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Incidental ovarian lesions are asymptomatic lesions that are accidentally discovered during a CT or MRI examinations that involves the pelvic cavity or during a routine obstetric ultrasound study. Incidental ovarian masses are usually benign with a very low risk of malignancy yet underlying malignant pathology may be discovered during the diagnostic work-up of these lesions. Suspicion of malignancy is directly correlating with the increase in the patient’s age, the increase in the size of the lesion, the presence of the solid components or thick septa and a high color scale of the ovarian mass. Following standard reporting and management protocols are essential to choose the proper work-up of these lesions to avoid unnecessary additional imaging and operative intervention. In this article, we will provide a review of the characteristic imaging features of some incidental and yet commonly encountered ovarian lesions. We will also summarize the recently published algorithms that are important for consistent reporting and standard management of these lesions.

Background Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a revolution regarding screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. Yet, sometimes it is not the appropriate choice of imaging since the examination needs to be scheduled and may take place in another department. Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is contrast-based digital mammogram, and consequently, it has emerged as a potential and promising replacer to DCE-MRI. Main body of the abstract There is a frequently asked question during the multidisciplinary breast cancer tumor boards is: which modality is more appropriate to be used in each clinical scenario? This article provided a detailed understanding of these two modalities in order to achieve a successful implementation of them into the clinical practice. Which modality to start with, in the context of the detection (screening) followed by characterization or diagnosis of the identified lesions? What is the appropriate application of both modalities in local staging and follow-up? All of these issues would be discussed in this article. Short conclusion MRI is a safe tool for breast imaging and has a superior diagnostic performance compared to CEM. However, CEM is getting close: this lies in its accessibility, short-time procedure, requirement of less training and feasibility to standardize.

普希金 所说：“人人都应该写一本属于自己的书”。作为一种文学体裁，自传在西方文学史上有着悠久的历史，日本作家川合康三在其著作《中国的自传文学》当中以《史记》证明中国自传文学历史享有更悠久历史。只有当一个人的自我主体意识发展到开始追求自我实现的程度，他才会考虑写一部自传。即使写出的自传可以欺骗他人，但在写自传的心路历程中，作者是很难做到自己欺骗自己的。本文将立足于自传文学的基本理论和方法对这部独特的著作进行解读；分辨“自传文学”、“自传体小说”和“传记”等这些术语之间区别。本人也重视通过《中国的自传文学》说明自传文学所面临的“真实性”和“虚构”挑战或所出现的“主观”和“客观”问题。本文还要论述作家的身份认同、忏悔话语等。 普希金 所说：“人人都应该写一本属于自己的书”。作为一种文学体裁，自传在西方文学史上有着悠久的历史，日本作家川合康三在其著作《中国的自传文学》当中以《史记》证明中国自传文学历史享有更悠久历史。只有当一个人的自我主体意识发展到开始追求自我实现的程度，他才会考虑写一部自传。即使写出的自传可以欺骗他人，但在写自传的心路历程中，作者是很难做到自己欺骗自己的。本文将立足于自传文学的基本理论和方法对这部独特的著作进行解读；分辨“自传文学”、“自传体小说”和“传记”等这些术语之间区别。本人也重视通过《中国的自传文学》说明自传文学所面临的“真实性”和“虚构”挑战或所出现的“主观”和“客观”问题。本文还要论述作家的身份认同、忏悔话语等。 قال السکندر بوشکين: "علي المرء أن يکتب کتابا ينتمى له ".ظهرت السيرة الذاتية کنوع أدبي منذ وقت مبکر في الآداب الأوربية، و قد اثبت الأديب الياباني تشوانهي کانجسان في کتابه "أدب السيرة الذاتية الصيني" أن "السير التاريخية" يتمتع بتاريخ أطول من نظيره الأوربي. عندما يتطور وعي المرء إلى الحد الذي يبدأ فيه السعي لتحقيق الذات ، عندئذ فحسب يفکر في کتابة سيرته الذاتية. حتى إن استطاعت السيرة الذاتية خداع الآخرين ، فمن الصعب على المؤلف أن يخدع نفسه في رحلة کتابته لسيرته الذاتية. يعتمد البحث علي الأسس و الأساليب النظرية لأدب السيرة الذاتية لتقديم قراءة متأنية لهذا الکتاب القيم من خلال: التفرقة بين عدة مصطلحات متقاربة "أدب السيرة الذاتية" – "القصة الذاتية" – "فن الترجمة" إلخ، کما اهتمت الباحثة بتوضيح تحديات "الوقائعية" و "التخييل" و مسائل "الموضوعية" و "الذاتية"، إلي جانب التعرض لهوية الکاتب و خطاب الندم . قال السکندر بوشکين: "علي المرء أن يکتب کتابا ينتمى له ".ظهرت السيرة الذاتية کنوع أدبي منذ وقت مبکر في الآداب الأوربية، و قد اثبت الأديب الياباني تشوانهي کانجسان في کتابه "أدب السيرة الذاتية الصيني" أن "السير التاريخية" يتمتع بتاريخ أطول من نظيره الأوربي. عندما يتطور وعي المرء إلى الحد الذي يبدأ فيه السعي لتحقيق الذات ، عندئذ فحسب يفکر في کتابة سيرته الذاتية. حتى إن استطاعت السيرة الذاتية خداع الآخرين ، فمن الصعب على المؤلف أن يخدع نفسه في رحلة کتابته لسيرته الذاتية.

