Search

Introduction: Burn is the most devastating of all injuries and a major global public health crisis. Biological dressings with collagen create the most physiological interface between the wound surface and environment and are impermeable to bacteria. Collagen dressing is easily applicable, non-immunogenic, non-pyrogenic, hypo allergic and pain free. Collagen is an endogenous substance which forms an important structural component in connective tissue. By applying it over the wound, exposed dermis and free nerve endings get covered leading to reduction in pain and infection. Objective: To assess the efficacy of collagen dressing in burn wound management. Methods: Prospective interventional study was carried out at the Department of Burn and Reconstructive Surgery, faculty of Paediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute. A total 20 patients were included in this study after fulfillment of all selection criteria during the study period. Result: The mean pain relief time, wound healing and hospital stay were 2.7±0.6 days, 7.3±1.0 days and 4.5±0.6 days respectively. Conclusion: Collagen dressing is safe and effective in the treatment of superficial partial thickness burn in children.

The objectives of this study were to determine carbohydrates such as glucose, total protein, lipid parameters, mineral levels in blood; qualitative characteristics such as fat, SNF, lactose, total solids and protein percentages of milk; and the quantity of milk after feeding german and maize fodders. Thirty clinically and apparently healthy cows were selected and divided into three homogenous groups. Control group was fed mixed grass, another group was fed german grass and the last one was fed maize grass. Milk and blood samples were collected from the cows (n-30) before the study commenced. Again milk and blood samples were collected on day 30 and day 60. After collection, milk samples were analyzed by Milk Analyzer MIA-SLP-60 for proximate components. Serum samples were analyzed by different colorimetric techniques using a spectrophotometer (Humalyzer 3000®) and kits from Randox (Ireland). In addition, daily milk production records of cows were maintained. The study found a significant rise of SNF and solids, a highly significant increase of lactose and protein in the maize feed group (M), and a highly significant positive change of fat percentage in the german fed (G) group. The average daily milk production of the M and G group were respectively 11.39% and 6.98% higher than the control group. No significant change was found in hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. Further intensive long term investigation to establish relation between blood parameters and milk yield and milk quality should be carried out. Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 313-322

Background: In the absence of any postnatal trauma, birth fractures are those that are identified within the first week of life. Infant birth-related injuries are generally infrequent and are caused by trauma during delivery, especially when the infant is particularly large or presented breech. Methods: This investigation was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out at Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute, Dhaka, in the department of Burn & Reconstructive Surgery. The study was carried out between June 2015 and July 2020. The study used a 21 neonates as sample basis. Result: In this retrospective study, the gestational age of 1 patient was 35 Weeks and followed by two were 36 weeks, 4 were 37 weeks, 6 were 38 weeks, 5 were 39 weeks, and 3 were 40 weeks. 11(52%) were female and 10(48%) were male. Majority 13(62%) patients fracture were right site and 8(38%) were left. 13 newborns, or 61.9% of them, were weighted ≥2500 g. Nine infants (42.9%) were delivered vaginally, while 12 (57.1%) underwent Caesarean sections. When the fetus was presented, it was cephalic in seven cases (33.3%) and breech in fourteen (66.7%). Depending on the fracture's location and angulation, the appropriate treatment option was chosen. Femoral shaft fractures were treated in a toe-groin cast, 5(23.8%), while subtrochanteric fractures were treated by strapping 16(76.2%) of the thigh to the abdomen. Conclusion: Even though femoral fractures now are uncommon, but after birth they should be watched for, especially in challenging caesarean sections.

Irrigation is an important area of Bangladesh where most cases it depends on fossil fuels, either diesel-powered irrigation systems or grid electricity-operated irrigation systems. Solar irrigation is an alternative way to promote clean energy in the irrigation sector which is in line to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). A business model is essential for the promotion of Solar Irrigation Pumps (SIP), where alternative use of water and electricity after irrigation may play a vital role to make the business viable of solar irrigation pumps. Grid integration of SIP is one of the alternative uses where the techno-economic viability of SIP grid integration is an important issue to make acceptable to the solar irrigation operators. The government of Bangladesh published a dedicated grid integration guideline for SIP. Interested solar irrigation pump operators can take this facility by adding grid integration-related connections and additional equipment to their projects to supply surplus electricity into the distribution grid after irrigation uses. This paper analyzes the grid integration-related integration costing and surplus electricity pricing to understand the techno-economic viability of grid integration of solar irrigation pumps. According to the analysis result, higher-capacity solar irrigation pumps are financially viable for grid integration up to a certain distance. Also, this study gives a financial viability analysis of the combined grid integration of multiple SIPs.

