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Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) manifests with generalized scaling often associated with generalized erythema. Mutations in at least 13 different genes have been reported to cause ARCI. Acral peeling skin syndrome (APSS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder manifesting with peeling over the distal limbs and dorsal surfaces of hands and feet. APSS is mostly due to mutations in TGM5, encoding transglutaminase 5. Both ARCI and APSS are fully penetrant genetic traits. Here, we describe a consanguineous family in which one patient with mild ARCI was found to carry a homozygous mutation in ALOXE3 (c.1238G > A; p.Gly413Asp). The patient was also found to carry a known pathogenic homozygous mutation in TGM5 (c.1335G > C; p.Lys445Asn) but did not display acral peeling skin. Her uncle carried the same homozygous mutation in TGM5 but carried the ALOXE3 mutation in a heterozygous state and showed clinical features typical of APSS. Taken collectively, these observations suggested that the ALOXE3 mutation suppresses the clinical expression of the TGM5 variant. We hypothesized that ALOXE3 deficiency may affect the expression of a protein capable of compensating for the lack of TGM5 expression. Downregulation of ALOXE3 in primary human keratinocytes resulted in increased levels of corneodesmosin, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion in the upper epidermal layers. Accordingly, ectopic corneodesmosin expression rescued the cell-cell adhesion defect caused by TGM5 deficiency in keratinocytes as ascertained by the dispase dissociation assay. The present data thus provide evidence for phenotypic suppression in a human hereditary skin disorder.

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a recently described inflammatory and scarring type of hair loss affecting almost exclusively women. Despite a dramatic recent increase in incidence the aetiopathogenesis of FFA remains unknown. We undertake genome-wide association studies in females from a UK cohort, comprising 844 cases and 3,760 controls, a Spanish cohort of 172 cases and 385 controls, and perform statistical meta-analysis. We observe genome-wide significant association with FFA at four genomic loci: 2p22.2, 6p21.1, 8q24.22 and 15q2.1. Within the 6p21.1 locus, fine-mapping indicates that the association is driven by the HLA-B*07:02 allele. At 2p22.1, we implicate a putative causal missense variant in CYP1B1, encoding the homonymous xenobiotic- and hormone-processing enzyme. Transcriptomic analysis of affected scalp tissue highlights overrepresentation of transcripts encoding components of innate and adaptive immune response pathways. These findings provide insight into disease pathogenesis and characterise FFA as a genetically predisposed immuno-inflammatory disorder driven by HLA-B*07:02., Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) features lichenoid cutaneous inflammation and scarring hair loss. Here, Tziotzios et al. identify four genetic loci associated with FFA by GWAS followed by Bayesian fine-mapping, co-localisation and HLA imputation which highlights HLA-B*07:02 as a risk factor.

H syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features comprising: hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hearing loss, heart anomalies, low height, hypogonadism and hepatosplenomegaly. H syndrome results from loss-of-function mutations in SLC29A3 which leads to abnormal proliferation and function of histiocytes. Herein, we discuss the considerable phenotypic heterogeneity detected in a consanguineous Egyptian family comprising of four affected siblings, two of which are monozygotic twin and the possible therapeutics. The phenotypic variability may be attributed to the role of histiocytes in the tissue response to injury. Such variable expressivity of H syndrome renders the diagnosis challenging and delays the management. The different treatment approaches used for this rare entity are reviewed.

Background Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a hereditary blistering disorder due to a lack of type VII collagen. At present, treatment is mainly supportive. Objectives To determine whether intravenous allogeneic bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (BM-MSCs) are safe in RDEB adults and if the cells improve wound healing and quality of life. Methods We conducted a prospective, phase I/II, open-label study recruiting 10 RDEB adults to receive 2 intravenous infusions of BM-MSCs (on day 0 and day 14; each dose 2-4 × 106 cells/kg). Results BM-MSCs were well tolerated with no serious adverse events to 12 months. Regarding efficacy, there was a transient reduction in disease activity scores (8/10 subjects) and a significant reduction in itch. One individual showed a transient increase in type VII collagen. Limitations Open-label trial with no placebo. Conclusions MSC infusion is safe in RDEB adults and can have clinical benefits for at least 2 months.

