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2. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human parainfluenza virus in children younger than 5 years for 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Wang, Xin, Li, You, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Madhi, Shabir A, Cohen, Cheryl, Arguelles, Vina Lea, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W Abdullah, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A, Gentile, Angela, Goswami, Doli, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R C, Kotloff, Karen L, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, Lucero, Marilla G, Lupisan, Socorro, Mathisen, Maria, McLean, Kenneth A, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moraleda, Cinta, Okamoto, Michiko, Oshitani, Histoshi, O'Brien, Katherine L, Owor, Betty E, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Rath, Barbara A, Salimi, Vahid, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Scott, J Anthony G, Simões, Eric A F, Sotomayor, Viviana, Thea, Donald M, Treurnicht, Florette K, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J, Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Published
2021
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3. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Libster, Romina, Otieno, Grieven, Joundi, Imane, Broor, Shobha, Nicol, Mark, Amarchand, Ritvik, Shi, Ting, López-Labrador, F. Xavier, Baker, Julia M., Jamison, Alexandra, Choudekar, Avinash, Juvekar, Sanjay, Obermeier, Patrick, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Madrid, Lola, Thomas, Elizabeth, Lanaspa, Miguel, Nohynek, Hanna, Nokes, James, Werner, Marta, Danhg, Anh, Chadha, Mandeep, Puig-Barberà, Joan, Caballero, Mauricio T., Mathisen, Maria, Walaza, Sibongile, Hellferscee, Orienka, Laubscher, Matt, Higdon, Melissa M., Haddix, Meredith, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Baggett, Henry C., Seidenberg, Phil, Mwanayanda, Lawrence, Antonio, Martin, Ebruke, Bernard E., Adams, Tanja, Rahman, Mustafizur, Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur, Sow, Samboa O., Baillie, Vicky L., Workman, Lesley, Toizumi, Michiko, Tapia, Milagritos D., Nguyen, Thi hien anh, Morpeth, Susan, Wang, Xin, Li, You, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Madhi, Shabir A, Cohen, Cheryl, Ali, Asad, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W Abdullah, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A, Goswami, Doli, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R C, Kotloff, Karen L, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, Lucero, Marilla G, Lupisan, Socorro, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moore, David P, Moraleda, Cinta, Nunes, Marta, Oshitani, Histoshi, Owor, Betty E, Polack, Fernando P, O'Brien, Katherine L, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Rath, Barbara A, Salimi, Vahid, Scott, J Anthony G, Simões, Eric A F, Strand, Tor A, Thea, Donald M, Treurnicht, Florette K, Vaccari, Linda C, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J, Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Published
2021
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4. Assessing Development across Cultures: Invariance of the Bayley-III Scales across Seven International MAL-ED Sites

Author

Pendergast, Laura L., Schaefer, Barbara A., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Svensen, Erling, Shrestha, Rita, Rasheed, Muneera A., Scharf, Rebecca J., Kosek, Margaret, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Maphula, Angelina, Costa, Hilda, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Yousafzai, Aisha, Tofail, Fahmida, and Seidman, Jessica C.

Abstract

The Bayley's Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) were used to measure the development of 24-month-old children (N = 1,452) in the Interactions of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections: Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) study (an international, multisite study on many aspects of child development). This study examined the factor structure and measurement equivalence/invariance of Bayley-III scores across 7 international research sites located in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, and South Africa. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to identify the factor structure of Bayley-III scores. Subsequently, reliability analyses and item response theory analyses were applied, and invariance was examined using multiple-indicator, multiple-cause modeling. The findings supported the validity, but not invariance, of Bayley-III language scores at all seven sites and of the cognitive and motor scores at six sites. These findings provide support for the use of scores for research purposes, but mean comparison between sites is not recommended. Impact and Implications: In measurement, validity refers to the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure and the appropriateness of inferences we make based on our measurements. The validity of scores from measures often varies across cultures, and this study examined the validity of a measure of child development among children from sites in seven low- and middle-income countries. The findings indicate that the majority of the scores are valid for research, but measurement differences are evident such that it is not appropriate to compare mean scores across sites. [Co-written with the MAL-ED Network Investigators.]

Published
2018
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5. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Nair, Harish, Campbell, Harry, Wang, Xin, Li, You, Chung, Alexandria, Rahi, Manveer, Abbas, Qalab, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Saeed, Bushra, Soofi, Sajid B, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, Zaidi, Anita K, Amu, Alberta, Awini, Elizabeth, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C, Chaves, Sandra S, Shang, Nong, Schrag, Stephanie J, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Tempia, Stefano, Bassat, Quique, Lanaspa, Miguel, Acácio, Sozinho, Brooks, W Abdullah, Driscoll, Amanda, Knoll, Maria Deloria, O'Brien, Katherine L, Prosperi, Christine, Baqui, Abdullah H, Mullany, Luke, Byass, Peter, Cohen, Cheryl, von Gottberg, Anne, Hellferscee, Orienka, Treurnicht, Florette K, Walaza, Sibongile, Goswami, Doli, Rahman, Mustafizur, Connor, Nicholas E, El Arifeen, Shams, Echavarria, Marcela, Marcone, Débora N, Reyes, Noelia, Gutierrez, Andrea, Rodriguez, Ivan, Lopez, Olga, Ortiz, David, Gonzalez, Nathaly, Gentile, Angela, del Valle Juarez, Maria, Gordon, Aubree, Cutland, Clare, Groome, Michelle, Madhi, Shabir A, Nunes, Marta C, Nzenze, Susan, Heikkinen, Terho, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Juvekar, Sanjay, Halasa, Natasha, Jara, Jorge H, Bernart, Chris, Katz, Mark A, Gofer, Ilan, Avni, Yonat Shemer, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Faori, Samir, Shehabi, Asem, Krishnan, Anand, Kumar, Rakesh, Amarchand, Ritvik, Contreras, Carmen L, de Leon, Oscar, Lopez, Maria R, McCracken, John P, Maldonado, Herberth, Samayoa, Antonio P, Gomez, Ana B, Lucero, Marilla G, Nillos, Leilani T, Lupisan, Socorro P, Nohynek, Hanna, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Puig-Barberà, Joan, Díez-Domingo, Javier, Gessner, Bradford D, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, Moïsi, Jennifer C, Tall, Haoua, Munywoki, Patrick K, Ngama, Mwanjuma, Nokes, D James, Omer, Saad B, Clark, Dayna R, Ourohiré, Millogo, Ali, Sié, Pascal, Zabré, Cheik, Bagagnan H, Caballero, Mauricio T, Libster, Romina, Polack, Fernando P, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Thomas, Elizabeth D, Baker, Julia M, Rath, Barbara A, Obermeier, Patrick E, Hassanuzzaman, MD., Islam, Maksuda, Islam, Mohammad S, Saha, Samir K, Panigrahi, Pinaki, Bose, Anuradha, Isaac, Rita, Murdoch, David, Nanda, Pritish, Qazi, Shamim A, Hessong, Danielle, Simőes, Eric AF, Sotomayor, Viviana, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Dawood, Halima, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Wamukoya, Marylene, Ziraba, Abdhalah K, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Yoshihara, Keisuke, Dand, Duc-Anh, Le, Minh-Nhat, Nicol, Mark P, Zar, Heather J, Broor, Shobha, Chadha, Mandeep, Madrid, Lola, Gresh, Lionel, Balmaseda, Angel, Kuan, Guillermina, Wairagkar, Niteen, Tapia, Milagritos D, Knobler, Stacey L, Barahona, Alfredo, Ferguson, Ericka, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Abdullah Brooks, W, Fasce, Rodrigo A, and Simões, Eric AF

Published
2020
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6. Approach Temperament across Cultures: Validity of the Infant Temperament Scale in MAL-ED

Author

Pendergast, Laura L., Jones, Paul, Scharf, Rebecca, Rasheed, Muneera, Schaefer, Barbara A., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Rasmussen, Zeba, Svensen, Erling, Tofail, Fahmida, Seidman, Jessica C., and Caulfield, Laura E.

Abstract

Characteristics of temperament have been shown to predict aspects of personality and psychopathology. Approach temperament (i.e., sensitivity, reactivity, and behavioral disposition toward reward stimuli) may be a particularly salient predictor of developmental outcomes (e.g., Nigg, 2006; Shiner & Caspi, 2003). However, there is little research on approach temperament among children from low- and middle-income nations. This study examined the validity of an adapted version of the Infant Temperament Scale across eight international sites with a focus on approach temperament. Our sample included 1,933 infants from eight study sites in low- and middle-income nations: Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Peru, Pakistan, South Africa, and Tanzania. The Infant Temperament Scale was translated and administered as a structured interview to caregivers at each site. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure of the scale, and multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) modeling was used to examine invariance of scores across sites. The findings supported the validity of an approach temperament factor. Although the findings did not support the cross-cultural use of the entire Infant Temperament Scale among individuals from low- and middle-income nations in our sample, the supported approach temperament factor is a theoretically important subconstruct. Moreover, the inability to measure other aspects of temperament across cultures may have important implications for researchers interested in the nature of temperament. Implications and future directions are discussed. [Co-written with The MAL-ED Network Investigators.]

