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This study investigates the effects of incorporating nickel (Ni) powder in the friction stir lap welding (FSLW) of Aluminum 1050 alloy and commercially pure copper sheets. Both single and multi-pass FSLW techniques were employed, and the mechanical properties and microstructures of the resulting joints were characterized. The addition of Ni powder significantly influenced the morphology, thickness, and type of interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs), resulting in the formation of distinct IMC layers, including Al4Cu9 and Al2Cu in samples without Ni, and binary phases such as Al3Ni and Cu3.8Ni in Ni-containing samples. Microstructural analysis revealed refined grain structures, with enhanced refinement observed in multi-pass welding, particularly in samples with Ni powder. Hardness measurements indicated an increase in local mechanical properties due to hard IMCs. The single-pass sample with Ni exhibited the highest tensile load and displacement among the tested samples, attributed to its optimized microstructure and favorable IMC distribution. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of Ni powder in enhancing the performance of dissimilar Al/Cu joints, contributing to advancements in solid-state welding techniques.

Abstract The objective of this research was to examine the impact of feeding biologically treated rumen digesta (BTRD) to Holstein steer calves at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM-based) on feed consumption, nutrient digestion, growth performance, rumen fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Sixteen Holstein steer calves with an initial BW of 113 ± 8 kg were randomly allocated in a randomized complete design. Dietary inclusion of BTRD in calves diet did not altered (P

Abstract Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cryopreservation and post-thawing affects sperm quality and subsequent fertilizing capacity. Nanoparticles (NPs) with antioxidative properties can improve sperm function and male fertility. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 100 µM ρ-coumaric acid (ρ-CA), 0.1 µM ρ-CA-NPs (PCNPs), 150 µg/mL zinc chloride (ZnCl2), 1 µg/mL zinc oxide-NPs (ZnO-NPs), ρ-CA + ZnCl2, PCNPs + ZnO-NPs, 0.001 µM of ρ-CA loaded on ZnO-NPs (ρ-CA-ZnONPs) on goat sperm parameters and fertilizing ability after cryopreservation. Semen samples from five Saanen goats were used. Various concentrations of treatments were incubated to determine the optimal concentrations for assessing sperm motility and viability. Subsequently, samples were filled with 0.5-mL straws, frozen, and stored in liquid nitrogen (− 196 °C). Evaluations of post-thaw spermatozoa parameters and fertilizing ability were performed. Addition of ρ-CA-ZnONPs and PCNPs + ZnO-NPs significantly increased sperm viability, motility, plasma membrane integrity, blastocyst rate, and blastocyst quality compared with the other treatments. Moreover, using ρ-CA-ZnONPs significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, spermatozoa are cryotolerant, resistant to post-thaw conditions, and have fertilizing ability that can be increased by adding ρ-CA-ZnONPs as an antioxidant to goat semen extenders.

Microgastrines are diverse group of endoparasitoid wasps attacking caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Despite their importance in biological control, there is still no consensus concerning the phylogeny relationships among taxa. Although previous phylogenetic analyses have advanced the overall understanding of phylogenetic relationships of Microgastrinae, the small numbers of sampled taxa have led to disagreement in taxonomic assignments. In the present study, we performed a molecular genetic survey using both mitochondrial and nuclear data, increasing the taxons' sampling, to clarify the generic relationships and improve the inferences of the taxonomic status within Microgastrinae. We reconstructed a phylogenomic tree of Microgastrinae with sequences that exist up till now, from fifty-five genera for COI and thirty genera for 28S rDNA, both new and from previous studies. Several species and genera have been sequenced for the first time. In this study, we identified some of the closest phylogenetic relatives of Microgastrinae genera by analyzing DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI and 28S rDNA. Most clades of the current findings correspond to the latest morphological classification of Microgastrinae. New clades and several well-supported clades, conform to the most previously recorded clades and provide an increased understanding of the Microgastrinae evolution. Based on molecular examination, Pholetesor psedocircumscriptus Abdoli, 2019 is synonymized with Pholetesor circumscriptus (Nees, 1834).

Abstract The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented new sulfur content regulations for marine fuels in response to growing environmental concerns, including global warming. These regulations severely and costly restrict refinery operations. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is an attractive desulfurization method that has advantages such as mild operating conditions and a hydrogen-free process over traditional processes such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS). One can employ oxidative desulfurization in addition to or instead of hydrodesulfurization. Organic sulfur molecules undergo oxidative desulfurization, which results in the formation of polar sulfones. The refined fuel oil is then separated from the oxidized sulfones using methods such liquid-liquid extraction, distillation, and absorption. This work examines and simulates the process of separating sulfur-containing oxidized chemicals from fuel oil utilizing oxidative desulfurization technology. Acetic acid served as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the chosen oxidant. This effort involved simulating the oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil and then using absorption methods to separate the oxidized sulfones. Subsequent procedures including absorption and distillation were used to separate and recover the resultant effluent, solvent, and oxidant from the remaining components. According to the simulation results, the procedure was run at 80 °C and a modest pressure of less than 5 bar. Sulfur content in the original hydrocarbon fuel was 3.5% by weight; at the output, it was less than 0.5% by weight. The findings of the sensitivity analysis of a few key factors demonstrated that the conversion percentage increased from 84 to 98% when the reactor’s diameter was changed from 0.5 to 1.2 m and its length was extended to the desired amount. The reaction conversion percentage has increased significantly when the mass flow rate of hydrogen peroxide is increased from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/h, the pressure is increased from 1.5 to 5 bar, and the temperature is raised to 30 °C. According to the process optimization data, the ideal state had an exergy efficiency of 55.57%, a solvent waste rate of 1.75%, and a sulfur content of 0.22% in the fuel.

The development of efficient recovery methods for waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) not only tackles the environmental risks of disposal but also promotes the conservation of resources within the electronics industry. This study proposes a two-step leaching approach for recovering metals from WPCBs. Initially, transition metals are leached using nitric acid, followed by the recovery of precious metals with thiourea in the second stage. In the first stage, dissolution rates exceeding 90 wt% were achieved for transition metals, including Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Sn. In this stage, the dissolution of precious metals (i.e., Au and Pd) was insignificant. In the second stage, the effect of four parameters was investigated, including the impact of temperature, concentrations of ferric ions, sulfuric media, and thiourea on the recovery of Au and Pd. Precise control over sulfate concentration played a vital role in achieving maximum Au recovery. The optimal acid concentration was 0.2 M, resulting in a recovery rate of ~50 wt%. Ferric ion concentration positively affects Au recovery, whereas, in extracting Pd, optimal conditions imposed the absence of ferric ions. Thiourea concentration positively impacted Au and Pd recovery rates, peaking at 49 wt% for Au at 1 M and 44 wt% for Pd at 1.5 M. Prolonged leaching resulted in declining Au recovery rates, indicating a decrease in reagent concentration. Temperature variation yielded similar outcomes, with 50 °C resulting in peak recovery rates of 53 wt% for Au and 54 wt% for Pd. Metal dissolution kinetics during leaching were analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The second-order model proved suitable for transition metals in the first stage, while only for Au and Pd in the second stage (with R2 = 0.99).

Climate change is predicted to result in elevational and latitudinal shifts in species distributions. Among different taxa, high-elevation specialist species are likely to suffer the greatest impact from climate change due to the limited ability to track their niches. Although much work has been undertaken on predicting the effects of climate change on the range contraction/expansion of mountain species, one important but fairly neglected issue is to consider the impacts of non-climate data in the projections of Species Distribution Models (SDMs). We evaluated the degree to which incorporating non-climatic data into climate-based SDMs would change the predicted vulnerability of the Caspian Snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius), a poorly known high-elevation specialist species, to climate change. We first optimized the MaxEnt model for the current species distribution using: (1) only climatic variables; and, (2) both climatic and non-climatic data. We then projected the optimized model for two future time periods under different climate scenarios. Finally, we calculated differences in the mean elevation and lower and upper range limits for the species. We predicted that with changing climatic conditions, Caspian Snowcock will undergo significant elevational and some latitudinal shifts in its distribution and will face a drastic decrease in suitable habitat in the next 50 years. Including non-climatic data in the models increased model performance and resulted in reduced predictions of habitat loss under future climate scenarios. Terrain roughness was the most important predictor in this model, suggesting that more complex topography will retain favourable microclimates for the species in the future. The results thus highlight the importance of including topographic variables in climate-based SDMs. Our findings can guide biodiversity managers in prioritizing protected areas and adopting proactive measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change.

Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) represent a useful development in quantum machine learning, using the particular properties of quantum mechanics to solve the challenges of data analysis and modeling. This paper brings up a general analysis of five QGAN architectures, focusing on their evolution, strengths, weaknesses, and limitations in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Primary methods like Entangling Quantum GAN (EQ-GAN) and Quantum state fidelity (QuGAN) concentrate on stability, convergence, and robust performance on small-scale datasets such as 2 × 2 grayscale images. Intermediate models such as Image Quantum GAN (IQGAN) and Experimental Quantum GAN (EXQGAN) provide new ideas like trainable encoders and patch-based sub-generators that are scalable to 8 × 8 datasets with increasing noise resilience. The most advanced method is Parameterized Quantum Wasserstein GAN (PQWGAN), which uses a hybrid quantum-classical structure to obtain high-resolution image processing for 28 × 28 grayscale datasets while trying to maintain parameter efficiency. This study explores, analyzes, and summarizes critical problems of QGANs, including accuracy, convergence, parameter efficiency, image quality, performance metrics, and training stability under noisy conditions. In addition, developing QGANs can generate and train parameters in quantum approximation optimization algorithms. One of the useful applications of QGAN is generating medical datasets that can generate medical images from limited datasets to train specific medical models for the recognition of diseases.

In recent years, northeastern Iran, particularly Khorasan Razavi province, has experienced wind erosion and dust storms, although large-scale studies are limited. To assess wind patterns, sand drift, and dust events, hourly wind data were analyzed using Fryberger’s method, along with trend analysis through the Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests. Additionally, MODIS satellite data and Google Earth Engine helped identify event frequency and spatial patterns. The results show that east (12%) and southeast winds (9.6%) are the most frequent, with an average annual wind speed of 4.39 knots. Sand drift potential (DP = 96, RDP = 21.6) indicates sand movement from southeast to northwest, with a multi-directional wind system (unidirectional index of 0.22). The results of the AOD index show that the amount of dust in the north and northwest part is more than other locations, and more than 500 events with dust has been registered over the last two decades. These findings suggest that policymakers should monitor these trends to mitigate the environmental and infrastructural damage caused by blowing sand.

Abstract By affecting the ovarian pool of follicles and their enclosed oocytes, heat stress has an impact on dairy cow fertility. This study aimed to determine how heat shock (HS) during in vitro maturation affected the ability of the bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) to develop, as well as their metabolism of amino acids (AAs). In this study, COCs were in vitro matured for 23 h at 38.5 °C (control; n = 322), 39.5 °C (mild HS (MHS); n = 290), or 40.5 °C (severe HS (SHS); n = 245). In comparison to the control group, the MHS and SHS groups significantly decreased the percentage of metaphase-II oocytes, as well as cumulus cell expansion and viability. The SHS decreased the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation in comparison to the control and MHS. Compared to the control and MHS-COCs, the SHS-COCs produced significantly more phenylalanine, threonine, valine, arginine, alanine, glutamic acid, and citrulline while depleting less leucine, glutamine, and serine. Data showed that SHS-COCs had the highest appearance and turnover of all AAs and essential AAs. Heat shock was positively correlated with the appearance of glutamic acid, glutamine, isoleucine, alanine, serine, valine, phenylalanine, and asparagine. Network analysis identified the relationship between HS and alanine or glutamic acid, as well as the relationship between blastocyst and cleavage rates and ornithine. The findings imply that SHS may have an impact on the quality and metabolism of AAs in COCs. Moreover, the use of a multistep analysis could simply identify the AAs most closely linked to HS and the developmental competence of bovine COCs.

The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has provided new avenues for creating three-dimensional (3D) parts with intricate geometries. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a prominent technology in this domain, involving the layer-by-layer fabrication of objects by extruding a filament comprising a blend of polymer and metal powder. This study focuses on the FDM process using a filament of Copper–Polylactic Acid (Cu-PLA) composite, which capitalizes on the advantageous properties of copper (high electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance) combined with the easily processable thermoplastic PLA material. The research delves into the impact of FDM process parameters, specifically, infill percentage (IP), infill pattern (P), and layer thickness (LT) on the maximum failure load (N), percentage of elongation at break, and weight of Cu-PLA composite filament-based parts. The study employs the response surface method (RSM) with Design-Expert V11 software. The selected parameters include infill percentage at five levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%), fill patterns at five levels (Grid, Triangle, Tri-Hexagonal, Cubic-Subdivision, and Lines), and layer thickness at five levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mm). Also, the optimal factor values were obtained. The findings highlight that layer thickness and infill percentage significantly influence the weight of the samples, with an observed increase as these parameters are raised. Additionally, an increase in layer thickness and infill percentage corresponds to a higher maximum failure load in the specimens. The peak maximum failure load (230 N) is achieved at a 0.5 mm layer thickness and Tri-Hexagonal pattern. As the infill percentage changes from 10% to 50%, the percentage of elongation at break decreases. The maximum percentage of elongation at break is attained with a 20% infill percentage, 0.2 mm layer thickness, and 0.5 Cubic-Subdivision pattern. Using a multi-objective response optimization, the layer thickness of 0.152 mm, an infill percentage of 32.909%, and a Grid infill pattern was found to be the best configuration.

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), as the "queen of forage plants", is the most important fodder plant all over the world, including Iran. One of the common methods in alfalfa breeding is the improvement of synthetic verities. Numerous research activities for breeding and cultivation of alfalfa have been done in Iran, but so far only two improved populations have been introduced. This research was done to introduce the first synthetic variety of alfalfa using alfalfa-rich germplasm. Materials and Methods: For evaluation of the general combining ability of Azarbaijan alfalfa ecotypes with polycross test and selection of synthetic variety parents, 30 native ecotypes were collected from the Azarbaijan region, and polycross nurseries were conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran. The 30 half-sib families resulting from polycross nurseries were planted individually in pots and 30- day old seedlings were transplanted to the field and various traits were measured for 3 years. Based on 30 half-sib family's evaluation, 11 ecotypes were selected as parents for synthetic variety. The selected superior ecotypes were polycrossed under controlled conditions and the synthetic variety was produced. The synthetic cultivar was evaluated in several projects and several locations over several years along with parental ecotypes and control cultivars. Results: Statistical analyses showed significant differences among alfalfa half-sib families and it is possible to select parents. The narrow sense heritability values of fresh and dry forage yield, plant height, and ratios of the fresh and dry weight of leaves to the fresh and dry weight of stem were estimated as 51%, 50%, 46%, 11%, and 19% respectively. According to the ability of the general combination of ecotypes and especially based on fresh and dry forage yield, the top eleven ecotypes were selected for synthetic seed production. Considering 30% selection intensity, the expected genetic gain response for fresh and dry forage yield was calculated as 3.2 and 1.58 tons, respectively, which was expected to be 18% and 17.5% for fresh and dry forage yield, respectively. The ratios of fresh and dry weight of leaves to fresh and dry weight of stem showed low narrow sense heritability, so the expected genetic gain responses for them were very low. Conclusion: Based on the results of several studies, the average yield of fresh and dry forage yield of the synthetic variety was 38609 and 10231 (Kg/ha), respectively. The superiority of this variety for fresh and dry forage yield in comparison with control cultivar was about 22%. The results of several research projects showed that the improved modified synthetic variety has the necessary superiority to be introduced as a new agricultural variety to the farmers for widespread cultivation and introduced and it was introduced as the first synthetic variety named Nafis.

Objective: Organizational crisis is defined as an event that threatens the high-priority values of the organization, presents a restricted amount of time to respond, and is unexpected or unanticipated by the organization. The crisis which was caused by Covid-19 had significant effects on employees. During the pandemic, employees were working remotely for longer hours, and dealing with increased uncertainty, worries, and disruptions, all of which could increase career burnout. There was a lack of understanding of the behavioral effects of changes in management control styles in response to global crises. Accordingly, This study aimed to investigate the behavioral consequences resulting from changes in management control practices during crises in budgeting, along with the factors that intensify these consequences.Methods: This is an exploratory study that uses survey data. It is also a cross-sectional research (in the first semiannual of 2022). The statistical population of this research comprises managers with a minimum of 5 years of managerial experience and 20 subordinate employees, working in medical universities and affiliated hospitals of Fars Province, Iran. In this study, 250 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 127 were collected. Among the collected questionnaires, 99 were deemed usable for analysis. To test the hypotheses of the research, the structural equations modeling approach was used along with SMARTPLS-4 software.Results: The findings indicated that medical universities in Fars Province enhanced their budgetary controls as a response to the adverse impacts of Covid-19. This demonstrated organizations' adaptability to budgeting changes during global crises. Moreover, intensifying budget controls due to heightened perceptions of ambiguity and role conflict exhibited a positive correlation with emotional exhaustion. Additionally, the results confirmed that the influence of heightened budget controls on role conflict diminishes when managers perceive effective pre-crisis utilization of budget controls.Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the efficient budget design in the pre-crisis era has negative and significant effects on role ambiguity and role conflict. This means that efficient budgets provide beneficial information and more flexibility and also help to resolve conflicting demands. Also, the evidence shows that during crises, efficient budgets reduce the effects of budget controls on role conflict, but do not have any effect on role ambiguity. These findings highlight that managers within public health organizations can effectively manage budget-tightening shocks by leveraging budgeting to foster a deeper comprehension of duties and responsibilities. The enhanced budget controls play a role in mitigating negative behavioral responses stemming from heightened role conflict and emotional exhaustion. Additionally, the outcomes reveal an intriguing aspect of trust in organizational dynamics. While generally advantageous, trust can inadvertently intensify managerial self-imposed pressure to reciprocate, exacerbating issues like role ambiguity and role conflict. However, this does not intensify the effects of tightening budgetary controls on role ambiguity and role conflict. The findings also indicate that the level of trust among subordinates towards their superiors can change in response to heightened role ambiguity and role conflict. When requests come from trusted superiors, individuals are likely to devote greater attention and effort toward achieving expected performance outcomes. Thus, individuals who have high levels of trust in their superiors are more likely to feel pressured to comply with requests even if fulfilling the obligation leads to negative cognitive and affective outcomes.