Introduction: Burn is a complex disease process, a trauma to physique as well as psyche. Visible disfigurement caused by burns translates into an altered pattern of socialization which in turn can have serious psychological ramifications. Patients with burns require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. So, the important part of the management of burns is wound management. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of topical heparin and silver sulfadiazine cream in burn wound management. Methods: Prospective comparative interventional study was carried out at the Department of Burn & Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Paedicatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute. A total 42 patients were included in this study after fulfilment of all selection criteria during the study period. Patients were randomly selected into two groups. In group A (n=21) patients were treated with topical heparin and in group B (n=21) patients were treated with silver sulfadiazine cream. Results: The mean pain relief time was 1.76±0.54 days in group A and 5.52±0.98 days in group B. The difference was statistically significant (p

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is a common symptom complex that affects millions of people worldwide, with an increasing prevalence with increased age in primary overactive bladder. Objective: The study was done to find out the efficacy and outcome of Mirabegron and solifenacin on primary overactive bladder. Methodology : This study was a quasi-experimental study conducted on 100 study population (Group A-50 Group B-50) in Urology Outpatient Department, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Dhaka from July 2017 to December 2018. Study population were total 100 men and women aged at least 18 & up to 60 years (Group A -50 and Group B-50) with persistent primary overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms for 3 months or more were enrolled in this study. Patients were eligible for the study who were able to give a written informed consent before starting the intervention & was also able to complete a voiding diary. Patients were recruited at the urology outpatient department, SSMCMH, Dhaka and were selected by the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. A data sheet was completed for each patient which included particulars of the patient, history, examination findings and baseline investigations. Half of the patients were enrolled in each group. Mirabegron group was experimental group and Solifenacin group was control group. Cases of Mirabegron group was given once daily dose of Mirabegron 25 mg and Solifenacin group was also given single dose of Solifenacin succinate 5 mg, at for 12 weeks. Result: The result of age distribution of the study patients belonged to age 31-40 years in group A (Mirabegron 25 mg) 21(42.0%) and 16(32.0%) in group B (Solifenacin 5 mg). The mean voided volume of each micturation at 12 week of treatment was more increased in group A (Mirabegron 25 mg) than group B (Solifenacin 5 mg). The mean change in micturition frequency per 24 hours, episodes of urgency per 24 hours, urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours and nocturia episodes per 24 hours were statistically significant (p

We aimed to explore coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk perception and prevention practices among people living in high- and low-population density areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 623 patients with confirmed COVID-19 agreed to participate in the survey. Additionally, we purposively selected 14 participants from diverse economic and occupational groups and conducted qualitative interviews for them accordingly. Approximately 70% of the respondents had low socioeconomic status. Among the 623 respondents, 146 were from low-density areas, and 477 were from high-density areas. The findings showed that study participants perceived COVID-19 as a punishment from the Almighty, especially for non-Muslims, and were not concerned about its severity. They also believed that coronavirus would not survive in hot temperatures or negatively impact Bangladeshis. This study revealed that people were reluctant to undergo COVID-19 testing. Family members hid if anyone tested positive for COVID-19 or did not adhere to institutional isolation. The findings showed that participants were not concerned about COVID-19 and believed that coronavirus would not have a devastating impact on Bangladeshis; thus, they were reluctant to follow prevention measures and undergo testing. Tailored interventions for specific targeted groups would be relevant in mitigating the prevailing misconceptions.

