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In light of the evolving nature of modern legal systems, certain aspects of Islamic law, such as the khums (one-fifth tax) and zakāt (alms tax), as well as discussions surrounding taxation and gender equality, have sparked debates within the realm of Islamic jurisprudence. This research aims to propose a suggestion that could potentially facilitate the rational integration of Islamic law with a Mutazilite approach, fostering greater compatibility between Islamic law and the legal requirements of public law in contemporary political communities. By focusing on the concepts of "rationality" and "human will," which hold paramount importance in Qādī Abd al-Jabbār al-Mutazilīs theory, we aim to provide a legal and positive interpretation of the elements of his justice theory. This perspective may facilitate the coexistence of Islamic legal principles and the enacted regulations of modern legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction is one of the basic abilities of human beings. This is often realized in a natural way, though in certain cases new methods and technologies provide infertile couples with the opportunity to realize their wish to have children. In recent years, the term "right to reproduction" has emerged, and sometimes emphasis is placed on the obligation of governments to satisfy this right. However, it seems that the ambiguity of the aforementioned term may create serious problems in our understanding of the subject matter and, in consequence, affect the manner in which it is handled in the society. In this paper, in addition to discussing the concept of rights, it is argued that the right to reproduction may be embodied both by a claim right and a liberty right, even though the latter is only a justifiable and acceptable way of representing the right to reproduction. Therefore, this right entails the freedom to bear children and to pursue provision of the requirements, including utilizing ART. As in the case of other human rights, this should be in balance and proportion with public interests, in such a way that in particular circumstances, such as problematic population situations, it may be protected or prevented by the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Rights" constitute one of the most fundamental and significant concepts within the scope of law and bioethics. The theory of rights relies on two key concepts of "dignity" and "moral agency" of human beings. In other words, rights become important whenever human dignity and the individual's moral agency are at risk. Rights are composed of secured claims that override other normative claims on one hand, and they are instrumentalistic, individualistic, minimalistic and morally indifferent entities on the other hand. On this basis, rights are resorted in order to serve values and principles of justice and in case they are met, a limited and, of course, minimal part of the territory of justice is covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an attempt has been made to expound the Iranian law of intellectual property in relation to biotechnology. The most important themes studied are patents, industrial designs and trade marks. The latest relevant piece of legislation concerning the subject matters was passed in March 2008. However, the history of laws and regulations in this field goes back to early twentieth century (i.e. 1925). In this review, on the basis of the latest law passed in 2008, the topics explored are the responsible authority, patentable items and criteria, excluded items, registration procedure, rights conferred and sanctions. At the end, an attempt is made to put forward a few points as an analysis of the above Law from a critical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "The Scope of Bioethics," by Mohammad Rasekh and Amir Hossein Khodaparast is presented.