The eyelid bearing geckos Eublepharidae including six widely disjunct genera and 45 species which are distributed in tropical to temperate habitats of Eurasia, North-Central America and Africa. One of the eublepharid genera is the fat-tailed geckos of the genus Eublepharis Gray, 1827. The specific characters of Eublepharis involves flat basioccipital bone, deep axial pockets (armpit), eyelids well developed and movable, pupil vertical, dorsal small scales juxtaposed larger tubercles. The fat-tailed geckos as a vicariant group, encompass seven secretive, and nocturnal species: E. angramainyuAnderson and Leviton, 1966, E. fuscus Börner, 1974, E. hardwickii Gray, 1827, E. macularius (Blyth, 1854), E. satpuraensis Mirza, Sanap, Raju, Gawai and Ghadekar, 2014, E. pictus Mirza and Gnaneswar, 2022), and E. turcmenicus Darevsky, 1977 which are distributed from Turkey through the Iranian Plateau to India as following: south-eastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and north-eastern and central India in a variety of habitats from dry karst topography regions with gypsum deposits and clay-gravel soil to stony foothills. The data used for the distribution maps were based on all available bibliographic records, and personal field observations. The results showed that among the three species located in Iran, E. angramainyu has the most widespread distribution and habitat diversity, and E. macularius has a very limited distribution in the border of Iran and Afghanistan. The range of species distribution depends on various factors including behavioral mechanisms of superior habitat selection, interactions with other living organisms and physico-chemical factors.

The main problem in post-treatment of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AlSi10Mg is the sharp reduction in strength when the ductility enhances, i.e. the problem of strength-ductility trade-off. Friction stir welding (FSW) at a low rotational speed of 200 rpm was employed to join AlSi10Mg plate produced by laser-powder bed fusion in conjunction with overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off. The microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the as-built and friction stir welded samples were examined. FSW resulted in the elimination of porosities, formation of ultrafine-grains with an average grain size of 0.7 μm, increment in dislocation density and Taylor factor, and fragmentation of Si particles. In addition, after FSW, B/B¯ and C shear texture components were mainly formed in the center of the stir zone, while at the shoulder-dominated zone the A1∗(111)[1¯1¯2] and A2∗(111)[112¯] components might be formed. The main grain structure formation mechanism was continuous dynamic recrystallization occurring by a gradual increase in misorientation of low angle grain boundaries and geometrically dynamic recrystallization. Consequently, tensile elongation was enhanced by ≈173%, while a negligible decrease in strength (≈9%) was observed. During tensile loading, the joint was fractured from the stir zone by the initiation of cracks from the surface of the sample, resulting in a bimodal dimple structure.

Abstract A thermal model of kinetic friction is assigned to a classical loaded particle moving on a fluctuating smooth surface. A sinusoidal wave resembles surface fluctuations with a relaxation time. The Hamiltonian is approximated to the mean energy of the wave describing a system of Harmonic oscillators. The quantization of amplitudes yields in terms of annihilation and creation operators multiplied by a quantum phase. Further, we consider acoustic dispersion relation and evaluate the friction coefficient from the force autocorrelation function. While the sliding particle remains classical describing a nano-particle or a tip with negligible quantum effects like tunneling or delocalization in the wave function, the quantized model of the surface fluctuations results in the temperature dependence of the kinetic friction coefficient. It follows an asymptotic value for higher temperatures and supper-slipperiness at low temperatures.

Iran is a country with different soils and climatic zones that affect the nutrient concentration in the produced wheat. Since wheat is one major component of Iranian diet, this survey was performed to investigate the concentration of micronutrients including copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in wheat grains of Iran. For this purpose, a total of 1876 grain samples were collected from the wheat grown lands of Iran and analyzed for the micronutrients. Results revealed that the grain yields were found 5.50 and 2.02 ton ha−1 for irrigated and rainfed wheat, respectively. The average concentration of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the wheat was 26, 32.76, 34.7, and 5.94 mg kg−1 respectively. The spatial distribution of Zn, Fe, and Mn showed that the wheat produced in the south and southwestern, east and southwestern, and east were more enriched, respectively. While, the wheat produced in the central, south, and southwestern areas contained a higher concentration of Cu. Moreover, results showed that the average concentration of Zn (26 mg kg−1) and Fe (32.76 mg kg−1) was lower than the recommended concentrations for human health (i.e. Zn = 41 mg kg−1; Fe = 57 mg kg−1), which indicates a deficiency of these elements in the wheat grains. Due to the calcareous nature of the soils of Iran, alkaline pH, and low amount of organic matter, the bioavailability of nutrients are low and deficiency symptoms are revealed. Moreover, by increasing grain yield the concentration of grain elements decreases, which shows the effect of new varieties on intensifying the nutrient deficiency. The present study revealed the nutritional status of wheat grown in Iran and confirmed deficiency of Fe and Zn. This study provided information to the decision-makers to overcome this problem by employing proper strategies such as fortification and enrichment.

Abstract For the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), without expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors, specific treatment guideline is still under criticism, especially in tumor hypoxia. But assuming the molecular similarity of TNBC with breast cancer gene-1-related cancers, gemcitabine may be used in TNBC treatment on the nanozyme platform combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). After designing the nanozyme with four components, platinum–cobalt: with catalase/peroxidase capabilities, hyaluronic acid: nanozyme targeting by interacting with CD44 receptor, poly[ethylene glycol]: water-soluble macromolecule for immune escape, and Gem: antitumor drug, its physicochemical properties was investigated by thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray, and therapeutic effects in in vitro and in vivo. The results show that platinum–cobalt@gemcitabine-hyaluronic acid-polyethylene glycol (PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG) especially synergized with PDT has high toxicity on 4T1 cells and tumor by enhancing the catalase-/peroxidase-like activities to produce O2, O2 •− and •OH, and increase the intracellular free radicals. PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG inhibits tumor development by increasing drug accumulation in the tumor and enhancing apoptotic mechanisms through synergistic activity with PDT. Nevertheless, the major organ damage confirmed by the histological method in the long-term application of PtCo@Gem-HA-PEG, makes their application challenging due to permanent catalytic activity. However, results of improved drug permeability based on reduced hypoxia, higher drug retention, and enzyme-like activity that could be synergized with other therapeutic approaches like a PDT, have made their use attractive. Hence, this study provides a promising path in the TNBC treatment by nanozymes, which requires further toxicological investigations. Graphic Abstract

S-layer proteins of Deinococcus radiodurans are the best self-assemble systems among other proteins that have an essential role in the fabrication of nanowires. Therefore, the purification of these proteins is necessary. The purpose of this research was to optimize the purification of s-layer protein from D. radiodurans with the response surface method. The three factors of SDS concentration, incubation time and mass percent in five levels were considered, and 20 runs were designed by Design-Expert software with a central composite method. Each run includes microbe culture, mass cell preparation, microbe incubation in specific SDS concentration and time and mass percent, separation of the bacteria from detergent with a centrifuge at 5000g, sedimentation of s-layer proteins from detergent solution with a centrifuge at 20000g, determination of protein concentration, and protein purity by Bradford and SDS-PAGE methods, respectively. Finally, the data obtained were analyzed. Analysis of the results demonstrated that at the 95% confidence level, the effect of the detergent concentration factor on the purified protein percent was more than other factors. The optimization results of factors are 5.64% SDS concentration, 7.33% mass percent, and 3 hours incubation time. At optimized conditions the protein concentration and purity percent were obtained 0.584 mg/ml and 47.61% respectively.