Workplace Violence towards nursing staff has negative effects on their safety and quality of patient care delivered. Aim: This study aimed to examine the phenomena of workplace violence against staff nurses at Shebin Elkom city in Egypt and Arar city in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Descriptive comparative study was employed in conducting this study. Sample: a convenience sample of 438 staff nurses (236 from Shebin Elkom city and 202 from Arar city) was participated in this study. Setting: The study was carried out at three governmental hospitals at Shebin Elkom city, Egypt, and three hospitals at Arar city, Northern Border Region, Saudi Arabia that were chosen randomly. Tool A modified version of the workplace violence in the health sector questionnaire developed by International Labor Organization, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization and Public Service International (2003) was used. Results: Exposure to workplace violence was more likely in Egyptian nurses at Shebin Elkom city than Saudi nurses at Arar city. (83.47% vs. 65.35%; P

Background On mammography many cancers may be missed even in retrospect either due to the breast density, the small size of the tumor or the subtle signs of cancer that are imperceptible. We aimed to compare the sensitivity of artificial intelligence (AI) to that of digital mammography in the detection of different types of breast cancer. Also, the sensitivity of AI in picking up the different breast cancer morphologies namely mass, pathological calcifications, asymmetry, and distortion was assessed. Tissue biopsy and pathology were used as the standard reference. The study included 123 female patients with 134 proved carcinoma. All patients underwent digital mammogram (DM) examination scanned with artificial intelligence algorithm. Results AI achieved higher sensitivity than mammography in detecting malignant breast lesions. The sensitivity of AI was 96.6%, and false negative rate was 3.4%, while mammography sensitivity was 87.3% and false negative rate 12.7%. Our study showed AI performed better than mammography in detecting ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma with sensitivity (100% and 96.6%) vs (88.9% and 82.2%) respectively. AI was more sensitive to detect cancers presented with suspicious mass 95.2% vs 75%, suspicious calcifications 100% vs 86.5% and asymmetry and distortion 100% vs 84.6%, than mammography. Conclusions AI showed potential values to overcome mammographic limitations in the detection of breast cancer even those with challenging morphology as invasive lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, tubular carcinoma and micropapillary carcinoma.

Background Mammography is accused of having low sensitivity and specificity in dense breast parenchyma. Also, women with dense breasts show an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Breast ultrasound has been used for several years for a better characterization of breast lesions. Contrast-enhanced mammography and tomosynthesis are relative novel imaging techniques that have been implicated in breast cancer detection and diagnosis. We aimed to compare breast tomosynthesis, contrast-enhanced mammography, and breast ultrasound as complementary techniques to mammography in dense breast parenchyma. Results The study included 37 patients with 63 inconclusive mammography breast lesions. They all performed contrast-enhanced mammography, single-view tomosynthesis, and breast ultrasound. Mammography had a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 48%, a positive predictive value of 68%, a negative predictive value of 68%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 68%. Contrast-enhanced mammography had a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 89%, a positive predictive value of 91%, a negative predictive value of 86%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 89%. Tomosynthesis had a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 86%, a negative predictive value of 81%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 84%. Breast ultrasound had a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 85%, a positive predictive value of 90%, a negative predictive value of 96%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 92%. Conclusion Breast ultrasound, tomosynthesis, and contrast-enhanced mammography showed better performance compared to mammography in dense breasts. However, ultrasound being safe with no radiation hazards should be the second step modality of choice after mammography in the assessment of mammography dense breasts. Adding tomosynthesis to mammography in screening increases its sensitivity. Contrast-enhanced mammography should be reserved for cases with inconclusive sonomammographic results.

BackgroundDynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast has been used for several years in the assessment of indeterminate mammographic findings. Contrast-enhanced mammography is a relatively novel imaging technique that has shown comparable sensitivity and specificity to MRI. Contrast-enhanced mammography is a relatively easy feasible study with high sensitivity and low cost. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of replacing dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI by contrast-enhanced mammography in the assessment of sonomammographic indeterminate lesions (BIRADS 3 and 4).ResultsThe study included 82 patients with 171 breast lesions. They all performed contrast-enhanced mammography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. DCE-MRI sensitivity and NPV were significantly higher than those of contrast-enhanced mammogram (CEM). The overall accuracy of MRI was better than that of CEM; however, no statistically significant difference could be detected.ConclusionContrast-enhanced mammography and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI improved the characterization of breast lesions. CEM showed slightly lower sensitivity and accuracy compared to MRI; however, because of being relatively easy, available, cheap, and acceptable by women, CEM can replace DC-MRI as a problem-solving tool in the characterization of indeterminate breast lesions.

Background Breast cancer is undoubtedly the world’s most frequent cancer among women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that does not express estrogen, progesterone, or human epidermal growth factor receptors, yet its imaging is considered a challenge to radiologists having imprecise features. In this study, we aimed at defining the MRI characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer to validate its impact on management. Results Most of the TNBCs in this study showed malignant pattern kinetic curves (types II and III), 87/104 (83.7%), and P value 0.673 (not significant), and regarding the type of lesion enhancement, 104/172 cases (60.5%) showed mass enhancement compared to 52/172 (30.2%) non-mass enhancement and 16/172 (9.3%) focus enhancement, P value 0.185 (not significant). As for the internal enhancement pattern of mass lesions, rim internal enhancement was predominant in TNBC mass lesions, 48/104 (46.2%), as well as intratumoral bright signal intensity on T2-weighted images, 108/172 (62.8%), P value 0.001 (highly significant). Conclusion Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are larger, better defined, and more necrotic than conventional cancers. On MRI, necrosis yields high T2-weighted signal intensity.

Background Breast cancer is a broad spectrum disease, including tumors showing different clinical, pathologic, molecular, and imaging features. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has an extra aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis being considered a diagnostic challenge to breast radiologists, yet it presented quite a lot of predictors on DCE-MRI; these could be valuable in identifying TNBC from other breast cancer subtypes. In this study, we aimed at assessing the DCE-MRI features of triple-negative breast cancer in comparison to other subtypes of breast cancer. Results There was a significant difference between both groups regarding the internal enhancement pattern of mass lesions (P value 0.001), as well as intratumoral bright signal intensity on T2-weighted images (P value < 0.001). However, most of the breast cancer subtypes in this study showed malignant pattern kinetic curves type II and III showing no significant difference (P value 0.673). Conclusion TNBC presented several features with significant differences from other breast cancer molecular subtypes on DCE-MRI including the shape of the lesion and pattern of enhancement as well as high T2 signal intensity, thus improving the diagnosis of TNBC.

Objective: To study the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the performance of mammogram with regard to the classification of the detected breast lesions in correlation to ultrasound-aided mammograms. Methods: Ethics committee approval was obtained in this prospective analysis. The study included 2000 mammograms. The mammograms were interpreted by the radiologists and breast ultrasound was performed for all cases. The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) score was applied regarding the combined evaluation of the mammogram and the ultrasound modalities. Each breast side was individually assessed with the aid of AI scanning in the form of targeted heat-map and then, a probability of malignancy (abnormality scoring percentage) was obtained. Operative and the histopathology data were the standard of reference. Results: Normal assigned cases (BI-RADS 1) with no lesions were excluded from the statistical evaluation. The study included 538 benign and 642 malignant breast lesions (n = 1180, 59%). BI-RADS categories for the breast lesions with regard to the combined evaluation of the digital mammogram and ultrasound were assigned BI-RADS 2 (Benign) in 385 lesions with AI median value of the abnormality scoring percentage of 10 (n = 385/1180, 32.6%), and BI-RADS 5 (malignant) in 471, that had showed median percentage AI value of 88 (n = 471/1180, 39.9%). AI abnormality scoring of 59% yielded a sensitivity of 96.8% and specificity of 90.1% in the discrimination of the breast lesions detected on the included mammograms. Conclusion: AI could be considered as an optional primary reliable complementary tool to the digital mammogram for the evaluation of the breast lesions. The color hue and the abnormality scoring percentage presented a credible method for the detection and discrimination of breast cancer of near accuracy to the breast ultrasound. So consequently, AI- mammogram combination could be used as a one setting method to discriminate between cases that require further imaging or biopsy from those that need only time interval follows up. Advances in knowledge: Recently, the indulgence of AI in the work-up of breast cancer was concerned. AI noted as a screening strategy for the detection of breast cancer. In the current work, the performance of AI was studied with regard to the diagnosis not just the detection of breast cancer in the mammographic-detected breast lesions. The evaluation was concerned with AI as a possible complementary reading tool to mammogram and included the qualitative assessment of the color hue and the quantitative integration of the abnormality scoring percentage.