Background: Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is the most common obstructive anomaly of the urethra. Urethral valves have a wide range of clinical and anatomical presentations and today most patients are diagnosed in the prenatal or early neonatal period. Cold knife and diathermy fulguration are two of the technique of PUV ablation. Objective: To find out early outcome of posterior urethral valve ablation between cold knife and diathermy fulguration. Methodology: This prospective comparative interventional study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric surgery in Dhaka Shishu Hospital (DSH), Dhaka. 54 patients with PUV, admitted for valve ablation during study period were included in this study. Patients were divided in to two group. Among them, 27 were in Group-A, whose PUV ablation were done by cold knife and 27 were in Group-B whose PUV ablation were done by diathermy fulguration. Successful ablation was confirmed under endoscopic vision as well as with the demonstration of good stream following supra pubic compression, at the end of the procedure. All patients were kept with 72 hours of urethral catheterization (All silicon self retaining Foley’s catheter according to body texture ) .Post PUV ablation pt. were given discharged with prophylactic antibiotics on 4th POD. Results: The mean age was found 18.37±16.13 months in cold knife ablation group and 12.70±11.03 months in diathermy fulguration group. Significant number (06/22.2%) of cases were associated with residual valve in diathermy fulguration group and non signicant number (301/3.7%) cases in cold knife ablation group . Significant number (04/14.8%) of cases were associated with post PUV ablation stricture urethra also in diathermy fulguration group and no stricture was found in cold knife ablation group . Significant hematuria. was present in 2(7.4%) in cold knife ablation group and 1(3.7%) in diathermy fulguration group. Conclusion: This study concludes that use of cold knife in case of ablation of PUV causes less post ablation obstruction (residual valve and stricture urethra) than using diathermy fulguration and can be regarded a safe and better option for PUV treatment.

Background: Children are mostly affected in burn injury at our country like other low and middle income countries (LMICs). Approximately 90% of the burns occur in under developed countries, which generally lack the necessary infrastructure to reduce the incidence and severity of burns. Objectives: This study was done to investigate the pattern of burn cases admitted to Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital (DSH). Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted over the period of one year from January 2019 to December 2019 at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data was collected from the patients record section of the hospital. Patients characteristics (e.g. age, sex), causes and severity of injury, outcome, hospital stay and seasonal variation were analized in this study. Results: A total of 91 patients were admitted during study period of one year. This study consisted of 53 male patients (58.24%) and 38 female patients (41.76%) with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. The most frequently hospitalized burn patients were in the age group 3-5 years, which accounted for 30.77% of patients. Burns were more common during winter season followed by autumn season, with 43 cases (47.25%) and 18 cases (19.78%) respectively. The highest number of admissions was during the month of December. Scald burn was the most common cause of burn injury in our study which accounted for 83 cases out of 91 cases (91.2%). Flame burn occured in 3(3.29%) patients. There were 2 cases of electric burn and 2 cases of contact burn during this study period. One patient was with chemical burn. Scald burn was the most common cause of burn injury in this study which accounted for 83 cases out of 91 cases (91.2%). Flame burn occured in 3(3.29%) patients. There were 2 cases of electric burn and 2 cases of contact burn during this study period. One patient was with chemical burn. Conclusion: The most frequently hospitalized burn patients were in the age group 3-5 years and more common during winter season. Most of the burn occured in children are scald in our country due to accidental fall of worm liquid. Superficial epidermal and dermal burns are treated conservatively, but deep burns may require surgical treatment. DS (Child) H J 2020; 36(2): 134-137

Background: Hirschsprung’s disease is a common cause of neonatal & infantile intestinal obstruction. The confirmed diagnosis of HD depends on histopathological demonstration of the complete absence of ganglion cells with the presence of hypertrophied nerve fibers in the distal bowel. So, rectal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of HD no dought. Objectives: This study is an attempt to see the comparision between punch and fullthickness rectal biopsy to find out a low cost, easily performed technique with accurate histopathological results for diagnosis of HD, specially for poor and developing countries of the world. Methods: This was a cross sectional comparative study. Total 50 patients of suspected Hirschsprung’s disease were included in this study after fulfillment of inclusion criteria from November 2010 to March 2012 at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: Out of 25 cases, 17 were diagnosed as having HD in punch biopsy but in case of full-thickness rectal biopsy out of 25 cases 20 were diagnosed as having HD. The sensitivity was 80% and positive predictive value was 94.11% of punch rectal biopsy in relation to full-thickness rectal biopsy. Operation time was less in punch rectal biopsy (14 minutes) than full-thickness rectal biopsy (20.5 minutes). Cost was less in punch rectal biopsy (1850 taka) than full-thickness rectal biopsy (3500 taka). Post procedure hemorrhage occurred 1 case in punch rectal biopsy, whereas 2 cases occurred in full-thickness rectal biopsy. No perforation occurred in case of punch biopsy but 1 case developed perforation in full-thickness rectal biopsy. Conclusion: Punch rectal biopsy for diagnosis of HD is advantageous over fullthickness rectal biopsy in the form of less time, less cost, less complication but diagnostic efficacy is almost similar. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 42-47