Published
2018
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7. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study

Author

Acosta, Angel Mendez, Rios de Burga, Rosa, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita KM, Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, Strand, Tor, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T, Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L, Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J, Pan, William K, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Miller, Mark A, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A, Tountas, Karen H, Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mvungi, Regisiana, Pascal, John, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Petri, William A, Scharf, Rebecca, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Scott, Samuel, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Ross, A Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B, Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Leite, Álvaro M, Lima, Noélia L, Lima, Ila F, Maciel, Bruna LL, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S, Oriá, Reinaldo B, Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M, Mota, Rosa MS, Patil, Crystal L, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Platts-Mills, James A, Liu, Jie, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Kabir, Furqan, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, Siguas, Mery, Khan, Shaila S, Praharaj, Ira, Murei, Arinao, Nshama, Rosemary, Mujaga, Buliga, Havt, Alexandre, Maciel, Irene A, McMurry, Timothy L, Operario, Darwin J, Taniuchi, Mami, Gratz, Jean, Stroup, Suzanne E, Roberts, James H, Kalam, Adil, Aziz, Fatima, Qureshi, Shahida, Islam, M Ohedul, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, Silapong, Sasikorn, Yori, Pablo P, Rajendiran, Revathi, Benny, Blossom, McGrath, Monica, McCormick, Benjamin J J, Seidman, Jessica C, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Guerrant, Richard L, Lima, Aldo A M, Leite, Jose Paulo, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal O, Page, Nicola, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Mason, Carl, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Kiwelu, Ireen, Mduma, Estomih R, Iqbal, Najeeha T, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Haque, Rashidul, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret N, and Houpt, Eric R

Published
2018
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8. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study

Author

Acosta, Angel Mendez, Rios de Burga, Rosa, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita KM, Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, Strand, Tor, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T, Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L, Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J, Pan, William K, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Miller, Mark A, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A, Tountas, Karen H, Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mvungi, Regisiana, Pascal, John, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Petri, William A, Scharf, Rebecca, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Scott, Samuel, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Ross, A Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B, Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Leite, Álvaro M, Lima, Noélia L, Lima, Ila F, Maciel, Bruna LL, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S, Oriá, Reinaldo B, Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M, Mota, Rosa MS, Patil, Crystal L, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, Liu, Jie, Platts-Mills, James A, Kabir, Furqan, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, Siguas, Mery, Khan, Shaila S, Praharaj, Ira, Murei, Arinao, Nshama, Rosemary, Mujaga, Buliga, Havt, Alexandre, Maciel, Irene A, Operario, Darwin J, Taniuchi, Mami, Gratz, Jean, Stroup, Suzanne E, Roberts, James H, Kalam, Adil, Aziz, Fatima, Qureshi, Shahida, Islam, M Ohedul, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, Silapong, Sasikorn, Yori, Pablo P, Rajendiran, Revathi, Benny, Blossom, McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C, Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Guerrant, Richard L, Lima, Aldo A M, Leite, Jose Paulo, Samie, Amidou, Bessong, Pascal O, Page, Nicola, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Mason, Carl, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Kiwelu, Ireen, Mduma, Estomih R, Iqbal, Najeeha T, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Haque, Rashidul, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret N, and Houpt, Eric R

Published
2018
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10. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Shi, Ting, McAllister, David A, O'Brien, Katherine L, Simoes, Eric A F, Madhi, Shabir A, Gessner, Bradford D, Polack, Fernando P, Balsells, Evelyn, Acacio, Sozinho, Aguayo, Claudia, Alassani, Issifou, Ali, Asad, Antonio, Martin, Awasthi, Shally, Awori, Juliet O, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C, Baillie, Vicky L, Balmaseda, Angel, Barahona, Alfredo, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Basualdo, Wilma, Bigogo, Godfrey, Bont, Louis, Breiman, Robert F, Brooks, W Abdullah, Broor, Shobha, Bruce, Nigel, Bruden, Dana, Buchy, Philippe, Campbell, Stuart, Carosone-Link, Phyllis, Chadha, Mandeep, Chipeta, James, Chou, Monidarin, Clara, Wilfrido, Cohen, Cheryl, de Cuellar, Elizabeth, Dang, Duc-Anh, Dash-yandag, Budragchaagiin, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Dherani, Mukesh, Eap, Tekchheng, Ebruke, Bernard E, Echavarria, Marcela, de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Carla Cecília, Fasce, Rodrigo A, Feikin, Daniel R, Feng, Luzhao, Gentile, Angela, Gordon, Aubree, Goswami, Doli, Goyet, Sophie, Groome, Michelle, Halasa, Natasha, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R C, Jara, Jorge, Jroundi, Imane, Kartasasmita, Cissy B, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Kotloff, Karen L, Krishnan, Anand, Libster, Romina, Lopez, Olga, Lucero, Marilla G, Lucion, Florencia, Lupisan, Socorro P, Marcone, Debora N, McCracken, John P, Mejia, Mario, Moisi, Jennifer C, Montgomery, Joel M, Moore, David P, Moraleda, Cinta, Moyes, Jocelyn, Munywoki, Patrick, Mutyara, Kuswandewi, Nicol, Mark P, Nokes, D James, Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn, da Costa Oliveira, Maria Tereza, Oshitani, Histoshi, Pandey, Nitin, Paranhos-Baccalà, Gláucia, Phillips, Lia N, Picot, Valentina Sanchez, Rahman, Mustafizur, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Mala, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Rath, Barbara A, Robinson, Annick, Romero, Candice, Russomando, Graciela, Salimi, Vahid, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Scheltema, Nienke, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Scott, J Anthony G, Seidenberg, Phil, Shen, Kunling, Singleton, Rosalyn, Sotomayor, Viviana, Strand, Tor A, Sutanto, Agustinus, Sylla, Mariam, Tapia, Milagritos D, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Thomas, Elizabeth D, Tokarz, Rafal, Turner, Claudia, Venter, Marietjie, Waicharoen, Sunthareeya, Wang, Jianwei, Watthanaworawit, Wanitda, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Yu, Hongjie, Zar, Heather J, Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Published
2017
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11. Examining the relationships between early childhood experiences and adolescent and young adult health status in a resource-limited population: A cohort study

Author

Rasmussen, Zeba A., Shah, Wasiat H., Hansen, Chelsea L., Azam, Syed Iqbal, Hussain, Ejaz, Schaefer, Barbara A., Zhong, Nicole, Jamison, Alexandra F., Ahmed, Khalil, and McCormick, Benjamin J. J.

Subjects
Young adults -- Health aspects -- Psychological aspects, Teenagers -- Health aspects -- Social aspects, Youth -- Health aspects -- Social aspects, Poor -- Health aspects -- Social aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Adolescence is a critical point in the realization of human capital, as health and educational decisions with long-term impacts are made. We examined the role of early childhood experiences on health, cognitive abilities, and educational outcomes of adolescents followed up from a longitudinal cohort study in Pakistan, hypothesizing that early childhood experiences reflecting poverty would manifest in reduced health and development in adolescence. Methods and findings Adolescents/young adults previously followed as children aged under 5 years were interviewed. Childhood data were available on diarrhea, pneumonia, and parental/household characteristics. New data were collected on health, anthropometry, education, employment, and languages spoken; nonverbal reasoning was assessed. A multivariable Bayesian network was constructed to explore structural relationships between variables. Of 1,868 children originally enrolled, 1,463 (78.3%) were interviewed as adolescents (range 16.0-29.3 years, mean age 22.6 years); 945 (65%) lived in Oshikhandass. While 1,031 (70.5%) of their mothers and 440 (30.1%) of their fathers had received no formal education, adolescents reported a mean of 11.1 years of education. Childhood diarrhea (calculated as episodes/child-year) had no association with nonverbal reasoning score (an arc was supported in just 4.6% of bootstrap samples), health measures (with BMI, 1% of bootstrap samples; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 0.1% and 1.6% of bootstrap samples, respectively), education (0.7% of bootstrap samples), or employment (0% of bootstrap samples). Relationships were found between nonverbal reasoning and adolescent height (arc supported in 63% of bootstrap samples), age (84%), educational attainment (100%), and speaking English (100%); speaking English was linked to the childhood home environment, mediated through maternal education and primary language. Speaking English (n = 390, 26.7% of adolescents) was associated with education (100% of bootstrap samples), self-reported child health (82%), current location (85%) and variables describing childhood socioeconomic status. The main limitations of this study were the lack of parental data to characterize the home setting (including parental mental and physical health, and female empowerment) and reliance on self-reporting of health status. Conclusions In this population, investments in education, especially for females, are associated with an increase in human capital. Against the backdrop of substantial societal change, with the exception of a small and indirect association between childhood malnutrition and cognitive scores, educational opportunities and cultural language groups have stronger associations with aspects of human capital than childhood morbidity., Author(s): Zeba A. Rasmussen 1,*, Wasiat H. Shah 2, Chelsea L. Hansen 1, Syed Iqbal Azam 3, Ejaz Hussain 4, Barbara A. Schaefer 5, Nicole Zhong 5, Alexandra F. Jamison [...]

Published
2021
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13. The MAL-ED Cohort Study: Methods and Lessons Learned When Assessing Early Child Development and Caregiving Mediators in Infants and Young Children in 8 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Author

The MAL-ED Network Investigators, Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Rasmussen, Zeba A., Scharf, Rebecca J., Rasheed, Muneera A., Svensen, Erling, Seidman, Jessica C., Tofail, Fahmida, Koshy, Beena, Shrestha, Rita, Maphula, Angelina, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, da Costa, Hilda P., Yousafzai, Aisha K., Oria, Reinaldo B., Roshan, Reeba, Bayyo, Eliwasa B., Kosek, Margaret, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Schaefer, Barbara A., Bessong, Pascal, Ahmed, Tahmeed, and Lang, Dennis

Published
2014
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15. Evolutionary history and introduction of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha VOC/B.1.1.7 in Pakistan through international travelers

Author

Nasir, Asghar, primary, Bukhari, Ali Raza, additional, Trovão, Nídia S, additional, Thielen, Peter M, additional, Kanji, Akbar, additional, Mahmood, Syed Faisal, additional, Ghanchi, Najia Karim, additional, Ansar, Zeeshan, additional, Merritt, Brian, additional, Mehoke, Thomas, additional, Razzak, Safina Abdul, additional, Syed, Muhammed Asif, additional, Shaikh, Suhail Raza, additional, Wassan, Mansoor, additional, Aamir, Uzma Bashir, additional, Baele, Guy, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba, additional, Spiro, David, additional, Hasan, Rumina, additional, and Hasan, Zahra, additional

Published
2022
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16. Randomized controlled trial of standard versus double dose cotrimoxazole for childhood pneumonia in Pakistan

Author

Rasmussen Zeba A., Bari Abdul, Qazi Shamim, Rehman Gul, Azam Iqbal, Khan SherBaz, Aziz Farida, Rafi Sadia, Roghani Mehr Taj, Iqbal Imran, Nagi Abdul Ghaffar, Hussain Waqar, Bano Nahida, van Latum late J.C., and Khan Mushtaq