BACKGROUND: Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a severe form of skin fragility disorder due to mutations in COL7A1 encoding basement membrane type VII collagen (C7), the main constituent of anchoring fibrils (AFs) in skin. We developed a self-inactivating lentiviral platform encoding a codon-optimized COL7A1 cDNA under the control of a human phosphoglycerate kinase promoter for phase I evaluation. METHODS: In this single-center, open-label phase I trial, 4 adults with RDEB each received 3 intradermal injections (~1 × 10(6) cells/cm(2) of intact skin) of COL7A1-modified autologous fibroblasts and were followed up for 12 months. The primary outcome was safety, including autoimmune reactions against recombinant C7. Secondary outcomes included C7 expression, AF morphology, and presence of transgene in the injected skin. RESULTS: Gene-modified fibroblasts were well tolerated, without serious adverse reactions or autoimmune reactions against recombinant C7. Regarding efficacy, there was a significant (P < 0.05) 1.26-fold to 26.10-fold increase in C7 mean fluorescence intensity in the injected skin compared with noninjected skin in 3 of 4 subjects, with a sustained increase up to 12 months in 2 of 4 subjects. The presence of transgene (codon-optimized COL7A1 cDNA) was demonstrated in the injected skin at month 12 in 1 subject, but no new mature AFs were detected. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first human study demonstrating safety and potential efficacy of lentiviral fibroblast gene therapy with the presence of COL7A1 transgene and subsequent C7 restoration in vivo in treated skin at 1 year after gene therapy. These data provide a rationale for phase II studies for further clinical evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincalTrials.gov NCT02493816. FUNDING: Cure EB, Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association (UK), UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, and Fondation René Touraine Short-Exchange Award.

Oral Diseases (2010) 17, 109–114 Background: Mucosal wetness (MW) reflects the layer of residual saliva that covers the oral mucosal surfaces. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine MW at different oral mucosa sites and to investigate the relationship between MW, unstimulated whole salivary flow rates (UWS) and Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS). Method: A total of 100 dry mouth patients and 50 healthy subjects participated in the study. MW was sampled with filter paper strips at four sites inside the mouth; anterior hard palate (AHP), buccal mucosa (BUC), anterior tongue (AT), lower lip (LL) and measured with a micro-moisture meter. Reproducibility was assessed by repeated sampling and diurnal variation was examined. Results: Mucosal wetness in healthy subjects differed according to site and means ± SD were; AHP (11 ± 11.7 μm), BUC (32 ± 14.8 μm), AT (65 ± 17.2 μm), and LL (25 ± 13.5 μm). Dry mouth patients with reduced UWS showed increased CODS. MW at all four sites was significantly reduced (P

Oral homeostasis depends largely on proteins and mucins present in saliva that coat all oral surfaces. The present study compared the protein composition of residual fluid on mucosal surfaces in subjects with normal salivary flow with that of patients with dry mouth caused by salivary hypofunction. Samples of residual mucosal fluid were collected using paper strips and then analysed by protein electrophoresis and immunoblotting. In both patients and controls, residual fluids on mucosal surfaces (except the anterior tongue in control subjects) had higher protein concentrations than unstimulated whole-mouth saliva. High-molecular-weight mucin (MUC5B) was present in greater amounts on the anterior tongue than on other surfaces in control subjects. In dry mouth patients who were unable to provide a measurable saliva sample, MUC5B was often still present on all mucosal surfaces but in reduced amounts on the anterior tongue. The membrane-bound mucin, MUC1, was prominent on buccal and labial surfaces in patients and controls. Statherin was still present on surfaces that were dried to remove salivary fluid, suggesting that it may be adsorbed as a protein pellicle. It is concluded that oral mucosal surfaces in dry mouth patients can retain MUC5B and other salivary proteins, although the functional integrity of these proteins is uncertain.