Background Breast symmetry is one of the major things that radiologists assess when looking at mammograms and is one of the most challenging mammographic findings to evaluate. Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is an emerging mammography technique that has shown comparable sensitivity and specificity to MRI. The purpose of this study is to assess the value of CESM in characterization of breast asymmetries (BAs) and if it should be incorporated in its diagnostic work-up. Results Three hundred sixty-five patients with mean age of 47 years were included in the study. CESM was performed aiming for characterization of 380 suspicious or indeterminate breast asymmetries. Assessment of subtracted high-energy images (HEI) markedly improves the overall accuracy reaching 88.4%. Further improvement of the overall accuracy was achieved on combined assessment of the low-energy images (LEI), subtracted high-energy images (HEI), and ultrasound reaching 91.3%. Conclusion CESM is considered as a valuable complementary imaging tool considering the evaluation of breast asymmetries and should be incorporated in its diagnostic work-up in cases not resolved on an initial combined mammography and targeted ultrasound study especially in the presence of a heterogeneous dense breast parenchyma. Yet, this may be hindered in the presence of inflammatory signs because of the overlapping imaging criteria.

Objective To evaluate our ability in classifying the fetal heart as normal or abnormal during the 1st trimester scan through fetal cardiac examination and determining the best time for this examination. Methods This was a prospective study performed on 3240 pregnant women to examine the fetal heart. Four chambers view and ventricular outflow tracts were mainly examined during the scan. We used grayscale and color mapping in the diagnosis. Color Doppler was used if additional information was needed, and all patients were rescanned during the 2nd trimester to confirm or negate our diagnosis. Results The cardiac findings were normal at both scans in 3108 pregnancies. The same cardiac abnormality was detected at both scans in 79 cases. In 36 cases there was false-positive diagnosis at the early scan; in 20 of these cases, there were mildly abnormal functional findings early in pregnancy with no abnormality found later. In 17 fetuses, there was discordance between the early and later diagnosis due to missed or incorrect diagnoses. The best time to do fetal heart examination during 1st trimester is between 13 and 13 + 6 weeks. Conclusion A high degree of accuracy in the identification of congenital heart disease (CHD) can be achieved by a 1st trimester fetal echocardiography.

Organisational justice refers to the extent to which employees perceive workplace procedures, interactions, and outcomes to be fair in nature. Previous research has found that organisational justice has been associated with an employee's commitment to their organisation, job satisfaction, and intention to leave their role. Organisational justice has also been linked to organisational citizenship behaviours, and the likelihood of these behaviours being demonstrated by employees.To investigate staff nurses' perceptions of organisational justice and job satisfaction and its relationship to their levels of organisational citizenship behaviour.Perceived levels of organisational justice, job satisfaction, and levels of organisational citizenship behaviour were evaluated among 175 nurses working in two hospitals in Egypt. Analysis was undertaken to ascertain whether a correlation existed between organisational justice or job satisfaction and levels of organisational citizenship behaviour.The majority of nurses in this study were found to perceive moderate levels of organisational justice. Organisational justice was positively correlated with levels of organisational citizenship behaviour, as was job satisfaction.This study found that nurses in two hospitals in Egypt perceived moderate levels of organisational justice in their place of work. Nurse managers should pay extra attention to strategies that promote organisational justice among nurses.