Abstract Understanding the most relevant hematological/biochemical characteristics, pre-existing health conditions and complications in survivors and non-survivor will aid in predicting COVID-19 patient mortality, as well as intensive care unit (ICU) referral and death. A literature review was conducted for COVID-19 mortality in PubMed, Scopus, and various preprint servers (bioRxiv, medRxiv and SSRN), with 97 observational studies and preprints, consisting of survivor and non-survivor sub-populations. This meta/network analysis comprised 19,014 COVID-19 patients, consisting of 14,359 survivors and 4655 non-survivors. Meta and network analyses were performed using META-MAR V2.7.0 and PAST software. The study revealed that non-survivors of COVID-19 had elevated levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase and creatinine, as well as a higher number of neutrophils. Non-survivors had fewer lymphocytes and platelets, as well as lower hemoglobin and albumin concentrations. Age, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease were shown to be the most influential risk factors among non-survivors. The most common complication among non-survivors was heart failure, followed by septic shock and respiratory failure. Platelet counts, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen levels were all linked to ICU admission. Hemoglobin levels preferred non-ICU patients. Lower levels of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and albumin were associated with increased mortality in ICU patients. This meta-analysis showed that inexpensive and fast biochemical and hematological tests, as well as pre-existing conditions and complications, can be used to estimate the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of the feelings of security in possessing citizenship in predicting academic competence and quality of life in derelict and unsupervised adolescents. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and correlation type in terms of method. The statistical population of this research included all derelict and unsupervised adolescents of Khorramabad (Iran) in 2022. The participants were 120 people (age range 15 - 18 years) from adolescents residing in boarding centers were selected using accessible sampling method. In order to collect data, Academic Competence Evaluation Scales (DiPerna & Elliott, 1999), Feelings of security in possessing citizenship Scale (Samara & Barzegar, 2015) and Quality of Life Scale (Skevington et al., 2004) were used. The hypotheses were examined by multiple regression. The results revealed that the association between feelings of security in possessing citizenship and academic competence and quality of life is significant (P < 0.01). Also, the regression results indicated that feelings of security in possessing citizenship accounted for 8.2% of the variance in the prediction of academic competence and quality of life (P

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) known as a complex metabolic disorder may cause health problems and changes in blood biochemical markers. A growing number of studies have looked into several biomarkers and their connections with T2D risk. However, few have explored the interconnection of these biomarkers, as well as the prospective alterations in the diabetes biomarker correlation network. We conducted a secondary analysis in order to introduce a multi-level approach to establish a relationship between diabetes, pre-diabetes, blood biochemical markers, age, and body mass index (BMI). The dataset was obtained from the Mendeley Data (available at https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/wj9rwkp9c2/1 . In this study, three groups were established: non-diabetic (n = 103), pre-diabetic (n = 53), and diabetic (n = 844). According to the Heatmap analysis, non-diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals had the lowest BMI, age, and HbA1c. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were correlated with BMI (r = 0.58 and − 0.27, respectively), age (r = 0.47 and − 0.28, respectively), and HbA1c (r = 0.55 and − 0.21, respectively) using Pearson analysis. Using multivariate analysis, we found that diabetes, BMI, age, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, and HDL were all associated. Network analysis revealed a connection between BMI and diabetes at the highest cut-off point. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis validated the network findings, revealing that BMI (area under the ROC curve, AUC = 0.95), HbA1c (AUC = 0.94), and age (AUC = 0.84) were the best predictors of diabetes. In conclusion, our multi-step study revealed that identifying significant T2D predictors, such as BMI and HbA1c, required a series of mathematical analyses.

Background: The aesthetic ability of individuals and their aesthetic development has been considered in various studies. However, it is important to pay attention to this issue during the stages of aesthetic development, and what changes occur in terms of visual and auditory aesthetics. Aims: In this regard, the main aim of this study was identifying the stages of visual and auditory aesthetic development in students. Methods: The design of this study was developmental and cross-sectional. 300 students from Tuyserkan were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected by interview using a researcher-made instrument. During the interview, participants' responses to visual and auditory stimuli were recorded and then analyzed by content analysis. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of this study showed that the visual aesthetic ability developed in 5 steps: objectivism (7 to 9 years), sensory (9 to 11 years), emotional (11 to 13 years), interpretive (13 to 15 years), and response/ practical (15 to 17 years) and their auditory aesthetic ability developed in 5 steps: objectivism (7 to 9 years), analytical (9 to 11 years), sensory-emotional (11 to 13 years), practical (13 to 15 years), and symbolic (15 to 17 years). The results of the Chi-Square analysis showed that the difference in the frequency of identified categories is also significant (P < 0.001). But there was no significant difference between girls and boys in terms of visual and auditory aesthetic development (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The aesthetic ability of students in each age group is different from the periods before and after that age group, and it is subject to change and transformation. Aesthetically, people look at the phenomena of their surroundings from a different perspective. Of course, there are not many gender differences in this regard. Applying these findings to the educational system can improve the quality of planning and better service delivery.

Background: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, subsequent hyperthermia, and hyperglycemia lead to neural damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of using cathodal and/or anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in different stages of ischemia-reperfusion on apoptosis and controlling hyperthermia and hyperglycemia. Materials and Methods: A total of 78 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 13), including sham, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS), cathodal-tDCS (c-tDCS), anodal/cathodal-tDCS (a/c-tDCS), and cathodal/anodal-tDCS (c/a-tDCS) groups. Global cerebral I/R was induced in all of the groups except for sham group. In a-tDCS and c-tDCS groups, the rats received anodal and cathodal currents in both I/R stages, respectively. In a/c-tDCS group, the rats received anodal current during the ischemia and cathodal current during the reperfusion. The c/a-tDCS group received the currents in the reverse order. The current intensity of 400 µA was applied in ischemia phase (15 min) and reperfusion phase (30 min, twice a day). Body temperature and plasma blood sugar were measured daily. Rats were also tested for novel object recognition and passive avoidance memory. The apoptosis of hippocampal tissue was evaluated by measuring Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and TUNEL staining. Results: All tDCS significantly reduced hyperthermia and hyperglycemia, as well as Bax and Caspase-3 levels, it also increased Bcl-2 expression. The preliminary results from c/a-tDCS mode could improve the expression of apoptotic markers, memory function, hyperthermia, and hyperglycemia control and reduce DNA fragmentation compared to other stimulatory therapies. Conclusion: All tDCS modes could save neurons by suppressing apoptotic and enhancing anti-apoptotic pathways, especially in the c/a tDCS mode.

Recently, we reported that sperm induce cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) expression and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated inflammatory response in bovine uterus. In the present study, we hypothesized that the interaction between CD44 of bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) and hyaluronan (HA) affects sperm attachment and thereby enhancing TLR2-mediated inflammation. To test our hypothesis, at first, in-silico approaches were employed to define the binding affinity of HA for CD44 and TLR2. Further, an in-vitro experiment using the sperm-BEECs co-culture model was applied to investigate the effect of HA on sperm attachment and inflammatory response. Here, low molecular weight (LMW) HA at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg/mL) was incubated with BEECs for 2 h followed by the co-culture without- or with non-capacitated washed sperm (106/ml) for additional 3 h was performed. The present in-silico model clarified that CD44 is a high-affinity receptor for HA. Moreover, TLR2 interactions with HA oligomer (4- and 8-mers) target a different subdomain (h-bonds) compared to TLR2-agonist (PAM3) which targets a central hydrophobic pocket. However, the interaction of LMW HA (32-mers) with TLR2 revealed no stability of HA at any pocket of TLR2. Notably, the immunofluorescence analysis revealed the HA localization in both endometrial stroma and epithelia of ex-vivo endometrial explant. Moreover, ELISA showed significant levels of HA in BEECs culture media. Importantly, BEECs pretreatment with HA prior to sperm exposure increased the number of attached sperm to BEECs, and upregulated the transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL-1B, IL-8, and PGES) in BEECs in response to sperm. However, BEECs treated with HA only (no sperm exposure) did not show any significant effect on the transcript abundance of pro-inflammatory genes when compared to the non-treated BEECs. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest a possible cross-talk between sperm and endometrial epithelial cells via HA and HA binding receptors (CD44 and TLR2) to induce a pro-inflammatory response in bovine uterus.

Abstract The disposal of electronic waste (e-waste) presents a number of environmental problems. However, there are great opportunities to use this problem waste as a source of value-added metals. These metals could be recovered and transformed for use in beneficial applications, such as the manufacture of nanomaterials for the generation of hydrogen through thermodynamic water-splitting. This study used microrecycling techniques to synthesise Nitrogen oxide (NiO) doped copper oxide (CuO) nanoflakes from waste flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) using microrecycling techniques. Several precise characterisation and experimental analysis were used to validate the synthesised nanoflakes’ phase purity, surface chemistry, morphology and optical properties. XRD analysis confirmed the nanoflakes produced in the system were predominantly Tenorite, CuO (98.5% ± 4.5) with a dopant of NiO (1.5% ± 0.1). The nanoflakes had a specific surface area of 115.703 m2/g and mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 11 nm. HRTEM analysis confirmed that the nanoflakes were not a single structure but assembled from 2D nanorods. The width of the nanorods varied from ∼ 10 to 50 nm, and the length from ∼ 30 to 80 nm. After rapid thermal processing, the photocurrent response of the synthesised material was assessed, revealing a higher photocurrent density (− 1.9 mA/cm2 at 0.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under 1.5G AM). Mott Schottky analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the synthesised nanomaterial had the potential thermodynamic water-splitting capability. These results were an encouraging indication of the promise of techniques which use e-waste to produce nanomaterials with valuable properties. This has the potential to both decrease problem waste and preserves dwindling natural resources.