Treatment of prostate cancer (CaP) patients frequently involves androgen ablation, but resistance often develops and androgen-insensitive tumors emerge. The molecular basis for the development of refractory CaP that grows in an androgen-independent manner is poorly understood, but alterations in growth factor signaling pathways are likely to be involved. We examined the growth factor modulation of androgen-receptor element (ARE)-inducible luciferase reporter gene activity and consequent DNA synthesis as a measure of proliferative growth in androgen-dependent LNCaP or androgen-independent PC3 or DU145 CaP cells. The synthetic androgen R1881 stimulated ARE-inducible reporter gene activity and prostate-specific antigen expression in LNCaP cells and the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 or the anti-androgen bicalutamide (casodex) prevented both of these responses. Activated V12-Ha-Ras expression in LNCaP cells also stimulated ARE-inducible gene transcription, and U0126 or the farnesyltransferase inhibitor FTI-277 but not bicalutamide blocked this. ARE-inducible reporter gene activity was elevated already in PC3 cells, and ERK was constitutively activated in serum-starved LNCaP or DU145 cells. U0126 inhibited each of these responses and also inhibited DNA synthesis in all 3 CaP cell lines. These results demonstrate that chronic stimulation of the Ras-MEK-ERK signaling pathway can sustain ARE-inducible gene transcription and growth of CaP cells, and suggests that components of this pathway may offer targets for cancer therapy.

Saliva is vital for the maintenance of normal oral physiology and mucosal health. The loss of salivary function can have far-reaching consequences, as observed with dry mouth, which is associated with increased orodental disease, speech impairment, dysphagia, and a significant negative effect on quality of life. The timely diagnosis of oral dryness is vital for the management of orodental disease and any associated often-undiagnosed systemic disease (e.g., Sjögren syndrome). Our aim was to investigate differences in mucin glycoproteins and saliva rheological properties between sufferers and nonsufferers of dry mouth in order to understand the relationship between saliva composition, rheological properties, and dryness perception and provide additional potential diagnostic markers. All patients exhibited objective and subjective oral dryness, irrespective of etiology. Over half of the patients ( n = 20, 58.8%) had a saliva secretion rate above the gland dysfunction cutoff of 0.1 mL/min. Mucin (MUC5B and MUC7) concentrations were generally similar or higher in patients. Despite the abundance of these moisture-retaining proteins, patients exhibited reduced mucosal hydration (wetness) and significantly lower saliva spinnbarkeit (stringiness), suggesting a loss of the lubricating and retention/adhesion properties of saliva, which, at least partially, are associated with mucin glycoproteins. Over 90% of patients with dry mouth (DMPs) consistently had unstimulated whole mouth saliva (UWMS) spinnbarkeit below the proposed normal cutoff (10 mm). Further analysis of mucins revealed the reduced glycosylation of mucins in DMPs compared to healthy controls. Our data indicate that UWMS mucin concentrations are not reduced in dry mouth but that the mucin structure (glycosylation) is altered. UWMS from DMPs had reduced spinnbarkeit, the assessment of which, in conjunction with sialometry, could improve sensitivity for the diagnosis of dry mouth. Additionally, it may be useful to take into consideration the altered mucin glycosylation and saliva rheological properties when designing synthetic or purified mucins for saliva substitutes and dry mouth therapy.

In the inherited blistering skin disease, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), there is clinical heterogeneity with variable scarring and susceptibility to malignancy. Currently, however, there are few biochemical markers of tissue inflammation or disease progression. We assessed whether the non-histone nuclear protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is released from necrotic cells (including keratinocytes in blister roofs), might be elevated in RDEB and whether this correlates with disease severity. We measured serum HMGB1 by ELISA in 26 RDEB individuals (median 21.0 ng/ml, range 3.6-54.9 ng/ml) and 23 healthy controls (median 3.6, range 3.4-5.9 ng/ml) and scored RDEB severity using the Birmingham Epidermolysis Bullosa Severity Score (BEBSS; mean 34/100, range 8-82). There was a positive relationship between the BEBSS and HMGB1 levels (r = 0.54, P = 0.004). This study indicates that serum HMGB1 levels may represent a new biomarker reflecting disease severity in RDEB.