Subjects
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination/administration and dosage, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination/therapeutic use, Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy, Treatment failure, Child, Randomized controlled trials, Multicenter studies, Pakistan, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Increasing concern over bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole, which is recommended by WHO as a first-line drug for treating non-severe pneumonia, led to the suggestion that this might not be optimal therapy. However, changing to alternative antimicrobial agents, such as amoxicillin, is costly. We compared the clinical efficacy of twice-daily cotrimoxazole in standard versus double dosage for treating non-severe pneumonia in children. METHODS: A randomized controlled multicentre trial was implemented in seven hospital outpatient departments and two community health programmes. A total of 1143 children aged 2-59 months with non-severe pneumonia were randomly allocated to receive 4 mg trimethoprim plus 20 mg sulfamethoxazole/kg of body weight or 8 mg trimethoprim plus 40 mg sulfamethoxazole/kg of body weight orally twice-daily for 5 days Treatment failure occurred when a child required a change of therapy, died or was lost to follow-up. Children required a change of therapy if their condition worsened (they developed chest indrawing or danger signs) or if at 48 hours after enrolment, their clinical condition was the same (defined as having a respiratory rate that was 5 breaths/minute higher or lower than at the time of enrolment). FINDINGS: The results of 1134 children were analysed: 578 were assigned to the standard dose of cotrimoxazole and 556 to the double dose. Treatment failed in 112 children (19.4%) in the standard group and 118 (21.2%) in the double-dose group (relative risk 1.10; 95% confidence interval = 0.87-1.37). Using multivariate analysis we found that treatment was more likely to fail in children who were not given the medicine correctly (P = 0.001), in those younger than 12 months (P = 0.004), those who had used antibiotics previously (P = 0.002), those whose respiratory rate was > 20 breaths/minute above the age-specific cut-off point (P = 0.006), and those from urban areas (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Both standard and double strength cotrimoxazole were equally effective in treating non-severe pneumonia. Close follow-up of patients is essential to prevent worsening of disease. Definitions of clinical failure need to be more specific. Surveillance in both rural and urban areas is essential in the development of treatment policies that are based on clinical outcomes.

Published
2005

17. Full breastfeeding protection against common enteric bacteria and viruses: results from the MAL-ED cohort study

Author

Mccormick, Benjamin J. J, Richard, Stephanie A, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Kang, Gagandeep, Lima, Aldo A. M, Mduma, Estomih, Kosek, Margaret N, Rogawski Mcquade, Elizabeth T, Houpt, Eric R, Bessong, Pascal, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Caulfield, Laura E, Acosta, Angel Mendez, De Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Salas, Mery Siguas, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Qureshi, Shahida, Rasheed, Muneera Abdul, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Yousafzai, Aisha, Zaidi, Anita K. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Ammu, Geetha, Babji, Sudhir, Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Ragasudha, Preethi, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L., Shanmuga Sundaram, Sundaram, Thomas, Rahul J., Pan, William K., Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J. Daniel, Doan, Viyada, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, McCormick, Benjamin J. J., McGrath, Monica, Miller, Mark A., Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Seidman, Jessica C., Gottlieb, Michael, Lang, Dennis R., Tountas, Karen H., Svensen, Erling, Amour, Caroline, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mduma, Estomih R., Mvungi, Regisiana, Nshama, Rosemary, Pascal, John, Swema, Buliga Mujaga, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Mason, Carl J., Shamsir Ahmed, Ahmed, Alam, Md Ashraful, Haque, Rashidul, Haque, Umma, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mondal, Dinesh, Nahar, Baitun, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Chandyo, Manjeswori Ulak, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert E., Checkley, William, Lee, Gwenyth O., Schulze, Kerry, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Ross, A. Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B., Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Havt, Alexandre, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Noélia L., Lima, Ila F., Maciel, Bruna L. L., Medeiros, Pedro H. Q. S., Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M. S., Patil, Crystal L., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Samie, Amidou, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Gratz, Jean, Guerrant, Richard L., Houpt, Eric, Petri, William A., Platts-Mills, James, Rogawski, Elizabeth, Scharf, Rebecca, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Shrestha, Binob, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, and Strand, Tor Arne

Subjects
Diarrhea, medicine.medical_specialty, Breastfeeding, Medicine (miscellaneous), Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Breast milk, medicine.disease_cause, Astrovirus, Cohort Studies, Internal medicine, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, parasitic diseases, medicine, Escherichia coli, Humans, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, business.industry, Campylobacter, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Sapovirus, biology.organism_classification, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Breast Feeding, Viruses, Norovirus, Female, business
Abstract

Background Breastfeeding is known to reduce risk of enteropathogen infections, but protection from specific enteropathogens is not well characterized. Objective To estimate the association between full breastfeeding (days fed breast milk exclusively or with non-nutritive liquids) and enteropathogen detection. Design 2,145 newborns were enrolled in eight sites, of whom 1,712 had breastfeeding and key enteropathogen data through 6 months. We focused on eleven enteropathogens: adenovirus 40/41, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter spp, and typical enteropathogenic E. coli as well as entero-aggregative E. coli, Shigella and Cryptosporidium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of enteropathogen detection in stools and survival analysis to estimate the timing of first detection of an enteropathogen. Results Infants with 10% more days of full breastfeeding within the preceding 30 days of a stool sample were less likely to have the three E. Coli and Campylobacter spp detected in their stool (mean odds 0.92���0.99) but equally likely (0.99���1.02) to have the viral pathogens detected in their stool. A 10% longer period of full breastfeeding from birth was associated with later first detection of the three E. Coli, Campylobacter, adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus (mean hazard ratios of 0.52���0.75). The hazards declined and point estimates were not statistically significant at 3 months. Conclusions In this large multi-center cohort study, full breastfeeding was associated with lower likelihood of detecting four important enteric pathogens in the first six months of life. These results also show that full breastfeeding is related to delays in the first detection of some bacterial and viral pathogens in the stool. As several of these pathogens are risk factors for poor growth during childhood, this work underscores the importance of exclusive or full breastfeeding during the first six months of life to optimize early health., Accepted for publication in AJCN

Published
2021

18. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under five years for 2018 : a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Wang, Xin, Li, You, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Madhi, Shabir A., Cohen, Cheryl, Ali, Asad, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W. Abdullah, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A., Goswami, Doli, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R. C., Kotloff, Karen L., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, Lucero, Marilla G., Lupisan, Socorro, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moore, David P., Moraleda, Cinta, Nunes, Marta, Oshitani, Histoshi, Owor, Betty E., Polack, Fernando P., O'Brien, Katherine L., Rasmussen, Zeba A., Rath, Barbara A., Salimi, Vahid, Scott, J Anthony G., Simões, Eric A. F., Strand, Tor A., Thea, Donald M., Treurnicht, Florette K., Vaccari, Linda C., Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J., Campbell, Harry, Nair, Harish, Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network, and Nokes, D. James

Subjects
viruses, virus diseases, respiratory tract diseases
Abstract

Summary:\ud Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of several important viruses associated with childhood acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI). However, there are currently no global burden estimates for ALRI associated with hMPV in children, and there are no licenced vaccines or drugs for hMPV infections. We estimated age–stratified global morbidity and mortality burden of hMPV–associated ALRI among children under five years using data on laboratory–confirmed hMPV burden from different geographic regions. \ud Methods: We performed a systematic review of hMPV burden studies published between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2019 and identified a further 40 high–quality unpublished studies. We assessed the risk of bias using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Incidence rates, hospital admission rates, and in–hospital case–fatality ratios (hCFRs) of hMPV–associated ALRI (defined as ALRI with laboratory–confirmed hMPV) were analysed using a generalized linear mixed model. We applied incidence and hospital admission rates of hMPV–associated ALRI to population estimates to yield the morbidity burden estimates. We estimated hMPV–associated ALRI in–hospital deaths by combining hospital admissions and hCFRs of hMPV–associated ALRI. We estimated the overall hMPV–associated ALRI deaths (both in–hospital and out–hospital deaths) using the number of in–hospital deaths, population–based childhood pneumonia mortality, and care–seeking for child pneumonia. We also estimated hMPV–attributable ALRI cases, hospital admissions, and deaths (ALRI burden that are causally attributable to hMPV) by combining hMPV–associated burden estimates and attributable fractions of hMPV in laboratory–confirmed hMPV cases and deaths. \ud Findings: We estimated in 2018 that hMPV could be detected in 14.2 million (UR 10.2–20.1) ALRI cases, 643,000 (UR 425,000–977,000) hospital admissions, 7,700 (UR 2,600–48,800) in–hospital deaths, and 16,100 (UR 5,700–88,000) overall ALRI deaths among children under five years globally. Of these cases and deaths, an estimated 11.1 million (UR 8.0–15.7) ALRI cases, 502,000 (UR 332,000–762,000) ALRI hospital admissions, and 11,300 (UR 4,000–61,600) ALRI deaths could be causally attributable to hMPV. hMPV–associated ALRI incidence rate in the community setting did not vary much by age strata, while about 58% of hospital admissions were in infants less than 12 months; 64% of in–hospital deaths occurred 6 in the first six months of life, of which 80% occurred in low– and lower–middle income countries. \ud Interpretation: Infants younger than one year have disproportionately high risks of severe hMPV infections across settings, similar to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. Infants younger than 6 months in low– and lower–middle income countries are at greater risk of death from hMPV–associated ALRI compared with other countries. Our mortality estimates, though likely to be conservative and underestimate the true hMPV mortality burden, demonstrate the importance of intervention strategies for infants across all settings, and warrant continued efforts to improve the outcome of hMPV–associated ALRI among young infants in low– and lower–middle income countries.