Background: The dynamics of supply chain networks have changed due to increasing complexities. Global expansions and knowledge transfer in supply chain networks bring efficiency and effectiveness to companies. However, the probability of supply chain complexity has also been seen increasing. The barriers to sustainable supply chain networks need to be tackled in an effective manner as they impact business operations. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate and reduce the supply chain complexities, as it will facilitate the process of knowledge transfer and increase the implementation of sustainable practises in supply chain networks. In the previous research, four supply chain complexity drivers were identified. Previous research identified four supply chain complexity drivers by conducting a systematic review. This study investigates which of the four complexity drivers impacts knowledge transfer in the context of the food supply chain sector. Methods: In this research, knowledge transfer is therefore examined from the perspective of sustainable food supply chains. Thirty exploratory qualitative interviews were conducted in this study and analysed using Nvivo (v12) software. This study utilised thematic analysis techniques for the evaluation of the interviews to gather results. Results: The results illustrated six main factors classified under broad categories: integration of Knowledge Transfer, incorporation of technological advancements in supply chain networks, supply chain complexity solutions, supply chain complexity drivers, sustainable supply chain networks, and capability to reduce supply chain complexity. The findings of this study highlight that process complexity significantly influences the process of knowledge transfer in food supply chain networks. The research findings contribute to both academic and practical domains. This study contributes to the aggregation of supply chain complexity and its impact on Knowledge Transfer. Additionally, the findings support supply chain networks, which strive to achieve efficient Knowledge Transfer to attain sustainable value in business operations. Conclusion: This study has proven that robust knowledge transfer reduces supply chain complexity as it makes supply chain systems more resilient and well-coordinated in many potential ways.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway is involved in the sperm-triggered uterine inflammatory response at insemination, but its precise mechanism at molecular-level remains unknown. According to the ligand specificity, TLR2 forms a heterodimer with TLR1 or TLR6 as an initial step to mediate intracellular signaling, leading to a specific type of immune response. Hence, the present study aimed to identify the active TLR2 heterodimer (TLR2/1 or TLR2/6) that is involved in sperm-uterine immune crosstalk in bovine using various models. First, in-vitro (bovine endometrial epithelial cells, BEECs) and ex-vivo (bovine uterine explant) models were employed to test different TLR2 dimerization pathways in endometrial epithelia after exposure to sperm or TLR2 agonists; PAM3 (TLR2/1 agonist), and PAM2 (TLR2/6 agonist). Additionally, in-silico approaches were performed to confirm the dimer stability using de novo protein structure prediction model for bovine TLRs. The in-vitro approach revealed that sperm triggered the mRNA and protein expression of TLR1 and TLR2 but not TLR6 in BEECs. Moreover, this model disclosed that activation of TLR2/6 heterodimer, triggers a much stronger inflammatory response than TLR2/1 and sperm in bovine uterine epithelia. In the ex-vivo model that mimics the intact uterine tissue at insemination, sperm also induced the protein expression of both TLR1 and TLR2, but not TLR6, in bovine endometrium, particularly in uterine glands. Importantly, PAM3 and sperm induced similar and low mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TNFA protein to a lesser extent than PAM2 in endometrial epithelia. This implied that sperm might trigger a weak inflammatory response via TLR2/TLR1 activation which is similar to that of PAM3. Additionally, the in-silico analyses showed that the existence of bridging ligands is essential for heterodimer stability in bovine TLR2 with either TLR1 or TLR6. Altogether, the present findings revealed that sperm utilize TLR2/1, but not TLR2/6, heterodimerization to trigger a weak physiological inflammatory response in the bovine uterus. This might be the way to remove excess dead sperm remaining in the uterine lumen without tissue damage for providing an ideal uterine environment for early embryo reception and implantation.

This study aims to justify an appropriate condition for enhancement of strength and ductility trade off in dissimilar friction stir welded joints of AA2024/copper having Zn interlayer with various thicknesses. For this aim, friction stir welding (FSW) was conducted at a rotation rate of 950 rpm, traverse speed of 85 mm/min and with tilt angle of 2°, offset of +2 mm and shoulder plunge depth of 0.05 mm. After FSW, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were examined in detail using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile test. The tensile results proved that addition of Zn interlayers results in improvement of strength besides ductility by changing the nature of intermetallic compounds in the joints. Furthermore, the accurate analysis indicated that the optimum thickness of Zn interlayers is 0.2 mm in order to obtain the best mechanical properties. The fracture appeared in the AA2024 part instead of the joint interface and more dimple type surface is appeared after fracture. The detail of different intermetallic compounds formed in the interfacial area of the joints is discussed throughly.

In recent years, pricing and coordination among manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers in multi-level supply chains (SCs) have attracted researchers’ attention. Product pricing can be considered one of the main aspects in the management of SCs. The lack of a proper pricing strategy leads to low sales numbers, customers, market share, and profit. The present study aimed at modeling optimal pricing in a multi-level SC, including suppliers, retailers, and customers, where customers place demand for different products, the price of which is a function of the set of prices defined by suppliers from different distribution channels, presented as a nonlinear scheduling problem. Minimum and maximum prices and demands for the product are defined using this model. However, according to different discount scenarios in distribution channels set by suppliers, customers’ demand is determined in a minimum-maximum range. The proposed model sets pricing and ordering, determines delivery centers, and chooses routes and vehicles to maximize the SC profits. The model was devised using the combined method of simulated annealing and red deer with approximate data to sell mobile products and accessories. The results indicated that customers tended to go for online shopping more than in-person shopping. Increasing the product cost reduces demand for the product and increases demand for a competitive product. In general, the decrease in demand for a product is higher than the growth of demand for a competitive product, i.e., the decrease in demand reduces the need for shelves.

Abstract The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently a big concern around the world. Recent reports show that the disease severity and mortality of COVID-19 infected patients may vary from gender to gender with a very high risk of death for seniors. In addition, some steroid structures have been reported to affect coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, function and activity. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells depends on the binding of coronavirus spike protein to angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Viral main protease is essential for the replication of SARS-CoV-2. It was hypothesized that steroid molecules (e.g., estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone and calcitriol) could occupy the active site of the protease and could alter the interaction of spike protein with ACE2. Computational data showed that estradiol interacted more strongly with the main protease active site. In the presence of calcitriol, the binding energy of the spike protein to ACE2 was increased, and transferring Apo to Locked S conformer of spike trimer was facilitated. Together, the interaction between spike protein and ACE2 can be disrupted by calcitriol. Potential use of estradiol and calcitriol to reduce virus invasion and replication needs clinical investigation.

A review of the Snake-eyed Skink Ablepharus Fitzinger, 1823 is presented. The specific character of Ablepharus involves a lack of movable eyelids, with the lower eyelid fused to the upper one, forming a transparent spectacle covering the eye. The genus Ablepharus occurs in southeastern Europe, southwest Asia, and Central Asian Republics (from the Mediterranean Sea coasts to northwest India), including 11 valid species: A. anatolicus Schmidtler, 1997, A. bivittatus (Ménétries, 1832), A. budaki Göçmen, Kumlutas & Tosunoglu, 1996, A. chernovi Darevsky, 1953, A. darvazi Eremchenko & Panfilov, 1990, A. deserti Strauch, 1868, A. grayanus (Stoliczka, 1872), A. kitaibelii Bibron & Bory St-Vincent, 1833, A. lindbergi Wettstein, 1960, A. pannonicus (Lichtenstein, 1823), and A. rueppellii (Gray, 1839). For identification of species of Ablepharus, we used additional scalation and molecular features, used anatomical survey (e.g. osteological and hemipenial characters), and species distribution models. Of the genus Ablepharus, A. bivittatus, A. chernovi, A. grayanus, and A. pannonicus occur in Iran.

Abstract The common pheasant, a game species widely introduced throughout the world, can be considered as an ideal model to study the effects of introduction events on local adaptations, biogeographic patterns, and genetic divergence processes. We aimed to assess the origin, spatial patterns of genetic variation, and demographic history of the introduced populations in the contact zone of Central and Southeast Europe, using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and microsatellite loci. Both types of molecular markers indicated relatively low to moderate levels of genetic variation. The mtDNA analyses revealed that common pheasants across the study area are divided into two distinct clades: B (mongolicus group) and F (colchicus group). Analyses of the microsatellite data consistently suggested a differentiation between Hungary and Serbia, with the pheasant population in Hungary being much more genetically homogeneous, while that of Serbia has much more genetic mixture and admixture. This cryptic differentiation was not detected using a non-spatial Bayesian clustering model. The analyses also provided strong evidence for a recent population expansion. This fundamental information is essential for adequate and effective conservation management of populations of a game species of great economic and ecological importance in the studied geographical region.