Background Contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) has been discovered to be more sensitive and specific than two-dimensional full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in both screening and diagnostic settings. The aim of the study was to assess the additive role of CEM in the detection and characterization of breast lesions in women with increased risk of developing breast cancer. This prospective study included 283 female patients with increased risk of developing breast cancer (i.e., positive family history of breast cancer, personal history of breast cancer, and heterogeneously dense mammary parenchyma) coming for either screening (n = 127/283 (49.1%)) or diagnostic (n = 156/283 (55.1%)) purpose. All patients had FFDM and CEM done, and the findings were evaluated independently; final Breast Imaging Reporting And Data System (BIRADS) classification was given for each modality. Results were then compared with histopathology or ultrasound findings with routine follow-up for normal and typically benign findings. Results In this study, 283 women with mean age of 48 were enrolled. Among the studied cases regardless to a specific risk factor, 15/283 (5.3%) were diagnosed as normal, 13/283 (4.6%) as inflammatory lesions, 72/283(25.4%) as benign lesions, 6/283 (2.1%) as benign precancerous lesions, and 177/283 (62.5%) as malignant. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the CEM were 92.7 and 71.43 %, respectively, while FFDM were 80.90 and 59.05%, respectively. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced mammography is a valuable screening and diagnostic imaging modality in patients with increased risk of developing breast cancer with diagnostic indices higher than mammography resulting in a significantly higher cancer detection rate.

Background In women with diagnosed breast cancer, accurate loco-regional staging and preoperative examination are of utmost importance for optimal patient management decisions. MRI may be warranted for correct preoperative staging as recommended from international guidelines. DWI-MRI can be combined with CE-MRI to assess more functional data. So we aimed to evaluate the performance of CE-MRI and qualitative DWI-MRI in preoperative loco-regional staging of malignant breast lesions as regards the local extension of the disease and axillary lymph node status, beyond standard assessment with mammography and ultrasound. This prospective study included 50 female patients with pathologically proven malignant breast lesions (BIRADS VI) coming for preoperative staging. Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and ultrasound, CE-MRI, and DWI-MRI findings were compared for all patients, and the findings were evaluated independently. Results were then correlated to postoperative histopathology. Results Fifty women with pathologically proven malignant breast lesions (BIRADS VI) were enrolled in this study; the mean age of this study population was 43.25 years. The 50 patients were divided into 2 groups: 37/50 (74%) underwent upfront surgery and 13/50 (26%) received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. All patients performed DCE and DWI-MRI breast. Among patients who underwent upfront surgery, DCE-MRI showed the highest correlation with the postoperative pathology size and the overall sensitivity regarding multiplicity. Regarding patients who received neoadjuvant therapy, DCE-MRI was found to have the highest correlation with the postoperative pathology concerning lesion size and multiplicity after completion of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycles. Conclusion CE-MRI can accurately map lesion extension and detect multifocality/multicentricity, thus tailor surgical management options (either conservative surgery or mastectomy). Qualitative DWI can be combined with ultrasonography for better evaluation of the axillary nodal status.

In low-middle income countries (LMICs) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, there is an unmet need to establish and improve breast cancer (BC) awareness, early diagnosis and risk reduction programs. During the 12th Breast, Gynecological & Immuno-oncology International Cancer Conference - Egypt 2020, 26 experts from 7 countries worldwide voted to establish the first consensus for BC awareness, early detection and risk reduction in LMICs/MENA region. The panel advised that there is an extreme necessity for a well-developed BC data registries and prospective clinical studies that address alternative modalities/modified BC screening programs in areas of limited resources. The most important recommendations of the panel were: (a) BC awareness campaigns should be promoted to public and all adult age groups; (b) early detection programs should combine geographically distributed mammographic facilities with clinical breast examination (CBE); (c) breast awareness should be encouraged; and (d) intensive surveillance and chemoprevention strategies should be fostered for high-risk women. The panel defined some areas for future clinical research, which included the role of CBE and breast self-examination as an alternative to radiological screening in areas of limited resources, the interval and methodology of BC surveillance in women with increased risk of BC and the use of low dose tamoxifen in BC risk reduction. In LMICs/MENA region, BC awareness and early detection campaigns should take into consideration the specific disease criteria and the socioeconomic status of the target population. The statements with no consensus reached should serve as potential catalyst for future clinical research.