Published
2021

20. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018 : a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Wang, Xin, Li, You, O'Brien, Katherine L., Madhi, Shabir A., Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Byass, Peter, Omer, Saad B., Abbas, Qalab, Ali, Asad, Amu, Alberta, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W. Abdullah, Chaves, Sandra S., Chung, Alexandria, Cohen, Cheryl, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A., Gentile, Angela, Gordon, Aubree, Groome, Michelle, Heikkinen, Terho, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Jara, Jorge H., Katz, Mark A., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, de Leon, Oscar, Lucero, Marilla G., McCracken, John P., Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moisi, Jennifer C., Munywoki, Patrick K., Ourohire, Millogo, Polack, Fernando P., Rahi, Manveer, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Rath, Barbara A., Saha, Samir K., Simoes, Eric A. F., Sotomayor, Viviana, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Treurnicht, Florette K., Wamukoya, Marylene, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J., Campbell, Harry, Nair, Harish, Wang, Xin, Li, You, O'Brien, Katherine L., Madhi, Shabir A., Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Byass, Peter, Omer, Saad B., Abbas, Qalab, Ali, Asad, Amu, Alberta, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W. Abdullah, Chaves, Sandra S., Chung, Alexandria, Cohen, Cheryl, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A., Gentile, Angela, Gordon, Aubree, Groome, Michelle, Heikkinen, Terho, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Jara, Jorge H., Katz, Mark A., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, de Leon, Oscar, Lucero, Marilla G., McCracken, John P., Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moisi, Jennifer C., Munywoki, Patrick K., Ourohire, Millogo, Polack, Fernando P., Rahi, Manveer, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Rath, Barbara A., Saha, Samir K., Simoes, Eric A. F., Sotomayor, Viviana, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Treurnicht, Florette K., Wamukoya, Marylene, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J., Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Abstract

Background: Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in ung children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million fluenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this bstantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza ccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of ccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and rculation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the obal number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory fections in children under 5 years in 2018. Methods: We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in ildren under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec , 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to sess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated spiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths om influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of fluenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on e number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based ildhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income untries. Findings: In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109.5 million fluenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63.1-190.6), 10.1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI ses (6.8-15.1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital

Published
2020
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21. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Wang, Xin, primary, Li, You, additional, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, additional, Madhi, Shabir A, additional, Cohen, Cheryl, additional, Ali, Asad, additional, Basnet, Sudha, additional, Bassat, Quique, additional, Brooks, W Abdullah, additional, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, additional, Echavarria, Marcela, additional, Fasce, Rodrigo A, additional, Goswami, Doli, additional, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, additional, Homaira, Nusrat, additional, Howie, Stephen R C, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, additional, Krishnan, Anand, additional, Lucero, Marilla G, additional, Lupisan, Socorro, additional, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, additional, Moore, David P, additional, Moraleda, Cinta, additional, Nunes, Marta, additional, Oshitani, Histoshi, additional, Owor, Betty E, additional, Polack, Fernando P, additional, O'Brien, Katherine L, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba A, additional, Rath, Barbara A, additional, Salimi, Vahid, additional, Scott, J Anthony G, additional, Simões, Eric A F, additional, Strand, Tor A, additional, Thea, Donald M, additional, Treurnicht, Florette K, additional, Vaccari, Linda C, additional, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, additional, Zar, Heather J, additional, Campbell, Harry, additional, Nair, Harish, additional, Libster, Romina, additional, Otieno, Grieven, additional, Joundi, Imane, additional, Broor, Shobha, additional, Nicol, Mark, additional, Amarchand, Ritvik, additional, Shi, Ting, additional, López-Labrador, F. Xavier, additional, Baker, Julia M., additional, Jamison, Alexandra, additional, Choudekar, Avinash, additional, Juvekar, Sanjay, additional, Obermeier, Patrick, additional, Schweiger, Brunhilde, additional, Madrid, Lola, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth, additional, Lanaspa, Miguel, additional, Nohynek, Hanna, additional, Nokes, James, additional, Werner, Marta, additional, Danhg, Anh, additional, Chadha, Mandeep, additional, Puig-Barberà, Joan, additional, Caballero, Mauricio T., additional, Mathisen, Maria, additional, Walaza, Sibongile, additional, Hellferscee, Orienka, additional, Laubscher, Matt, additional, Higdon, Melissa M., additional, Haddix, Meredith, additional, Sawatwong, Pongpun, additional, Baggett, Henry C., additional, Seidenberg, Phil, additional, Mwanayanda, Lawrence, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Ebruke, Bernard E., additional, Adams, Tanja, additional, Rahman, Mustafizur, additional, Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur, additional, Sow, Samboa O., additional, Baillie, Vicky L., additional, Workman, Lesley, additional, Toizumi, Michiko, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D., additional, Nguyen, Thi hien anh, additional, and Morpeth, Susan, additional

Published
2021
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23. Substantial and sustained reduction in under-5 mortality, diarrhea, and pneumonia in Oshikhandass, Pakistan: evidence from two longitudinal cohort studies 15 years apart

Author

Hansen, Chelsea L, primary, McCormick, Benjamin JJ, additional, Azam, Syed Iqbal, additional, Ahmed, Khalil, additional, Baker, Julia M, additional, Hussain, Ejaz, additional, Jahan, Assis, additional, Jamison, Alexandra F, additional, Knobler, Stacey L, additional, Samji, Nahida, additional, Shah, Wasiat H, additional, Spiro, David J, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth D, additional, Viboud, Cecile, additional, and Rasmussen, Zeba A, additional

Published
2020
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24. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Wang, Xin, primary, Li, You, additional, O'Brien, Katherine L, additional, Madhi, Shabir A, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Byass, Peter, additional, Omer, Saad B, additional, Abbas, Qalab, additional, Ali, Asad, additional, Amu, Alberta, additional, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, additional, Bassat, Quique, additional, Abdullah Brooks, W, additional, Chaves, Sandra S, additional, Chung, Alexandria, additional, Cohen, Cheryl, additional, Echavarria, Marcela, additional, Fasce, Rodrigo A, additional, Gentile, Angela, additional, Gordon, Aubree, additional, Groome, Michelle, additional, Heikkinen, Terho, additional, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, additional, Jara, Jorge H, additional, Katz, Mark A, additional, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, additional, Krishnan, Anand, additional, de Leon, Oscar, additional, Lucero, Marilla G, additional, McCracken, John P, additional, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, additional, Moïsi, Jennifer C, additional, Munywoki, Patrick K, additional, Ourohiré, Millogo, additional, Polack, Fernando P, additional, Rahi, Manveer, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba A, additional, Rath, Barbara A, additional, Saha, Samir K, additional, Simões, Eric AF, additional, Sotomayor, Viviana, additional, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, additional, Treurnicht, Florette K, additional, Wamukoya, Marylene, additional, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, additional, Zar, Heather J, additional, Campbell, Harry, additional, Nair, Harish, additional, Wang, Xin, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, additional, Saeed, Bushra, additional, Soofi, Sajid B, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Zaidi, Anita K, additional, Awini, Elizabeth, additional, Baggett, Henry C, additional, Shang, Nong, additional, Schrag, Stephanie J, additional, Tempia, Stefano, additional, Lanaspa, Miguel, additional, Acácio, Sozinho, additional, Brooks, W Abdullah, additional, Driscoll, Amanda, additional, Knoll, Maria Deloria, additional, Prosperi, Christine, additional, Baqui, Abdullah H, additional, Mullany, Luke, additional, von Gottberg, Anne, additional, Hellferscee, Orienka, additional, Walaza, Sibongile, additional, Goswami, Doli, additional, Rahman, Mustafizur, additional, Connor, Nicholas E, additional, El Arifeen, Shams, additional, Marcone, Débora N, additional, Reyes, Noelia, additional, Gutierrez, Andrea, additional, Rodriguez, Ivan, additional, Lopez, Olga, additional, Ortiz, David, additional, Gonzalez, Nathaly, additional, del Valle Juarez, Maria, additional, Cutland, Clare, additional, Nunes, Marta C, additional, Nzenze, Susan, additional, Juvekar, Sanjay, additional, Halasa, Natasha, additional, Bernart, Chris, additional, Gofer, Ilan, additional, Avni, Yonat Shemer, additional, Faori, Samir, additional, Shehabi, Asem, additional, Kumar, Rakesh, additional, Amarchand, Ritvik, additional, Contreras, Carmen L, additional, Lopez, Maria R, additional, Maldonado, Herberth, additional, Samayoa, Antonio P, additional, Gomez, Ana B, additional, Nillos, Leilani T, additional, Lupisan, Socorro P, additional, Nohynek, Hanna, additional, Puig-Barberà, Joan, additional, Díez-Domingo, Javier, additional, Gessner, Bradford D, additional, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, additional, Tall, Haoua, additional, Ngama, Mwanjuma, additional, Nokes, D James, additional, Clark, Dayna R, additional, Ali, Sié, additional, Pascal, Zabré, additional, Cheik, Bagagnan H, additional, Caballero, Mauricio T, additional, Libster, Romina, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth D, additional, Baker, Julia M, additional, Obermeier, Patrick E, additional, Hassanuzzaman, MD., additional, Islam, Maksuda, additional, Islam, Mohammad S, additional, Panigrahi, Pinaki, additional, Bose, Anuradha, additional, Isaac, Rita, additional, Murdoch, David, additional, Nanda, Pritish, additional, Qazi, Shamim A, additional, Hessong, Danielle, additional, Simőes, Eric AF, additional, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, additional, Dawood, Halima, additional, Kyobutungi, Catherine, additional, Ziraba, Abdhalah K, additional, Yoshihara, Keisuke, additional, Dand, Duc-Anh, additional, Le, Minh-Nhat, additional, Nicol, Mark P, additional, Broor, Shobha, additional, Chadha, Mandeep, additional, Madrid, Lola, additional, Gresh, Lionel, additional, Balmaseda, Angel, additional, Kuan, Guillermina, additional, Wairagkar, Niteen, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D, additional, Knobler, Stacey L, additional, Barahona, Alfredo, additional, Ferguson, Ericka, additional, and Schweiger, Brunhilde, additional

Published
2020
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25. Causal Pathways from Enteropathogens to Environmental Enteropathy: Findings from the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study

