that formed the Oamaru Diatomite, now found living on the Louisville Seamount Chain (imago, echo; L.). Remarks. Janulum imago sp. nov. is a small, fragile sponge, inhabiting a similar deep-water dead coral habitat to the genus type J. spinispiculum in the Mediterranean (Boury-Esnault et al. 1994; Calcinai et al. 2013). The spined strongyles are remarkably similar in their overall shape and ornamentation to those of J. spinispiculum (c. 200���240 ��m), but those of J. imago sp. nov. are almost 100 ��m longer and are double the thickness. The spicules of J. imago sp. nov. are also much longer than the spicule of J. princeps sp. nov. illustrated in Hinde & Holmes (1892: 160 ��m long x 8 ��m thick), clearly differentiating it from the fossil species., Published as part of Kelly, Michelle, Erpenbeck, Dirk, Morrow, Christine & Soest, Rob Van, 2015, First record of a living species of the genus Janulum (Class Demospongiae) in the Southern Hemisphere, pp. 255-266 in Zootaxa 3980 (2) on pages 263-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/236017, {"references":["Tracey, D. M., Rowden, A. A., Mackay, K. A. & Compton, T. (2011) Habitat-forming cold-water corals show affinity for seamounts in the New Zealand region. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 430, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 09164","Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174.","Calcinai, B., Moratti, V., Martinelli, M., Bavestrello, G. & Taviani, M. (2013) Uncommon sponges associated with deep coral bank and maerl habitats in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Italian Journal of Zoology, 2013, 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.786763","Hinde, G. J. & Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology, 24 (151), 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x"]}

Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876) (Fig. 2; Table 1) Isodictya spinispiculum Carter 1876: 310, Pl. 15, Fig. 42. Metschnikowia spinispiculum, Lundbeck 1902: 52, Pl. 12, Fig. 4; Topsent 1904: 243, Pl. 5, Fig. 1; Hentschel 1929: 901, 987. Janulum spinispiculum, de Laubenfels 1935: 79; Boury-Esnault et al. 1994: 132, Fig. 102; Vacelet 1969: 210, Fig. 54; Calcinai et al. 2013: 6, Fig. 3. Lithoplocamia spinispiculum, Hooper 2002: 506 (with question). Material examined. ZMA Por. 19460, 19461: BIOSYS/HERMES 2005, boxcore 24, southeast Rockall Bank, 55.506 �� N, 15.786 �� W, 680 m, 27 Jun 2005, collected by 50 cm boxcore from RV Pelagia; ZMA Por. 19579, BIOSYS/HERMES 2005, boxcore 60, southeast Rockall Bank, 55.444 �� N, 16.076 �� W, 780 m, 30 Jun 2005, collected by 50 cm boxcore from RV Pelagia; ZMA Por. P. 8676, slide, Porcupine Seabight, southwest of Ireland, 852 m, coll. L.A. Hendry, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Jun 2003; ZMA Por. P. 8672, 8673, East of Iceland, from Copenhagen Museum���s Lundbeck collection; BELUM Mc 7745, Mc 7798, Mc 7812, West Coast of Ireland, RV Celtic Explorer Cruise CE 10004, 54.063 �� N, 12.413 �� W, 1469 m, 26 May 2010, collected by ROV Holland I; BELUM Mc 7816, West Coast of Ireland, RV Celtic Explorer Cruise CE 10004, 54.058 �� N, 12.547 �� W, 1350 m, 27 May 2010, collected by ROV Holland I. Other material. Janulum filholi (Topsent, 1890), MOM 0 4 0078: Holotype, Campagnes de l' Hirondelle Stn 105 (1892), 927 m. Distribution. Northeast Atlantic region: southern Portugal, Azores, Rockall Bank; Mediterranean Sea: Alboran and Ionian Seas, Canyon de la Cassidaigne; North Atlantic: Iceland; Arctic Ocean: Barents Sea, northern Norway and Spitzbergen. Description. Very thinly to relatively thickly encrusting, often very small, 1���2 cm 2, 1��� 2 mm thick, with a smooth, porous, membranous surface (Fig. 2 A), or erect, almost cylindrical, irregularly lobate with an encrusting base (Fig. 2 B), about 25 mm thick, texture firm, friable. Colour in life white, pale cream, dull yellow. BELUM Mc 7745 was a pale cream crust on coral, with a pattern of channels on the surface (Fig. 2 A). Skeleton. Choanosome, a regular, areolate, multispicular isodictyal reticulation of spined strongyles with no fibre or tract development, spongin limited to the skeletal nodes (Fig. 2 D). Ectosome a tangential isodictyal reticulation of individual spicules. Spicules. Strongyles, (Fig. 2 C, E; Table 1) with sparse, distinctive, prominent sharp concave spines concentrated in the middle of the spicule in short linear arrays, smooth at the extremities. Spicules may Locality Strongyles (��m) Janulum spinispiculum (Carter, 1876) Northeast Atlantic (Portugal) Carter (1876) Type species North of Cape St Vincent, southern 208 x 8 Portugal, 136���680 m Topsent (1904) Princess-Alice Bank, Azores, 200 m ��� (As Metschnikowia spinispiculum) (Campagne of 1897), Pico et S��o Jorge Islands, 1250 m (Campagne of 1902) Northeast Atlantic (Ireland) Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic (Iceland) Lundbeck (1902) East of Iceland, 307 m and Denmark Strait, 208���238 x 10���12 (As Metschnikowia spinispiculum) 567 m ZMA Por.P. 8672 and 8673 slides East of Iceland, 307 m 235 (222���252) x 13 (12���14), n= 10 from Lundbeck (1902) Arctic Ocean Janulum princeps