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder seen in the newborn (1 in 4,000 births). It causes irreversible mental & physical disability if remains undetected. Diagnosis and treatment of CH before 3 months are mandatory to avoid CH. Objectives: The study was aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding congenital hypothyroidism among the doctors in selected hospital in Dhaka city. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected by using self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 40.5 years. Close to three-fifth (59.5%) of the respondents were in the age group 30-40 years. Above seventieth (71%) of the respondents were males and the rest were females.71% of the respondents knew that Infants born with congenital hypothyroidism may show no effects, or may display mild effects that often go unrecognized as a problem. The findings of this study revealed that more than half of the respondents have attended a training related to congenital hypothyroidism. It also reveals that more than half of the respondents had average knowledge regarding sign and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism. Conclusion: In this study it has been reported that age of the respondents was associated with knowledge on sign and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(1) : 27-32

A green and convenient approach was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia. The extract of the leaves of Citrus aurantifolia is believed to act as a non-toxic and eco-friendly source of reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The development and stabilization of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using x-ray diffraction analysis, rietveld refinement, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a crystalline face centered cubic structure of elemental silver. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles was found to be 15.43 nm. The surface morphology revealed the quasi-spherical and granular shape of the particles and formation of nanoparticles of 80–120 nm grain size. The formation of 95% elemental silver nanoparticles was corroborated by a strong characteristic line of Ag in the EDX spectrum. The strong absorption peak at 438 nm manifests surface plasmon resonance and the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles.

A cost-effective and non-hazardous approach was carried out for the plant-mediated green synthesis of metallic nanomaterials utilizing the fruit extract of Indian gooseberry (Amla) or Phyllanthus emblica. In this study, silver nanoparticles were effectively synthesized from silver nitrate precursors through a facile and eco-friendly method using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) were employed to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. A face-centered cubic crystalline structure and elemental silver phase were identified by x-ray diffraction analysis. The Rietveld refinement determined the average crystallite size (Lvol-IB) of the silver nanoparticles’ as 16.29 nm. The microstructural analysis revealed the spherical shape of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles and the average grain size ranged between 60 and 80 nm. The development of elemental silver was affirmed by the EDX spectrum. The bio-reduction of silver ions and the formation of silver nanoparticles were ascertained by the UV–Vis spectral analysis. A surface plasmon resonance peak was found at 453 nm. The well-balanced size and shape of the synthesized elemental silver nanoparticles suggested the Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract as an effective reducing agent.

Background The use of chemical pesticides in developing countries like Bangladesh and their impacts on human health and food security is a global concern. Bangladesh is an agricultural dependent country for the growing population demand for food security and food safety. We conduct this study to assess public health threats of commonly utilised pesticides including malathion and nitrobenzene in female rabbit model. Methods Thirty New Zealand White healthy rabbit was divided randomly into three groups; and subjected to distilled water as control, malathion@ 5 mg/kg body weight and nitrobenzene@ 5 mg/kg body i.p daily for the next 15 days. Hematology, serum biochemistry and hormonal assay were performed. Results Red blood cell (RBC) concentrations (TEC, Hb, PCV%) were reduced in rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene. The neutrophil and eosinophil percentage were increased in the malathion and nitrobenzene exposed juvenile rabbit group. We found that serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine were increased in the nitrobenzene exposed group in infants, whereas malathion exposure increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In contrast, the juvenile group exposed to malathion increased the ALT level. There was no change in AST or creatinine levels in juvenile rabbits exposed to malathion or nitrobenzene. Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower in rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene. Serum testosterone concentration was increased in juvenile rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene, but progesterone was decreased in malathion exposed juvenile rabbits. Conclusion However, this study highlights the importance of rigorous monitoring and testing of agricultural products. In addition, strengthen research and extension in the fields of agro economy, organic farming, local universities and farmer associations.