Author

Kosek, Margaret, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Bhutta, Zulfiquar, Caulfield, Laura, Guerrant, Richard, Houpt, Eric, Kang, Gagandeep, Lee, Gwenyth, Lima, Aldo, McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Platts-Mills, James, Seidman, Jessica, Blank, Rebecca R., Gottlieb, Michael, Knobler, Stacey L., Lang, Dennis R., Miller, Mark A., Tountas, Karen H., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Checkley, William, Guerrant, Richard L., Kosek, Margaret N., Mason, Carl J., Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Petri Jr., William A., Seidman, Jessica C., Bessong, Pascal, Haque, Rashidul, John, Sushil, Lima, Aldo A.M., Mduma, Estomih R., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar, Svensen, Erling, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Abreu, Cláudia B., Acosta, Angel Mendez, Ahmed, Imran, Shamsir Ahmed, A.M., Ali, Asad, Ambikapathi, Ramya, Barrett, Leah, Bauck, Aubrey, Bayyo, Eliwaza, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bose, Anuradha, Daniel Carreon, J., Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Charu, Vivek, Costa, Hilda, Dillingham, Rebecca, Di Moura, Alessandra, Doan, Viyada, Filho, Jose Quirino, Graham, Jhanelle, Hoest, Christel, Hossain, Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Steffi Jennifer, M., Kaki, Shiny, Koshy, Beena, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Noélia L., Maciel, Bruna L.L., Mahfuz, Mustafa, Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, McGrath, Monica, Mohale, Archana, Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Mvungi, Regisiana, Nayyar, Gaurvika, Nyathi, Emanuel, Olortegui, Maribel Paredes, Oria, Reinaldo, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Pan, William K., Pascal, John, Patil, Crystal L., Pendergast, Laura, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Psaki, Stephanie, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rasheed, Muneera, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Richard, Stephanie A., Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Schaefer, Barbara, Scharf, Rebecca, Sharma, Srujan L., Shrestha, Binob, Shrestha, Rita, Simons, Suzanne, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M.S., Soofi, Sajid, Strand, Tor, Tofail, Fahmida, Thomas, Rahul J., Turab, Ali, Ulak, Manjeswori, Wang, Vivian, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Alam, Didar, Amour, Caroline, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Babji, Sudhir, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Flores, Julian Torres, Gratz, Jean, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Havt, Alexandre, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Lazarus, Robin P., Lima, Ila F., Mondal, Dinesh, Medeiros, Pedro H.Q.S., Nshama, Rosemary, Quetz, Josiane, Qureshi, Shahida, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Catharine Ross, A., Salas, Mery Siguas, Samie, Amidou, Schulze, Kerry, Shanmuga Sundaram, E., Swema, Buliga Mujaga, and Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo

Subjects
Child health, Stunting, lcsh:R5-920, Child growth, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, Undernutrition, Enteropathogen, lcsh:Medicine (General), Enteropathy
Abstract

Background: Environmental enteropathy (EE), the adverse impact of frequent and numerous enteric infections on the gut resulting in a state of persistent immune activation and altered permeability, has been proposed as a key determinant of growth failure in children in low- and middle-income populations. A theory-driven systems model to critically evaluate pathways through which enteropathogens, gut permeability, and intestinal and systemic inflammation affect child growth was conducted within the framework of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) birth cohort study that included children from eight countries. Methods: Non-diarrheal stool samples (N = 22,846) from 1253 children from multiple sites were evaluated for a panel of 40 enteropathogens and fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and neopterin. Among these same children, urinary lactulose:mannitol (L:M) (N = 6363) and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) (N = 2797) were also measured. The temporal sampling design was used to create a directed acyclic graph of proposed mechanistic pathways between enteropathogen detection in non-diarrheal stools, biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation, systemic inflammation and change in length- and weight- for age in children 0–2 years of age. Findings: Children in these populations had frequent enteric infections and high levels of both intestinal and systemic inflammation. Higher burdens of enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, were associated with elevated biomarker concentrations of gut and systemic inflammation and, via these associations, indirectly associated with both reduced linear and ponderal growth. Evidence for the association with reduced linear growth was stronger for systemic inflammation than for gut inflammation; the opposite was true of reduced ponderal growth. Although Giardia was associated with reduced growth, the association was not mediated by any of the biomarkers evaluated. Interpretation: The large quantity of empirical evidence contributing to this analysis supports the conceptual model of EE. The effects of EE on growth faltering in young children were small, but multiple mechanistic pathways underlying the attribution of growth failure to asymptomatic enteric infections had statistical support in the analysis. The strongest evidence for EE was the association between enteropathogens and linear growth mediated through systemic inflammation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

26. Early life child micronutrient status, maternal reasoning, and a nurturing household environment have persistent influences on child cognitive development at age 5 years: results from MAL-ED

Author

McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Richard, Stephanie A., Caulfield, Laura E., Pendergast, Laura L., Seidman, Jessica C., Koshy, Beena, Roshan, Reeba, Shrestha, Rita, Svensen, Erling, Blacy, Ladislaus, Rasmussen, Zeba, Maphula, Angelina, Scharf, Rebecca, Nahar, Baitun, Haque, Sayma, Rasheed, Muneera, Oria, Reinaldo, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., and Murray-Kolb, Laura E.

Subjects
Diarrhea, Eating, Ingestão de Alimentos, Micronutrients, Micronutrientes, Diarreia
Abstract

Background: Child cognitive development is influenced by early-life insults and protective factors. To what extent these factors have a long-term legacy on child development and hence fulfillment of cognitive potential is unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the relation between early-life factors (birth to 2 y) and cognitive development at 5 y. Methods: Observational follow-up visits were made of children at 5 y, previously enrolled in the community-based MAL-ED longitudinal cohort. The burden of enteropathogens, prevalence of illness, complementary diet intake, micronutrient status, and household and maternal factors from birth to 2 y were extensively measured and their relation with the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scales of Intelligence at 5 y was examined through use of linear regression. Results: Cognitive T-scores from 813 of 1198 (68%) children were examined and 5 variables had significant associations in multivariable models: mean child plasma transferrin receptor concentration (β: −1.81, 95% CI: −2.75, −0.86), number of years of maternal education (β: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.45), maternal cognitive reasoning score (β: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.15), household assets score (β: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.04), and HOME child cleanliness factor (β: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.15). In multivariable models, the mean rate of enteropathogen detections, burden of illness, and complementary food intakes between birth and 2 y were not significantly related to 5-y cognition. Conclusions: A nurturing home context in terms of a healthy/clean environment and household wealth, provision of adequate micronutrients, maternal education, and cognitive reasoning have a strong and persistent influence on child cognitive development. Efforts addressing aspects of poverty around micronutrient status, nurturing caregiving, and enabling home environments are likely to have lasting positive impacts on child cognitive development. publishedVersion

Published
2019

27. Epidemiology and Impact of Campylobacter Infection in Children in 8 Low-Resource Settings: Results From the MAL-ED Study

Author

Amour, Caroline, Gratz, Jean, Mduma, Estomih, Svensen, Erling, Rogawski, Elizabeth T., McGrath, Monica, Seidman, Jessica C., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Shrestha, Sanjaya, Samie, Amidou, Mahfuz, Mustafa, Qureshi, Shahida, Hotwani, Aneeta, Babji, Sudhir, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, Lima, Aldo A. M., Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, Bessong, Pascal, Ahmed, Tahmeed, Shakoor, Sadia, Kang, Gagandeep, Kosek, Margaret, Guerrant, Richard L., Lang, Dennis, Gottlieb, Michael, Houpt, Eric R., Platts-Mills, James A., Acosta, Angel Mendez, de Burga, Rosa Rios, Chavez, Cesar Banda, Flores, Julian Torres, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, Salas, Mery Siguas, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, Ahmed, Imran, Alam, Didar, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Rasheed, Muneera, Soofi, Sajid, Turab, Ali, Zaidi, Anita K.M., Mason, Carl J., Bose, Anuradha, George, Ajila T., Hariraju, Dinesh, Jennifer, M. Steffi, John, Sushil, Kaki, Shiny, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, Koshy, Beena, Lazarus, Robin P., Muliyil, Jayaprakash, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, Raju, Sophy, Ramachandran, Anup, Ramadas, Rakhi, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, Rose, Anuradha, Roshan, Reeba, Sharma, Srujan L., Sundaram, Shanmuga, Thomas, Rahul J., Pan, William K., Ambikapathi, Ramya, Carreon, J. Daniel, Charu, Vivek, Doan, Viyada, Graham, Jhanelle, Hoest, Christel, Knobler, Stacey, Lang, Dennis R., McCormick, Benjamin J.J., Miller, Mark A., Mohale, Archana, Nayyar, Gaurvika, Psaki, Stephanie, Rasmussen, Zeba, Richard, Stephanie A., Wang, Vivian, Blank, Rebecca, Tountas, Karen H., Bayyo, Eliwaza, Mduma, Estomih R., Mvungi, Regisiana, Nshama, Rosemary, Pascal, John, Swema, Buliga Mujaga, Yarrot, Ladislaus, Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir, Haque, Rashidul, Hossain, Iqbal, Islam, Munirul, Mondal, Dinesh, Tofail, Fahmida, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, Shrestha, Rita, Ulak, Manjeswori, Bauck, Aubrey, Black, Robert, Caulfield, Laura, Checkley, William, Kosek, Margaret N., Lee, Gwenyth, Schulze, Kerry, Yori, Pablo Peñataro, Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Ross, A. Catharine, Schaefer, Barbara, Simons, Suzanne, Pendergast, Laura, Abreu, Cláudia B., Costa, Hilda, Di Moura, Alessandra, Filho, José Quirino, Havt, Alexandre, Leite, Álvaro M., Lima, Aldo A.M., Lima, Noélia L., Lima, Ila F., Maciel, Bruna L.L., Medeiros, Pedro H.Q.S., Moraes, Milena, Mota, Francisco S., Oriá, Reinaldo B., Quetz, Josiane, Soares, Alberto M., Mota, Rosa M.S., Patil, Crystal L., Mahopo, Cloupas, Maphula, Angelina, Nyathi, Emanuel, Barrett, Leah, Dillingham, Rebecca, Houpt, Eric, Petri, William A., Platts-Mills, James, Scharf, Rebecca, Shrestha, Binob, Shrestha, Sanjaya Kumar, and Strand, Tor

Subjects
Diarrhea, Male, growth, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Campylobacter, Gastroenteritis, Cohort Studies, Editor's Choice, Child Development, children, Cost of Illness, inflammation, Risk Factors, Campylobacter Infections, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, Articles and Commentaries, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

In a multisite birth cohort study, we document a high burden of Campylobacter infection using enzyme immunoassay, demonstrate an association between Campylobacter and linear growth shortfalls and both increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation, and identify potential interventions., Background. Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life. Methods. Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter. Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation. Results. A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter. We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47–.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70–0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82–0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63–0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (−1.82; 95% confidence interval, −1.94 to −1.70) compared with a low burden (−1.49; −1.60 to −1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation. Conclusions. Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings.