Abstract Combining genetic data with ecological niche models is an effective approach for exploring climatic and nonclimatic environmental variables affecting spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic variation. Here, we adopted this combined approach to evaluate genetic structure and ecological niche of the Indian gray mongoose (Urva edwardsii) in Iran, as the most western part of the species range. Using mtDNA, we confirmed the presence of two highly differentiated clades. Then, we incorporated ensemble of small models (ESMs) using climatic and nonclimatic variables with genetic data to assess whether genetic differentiation among clades was coupled with their ecological niche. Climate niche divergence was also examined based on a principal component analysis on climatic factors only. The relative habitat suitability values predicted by the ESMs for both clades revealed their niche separation. Between‐clade climate only niche comparison revealed that climate space occupied by clades is similar to some extent, but the niches that they utilize differ between the distribution ranges of clades. We found that in the absence of evidence for recent genetic exchanges, distribution models suggest the species occurs in different niches and that there are apparent areas of disconnection across the species range. The estimated divergence time between the two Iranian clades (4.9 Mya) coincides with the uplifting of the Zagros Mountains during the Early Pliocene. The Zagros mountain‐building event seems to have prevented the distribution of U. edwardsii populations between the western and eastern parts of the mountains as a result of vicariance events. Our findings indicated that the two U. edwardsii genetic clades in Iran can be considered as two conservation units and can be utilized to develop habitat‐specific and climate change‐integrated management strategies.

The effect of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on the microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy and copper joints was investigated. After obtaining the processing window, the optimum values of ultimate tensile strength≈ 142 MPa, elongation≈ 5 %, and electrical resistivity≈ 33 nΩm were obtained by FSW at a rotational speed (W) ≈ 948 rpm and a traverse speed (V) ≈ 85 mm/min. W/V ratio, which stands for the amount of heat input during FSW, had a considerable effect on the joints' properties. At W/V>(W/V)optimum, larger amounts of Al4Cu9 and Al2Cu brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and at W/V

We recovered molecular phylogenetic relationships amongst species of the genus Ablepharus in Iran and Iraq. Partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I – COI, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) were analysed. In addition, phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic evaluation of Ablepharus species in Cyprus, India, Greece, Turkey and Syria were performed using partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic trees and estimated genetic distances showed that the Ablepharus populations of Iran and Iraq clustered into three distinct clades. One is found in northwest Iran (A. bivittatus in Ardabil, East and West Azerbaijan and Hamedan Provinces). The second clade, formed by A. chernovi, is found only in Uromia. The third and most heterogeneous clade is divided into two subclades, the first includes two lineages of Ablepharus in Khorasan Razavi and Semnan Provinces (A. pannonicus) and in eastern and south-eastern Iran (A. grayanus); the second subclade is distributed in the eastern part of Iraq and west and south-western Iran (Ablepharus sp.). Our analyses indicated that splitting of A. chernovi within the genus occurred in the early Miocene [about 22.5 million years ago (Mya)]. Ablepharus bivittatus diverged 15.2 Mya, in the middle Miocene. Ablepharus pannonicus diverged in the late Miocene (8.4 Mya) and A. grayanus separated in the late Miocene (6.7 Mya). The lineages of eastern Iraq and south-western Iran (Ablepharus sp.) diverged also in the late Miocene (7.0 Mya).

The Leaf-toed Geckos of genus Asaccus are distributed in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran of the Middle-East characterizing by a unique characteristic of cloacal sacs and postanal bones absence. The genus Asaccus includes 19 species with at least 10 species in Iran distributing along the Zagros Mountains. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a body size difference between males and females of the same species, being a widespread phenomenon in reptiles. We collected additional specimens of Asaccus nasrullahi (Phyllodactylidae) from four new localities in Ilam and Khuzestan Provinces, western Iran. In this study, 110 adult specimens of this lizard were examined (for nine metric and four meristic characters). The analyses of morphological data revealed that the males are significantly larger than the females in eight metric characters including forelimb to hind limb length (FHL), length of forelimb (LFL), length of hind limb (LHL), head height (HH), head length (HL), head width (HW), rostrum to anus length (RAL), and tail length (TL). There is no significant difference in the rate of tail shedding between the sexes. The range of this species is extended beyond type locality in Lorestan Province into adjacent areas in Ilam and Khuzestan Provinces.

Intrinsic enzyme-mimic activity of inorganic nanoparticles has been widely used for nanozymatic anticancer and antibacterial treatment. However, the relatively low peroxidase-mimic activity (PMA) and catalse-mimic activity (CMA) of nanozymes in tumor microenvironment has hampered their potential application in the cancer therapy. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to fabricate platinum (Pt) nanozymes dispersed on the surface of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanosphere that, in addition to boosting the PMA and CMA, resulted in the formation of a pH-sensitive nano-platform for drug delivery in breast cancer therapy. After development of Fe3O4 nanospheres containing Pt nanozymes and loading 5-fluorouracil (abbreviated as: Fe3O4/Pt-FLU@PEG nanospheres), the physicochemical properties of the nanospheres were examined by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, BET surface, and PMA/CMA analyses. Then, the cytotoxicity of the Fe3O4/Pt-FLU@PEG nanospheres against 4T1 cells was investigated by the cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. Also, the anticancer effect of fabricated nanoplatform was assessed in mouse bearing 4T1 cancer tumors, in vivo. The results showed that the Fe3O4/Pt-FLU@PEG nanospheres provide a platform for optimal FLU loading, continuous pH-sensitive drug release, and potential PMA and CMA to increase the level of ROS and O2, respectively. Cytotoxicity outputs showed that the Fe3O4/Pt-FLU@PEG nanospheres mitigate the proliferation of 4T1 cancer cells mediated by apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, in vivo assays indicated a significant reduction in tumor size and overcoming tumor hypoxia. Overall, we believe that the developed nanospheres with dual enzyme-mimic activity and pH-sensitive drug delivery can be used for ROS/chemotherapy double-modality antitumor therapy.

Background and aims: Human interferon beta-1a (hIFNβ-1a) is a 22.5-kDa glycoprotein used to treat diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Because of appropriate post-translation modifications, protein isolation, and lack of toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we cloned hIFNβ-1a encoding sequence into these cells by recombinant DNA technology to achieve stable expression of this recombinant protein. Methods: The hIFNβ-1a encoding sequence was designed based on the CHO cells’ codon usage and the Gene Bank data, and then syntactically constructed in the pUC57 vector. After confirmation, the synthesized sequence was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 expression vector by using EcoRI and XhoI sites via Escherichia coli DH5α competent cells. Then, the recombinant vector pcDNA-hHIFNβ1a was linearized by BglII and transfected into the CHO cells using lipofectamine. The transfected cells were proliferated and screened by gentamicin. Certain concentrations of zinc sulfate, DMSO, and glycerol were used to enhance protein expression. Finally, the recombinant protein expression was qualitatively evaluated using different techniques. Results: The hIFNβ1a integrity was confirmed by DNA sequencing and specific software. The construction and sub-cloning of hIFNβ1a-pcDNA3.1 in E. coli were confirmed by colony-PCR with specific primers and restriction enzyme mapping. The screening of transfected CHO cells was performed using gentamicin. The protein expression was confirmed by RT-PCR, MTT assay, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot. Comparison of the optimized and control samples demonstrated that chemical treatment enhanced the protein expression. Conclusion: We achieved the stable clones of CHO cells expressing the active form of human interferon beta.

Evaluating the role of climate changes on species distributions has attracted considerable research interest. The Kurdistan newt (Neurergus derjugini) is one of the critically endangered species in the IUCN Red List, which is distributed in the Avroman Mountains in Iran, on the Iraqi-Turkish border. Nowadays, the population of this species is declining and under serious threat due to several factors, including climate change. In the present study, by using the maximum entropy approach (MaxEnt), based on bioclimatic (precipitation and temperature) and topographical (altitude and slope) variables, the suitable habitats and the potential distribution areas in the contemporary and the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 scenario and RCP 8.5 scenarios of the future (2030) distribution were modeled for the Kurdistan newt, N. derjugini. Precipitation of the coldest quarter (38.8%), slope (26.8%) and temperature annual range of the year 13.6%) were the most important factors shaping the distribution of N. derjugini in the contemporary period. For the future, in RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively, scenarios precipitation of the coldest quarter (43.8% and 42.7%), precipitation seasonality (28% and 30.6%) and temperature seasonality (20.08% and 24.2%) were the most important factors forming the distribution species. As it seems, climatic change has been responsible for fragmentation and destruction of habitats N. derjugini in the present and the future, although human activity in the destruction and change of habitats cannot be ignored.

Molecular data are powerful tools to resolve taxonomic problems. Each gene in each taxon shows a degree of variation through which we can understand phylogenetic relationships among different taxa. In this survey, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Bovini were reevaluated using 24 mitogenomes and cytochrome b (cytb), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1) mitochondrial markers. We used all the gene sequences of extinct, domesticated, and wild species within the tribe Bovini. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Based on the mitogenomes, the average base composition of mtDNA sequences was 27.1% T, 26% C, 33.5% A, and 13.4% G, showing a strong AT bias (60.6%). Our results revealed that the genus bison is not an independent taxon in the taxonomic rank of the genus and it is completely a paraphyletic taxon. Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) showed a sister relationship with other species belonging to the subtribe Bovina and it might be better to place this species within the subtribe Bovina. Also, in the mentioned subtribe, we distinguished three distinct monophyletic groups. In all of the phylogenetic trees, the subtribe Bubalina was a monophyletic taxon, and Syncerus caffer had a sister group relationship with other species belonging to the genus Bubalus. The obtained data should be taken into consideration in future conservation efforts for this tribe.