sp. nov. Note 1. Hentschel (1929: 901) Part I listed specimens of Metschnikowia spinispiculum from Spitzbergen but did not provide any spicule dimensions. In an overview (Part 2) of Arctic species he includes a fuller description of the species with spicule dimensions that appear to be taken directly from Lundbeck (1902). have slightly swollen ends and may be straight or slightly bent at one or both ends, to the same or opposite sides. Immature spicules may be entirely smooth and may occasionally have mucronate ends. Spicule lengths and widths range from 159���267 x 8���17 ��m in the Northeast Atlantic, 100���230 x 3���10 ��m in the Mediterranean Sea, 208���252 x 10���14 ��m to the east of Iceland, and 208���252 x 8���14 ��m in the Arctic Ocean (Table 1). Substrate, depth range and ecology. Found on stones (Carter 1876) and on the interstices of dead corals at 550 m depth at Gibraltar (Boury-Esnault et al. 1994). Collected from red and white corals on deep Mediterranean coral bank habitats at 623 and 539 m depth by Calcinai et al. (2013). Rockall Bank samples were all from cold water coral reefs, growing on dead branches of Lophelia and Madrepora, at depths of 680��� 780 m. Porcupine Seabight material came from 852 m. West coast of Ireland samples collected from cold water coral reefs, overgrowing dead Lophelia, 1350���1470 m. Remarks. Janulum spinispiculum has a North Atlantic ��� Arctic Ocean distribution and varies considerably in depth from about 140 m off the coast of Portugal to about 1500 m on the Rockall Plateau region in the Northeast Atlantic. Spicule lengths and thickness vary accordingly (Table 1), with the shortest spicules being found in specimens in the Western Mediterranean, and the longest in specimens collected from the Rockall Bank area and east of Iceland region. The sponge also has a variable gross morphology that ranges from thinly encrusting patches to thickly encrusting with lobes. Bukry (1978) figured a spined strongyle from a Neogene deep sea core (3���23 Ma) from the west of Iceland (Fig. 2 F) that is more heavily spined and longer and thicker (Bukry 1978, Pl. 7, Fig. 20: spined strongyle 288 x 20 ��m) than any spicule recorded from J. spinispiculum from Iceland (Fig. 2 E) (Lundbeck 1902, Pl. 12, Fig. 4 a���b: 208���238 x 10���12 ��m), and the largest spicule measured from J. spinispiculum is 267 ��m (ZMA 19461) which is somewhat smaller than the microfossil spicule. The microfossil spicule is considerably longer than the average length of spicules for J. spinispiculum for the general region (about 200���240 ��m), suggesting that Janulum was present in the North Atlantic sometime during the Neogene but likely to be a species distinct from J. spinispiculum., Published as part of Kelly, Michelle, Erpenbeck, Dirk, Morrow, Christine & Soest, Rob Van, 2015, First record of a living species of the genus Janulum (Class Demospongiae) in the Southern Hemisphere, pp. 255-266 in Zootaxa 3980 (2) on pages 258-261, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/236017, {"references":["Carter, H. J. (1876) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (105 - 108), 226 - 240, 307 - 324, 388 - 410, 458 - 479.","Lundbeck, W. (1902) Porifera. (Part I.) Homorrhaphidae and Heterorrhaphidae. In: The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 6 (1). Bianco Luno. Copenhagen, pp. 1 - 108.","Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 280. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61852","Hentschel, E. (1929) Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme des Nordlichen Eismeers. In: Romer, F., Schaudinn, F., Brauer, A. & Arndt, W. (Eds.), Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nordliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898, 5 (4). G. Fischer, Jena, pp. 857 - 1042, pls XII - XIV.","Boury-Esnault, N., Pansini, M. & Uriz, M. J. (1994) Spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d'Alboran et du golfe ibero-marocain. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 160, 1 - 174.","Vacelet, J. (1969) Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l' etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 59 (2), 145 - 219.","Calcinai, B., Moratti, V., Martinelli, M., Bavestrello, G. & Taviani, M. (2013) Uncommon sponges associated with deep coral bank and maerl habitats in the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea). Italian Journal of Zoology, 2013, 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.786763","Hooper, J. N. A. (2002) Family Raspailiidae Hentschel, 1923. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 469 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 53","Topsent, E. (1890) Notice preliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les campagnes de l'Hirondelle. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 15, 26 - 32, 65 - 71.","Bukry, D. (1978) 18. Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northern mid-Atlantic Ridge and Reykjanes Ridge, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 49. In: Luyendyk, B. P., Cann, J. R. et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vol. 49. U. S. Govt Printing Office, Washington, pp. 551 - 581."]}