Summary Olmsted syndrome (OS) is a rare congenital skin disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma, periorificial hyperkeratotic lesions and alopecia. Constriction of digits, onychodystrophy and pruritus may also occur. Recently, pathogenic heterozygous mutations in TRPV3 were identified, with most cases showing de novo dominant inheritance. We present the clinical and molecular features of OS in a 10-year-old Iranian boy. He had mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma, periorificial keratotic plaques, diffuse alopecia and constriction bands (pseudoainhum), which led to autoamputation of two digits. TRPV3 was sequenced and a new de novo heterozygous missense mutation, c.2076G>C (p.Trp692Cys), was identified. This case illustrates the characteristic clinical features and complications that can present in OS, and further expands the molecular basis of this genodermatosis.

Background The UK Biobank (UKB) is a national epidemiological study of the health of 500 000 people, aged 40-69 years, who completed health-related tests and a questionnaire and gave samples of blood and urine. Salivas collected from 120 000 of these subjects were transported at 4°C and were placed in ultra-low temperature archives at up to 24 h after collection. The present study assessed how changes in saliva composition under UKB conditions influence a range of potential biomarkers resulting from holding saliva at 4°C for 24 h. Methods Unstimulated whole-mouth saliva samples were collected from 23 volunteers aged 45-69 years. Salivas were split into aliquots some of which were immediately frozen at -80°C, whereas others were stored at 4°C for 24 h and then frozen at -80°C, mimicking the UKB protocol. Results Assessment of mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed no difference between samples that were analysed after the UKB protocol and those that were immediately preserved. Immunochemical analysis showed some loss of β-Actin under UKB conditions, whereas other salivary proteins including cytokines and C-reactive protein appeared to be unaffected. Cortisol and showed no reduction by UKB conditions, but salivary nitrite was reduced by 30%. The oral microbiome, as revealed by sequencing 16S rRNA genes, showed variations between subjects, but paired samples within subjects were very similar. Conclusions Our results suggest that many salivary components remain little affected under UKB collection and handling protocols, suggesting that the resource of 120 000 samples held in storage will be useful for phenotyping subjects and revealing potential prognostic disease biomarkers.

Interest in lycopene has focused primarily on its use in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer (CaP); there are few clinical trials involving men with established disease. In addition, most data examining its mechanism of action have been obtained from experiments using immortal cell lines. We report the inhibitory effect(s) of lycopene in primary prostate epithelial cell (PEC) cultures, and the results of a pilot phase II clinical study investigating whole-tomato lycopene supplementation on the behavior of established CaP, demonstrating a significant and maintained effect on prostate-specific antigen velocity over 1 year. These data reinforce the justification for a large, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Dietary components rich in polyphenols—for example, tea and red wine—are thought to cause tooth staining. In the present study, hydroxyapatite was used as a model of enamel for study of the influence of salivary proteins on the binding of different polyphenols to hydroxyapatite in vitro. Neither salivary protein pellicles nor salivary proteins in solution significantly altered the binding of the small polyphenol epigallocatechin to hydroxyapatite. However, hydroxyapatite binding of anthocyanin, a small grape-skin-derived polyphenol, or the larger polyphenols of black tea was increased by the presence of salivary proteins, either as a pellicle or in solution. Proline-rich proteins were enriched from parotid saliva and found to increase binding of anthocyanin and black tea polyphenols to hydroxyapatite, while enriched histatins did not increase binding. It is concluded that some salivary proteins, including proline-rich protein, can mediate increased staining of enamel by red-wine- and black-tea-derived polyphenols.