Published
2016

29. Substantial and sustained reduction in under-5 mortality, diarrhea, and pneumonia in Oshikhandass, Pakistan: evidence from two longitudinal cohort studies 15 years apart

Author

Hansen, Chelsea L, primary, McCormick, Benjamin JJ, additional, Azam, Syed Iqbal, additional, Ahmed, Khalil, additional, Baker, Julia M, additional, Hussain, Ejaz, additional, Jahan, Assis, additional, Jamison, Alexandra F, additional, Knobler, Stacey L, additional, Samji, Nahida, additional, Shah, Wasiat, additional, Spiro, David, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth D, additional, Viboud, Cecile, additional, and Rasmussen, Zeba A, additional

Published
2019
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30. Early Life Child Micronutrient Status, Maternal Reasoning, and a Nurturing Household Environment have Persistent Influences on Child Cognitive Development at Age 5 years: Results from MAL-ED

Author

McCormick, Benjamin JJ, primary, Richard, Stephanie A, additional, Caulfield, Laura E, additional, Pendergast, Laura L, additional, Seidman, Jessica C, additional, Koshy, Beena, additional, Roshan, Reeba, additional, Shrestha, Rita, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Blacy, Ladislaus, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba, additional, Maphula, Angelina, additional, Scharf, Rebecca, additional, Nahar, Baitun, additional, Haque, Sayma, additional, Rasheed, Muneera, additional, Oria, Reinaldo, additional, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, additional, and Murray-Kolb, Laura E, additional

Published
2019
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31. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study

Author

Platts-Mills, James A, primary, Liu, Jie, additional, Rogawski, Elizabeth T, additional, Kabir, Furqan, additional, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, additional, Siguas, Mery, additional, Khan, Shaila S, additional, Praharaj, Ira, additional, Murei, Arinao, additional, Nshama, Rosemary, additional, Mujaga, Buliga, additional, Havt, Alexandre, additional, Maciel, Irene A, additional, McMurry, Timothy L, additional, Operario, Darwin J, additional, Taniuchi, Mami, additional, Gratz, Jean, additional, Stroup, Suzanne E, additional, Roberts, James H, additional, Kalam, Adil, additional, Aziz, Fatima, additional, Qureshi, Shahida, additional, Islam, M Ohedul, additional, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, additional, Silapong, Sasikorn, additional, Yori, Pablo P, additional, Rajendiran, Revathi, additional, Benny, Blossom, additional, McGrath, Monica, additional, McCormick, Benjamin J J, additional, Seidman, Jessica C, additional, Lang, Dennis, additional, Gottlieb, Michael, additional, Guerrant, Richard L, additional, Lima, Aldo A M, additional, Leite, Jose Paulo, additional, Samie, Amidou, additional, Bessong, Pascal O, additional, Page, Nicola, additional, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, additional, Mason, Carl, additional, Shrestha, Sanjaya, additional, Kiwelu, Ireen, additional, Mduma, Estomih R, additional, Iqbal, Najeeha T, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Haque, Rashidul, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Acosta, Angel Mendez, additional, Rios de Burga, Rosa, additional, Chavez, Cesar Banda, additional, Flores, Julian Torres, additional, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, additional, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, additional, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, additional, Ahmed, Imran, additional, Alam, Didar, additional, Ali, Asad, additional, Rasheed, Muneera, additional, Soofi, Sajid, additional, Turab, Ali, additional, Yousafzai, Aisha, additional, Zaidi, Anita KM, additional, Shrestha, Binob, additional, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, additional, Strand, Tor, additional, Ammu, Geetha, additional, Babji, Sudhir, additional, Bose, Anuradha, additional, George, Ajila T, additional, Hariraju, Dinesh, additional, Jennifer, M. Steffi, additional, John, Sushil, additional, Kaki, Shiny, additional, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, additional, Koshy, Beena, additional, Lazarus, Robin P, additional, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, additional, Ragasudha, Preethi, additional, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, additional, Raju, Sophy, additional, Ramachandran, Anup, additional, Ramadas, Rakhi, additional, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, additional, Rose, Anuradha, additional, Roshan, Reeba, additional, Sharma, Srujan L, additional, Sundaram, Shanmuga, additional, Thomas, Rahul J, additional, Pan, William K, additional, Ambikapathi, Ramya, additional, Carreon, J Daniel, additional, Doan, Viyada, additional, Hoest, Christel, additional, Knobler, Stacey, additional, Miller, Mark A, additional, Psaki, Stephanie, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba, additional, Richard, Stephanie A, additional, Tountas, Karen H, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Amour, Caroline, additional, Bayyo, Eliwaza, additional, Mvungi, Regisiana, additional, Pascal, John, additional, Yarrot, Ladislaus, additional, Barrett, Leah, additional, Dillingham, Rebecca, additional, Petri, William A, additional, Scharf, Rebecca, additional, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, additional, Alam, Md Ashraful, additional, Haque, Umma, additional, Hossain, Md Iqbal, additional, Islam, Munirul, additional, Mahfuz, Mustafa, additional, Mondal, Dinesh, additional, Nahar, Baitun, additional, Tofail, Fahmida, additional, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, additional, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, additional, Shrestha, Rita, additional, Ulak, Manjeswori, additional, Bauck, Aubrey, additional, Black, Robert, additional, Caulfield, Laura, additional, Checkley, William, additional, Lee, Gwenyth, additional, Schulze, Kerry, additional, Scott, Samuel, additional, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, additional, Ross, A Catharine, additional, Schaefer, Barbara, additional, Simons, Suzanne, additional, Pendergast, Laura, additional, Abreu, Cláudia B, additional, Costa, Hilda, additional, Di Moura, Alessandra, additional, Filho, José Quirino, additional, Leite, Álvaro M, additional, Lima, Noélia L, additional, Lima, Ila F, additional, Maciel, Bruna LL, additional, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, additional, Moraes, Milena, additional, Mota, Francisco S, additional, Oriá, Reinaldo B, additional, Quetz, Josiane, additional, Soares, Alberto M, additional, Mota, Rosa MS, additional, Patil, Crystal L, additional, Mahopo, Cloupas, additional, Maphula, Angelina, additional, and Nyathi, Emanuel, additional

Published
2018
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32. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study

Author

Rogawski, Elizabeth T, primary, Liu, Jie, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Kabir, Furqan, additional, Lertsethtakarn, Paphavee, additional, Siguas, Mery, additional, Khan, Shaila S, additional, Praharaj, Ira, additional, Murei, Arinao, additional, Nshama, Rosemary, additional, Mujaga, Buliga, additional, Havt, Alexandre, additional, Maciel, Irene A, additional, Operario, Darwin J, additional, Taniuchi, Mami, additional, Gratz, Jean, additional, Stroup, Suzanne E, additional, Roberts, James H, additional, Kalam, Adil, additional, Aziz, Fatima, additional, Qureshi, Shahida, additional, Islam, M Ohedul, additional, Sakpaisal, Pimmada, additional, Silapong, Sasikorn, additional, Yori, Pablo P, additional, Rajendiran, Revathi, additional, Benny, Blossom, additional, McGrath, Monica, additional, Seidman, Jessica C, additional, Lang, Dennis, additional, Gottlieb, Michael, additional, Guerrant, Richard L, additional, Lima, Aldo A M, additional, Leite, Jose Paulo, additional, Samie, Amidou, additional, Bessong, Pascal O, additional, Page, Nicola, additional, Bodhidatta, Ladaporn, additional, Mason, Carl, additional, Shrestha, Sanjaya, additional, Kiwelu, Ireen, additional, Mduma, Estomih R, additional, Iqbal, Najeeha T, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Haque, Rashidul, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Acosta, Angel Mendez, additional, Rios de Burga, Rosa, additional, Chavez, Cesar Banda, additional, Flores, Julian Torres, additional, Olotegui, Maribel Paredes, additional, Pinedo, Silvia Rengifo, additional, Trigoso, Dixner Rengifo, additional, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, additional, Ahmed, Imran, additional, Alam, Didar, additional, Ali, Asad, additional, Rasheed, Muneera, additional, Soofi, Sajid, additional, Turab, Ali, additional, Yousafzai, Aisha, additional, Zaidi, Anita KM, additional, Shrestha, Binob, additional, Rayamajhi, Bishnu Bahadur, additional, Strand, Tor, additional, Ammu, Geetha, additional, Babji, Sudhir, additional, Bose, Anuradha, additional, George, Ajila T, additional, Hariraju, Dinesh, additional, Jennifer, M. Steffi, additional, John, Sushil, additional, Kaki, Shiny, additional, Karunakaran, Priyadarshani, additional, Koshy, Beena, additional, Lazarus, Robin P, additional, Muliyil, Jayaprakash, additional, Ragasudha, Preethi, additional, Raghava, Mohan Venkata, additional, Raju, Sophy, additional, Ramachandran, Anup, additional, Ramadas, Rakhi, additional, Ramanujam, Karthikeyan, additional, Rose, Anuradha, additional, Roshan, Reeba, additional, Sharma, Srujan L, additional, Sundaram, Shanmuga, additional, Thomas, Rahul J, additional, Pan, William K, additional, Ambikapathi, Ramya, additional, Carreon, J Daniel, additional, Doan, Viyada, additional, Hoest, Christel, additional, Knobler, Stacey, additional, Miller, Mark A, additional, Psaki, Stephanie, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba, additional, Richard, Stephanie A, additional, Tountas, Karen H, additional, Svensen, Erling, additional, Amour, Caroline, additional, Bayyo, Eliwaza, additional, Mvungi, Regisiana, additional, Pascal, John, additional, Yarrot, Ladislaus, additional, Barrett, Leah, additional, Dillingham, Rebecca, additional, Petri, William A, additional, Scharf, Rebecca, additional, Ahmed, AM Shamsir, additional, Alam, Md Ashraful, additional, Haque, Umma, additional, Hossain, Md Iqbal, additional, Islam, Munirul, additional, Mahfuz, Mustafa, additional, Mondal, Dinesh, additional, Nahar, Baitun, additional, Tofail, Fahmida, additional, Chandyo, Ram Krishna, additional, Shrestha, Prakash Sunder, additional, Shrestha, Rita, additional, Ulak, Manjeswori, additional, Bauck, Aubrey, additional, Black, Robert, additional, Caulfield, Laura, additional, Checkley, William, additional, Lee, Gwenyth, additional, Schulze, Kerry, additional, Scott, Samuel, additional, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, additional, Ross, A Catharine, additional, Schaefer, Barbara, additional, Simons, Suzanne, additional, Pendergast, Laura, additional, Abreu, Cláudia B, additional, Costa, Hilda, additional, Di Moura, Alessandra, additional, Filho, José Quirino, additional, Leite, Álvaro M, additional, Lima, Noélia L, additional, Lima, Ila F, additional, Maciel, Bruna LL, additional, Medeiros, Pedro HQS, additional, Moraes, Milena, additional, Mota, Francisco S, additional, Oriá, Reinaldo B, additional, Quetz, Josiane, additional, Soares, Alberto M, additional, Mota, Rosa MS, additional, Patil, Crystal L, additional, Mahopo, Cloupas, additional, Maphula, Angelina, additional, and Nyathi, Emanuel, additional