Community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in densely populated countries has been a topic of concern from the beginning of the pandemic. Evidence of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 according to population density gradient and socio-economic status (SES) is limited. In June–September 2020, we conducted a descriptive longitudinal study to determine the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in high- and low-density areas in Dhaka city. The Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) was 10% in high-density areas compared to 20% in low-density areas. People with high SES had a significantly higher level of SARS-CoV-2-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies on study days 1 (p = 0.01) and 28 (p = 0.03) compared to those with low SES in high-density areas. In contrast, the levels of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2-specific Immunoglobulin M (IgM) were comparable (p > 0.05) in people with high and low SES on both study days 1 and 28 in both high- and low-density areas. Due to the similar household size, no differences in the seropositivity rates depending on the population gradient were observed. However, people with high SES showed higher seroconversion rates compared to people with low SES. As no difference was observed based on population density, the SES might play a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, an issue that calls for further in-depth studies to better understand the community transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Mill scale is one of the solid co-products in steel industries containing free iron with different types of iron oxides, traces of non-ferrous elements and other compounds. Reduction of mill scale by solid reductants is a widespread method to convert it into valuable products. In this study, effect of three process variables: temperature (1000 °C, 1050 °C, 1100 °C), coal/mill scale ratio (0.8, 1.0, 1.2) and bed depth (35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm) on the reduction kinetics of mill scale were studied. The activation energy was found to be nearly identical in evaluation by both integral and differential approach at around 70 KJ/mol. It was found in the study that increasing temperature and coal/mill scale ratio contributes in decreasing the reduction time of mill scale while increasing the bed depth results in an increase in the reduction time. An empirical correlation among these three variables was developed for degrees of reduction (0.4 to 0.6) by regression analysis and was validated by a set of test data.

Objective We aimed to estimate the proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases among Bangladesh's population. Design We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Dhaka City and other districts of Bangladesh between April 18 and October 12, 2020. We randomly selected 32 districts outside Dhaka, where one village and one mahalla from each district, and from Dhaka City, selected 25 mahallas. From each village or mahalla, we enrolled 120 households through systematic random sampling. Results A total of 44,865 individuals were interviewed from 10,907 households. The majority (70%, n-31488) of the individuals were 4 members in their households. We estimated, 12.6% (n=160) of the households had ≥1 COVID-19 infected individuals, among them, 0.9% (n=404) individuals had at least one COVID-19 like symptom at the national level. Prevalence of COVID-19 was 6.4% among the general population. Among the COVID-19 positive individuals, 87% were asymptomatic. Conclusions The substantial high number of asymptomatic cases all over Bangladesh suggests that community-level containment and mitigation measures to combat COVID-19. Future studies to understand the transmission capability could help to define mitigation and control measures.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–ZnS composite films were prepared by varying the composition of PVA ranging from 1–5 wt % through a simple solvent casting method. The photocatalytic enactment of the composites was evaluated along with the investigations of their photoluminescence (PL), optical transparency, morphology, and thermal properties. The firm interaction between the ZnS and PVA was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, UV–vis, and PL spectroscopies. PVA–ZnS composites showed enhanced luminescence property than PVA. The composites exhibited very good optical transparency regardless of the amount of PVA addition. The thermogravimetric analysis data indeed exhibited better thermal stability of the composites. The glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), enthalpy of melting (ΔHm), and crystallinity were evaluated for such composites. The composites demonstrated morphological variations depending on the amount of PVA addition, although the particle size of ZnS remained similar in the nanometer range (50–120 nm) for all composite samples. The prepared composite films exhibited superior photocatalytic performance in the degradation of methylene blue compared with the bare ZnS and PVA. This study may give a new insight into the fabrication of PVA–ZnS photocatalysts for the treatment of organic pollutants.