SODIUM chloride is the most widely recognized salt causing saltiness stress and seriously influences plant development when become obvious in extreme concentrations in the soil or water. This study was carried out to inspect the consequence of applying sugarcane bagasse (natural and agricultural wastes) which adsorbs sodium ions on the cytogenetic responses of faba bean under salt stress in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, plants treated with different concentrations (100, 200, 300mM) of NaCl showed cytotoxic effect reflected by the reduction of mitotic division rate in root tip cells and proliferation of different chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome stickiness, bridges and micronuclei. In vivo, growth performance was evaluated as plant height and leaf area which displayed a remarked reduction proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration compared to control plants. Applying sugarcane bagasse with irrigation water significantly reduce the mito-depressive effect of different concentrations of NaCl in root meristem cells and increase growth parameters in plants compared with the same concentrations without bagasse.

The common garlic (Allium sativum L.) is vegitatively reproduced. Therefore, somatic mutations are the only source of variation and often expressed as chromosomal changes. There is an evidence for this hypothesis regarding satellite position on nucleolar chromosomes and asymmetry of karyotypes. The present work throw more light on the chromosome complement of a flowering clone (Egaseed 2). Using individual plants, some cytological metrics such as chromosome length, arm ratio, centromere position, relative length and karyotype formula were determined in cloves of a single plant and their derivative filial plants. One of the most important cytological parameters is the number and position of secondary constrictions and satellites on SAT-chromosomes. The results showed significant differences in values of karyotype parameters between cells of parental cloves and their F1 filial progeny. Moreover, asymmetrical chromosome measurements were displayed between sister cells of the same root. In addition, a dignified variation in number and position of SAT- chromosomes in the somatic complement of examined cells has been documented.

Genus Allium includes some economically important species like common onion, garlic, chives, and leek under worldwide cultivation. In this study, genetic diversity of some cultivars belonging to three species (Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L. and Allium currat L.) of this genus was investigated using sixteen SSR and three ISSR primers. All primers generated a total of 100 fragments, distributed as, 39% monomorphic, 33% polymorphic and 28% unique. The percentage of polymorphism identified by SSR and ISSR primers varied between 25 and 92.9%. With the highest variability detected for SSR and ISSR regions, the results of similarity demonstrated the presence of a concealable relationship amongst Allium species with a significant degree of similarity among clones belonging to the same species of this genus. DNA sequence of the monomorphic band generated from the five clones and cultivars used in the present work by one of the SSR primers (Asa20) were aligned together and with the earlier obtained sequences belonging to different genera and species. Although all of these sequences were obtained from one monomorphic band using the same primer, the pairwise alignment of the two onion clones showed only 75.49% of homology and nearly the same percentage of homology (73.76%) was obtained between the sequences generated from the two garlic clones. The dendrogram based on genetic similarities between cultivars showed three major clusters. Cluster 1 included only the Egyptian Leek cultivar; cluster 2 comprised the two garlic clones and cluster 3 composed of the two onion cultivars. Generally, the present results corroborate the idea that SSR and ISSR techniques seems to be a convenient tool for genetic diversity of the genus Allium.

THE MEIOTIC behavior and morphology of pollen grains of four species of Asteraceae (Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos, Matricaria recutita and cotula barbata) were studied. Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos and Matricaria recutita showed nine chromosome bivalents while those of Cotula barbata showed eight chromosome bivalents. The chromosomes were meiotically identified as two pairs in three taxa (Glebionis coronaria, Anacyclus monanthos and Matricaria recutita) while it was one pair in Cotulabarbata.The pollen shape and morphology were recognized by measuring polar and equatorial axis, Morphological characteristics of the pollen grains of the four studied species were considerably different.