Published
2018
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33. Early Life Experiences and Trajectories of Cognitive Development.

Author

McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Caulfield, Laura E., Richard, Stephanie A., Pendergast, Laura, Seidman, Jessica C., Maphula, Angelina, Koshy, Beena, Blacy, Ladislaus, Roshan, Reeba, Nahar, Baitun, Shrestha, Rita, Rasheed, Muneera, Svensen, Erling, Rasmussen, Zeba, Scharf, Rebecca J., Haque, Sayma, Oria, Reinaldo, and Murray-Kolb, Laura E.

Published
2020
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34. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study

Author

UMC Utrecht, CTI Bont, Child Health, Infection & Immunity, Infectieziekten onderzoek1 (Bont), Shi, Ting, McAllister, David A., O'Brien, Katherine L., Simoes, Eric A. F., Madhi, Shabir A., Gessner, Bradford D., Polack, Fernando P., Balsells, Evelyn, Acacio, Sozinho, Aguayo, Claudia, Alassani, Issifou, Ali, Asad, Antonio, Martin, Awasthi, Shally, Awori, Juliet O., Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C., Baillie, Vicky L., Balmaseda, Angel, Barahona, Alfredo, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Basualdo, Wilma, Bigogo, Godfrey, Bont, Louis, Breiman, Robert F., Brooks, W. Abdullah, Broor, Shobha, Bruce, Nigel, Bruden, Dana, Buchy, Philippe, Campbell, Stuart, Carosone-Link, Phyllis, Chadha, Mandeep, Chipeta, James, Chou, Monidarin, Clara, Wilfrido, Cohen, Cheryl, de Cuellar, Elizabeth, Dang, Duc Anh, Dash-yandag, Budragchaagiin, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Dherani, Mukesh, Eap, Tekchheng, Ebruke, Bernard E., Echavarria, Marcela, de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Carla Cecília, Fasce, Rodrigo A., Feikin, Daniel R., Feng, Luzhao, Gentile, Angela, Gordon, Aubree, Goswami, Doli, Goyet, Sophie, Groome, Michelle J, Halasa, Natasha, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R.C., Jara, Jorge, Jroundi, Imane, Kartasasmita, Cissy B., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Kotloff, Karen L., Krishnan, Anand, Libster, Romina, Lopez, Olga, Lucero, Marilla G., Lucion, Florencia, Lupisan, Socorro P., Marcone, Debora N., McCracken, John P., Mejia, Mario, Moisi, Jennifer C., Montgomery, Joel M., Moore, David P., Moraleda, Cinta, Moyes, Jocelyn, Munywoki, Patrick, Mutyara, Kuswandewi, Nicol, Mark P., Nokes, D. James, Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn, da Costa Oliveira, Maria Tereza, Oshitani, Histoshi, Pandey, Nitin, Paranhos-Baccalà, Gláucia, Phillips, Lia N., Picot, Valentina Sanchez, Rahman, Mustafizur, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Mala, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Rath, Barbara A., Robinson, Annick, Romero, Candice, Russomando, Graciela, Salimi, Vahid, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Scheltema, Nienke, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Scott, J. Anthony G., Seidenberg, Phil, Shen, Kunling, Singleton, Rosalyn, Sotomayor, Viviana, Strand, Tor A., Sutanto, Agustinus, Sylla, Mariam, Tapia, Milagritos D., Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Thomas, Elizabeth D., Tokarz, Rafal, Turner, Claudia, Venter, Marietjie, Waicharoen, Sunthareeya, Wang, Jianwei, Watthanaworawit, Wanitda, Yoshida, Lay Myint, Yu, Hongjie, Zar, Heather J., Campbell, Harry, Nair, Harish, UMC Utrecht, CTI Bont, Child Health, Infection & Immunity, Infectieziekten onderzoek1 (Bont), Shi, Ting, McAllister, David A., O'Brien, Katherine L., Simoes, Eric A. F., Madhi, Shabir A., Gessner, Bradford D., Polack, Fernando P., Balsells, Evelyn, Acacio, Sozinho, Aguayo, Claudia, Alassani, Issifou, Ali, Asad, Antonio, Martin, Awasthi, Shally, Awori, Juliet O., Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C., Baillie, Vicky L., Balmaseda, Angel, Barahona, Alfredo, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Basualdo, Wilma, Bigogo, Godfrey, Bont, Louis, Breiman, Robert F., Brooks, W. Abdullah, Broor, Shobha, Bruce, Nigel, Bruden, Dana, Buchy, Philippe, Campbell, Stuart, Carosone-Link, Phyllis, Chadha, Mandeep, Chipeta, James, Chou, Monidarin, Clara, Wilfrido, Cohen, Cheryl, de Cuellar, Elizabeth, Dang, Duc Anh, Dash-yandag, Budragchaagiin, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Dherani, Mukesh, Eap, Tekchheng, Ebruke, Bernard E., Echavarria, Marcela, de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Carla Cecília, Fasce, Rodrigo A., Feikin, Daniel R., Feng, Luzhao, Gentile, Angela, Gordon, Aubree, Goswami, Doli, Goyet, Sophie, Groome, Michelle J, Halasa, Natasha, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R.C., Jara, Jorge, Jroundi, Imane, Kartasasmita, Cissy B., Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Kotloff, Karen L., Krishnan, Anand, Libster, Romina, Lopez, Olga, Lucero, Marilla G., Lucion, Florencia, Lupisan, Socorro P., Marcone, Debora N., McCracken, John P., Mejia, Mario, Moisi, Jennifer C., Montgomery, Joel M., Moore, David P., Moraleda, Cinta, Moyes, Jocelyn, Munywoki, Patrick, Mutyara, Kuswandewi, Nicol, Mark P., Nokes, D. James, Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn, da Costa Oliveira, Maria Tereza, Oshitani, Histoshi, Pandey, Nitin, Paranhos-Baccalà, Gláucia, Phillips, Lia N., Picot, Valentina Sanchez, Rahman, Mustafizur, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo, Mala, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Rath, Barbara A., Robinson, Annick, Romero, Candice, Russomando, Graciela, Salimi, Vahid, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Scheltema, Nienke, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Scott, J. Anthony G., Seidenberg, Phil, Shen, Kunling, Singleton, Rosalyn, Sotomayor, Viviana, Strand, Tor A., Sutanto, Agustinus, Sylla, Mariam, Tapia, Milagritos D., Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Thomas, Elizabeth D., Tokarz, Rafal, Turner, Claudia, Venter, Marietjie, Waicharoen, Sunthareeya, Wang, Jianwei, Watthanaworawit, Wanitda, Yoshida, Lay Myint, Yu, Hongjie, Zar, Heather J., Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Published
2017

35. Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children under five years: Systematic review and meta–analysis

Author

Shi, Ting, primary, Balsells, Evelyn, additional, Wastnedge, Elizabeth, additional, Singleton, Rosalyn, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba A, additional, Zar, Heather J, additional, Rath, Barbara A, additional, Madhi, Shabir A, additional, Campbell, Stuart, additional, Vaccari, Linda Cheyenne, additional, Bulkow, Lisa R, additional, Thomas, Elizabeth D, additional, Barnett, Whitney, additional, Hoppe, Christian, additional, Campbell, Harry, additional, and Nair, Harish, additional

Published
2015
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36. Relationships among Common Illness Symptoms and the Protective Effect of Breastfeeding in Early Childhood in MAL-ED: An Eight-Country Cohort Study.

Author

Richard, Stephanie A., McCormick, Benjamin J. J., Seidman, Jessica C., Rasmussen, Zeba, Kosek, Margaret N., Rogawski, Elizabeth T., Petri, William, Bose, Anuradha, Mduma, Estomih, Maciel, Bruna L. L., Chandyo, Ram Krishna, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Turab, Ali, Bessong, Pascal, Mahfuz, Mustafa, and Caulfield, Laura E.