To date, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 80 million people globally. We report a case series of five clinically and laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients from Bangladesh who suffered a second episode of COVID-19 illness after 70 symptom-free days. The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), is a leading public health research institution in South Asia. icddr, b staff were actively tested, treated and followed-up for COVID-19 by an experienced team of clinicians, epidemiologists, and virologists. From 21 March to 30 September 2020, 1370 icddr,b employees working at either the Dhaka (urban) or Matlab (rural) clinical sites were tested for COVID-19. In total, 522 (38%) were positive, 38% from urban Dhaka (483/1261) and 36% from the rural clinical site Matlab (39/109). Five patients (60% male with a mean age of 41 years) had real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) diagnosed recurrence (reinfection) of SARS-CoV-2. All had mild symptoms except for one who was hospitalized. Though all cases reported fair risk perceptions towards COVID-19, all had potential exposure sources for reinfection. After a second course of treatment and home isolation, all patients fully recovered. Our findings suggest the need for COVID-19 vaccination and continuing other preventive measures to further mitigate the pandemic. An optimal post-recovery follow-up strategy to allow the safe return of COVID-19 patients to the workforce may be considered.

This dissertation analyzes nation-building in hitherto ungoverned territories of two Indian chhitmahals in Bangladesh and explores the transformation of their residents from stateless Indian nationals to citizens of Bangladesh. Chhitmahals comprised nearly two hundred enclaves located along the Bangladesh-India border that belonged to one country but were located inside another’s territory. Chhitmahals came into existence with the partition of India in 1947; their non-contiguous locations kept them without state administration and citizenship rights. People developed political councils and adopted illicit practices to survive in the absence of the state, but the impossibility of exercising sovereignty in chhitmahals led Bangladesh and India to swap enclave territories in 2015. Ensuing nation-building projects reformulated the sociopolitical landscape while ordinary individuals embraced citizenship as a tool to realize diverse aspirations. Citizenship fuelled a sense of empowerment to normalize previously illicit everyday practices, contest local hierarchies, confront powerful neighbors, cultivate political connections, and make claims on the state. Access to boundaryless opportunities broke down the façade of common interest that prevailed in the stateless era. Viewed from a legal perspective, citizenship in chhitmahals might conjure images of a nation with paved roads, police stations, and other administrative services and infrastructure. An anthropological lens, however, reveals a reconfigured community that no longer finds normalcy and affluence in the traditional practices of livelihood, ethics, and leadership that were dominant before the merger with the enveloping state. Instead, clientelist party politics set the terms for the realization of aims. The implications of this reconfiguration were mixed and differed according to gender, generation, access to new media, and party affiliation. The emerging significance of these factors enabled citizenship’s cultural and political effects to gradually overshadow its legal meaning. Citizenship is now a malleable concept in chhitmahals that has departed from the originally egalitarian goals of normalization.

Progression in machine learning and statistical inference are facilitating the advancement of domains like computer vision, natural language processing (NLP), automation & robotics, and so on. Among the different persuasive improvements in NLP, word embedding is one of the most used and revolutionary techniques. In this paper, we manifest an open-source library for Bangla word extraction systems named BnVec which expects to furnish the Bangla NLP research community by the utilization of some incredible word embedding techniques. The BnVec is splitted up into two parts, the first one is the Bangla suitable defined class to embed words with access to the six most popular word embedding schemes (CountVectorizer, TF-IDF, Hash Vectorizer, Word2vec, fastText, and Glove). The other one is based on the pre-trained distributed word embedding system of Word2vec, fastText, and GloVe. The pre-trained models have been built by collecting content from the newspaper, social media, and Bangla wiki articles. The total number of tokens used to build the models exceeds 395,289,960. The paper additionally depicts the performance of these models by various hyper-parameter tuning and then analyzes the results.

Background: Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a congenital developmental disorder of intrinsic component of enteric nervous system leading to severe complication which needs operative correction. There are different operative techniques existing and each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the better outcome between Transanal full thickness swenson like pull through and Swenson abdomino-perineal pull through. Method: The Prospective comparative study had been carried out in the department of paediatric surgery, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital during the period of January 2014 to July 2016. Total 56 patients with HD patients were included in the study irrespective of colostomy except major co-morbidities which can influence the general outcomes and who did not agree to close stoma within 12 weeks of pull-through operation. Patients were allocated in both groups by purposing sampling. Twenty eight patients with long segment HD were allocated in Group-A and operated by Swenson abdominoperineal pull through and 28 patients with short segment disease were allocated in group-B and operated by Transanal, full thickness, swenson like procedure. Result: Among the study population 32 (57.14%) were male and 24 (42.86%) were female with age range was 1 day- 96 months. Four patients developed urinary incontinence, 3 patients developed cuff abscess and 2 patients developed fecal incontinence. And in group-B no patient developed urinary incontinence but 4 developed cuff and anastomotic abscess and no patient developed fecal incontinence. The mean operation time 114.14 ± 13.02 in group-A and 68.36 ± 16.12 minutes in group-B. Mean hospital stay in group-A was 6.18 ± 1.83 days and 5.05 ± 0.43 days in group-B. Conclusion: The newer modification, Transanal, full thickness Swenson like procedure can be better technique in the management of HD. Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2017; 5(1): 23-27