The newer and potent immunosuppressive agents have successfully reduced the risk of rejection after kidney transplantation, but the development of cardiovascular diseases, infections, and malignancy is major factors limiting their success. Posttransplantation malignancy is the second most common cause of death in renal transplant recipients after cardiovascular disease; it is expected that mortality due to malignancy may become the most common cause of death within the next two decades. This study is designed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and types of malignancies occurring after renal transplantation and their impact on patient and graft survival. A total of 2288 patients underwent living donor renal allotransplantation in the Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, during the period between 1975 and 2011. Among these patients, 100 patients developed posttransplantation malignancy. Patients were categorized into five major groups according to their type of malignancy; Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Kaposi's skin tumors (non-KS), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), solid tumors, and genitourinary and reproductive system (GU and RS). Overall, the incidence of cancer in renal transplant recipients was 4%. There were 83 male (83%) and 17 female patients (17%). The most frequent cancer was KS seen in 33 patients (33%). The lowest median time to development of cancer was observed in KS (35 months). The highest median time to development of cancer was observed in PTLD (133 months). The best graft survival was observed in PTLD and the worst in non-KS tumors. The best patient survival was observed in KS and the worst in GU and RS tumors. Azathioprine-based regimen was associated with a higher rate of cancer. The number of patients who died was 65 (65%). Our results indicate that the occurrence of malignancy has an important impact on short- and long-term graft and patient survival.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is as follows: First, understanding the nature of the relationship between corporate adoption of the concept of societal responsibility [availability of environmental awareness, clear vision of the impact of societal responsibility on financial performance, managers informing employees of the latest developments in societal responsibility programs, managers' response to their corporate social responsibility (CSR) proposals] in the form of an annual report that supports the success of the company's objectives, the company's management encourages employees to participate collectively in societal responsibility programs and to protect the environment from pollution in the petrochemical industry. Second, understand the nature of the relationship between the dimensions of corporate social responsibility concept (cultural, social, economic, ethical and legal) and protect the environment from pollution in the petrochemical industry. Third, the research also seeks to show the role of societal responsibility and its application in the petrochemical companies to protect the environment from pollution in The Governorate of Alexandria – Egypt, and come out with results and recommendations that could help protect the environment from the forms of environmental pollution resulting from the production processes of this industry. Design/methodology/approach The researcher has relied on each of the following approaches: Case study methodology is a research strategy aimed at solving a problem or facing a particular situation. It is based on preliminary hypotheses through full analysis of all data collected and recorded. Which depends on the study of a limited number of cases or vocabulary in-depth comprehensive study through the study of all or a large number of variables overlapping and interrelated and influential on the problem under consideration. Thus, it provides a deep and rich understanding of what is going on around the research and the processes that are related to it, and not only the external or apparent description of the situation or phenomenon; it cares about the total description and looks at the particles, in relation to the whole. Quantitative approach: by giving a numerical description indicating the size or size of the phenomenon or the degree of association with the phenomenon. Other phenomena. Accordingly, the role of the petrochemical companies in Alexandria Governorate, and the social responsibility programs carried out within the governorate in terms of importance, growth and requirements, and the most important characteristics and constraints and components and methods of work and developments have been described. Thus, the researcher can analyze the relationship between CSR and environmental protection from pollution in Alexandria Governorate. Findings There is paucity in the studies that dealt with the relationship between CSR and environmental protection against pollution in public organizations. There is agreement among the sample on the importance and feasibility of adopting the concept of social responsibility and placing it at the top of the top management concerns, especially in the field of petrochemical companies. With the need to take concrete implementation measures to support social responsibility programs aimed at serving the community among all stakeholders. The effective implementation of the mechanisms for the implementation of meaningful social responsibility programs requires fundamental changes in management practices, existing organizational structures and the quality of personnel working in the relevant departments, in general, and the social responsibility group, in particular, which may be difficult for political and economic reasons. Research limitations/implications Time: The study period was set from 2015 to 2017. Place: The study focuses on the petrochemical companies operating in Alexandria. Humanity: The study focuses on the employees of the petrochemical companies operating in Alexandria Governorate. Practical implications The adoption of social responsibility positively affects the protection of the environment from pollution, and this effect shows that the adoption of the concept of corporate social responsibility is influenced by the following factors: increasing the participation of workers with healthy environmental contributions to the productive process; increasing the companies' economic and social activities toward protecting the environment from pollution; increasing the capacity of companies to pay greater costs to preserve the environment; increasing the awareness of green consumers with the products it offers Companies; development of continuous internal work environment companies; and clearly defined strategy followed in social responsibility programs. Social implications The social responsibility of the public organizations derives their strength through, first, the keenness of these organizations to analyze the variables of the ethical dimension of social responsibility and their availability, which will lead the organizations to provide their services with the highest quality and sincerity. That this analysis (ethics of individuals) as training members of the social responsibility team to solve problems using brainstorming and provide employees with official data related to improving work (ethics of leadership), such as the identification of business objectives through the participation of managers with subordinates, and the punishment of workers who exhibit immoral behaviors (ethics of productive processes) as a decision-making process to ethical standards regardless of the costs involved. When there is an immoral behavior and managers are responsible for implementing the changes needed to reach the targeted outcomes), second, promote partnerships with other relevant sectors for community service. Originality/value According to the results of the previous studies and the applied study results, the researcher would like to submit a mechanism to the directors and heads of the boards of directors of the Egyptian petrochemical companies under study.