Published
2018
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37. Wasting Is Associated with Stunting in Early Childhood123

Author

Richard, Stephanie A., Black, Robert E., Gilman, Robert H., Guerrant, Richard L., Kang, Gagandeep, Lanata, Claudio F., Mølbak, Kåre, Rasmussen, Zeba A., Sack, R. Bradley, Valentiner-Branth, Palle, and Checkley, William

Subjects
Male, Anthropometry, Wasting Syndrome, Body Weight, Infant, Growth, Body Height, Child, Preschool, Nutritional Epidemiology, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Developing Countries, Growth Disorders
Abstract

The longitudinal relationship between stunting and wasting in children is poorly characterized. Instances of wasting or poor weight gain may precede linear growth retardation. We analyzed longitudinal anthropometric data for 1599 children from 8 cohort studies to determine the effect of wasting [weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ) < −2] and variability in WLZ in the first 17 mo on length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) at 18–24 mo of age. In addition, we considered the effects of change in WLZ during the previous 6-mo period on length at 18 and 24 mo. Wasting at 6–11 or 12–17 mo was associated with decreased LAZ; however, children who experienced wasting only at 0–5 mo did not suffer any long-term growth deficits compared with children with no wasting during any period. Children with greater WLZ variability (≥0.5 SD) in the first 17 mo of life were shorter [LAZ = −0.51 SD (95% CI: −0.67, −0.36 SD)] at 18–24 mo of age than children with WLZ variability

Published
2012

38. Epidemiology of Childhood Diarrhea in Rural North Pakistan: 20-Year Follow-Up From 1989–1996 to 2012–2014

Author

Rasmussen, Zeba, primary, Thomas, Elizabeth D., additional, Bano, Nahida, additional, Baker, Julia M., additional, Jahan, Assis, additional, Azam, Syed Iqbal, additional, Jafri, Mohammad H., additional, Hartz, Arielle, additional, Hussain, Ejaz, additional, Shah, Wasiat H., additional, Wasim, Saba, additional, and Ahmed, Khalil, additional

Published
2015
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39. 1484Detection of Respiratory Syncytial (RSV) and Influenza Viruses in Children with WHO Defined Pneumonia and Controls from Oshikhandass Village, Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan from 2012-2014; Sensitivity and Specificity of Rapid Tests vs PCR

Author

Rasmussen, Zeba, primary, Baker, Julia M., additional, Jahan, Assis, additional, Aamir, Uzma Bashir, additional, Aziz, Fatima, additional, Qureshi, Shahida M., additional, Azam, Syed Iqbal, additional, Zaidi, Syed Sohail Zahoor, additional, Ahmed, Khalil, additional, Viboud, Cecile, additional, and Knobler, Stacey, additional

Published
2014
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41. Wasting Is Associated with Stunting in Early Childhood

Author

Richard, Stephanie A., primary, Black, Robert E., additional, Gilman, Robert H., additional, Guerrant, Richard L., additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Lanata, Claudio F., additional, Mølbak, Kåre, additional, Rasmussen, Zeba A., additional, Sack, R. Bradley, additional, Valentiner-Branth, Palle, additional, and Checkley, William, additional

Published
2012
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42. Measles Outbreak in a Northern Pakistani Village: Epidemiology and Vaccine Effectiveness.

Author

Murray, Megan and Rasmussen, Zeba

Subjects
*EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research, *MEASLES, *DISEASE incidence, *MEASLES vaccines, *DRUG efficacy
Abstract

In the spring of 1990, local community health workers reported a measles outbreak in several partially vaccinated villages in the Punial Valley in northern Pakistan. The authors conducted an investigation in one of these villages to assess vaccine coverage and vaccine efficacy and to describe the patterns of measles outbreaks that prevailed in this community. The results of a survey of the entire village revealed two major gaps in vaccine coverage: the small minority Sunni community and children over 3 years of age. Vaccine efficacy was estimated to range from 73 to 90% but was markedly reduced in children who were vaccinated under 12 months of age. The occurrence of an outbreak in a community in which a relatively new vaccination program is primarily directed at younger children has been predicted by theoretical models of measles dynamics and is consistent with the experience of other vaccination programs in the developing world. These observations suggest that, in some areas of the developing world, the age groups targeted to receive measles vaccinations may need to be broadened to ensure adequate coverage to prevent recurrent outbreaks. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:811–19. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2009

44. The MAL-ED Cohort Study: Methods and Lessons Learned When Assessing Early Child Development and Caregiving Mediators in Infants and Young Children in 8 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Author

Murray-Kolb, Laura E., Rasmussen, Zeba A., Scharf, Rebecca J., Rasheed, Muneera A., Svensen, Erling, Seidman, Jessica C., Tofail, Fahmida, Koshy, Beena, Shrestha, Rita, Maphula, Angelina, Vasquez, Angel Orbe, da Costa, Hilda P., Yousafzai, Aisha K., Oria, Reinaldo B., Roshan, Reeba, Bayyo, Eliwasa B., Kosek, Margaret, Shrestha, Sanjaya, Schaefer, Barbara A., and Bessong, Pascal

Subjects
*CHILD development, *CHILD psychology, *JUVENILE diseases, *ETIOLOGY of diseases, *MALNUTRITION, *PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract

More epidemiological data are needed on risk and protective factors for child development. In The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) cohort study, we assessed child development in a harmonious manner across 8 sites in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, South Africa, and Tanzania. From birth to 24 months, development and language acquisition were assessed via the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and a modified MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory. Other measures were infant temperament, the child's environment, maternal psychological adjustment, and maternal reasoning abilities. We developed standard operating procedures and used multiple techniques to ensure appropriate adaptation and quality assurance across the sites. Test adaptation required significant time and human resources but is essential for data quality; funders should support this step in future studies. At the end of this study, we will have a portfolio of culturally adapted instruments for child development studies with examination of psychometric properties of each tool used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014

45. Assembling a global database of child pneumonia studies to inform WHO pneumonia management algorithm: Methodology and applications.

Author

Martin H, Falconer J, Addo-Yobo E, Aneja S, Arroyo LM, Asghar R, Awasthi S, Banajeh S, Bari A, Basnet S, Bavdekar A, Bhandari N, Bhatnagar S, Bhutta ZA, Brooks A, Chadha M, Chisaka N, Chou M, Clara AW, Colbourn T, Cutland C, D'Acremont V, Echavarria M, Gentile A, Gessner B, Gregory CJ, Hazir T, Hibberd PL, Hirve S, Hooli S, Iqbal I, Jeena P, Kartasasmita CB, King C, Libster R, Lodha R, Lozano JM, Lucero M, Lufesi N, MacLeod WB, Madhi SA, Mathew JL, Maulen-Radovan I, McCollum ED, Mino G, Mwansambo C, Neuman MI, Nguyen NTV, Nunes MC, Nymadawa P, O'Grady KF, Pape JW, Paranhos-Baccala G, Patel A, Picot VS, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Rasmussen Z, Rouzier V, Russomando G, Ruvinsky RO, Sadruddin S, Saha SK, Santosham M, Singhi S, Soofi S, Strand TA, Sylla M, Thamthitiwat S, Thea DM, Turner C, Vanhems P, Wadhwa N, Wang J, Zaman SM, Campbell H, Nair H, Qazi SA, and Nisar YB

Subjects
Male, Child, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Child, Preschool, Female, Case Management, World Health Organization, Algorithms, Research, Pneumonia drug therapy
Abstract

Background: The existing World Health Organization (WHO) pneumonia case management guidelines rely on clinical symptoms and signs for identifying, classifying, and treating pneumonia in children up to 5 years old. We aimed to collate an individual patient-level data set from large, high-quality pre-existing studies on pneumonia in children to identify a set of signs and symptoms with greater validity in the diagnosis, prognosis, and possible treatment of childhood pneumonia for the improvement of current pneumonia case management guidelines., Methods: Using data from a published systematic review and expert knowledge, we identified studies meeting our eligibility criteria and invited investigators to share individual-level patient data. We collected data on demographic information, general medical history, and current illness episode, including history, clinical presentation, chest radiograph findings when available, treatment, and outcome. Data were gathered separately from hospital-based and community-based cases. We performed a narrative synthesis to describe the final data set., Results: Forty-one separate data sets were included in the Pneumonia Research Partnership to Assess WHO Recommendations (PREPARE) database, 26 of which were hospital-based and 15 were community-based. The PREPARE database includes 285 839 children with pneumonia (244 323 in the hospital and 41 516 in the community), with detailed descriptions of clinical presentation, clinical progression, and outcome. Of 9185 pneumonia-related deaths, 6836 (74%) occurred in children <1 year of age and 1317 (14%) in children aged 1-2 years. Of the 285 839 episodes, 280 998 occurred in children 0-59 months old, of which 129 584 (46%) were 2-11 months of age and 152 730 (54%) were males., Conclusions: This data set could identify an improved specific, sensitive set of criteria for diagnosing clinical pneumonia and help identify sick children in need of referral to a higher level of care or a change of therapy. Field studies could be designed based on insights from PREPARE analyses to validate a potential revised pneumonia algorithm. The PREPARE methodology can also act as a model for disease database assembly., Competing Interests: Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and declare the following activities and relationships: YBN is staff member of the World Health Organization., (Copyright © 2022 by the Journal of Global Health. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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46. Use of a pneumonia management tool to manage children with pneumonia at the first level health care facilities.

Author

Noorani QA, Qazi SA, Rasmussen ZA, and Muhammad Y

Subjects
Adult, Case Management standards, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Care Surveys, Health Facilities standards, Health Facilities statistics & numerical data, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Medication Adherence, Primary Health Care standards, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome, Algorithms, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Guideline Adherence statistics & numerical data, Pneumonia drug therapy, Practice Guidelines as Topic
Abstract

Objective: To describe the application and evaluation of Pneumonia Management Tool (PMT) to manage children with non-severe pneumonia (NSP) at the first level health care (FLHC) facilities according to the standard case management (SCM) guidelines for acute respiratory infections (ARI)., Method: The ARI SCM guidelines were simplified to a PMT and used by health workers at 14 FLHC facilities to assess, manage and monitor children with NSP and to educate caretakers on home care and follow-up visits. The district supervisors provided on the job support to various cadres of health workers of both public and private facilities., Results: Of 949 children with NSP, 940 (99%) were successfully treated at FLHC facilities. Caretakers found PMT useful and of 1888 follow-up visits: 1872 (99.2%) brought PMT copy; 1627 (86.2%) brought their children to the facility; 1799 (95.3%) were on time and; 1857 (98.4%) had maintained antibiotic compliance. Using PMT, health workers adherence to SCM guidelines improved from 14% at baseline to 29% after training and 65% with on the job support. The practices remained similar among various cadres of health workers., Conclusions: Health workers used PMT in managing children with NSP, counselling caretakers on home care, follow-up visits and monitoring the treatment outcome. District level supervision helped to maintain a uniform skill enhancement.

Published
2011

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