Abstract Upon insemination, sperm cells are exposed to components of the female reproductive tract (FRT) fluids, such as urea and epidermal growth factor (EGF). It has been shown that both urea and EGF use EGF receptor signaling and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are required at certain levels for sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. We therefore hypothesized that during bovine sperm capacitation, a high level of urea and EGF could interfere with sperm function through overproduction of ROS. High-level urea (40 mg/dl urea is equal to 18.8 mg/dl of blood urea nitrogen) significantly increased ROS production and TUNEL-positive sperm (sperm DNA fragmentation, sDF) percentage, but decreased HOS test score, progressive motility, acrosome reaction and capacitation. The EGF reversed the negative effects of urea on all sperm parameters, with the exception of ROS production and DNA fragmentation, which were higher in urea-EGF-incubated sperm than in control-sperm. The developmental competence of oocytes inseminated with urea-EGF-incubated sperm was significantly reduced compared to the control. A close association of ROS production or sDF with 0-pronuclear and sperm non-capacitation rates was found in the network analysis. In conclusion, EGF enhanced urea-reduced sperm motility; however, it failed to reduce urea-increased sperm ROS or sDF levels and to enhance subsequent oocyte competence. The data suggests that any study to improve sperm quality should be followed by a follow-up assessment of the fertilization outcome.

Abstract The phylogeny and species boundaries of Gazella subgutturosa and G. marica have been long debated. The achievements of past conservation efforts have been compromised by a lack of knowledge about the phylogeny and taxonomic status of different populations. We integrated the recent genetic findings by previous studies with morphometric analyses and ecological niche modeling (ENM) to assess discreteness among populations of these gazelle species in Asia. Taxonomic diversity of gazelles was investigated by using principal components analysis (PCA) based on 14 cranial measures of male skulls. Ecological niche divergence was examined based on a PCA on climatic factors and a species distribution modeling (SDM) with environmental variables. Morphometric results indicated substantial differentiation in size between skulls of the western Zagros Mountains including west and south‐western Iran and Arabian Peninsula from all other samples east of the Zagros Mountains from Iran to China. ENM also revealed that gazelles in the east and west of Zagros Mountains occupy distinct niches and that there are apparent areas of disconnection across the goitered gazelle suitable range. A complete divergent niche occupation was also observed between goitered gazelles of northern Mongolia and other populations of the species, except those in China. Taking the inferences from ENM and morphology together with previous genetics results, we conclude that gazelles in the west and south‐west of Iran may represent G. marica. Also, our combined analyses revealed divergence among gazelles of Iran, Central Asia, and Mongolia/China. These results may pave the way for future studies and have conservation implications particularly for reintroduction/supplementation programs.

DOR: 98.1000/2383-1251.1399.7.135.13.1.1580.1610 Extended abstract Introduction: One of approaches to reach sustainable agriculture is to exploit crop diversity, especially in legume species. Since Melilotus spp. (sweet clover) is a forage crop with a suitable yield especially in the marginal lands; therefore collection and characterization of this germplasm is the first effective step for its conservation and utilization in the country. Few accessions of Melilotus genetic resources had been collected in the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, before this study. Materials and Methods: Sweet clover genetic resources were collected all over the country using standard descriptors during two years. Twenty-six characteristics of collection sites were recorded and their descriptive statistics were estimated. The collected materials were planted in an experimental field to identify their life cycle. The seeds of collected germplasms were conserved in mid (2-4 °C)- and long (-20 °C)-terms conditions for further using. Results: A total of 258 accessions were collected. The geographical altitude of plant origin differed from -11 m in Babolsar to 3090 m in Noor Abad in Lorestan. The materials were mostly collected from non-saline habitats. However, eight accessions were collected from mid to high salinity locations. Taxonomically, M. albus, M. officinalis, and M. indicus were identified with a number of 21, 201 and 36 accessions, respectively. M. dentatus and M. sulcatus, which have been mentioned in the former researches in Iran, were not collected in the recent study. Conclusion: The collected germplasms from marginal lands (saline, low drainage and low fertility lands) may be tolerant to such marginal lands, therefore they can be exploited for the future research. All M. indicus species were annual; whereas there were annual as well as facultative and obligate biennial accessions in the two other species. Lack of access to M. dentatus and M. sulcatus may be an alarm that they may be threatened species in the country. Collected materials in this study along with the former collection in the Iranian National Plant Gene Bank (80 accessions) have provided high potentials of Melilotus genetic resources for exploitation in the further. Highlights: 1- The three-fold increase in the Melilotus germplasms in the ex-situ conservation system. 2- Alarm for M. dentatus and M. sulcatus which may be threatened with extinction in the country.

Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a major pandemic threat that has spread to more than 212 countries with more than 432,902 recorded deaths and 7,898,442 confirmed cases worldwide so far (on June 14, 2020). It is crucial to investigate the spatial drivers to prevent and control the epidemic of COVID-19. Methods: This is the first comprehensive study of COVID-19 in Iran; and it carries out spatial modeling, risk mapping, change detection, and outbreak trend analysis of the disease spread. Four main steps were taken: comparison of Iranian coronavirus data with the global trends, prediction of mortality trends using regression modeling, spatial modeling, risk mapping, and change detection using the random forest (RF) machine learning technique (MLT), and validation of the modeled risk map. Results: The results show that from February 19 to June 14, 2020, the average growth rates (GR) of COVID-19 deaths and the total number of COVID-19 cases in Iran were 1.08 and 1.10, respectively. Based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) data, Iran’s fatality rate (deaths/0.1 M pop) is 10.53. Other countries’ fatality rates were, for comparison, Belgium – 83.32, UK – 61.39, Spain – 58.04, Italy – 56.73, Sweden – 48.28, France – 45.04, USA – 35.52, Canada – 21.49, Brazil – 20.10, Peru – 19.70, Chile – 16.20, Mexico– 12.80, and Germany – 10.58. The fatality rate for China is 0.32 (deaths/0.1 M pop). Over time, the heatmap of the infected areas identified two critical time intervals for the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. The provinces were classified in terms of disease and death rates into a large primary group and three provinces that had critical outbreaks were separate from the others. The heatmap of countries of the world shows that China and Italy were distinguished from other countries in terms of nine viral infection-related parameters. The regression models for death cases showed an increasing trend but with some evidence of turning. A polynomial relationship was identified between the coronavirus infection rate and the province population density. Also, a third-degree polynomial regression model for deaths showed an increasing trend recently, indicating that subsequent measures taken to cope with the outbreak have been insufficient and ineffective. The general trend of deaths in Iran is similar to the world's, but Iran’s shows lower volatility. Change detection of COVID-19 risk maps with a random forest model for the period from March 11 to March 18 showed an increasing trend of COVID-19 in Iran’s provinces. It is worth noting that using the LASSO MLT to evaluate variables’ importance, indicated that the most important variables were the distance from bus stations, bakeries, hospitals, mosques, ATMs (automated teller machines), banks, and the minimum temperature of the coldest month. Conclusions: We believe that this study's risk maps are the primary, fundamental step to take for managing and controlling COVID-19 in Iran and its provinces.

Introduction :In recent years, concerns have been raised about the presence of a wide range of drug substances and antibiotics in aquatic environments. Usually these materials are due to the inefficiency of conventional wastewater treatment technologies, From various routes such as agricultural runoff, direct discharge from urban wastewater treatment plants, human waste products, direct disposal of medical waste, industry, etc. into aquatic environments. The present study aims at the removal of penicillin G through electrofenton process in the aqueous solution. Methods : The present study was conducted on laboratory scale in tanks made of glass using iron electrodes with useful volume 400 cc. The device is equipped with a flow rate regulator and voltage regulator to control these variables. Urban alternate current forms the input to the devices. The tank was filled with synthetic penicillin G with a concentration of 50-200 mg/L. The removal of penicillin G at potential 26V, the intensity of the 0.05-0.6A, Time 0-120 min, pH: 3-12 and the distance between the electrodes was measured in the range of 1-4cm. Results: The aim of present study was to the potential of the processes of electrofenton removal of penicillin G in aquatic environments. The results were pH of 3, the electric current density 0.6A, reaction time 20min, the concentration of antibiotic 50mg/l, and the distance between electrodes 1cm with concentration of H2O2 25mmol . in these circumstances, the results showed that electrocoagulation process is the ability to remove 100 percent of the pollutants. Conclusion: The results of this study illustrate that electrofenton process with iron electrodes is cost-effective removal of organic compounds.