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) are one of the most predominant inorganic nanoparticles, which have diverse applications in the field of cosmetic, coating, medicine and electronic sensors. Morphology and particle size of nanoparticles mainly control its advantages and drawbacks in applications. In this study, an environment friendly and economic synthesis of ZnO Nps was carried out using Mentha viridis leaf extract as reducing and stabilizing agent to investigate the morphology, particle size and other properties of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. A series of characterization methods: ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) were used to confirm the characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles. It was evident from the XRD analysis that ZnO Nps possess a polycrystalline hexagonal structure (as per the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) number #98-002-9272) with an average crystallite size of 32.3 nm. The spectra showing peaks in the EDX data indicated the presence of Zn (50.35 %) and O (49.65 %) in higher percentage and FE-SEM analysis revealed the morphology and Average Length and diameter of the nanorods are 156 nm and 48 nm respectively of the synthesized ZnO Nps. The analysis of the UV visible absorbance spectrum revealed the absorbance band peak at 372nm and confirmed the presence of ZnO Nps. From all these analyses, it is evident that Mentha viridis leaf extract can act as a potential reducing agent in the green synthesize ZnO Nps.

Organoids represent an advanced tool in cell biology and have redefined biomedical research. Organoids are ideal for studies of biological processes, pharmacological studies, and therapeutic research to imitate pathological processes and preserve genetic integrity. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central organelle responsible for protein folding, post-translational adaptations, and membrane and luminal protein transportation. ER stress is a disorder influenced by a range of physiological and pathological causes, such as nutrient deficiency, impaired glycosylation, calcium depletion, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and energy disruption. Disturbance of the ER environment triggers aggregation of unfolded/misfolded proteins, accelerating ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a transduction mechanism that activates cells in response to ER stress to restore ER homeostasis, altering cancer development and progression. However, the mechanisms through which sustained and unresolved UPR signaling triggers a switch from pro-survival to pro-death pathways remain unclear. Immutable and environmental stimuli that modify protein homeostasis are often incorporated into tumor cells, thereby generating ER stress. Herein, we discuss challenges and advances in fundamental and clinical cancer studies on ER stress. Additionally, current trends in organoid technology are summarized to fill the gap in our knowledge of the relationship between cancer and ER stress, with the UPR representing a future tool for investigating drug response screening and potentially revolutionizing the workflow of new cancer drug development.

In pulmonary research, temperature-sensitive immortalized cell lines derived from the lung of the "immortomouse" (H-2k(b)-tsA58 transgenic mouse), such as C22 club cells and T7 alveolar epithelial cells type II (AECII), are frequently used cell culture models to study CC10 metabolism and surfactant synthesis. Even though peroxisomes are highly abundant in club cells and AECII and might fulfill important metabolic functions therein, these organelles have never been investigated in C22 and T7 cells. Therefore, we have characterized the peroxisomal compartment and its associated gene transcription in these cell lines. Our results show that peroxisomes are highly abundant in C22 and T7 cells, harboring a common set of enzymes, however, exhibiting specific differences in protein composition and gene expression patterns, similar to the ones observed in club cells and AECII in situ in the lung. C22 cells contain a lower number of larger peroxisomes, whereas T7 cells possess more numerous tubular peroxisomes, reflected also by higher levels of PEX11 proteins. Moreover, C22 cells harbor relatively higher amounts of catalase and antioxidative enzymes in distinct subcellular compartments, whereas T7 cells exhibit higher levels of ABCD3 and plasmalogen synthesizing enzymes as well as nuclear receptors of the PPAR family. This study suggest that the C22 and T7 cell lines of the immortomouse lung are useful models to study the regulation and metabolic function of the peroxisomal compartment and its alterations by paracrine factors in club cells and AECII.