This paper presents a polynomial fitting technique on pixels inside the Region Of Interest (ROI) to obtain a new feature set that can be used to differentiate between normal and cancerous cases. In this paper few features have been used if it compared to other previous works that have been used many feature sets, and then used different techniques to reduce the dimensionality, which might complicate the system also require a great computational cost. These few features are used without any need to reduce the dimensionality then it is applied on two different classifiers, the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and the artificial neural network (ANN). The proposed techniques have been applied on 50 real cases from ‘BAHEYA Foundation for Early Detection & Treatment of Breast Cancer’ with the help of physicians and radiologists in the hospital. The used images are Contrast Enhanced Spectral Mammograms (CESM) that has clearer and more contrast images than the conventional mammograms. Applying the proposed feature set on these CESM mammograms using the two different classifiers-the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and the artificial neural network (ANN) - give accuracies of 96% and 92% respectively.

The goal when treating patients with end-stage renal disease is to increase patient survival and to provide a better quality of life, both of which can be achieved by kidney transplant. Identifying problems associated with kidney transplant is an essential step toward improved graft function. Here, we evaluated posttransplant erythrocytosis, a frequent complication among kidney transplant recipients.In this single-center retro-spective study, we identified 1850 kidney transplant recipients who were transplanted at the Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Center (Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt) from 1990 and 2013. From these patients, we identified 174 transplant recipients with posttransplant erythrocytosis and another 174 recipients without posttransplant erythrocytosis (control group). All recipients were evaluated retrospectively regarding incidence and risk factors for posttransplant erythrocytosis occurrence, graft function and survival, and patient survival.Both patient groups were comparable regarding age and sex (mean age of 32 years and higher percentage of male recipients in both groups). Degree of HLA class I and class II matching was not significantly different between groups. There were also no significant differences in immunosuppression protocols, although most patients were on steroid and cyclosporine therapy. Prevalence of acute and chronic rejection episodes was comparable between groups. Graft function was better in the posttransplant erythrocytosis group than in the control group, and higher patient survival was noted in patients with posttransplant erythrocytosis (P.001).Posttransplant erythrocytosis was correlated with good graft function. In our study patients, those with posttransplant erythrocytosis had better graft and patient survival.

Objective To assess the impact of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) in enhancing the performance of digital mammography (DM) in the detection and evaluation of different breast lesions. Patients and methods In this retrospective study, 98 patients with 103 breast lesions were assessed by DM, DBT and MRM. Mammography images were acquired using the “combo mode", where both DM and DBT scanned in the same compression. MRM was performed by 1T open system. Each lesion was assigned a blinded category in an individual performance for each modality. The resultant BI-RADS categories were correlated with reports of the pathology specimens or outcome of 18-month follow-up. Results Both DBT and MRM showed equivalent sensitivity of 92%. The specificity for DBT and MRM was 80.7% and 89.7% respectively. The efficacy of DM was raised from 61% to 83.5% with DBT and 90.2% with MRM. The results of the three modalities and the final diagnosis revealed a significant correlation ( p = 0.035).The association between the results of DBT and those of MRM showed statistically significant difference between DBT and MRM for diagnosing breast lesions ( p = 0.001). Conclusion Both MRM and DBT provide better performance than classic DM. Adding either of these modalities to the classic examination enhances diagnosis and precise disease distribution.

Sixteen Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and three Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers were used to estimate the genetic diversity and its distribution in twenty garlic clones. A high level of polymorphism amongst studied clones was found with both SSR and ISSR markers. The total number of bands that were detected by all used primers was 75 including 6 monomorphic, 5 unique and 64 polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphism identified by SSR primers were varied between 33.3 and 100. However, all of the studied ISSR primers were polymorphic conferring a 100% of polymorphism. Results showed that each of the Asa14, Asa17, Asa18 and Asa59 primers generated one monomorphic band of 77, 120, 102 and 113 bp, respectively, in all of the studded garlic clones. Two monomorphic bands of 104 and 177 bp were generated by using Asa24 primer. Asa17 and Asa59 SSR primers produced only one unique band of 154 (Egaseed 2) and 646 bp (EGA 1), respectively. Two unique bands of 225 and 250 bp were detected for Egaseed 2 (ft) by using HB 13 ISSR primer. The highest similarity value (0.969) was found between AZO 2 and AZO 3, while the lowest value (0.482) was found between AZO 4 and EGA 5 clones. Dendrogram of genetic distances amongst all tested clones showed two distinct major clusters with overlapping. In general, the present results reveal the importance of using molecular markers to assess genetic diversity among such closely related genotypes which were difficult to distinguish with other markers.