The new report on the Persian gecko is based on one adult male and two adult females from Qasr-e-Shirin, Kermanshah Province. This is the most western point of distribution recorded for Hemidactylus persicus Anderson, 1872. The collected specimens were examined based on metric, meristic, and pholidotic characters. These were larger than previously measured specimens from southwestern Iran. Moreover, color patterns were different from previous specimens

Background and purpose Many efforts have been made to use chemical components as weapons throughout history until the Germans first employed chlorine gas cylinders in April 1915 at Ypres Belgium against French and Canadian soldiers. Leaving 5,000 dead and 15,000 injured, it was the first practical application of chemical agents. The Geneva Protocol in June 1925, which was an attempt to prevent the use of chemical agents in the war, was not very successful and since 1945, chemical weapons have been utilized frequently in wars. One of the most substantial cases in this regard ocurred during the war that Iraq imposed on Iran. The toxic gases employed in the killings were reported to be of three types including Mustard gas, nerve gas, and cyanide gas; the latter killed many Halabja residents. Because as soon as it is inhaled (2 or 3 respirations), it can cause the bloodchr('39')s capability to absorb oxygen, which gradually spoils the blood, causing overall toxicity in the body. That is why these compounds are named blood agents in the military. These compounds consist of Hydrogen Cyanide (AC), Cyanogen Chloride (CK) and Cyanogen Bromide (CB). Failing to take proper defensive measures after the emission of these gases can irreversibly damage the health of the affected citizens. The current study reviewed the scenario of releasing cyanogen agents on the population of the suburbs of the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant in chemical attacks, whose results can be utilized in the emergency response program. The methodology of the Study After analyzing the spectral properties of chemicals known as combat gases by various sources such as database software, Persian and English websites and copious books, the cyanogen group, including cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide, were chosen from amongst the mentioned compounds due to releasing the extremely flammable and toxic cyanide ions and hydrogen cyanide. Then, their toxicity effects were modeled and determined by Emergency Response Planning Guides (ERPGs) and Alternative Criteria (STEL, IDLH) for both high- and low-density combustible materials through Baker method using PHAST, ALOHA, and WISER software. Findings The investigation of the effect of AC gas vapor diffusion revealed that these vapors created clouds over a range of 15 to 133 m from the diffusion point (flammability range). If the cloud exploded in low-density environments as a result of firing a gun or electric spark, a hot flash pressure would be formed, the impact wave of which could dealt with severe structural damages, including the skewing of buildings over a radius of 2449.7 m. In this situation, deaths caused by direct and indirect injuries due to the exposure to the pressure for up to 40 m were below 1% and 25%, respectively. If the explosion occurred in high-density environments, it would produce a detonation explosion that could create a shock tilting the still structure of buildings up to a radius of 2028 meters. In this case, the death resulting from direct and indirect damages caused by exposure to pressure up to 84 meters, would be 100%. Consequently, as the distance increased, the pressure would decrease to the amount that at a distance of 334 m, the pressure (0.1 to 0.8 bar) would cause the tearing of the eardrum of the exposed persons by 1 to 90%. Modeling results of AC emission proved that the equivalent toxic dose based on ERPG-3 was at 3267 m distance downwind. Everyone at this distance could be exposed to AC gas for an hour without being affected by harm preventing them from taking safety measures, such as wearing individual protective equipment. Modeling the results of cyanogen chloride (CK) and cyanogen bromide (CB) emission revealed that CK in the orange threat zone (0.05 ppm) would extend by 10 km based on ERPG-2 criterion, and red threat zone (4 ppm) would extend up by 7.8 km downwind based on ERPG-3 criterion. In the stable D class, the orange threat zone would increase by more than 10 km and the red threat zone would increase by 5.4 km downwind. Moreover, in the event of a cyanogen bromide leak, the immediate response to isolate the leakage or leakage area in all directions was at least 50 m (150 feet) for liquids and 25 m (75 feet) for solids. The results of AC gas toxicity emission modeling using PHAST software based on alternative criteria revealed that concentration values based on alternative indices (IDLH and STEL) for distances close to the site of chemical spillage (bomb explosion containing AC gas) remained constant over the 900 to 1800 s period. Given the modeling of the instantaneous emission scenario, it is reasonable for the concentration values to be constant over time. The reason behind was that a large portion of the material was released into the surrounding environment in a short period, and its dilution happened slowly. Comparison of the Detonation Explosion Results Using the Baker Computation Model For the nearest (Halileh) and the farthest (harbor) locations, at 424 and 1382 m distances, respectively, from the power plant, it was confirmed that damage caused by explosion at distances close to the power plant, where constructions still happen, resulted in direct death of 10 to 50%, and indirect death of 25% to 50% of the individuals. Whereas, the blast impact was reduced to 154.6 ns / m2, equal to 0.02 Bar, for farther distances. As a result, at distances away from the power plant, detonation explosions, such as hot flashes, would not lead to any serious damages to buildings or individuals because of reduced flame speed and wave density. Comparison of the Modeling Results of CK and AC Gas emission against time revealed that The village of Helileh faced the greatest risk. Because at the initial stages of chemical spillage, both software reported relatively close results in reaching substantial CK and AC densities within a short period. According to the criteria used for evaluating the toxic effects, based on the ERPG-2 criterion, which indicated a rather low maximum allowable level for one hour of exposure to other gases, only 2 or 3 inhalations of these agents are enough to kill a human. Moreover, the concentration results, according to the IDLH and STEL (Alternative criteria) at distances near the chemical spillage spot, the necessity of quick response, particularly for areas close to the gas release center was highlighted. It can be concluded that the scheduling regarding taking defensive measures afforded by PHAST was more rational than that of ALOHA. Comparing the results collected through the ALOHA and PHAST software based on the outcome evaluation criteria of the toxic impacts revealed that in high F / D atmospheric conditions (ERPG-3) the PHAST software provided relatively close results. While for lower concentrations (ERPG-2) with comparable atmospheric conditions, ALOHA also submitted very similar outcomes. Accordingly, a comparison of the results based on the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines criteria suggested that the PHAST software yielded more valid results than ALOHA over longer distances at a stable (F) and relatively stable (D) atmospheric conditions; that is, PHAST software was more capable of delivering accurate results at lower concentrations than ALOHA software. Comparing WISER with ALOHA and PHAST models based on computational speed unveiled that modeling using ALOHA and PHAST software necessitates correct information such as the release type, ambient temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and degree of stability. The above steps are suitable for outcome evaluation in places where the likelihood of an incident is predicted. But for other events, owing to the time insufficiency to obtain the mentioned information and the need for quick reaction, WISER would provide information regarding the protection period, which is within the first 30 minutes of chemical spillage, quickly and easily on mobile devices, tablets, and mobile communication terminals online and offline. Conclusion The results of the current research regarding a 10-ton AC vapor cloud explosion indicated that the distance of 3768 m from the power plant can be regarded as safe from the intrinsic hazard of flammable vapor cloud explosion (VCE), regardless of the type of flammable material _ considering the mass of 4 g defined for AC explosion and its maximum flammability, which also covers the risk range of VCE incident scenarios with fewer volumes and flammability _ to the environment. Furthermore, considering the permitted exposure limits to CK and AC gases based on the results achieved in the current study, and the inadequacy of ALOHA software to the present results at low concentrations (ERPG-2), it was recommended that the farthest distance obtained using the PHAST software and the ERPG-2 criterion, which is determined based on not dealing serious or irreversible damages, should be considered in emergency planning. The limitation of the present study can be attributed to the shortage of access to information on vital (critical and delicate) sites because of their confidentiality. It is, consequently, necessary for the proper experts to examine the effects of the pressure wave and impact of the explosion of various volumes of combat gases on the actual resistance of buildings in those sites to eventually reach the required preparations to deal with possible emergencies in advance.

Outlier detection has received special attention in various fields, mainly for those dealing with machine learning and artificial intelligence. As strong outliers, anomalies are divided into point, contextual and collective outliers. The most important challenges in outlier detection include the thin boundary between the remote points and natural area, the tendency of new data and noise to mimic the real data, unlabeled datasets and different definitions for outliers in different applications. Considering the stated challenges, we defined new types of anomalies called Collective Normal Anomaly and Collective Point Anomaly in order to improve a much better detection of the thin boundary between different types of anomalies. Basic domain-independent methods are introduced to detect these defined anomalies in both unsupervised and supervised datasets. The Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network is enhanced using the Genetic Algorithm to detect new defined anomalies with a higher precision so as to ensure a test error less than that be calculated for the conventional Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network. Experimental results on benchmark datasets indicated reduced error of anomaly detection process in comparison to baselines.

Although girls' running away from home may seem to be an individual phenomenon at first glance, it is the source of many deviant and anti-social behaviors due to the detrimental consequences it has on social order. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of training compassion-based techniques and schema therapy cognitive and emotional techniques in reducing loneliness and emotional dysregulation in runaway adolescent girls. In this study, a single subject design was used. The statistical population of the study includes all runaway adolescent girls (age range 12-19) of Hamedan city in 1398 that referred to the Social Emergency Center of Hamedan. The sampling method is purposive sampling. Four girls were selected as the sample based on the study entry and exit criteria and filled out questionnaires of UCLA loneliness scale and difficulties in emotion regulation scale before and after the educational intervention and the data were analyzed using visual charts. The data showed that compassion-based training had a better effect than schema therapy cognitive and emotional techniques in reducing loneliness and emotion dysregulation in runaway girls. Also, the effect of both training methods was also confirmed on reducing loneliness and emotional dysregulation of runaway girls. It is recommended to use these training methods in order to reduce the problems of this group and also to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon in other adolescent groups.